Relevant bibliographies by topics / Key populations

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Key populations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Key populations"

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Cornell, Morna, and Kathryn Dovel. "Reaching key adolescent populations." Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 13, no. 3 (May 2018): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/coh.0000000000000457.

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Phanuphak, Nittaya, Thanthip Sungsing, Jureeporn Jantarapakde, Supabhorn Pengnonyang, Deondara Trachunthong, Pravit Mingkwanrungruang, Waraporn Sirisakyot, et al. "Princess PrEP program: the first key population-led model to deliver pre-exposure prophylaxis to key populations by key populations in Thailand." Sexual Health 15, no. 6 (2018): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh18065.

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Background No data are available on the feasibility of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) delivered by trained key population (KP) community health workers. Herein we report data from the KP-led Princess PrEP program serving men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) in Thailand. Methods: From January 2016 to December 2017, trained MSM and TGW community health workers delivered same-day PrEP service in community health centres, allowing clients to receive one PrEP bottle to start on the day of HIV-negative testing. Visits were scheduled at Months 1 and 3, and every 3 months thereafter. Uptake, retention and adherence to PrEP services and changes in risk behaviours over time are reported. Results: Of 1467 MSM and 230 TGW who started PrEP, 44.1% had had condomless sex in the past 3 months. At Months 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12, retention was 74.2%, 64.0%, 56.2%, 46.7% and 43.9% respectively (lower in TGW than MSM at all visits; P<0.001), with adherence to at least four PrEP pills per week self-reported by 97.4%, 96.8%, 96.5%, 97.5% and 99.5% of respondents respectively (no difference between MSM and TGW). Logistic regression analysis identified age >25 years, being MSM and having at least a Bachelors degree significantly increased retention. Condomless sex did not change over the 12-month period (from 47.2% to 45.2%; P=0.20). New syphilis was diagnosed in 4.9% and 3.0% of PrEP clients at Months 6 and 12 (cf. 7.0% at baseline; P=0.007). Among PrEP adherers and non-adherers, there were one and six HIV cases of seroconversion respectively, which resulted in corresponding HIV incidence rates (95% confidence interval) of 0.27 (0.04–1.90) and 1.36 (0.61–3.02) per 100 person-years. Conclusion: Our KP-led PrEP program successfully delivered PrEP to MSM and TGW. Innovative retention supports are needed, especially for TGW and those who are young or with lower education levels. To scale-up and sustain KP-led PrEP programs, strong endorsement from international and national guidelines is necessary.
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The Lancet HIV. "Lockdown fears for key populations." Lancet HIV 7, no. 6 (June 2020): e373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(20)30143-0.

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Beyrer, Chris. "Tailoring biomedical interventions for key populations." Lancet HIV 2, no. 1 (January 2015): e8-e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(14)00037-x.

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Abdul-Quader, Abu S., Andrew L. Baughman, and Wolfgang Hladik. "Estimating the size of key populations." Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 9, no. 2 (March 2014): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/coh.0000000000000041.

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Macdonald, Virginia, Annette Verster, Andrew Seale, Rachel Baggaley, and Andrew Ball. "Universal health coverage and key populations." Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 14, no. 5 (September 2019): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/coh.0000000000000570.

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Larmarange, Joseph, Valentine Becquet, Jean-Marie Masumbuko, Marcellin Nouaman, Mélanie Plazy, Christine Danel, and Serge Eholié. "Implementing preexposure prophylaxis among key populations." AIDS 32, no. 6 (March 2018): 829–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000001749.

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Kresina, Thomas F., Robert Lubran, and H. Westley Clark. "Technology-Assisted Addiction Treatment for Key Populations." Psychology 05, no. 09 (2014): 1044–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.59117.

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Schwartz, Sheree R., Amrita Rao, Katherine B. Rucinski, Carrie Lyons, Nikita Viswasam, Carly A. Comins, Oluwasolape Olawore, and Stefan Baral. "HIV-Related Implementation Research for Key Populations." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 82 (December 2019): S206—S216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000002191.

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Gupta, Somya, and Reuben Granich. "National HIV Care Continua for Key Populations." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 2 (January 15, 2017): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957416686195.

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We reviewed published national HIV care continua for men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), and female sex workers (FSWs) to track progress toward the 90-90-90 target. We searched the Internet, PubMed, surveillance reports, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS country reports, US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief country/regional operational plans, and conference abstracts for the continua and graded them on quality. We found 12 continua for MSM, 7 for PWID, and 5 for FSW from 12 countries. HIV diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy coverage, and viral suppression varied between (1) 5% and 85%, 2% and 73%, and 1% and 72%, respectively for MSM; (2) 54% and 96%, 14% and 80%, and 8% and 68%, respectively for PWID; and (3) 27% and 63%, 8% and 16%, and 2% and 14%, respectively for FSW. Two countries, using data from national cohorts, were high quality. There are limited key population continua in the public domain. Of the few available, none have achieved 90-90-90. Improved monitoring and evaluation of key population continua is necessary to achieve the 90-90-90 target.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Key populations"

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Bórquez, Annick. "Exploring the HIV epidemic among key populations in Latin America." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11051.

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The work is focussed on the HIV epidemic among key populations in Latin America, a region that has received limited international attention due to the concentrated nature of its epidemic. It faces important challenges in prevention and risks missing the opportunity to control the epidemic. Despite the evidence available showing the disproportionate burden of infection among key populations, principally men who have sex with men (MSM) and to a lesser extent injecting drug users (IDU) and female sex workers (FSW), a small percentage of countries’ HIV prevention spending is allocated towards prevention interventions among these groups. In this thesis, we first estimate the distribution of new infections by type of exposure in the Dominican Republic, Mexico and Peru and find that MSM account for a large share of new infections in the three countries (over 50% in Mexico and Peru and 30% in Dominican Republic). This highlights that this population should be prioritised in prevention programmes. We then turn to interventions for MSM, and investigate whether pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV acquisition among MSM in Lima, Peru represents a cost-effective intervention at the population level. We find PrEP to be a potentially cost-effective intervention although unaffordable at a large scale. We conclude it should be considered as an additional tool within a combination prevention approach among this population. Following these, we seek to understand the dynamics, causes and consequences of risk behaviours and HIV infection in another key population that has rarely been prioritised by public health programmes: prison inmates. We use data from the largest prison in Peru and find that HIV prevalence is 4 times higher than national prevalence and inmates engage in riskier sexual behaviours than in the general population. Nevertheless, there are indications of risk behaviours and HIV prevalence reducing in recent years. To help direct prevention efforts in this setting, we characterise the risk profile of inmates who engaged in sex with FSW, other men and in unprotected sex with casual partners and identify inmates who have sex with men as being at heightened risk of infection (due to higher levels of drug use and unprotected sex). We use those data to develop a mathematical model that represents the HIV epidemic in the prison. Contrary to expectations, we find that incidence is likely to be less than 1% per year within the prison and that the dynamics of HIV in prisons are principally driven by inmates infected before their incarceration. We further estimate that since the beginning of the epidemic, at least 5% of HIV cases identified in Lima have passed through the prison, suggesting that the routine screening system in place at prisons could make a substantial contribution to controlling the HIV epidemic across the city. Finally, we formulate a conceptual framework of HIV risk among prison inmates in Latin America focussing on the social and underlying determinants of risk and develop a structured questionnaire to test the hypotheses proposed through the framework and obtain information relevant to the design of interventions within prisons and at the community level. Together this work draws on social and quantitative science to provide new insights into key populations in Latin America that should contribute to stronger and responsive HIV prevention programmes, to the benefit of all those that remain at risk of HIV in the region.
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Sasidharan, S. P. "Comparative genetics of selected Southern African Mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra and Equus zebra hartmannae) populations." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25785.

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In recent years, South African conservation officials have noted the appearance of tumour like growths, very similar to equine sarcoids, in some Cape mountain zebra (CMZ) populations. In domestic horses, a genetic predisposition for this bovine papillomavirus-induced tumour is suspected. This investigation studied the levels of heterozygosity and population parameters such as inbreeding, within the tumour-affected populations. In comparison, CMZ populations with few or no tumours and Hartmann’s mountain zebras (HMZ) from Namibia were analysed using similar techniques. This study utilised dinucleotide repeat genetic markers called microsatellites, originally isolated from domestic horse (Equus caballus), to amplify related segments in the mountain zebras. Sixteen such fluorescent-labelled markers were amplified using polymerase chain reactions run in multiplexes. A commercial genetic analyser was used to detect the amplified markers and resulting data was analysed using STRand software. Marker visualisation and genotyping was completed using specialised open-source software. Fifteen loci were repeatedly amplified with clarity within both mountain zebra subspecies. The lowest heterozygosity and allele polymorphism levels were detected in sarcoid-tumour affected populations. All CMZ populations analysed were highly related and substructured. By comparison, Hartmann’s zebras were found to have highest levels of genetic diversity and polymorphism. The highest levels of inbreeding were found within the tumour-affected populations. High levels of heterozygote deficit found in CMZ populations, for the loci investigated, resulted in nonsignificant results when inbreeding values were analysed. This study indicates that the sarcoid tumour has been expressed in populations with the highest levels of consanguinity. The sarcoid tumour is a disease that is considered mutifactorial in aetiology and therefore other parameters such as immune status of tumour-affected populations and associated environmental variables warrant investigation. This study has simplified the archival and genotyping of individual mountain zebras. The study concludes that, among the populations tested, sarcoid tumours have been expressed in CMZ with highest levels of inbreeding. The establishment of a genetic database, incorporating information from polymorphic microsatellite markers, would assist in the conservation management of isolated CMZ populations by providing the information necessary to increase allelic diversity.
Dissertation (MSc (Production Animal Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2004.
Production Animal Studies
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Cutler, Jenny L. "Clonal diversity in populations of the seagrass thalassia testudinum in rabbit key basin, Florida bay." FIU Digital Commons, 1998. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2702.

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Levels of clonal diversity within the seagrass Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Kӧnig have been predicted to be low. This species has historically been perceived as relying on vegetative propagation for growth and extension of meadows, the role of sexual reproduction has been poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that detectable levels of variation exist within large T. testudinum meadows. I employed a probability based hierarchical sampling design to insure a thorough spatial coverage of the area. This method also allowed me to investigate variation at three different spatial scales. Genetic variation was tested for using a microsatellite based DNA fingerprinting technique proposed by Zietkiewicz et al, 1994. Variation was detectable at all spatial scales studied. Comparison of genetic vs. spatial distance suggested a trend of isolation by distance. This study shows that sexual reproduction is more important within Thalassia testudinum than was previously thought.
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Spencer, Tyler. "Unpacking early organizational development in HIV/AIDS prevention organizations led by young members of key affected populations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ed856aae-0f90-4997-a445-02bc310bac67.

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In early 2011, clinical research revealed innovative methods of HIV prevention that led global health stakeholders to believe that wholescale elimination of HIV and AIDS was achievable. Effective delivery of new HIV prevention methods, however, would require public health stakeholders to collaborate in unprecedented ways. The strategy of 'task shifting' implores that resources be distributed to community-based organizations and community health workers who can effectively provide outreach to populations that are otherwise marginalized by the formal healthcare system. While these types of organizations are playing an increasingly significant role in public health delivery, they experience disproportionately high rates of organizational failure, and little is known about their intra- and inter-organizational dynamics. Using multiple research methods, this study explores the organizational dynamics of HIV/AIDS service organizations that are designed and managed by young people who are also members of communities that have been deemed 'hard to reach' with HIV prevention and care - people who inject drugs (PWID), men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers (SW), and people living with HIV (PLHIV). I chose to study these organizations because young sexual minorities account for the highest rates of new HIV infection, and they are also creating new organizations in unprecedented numbers. My goal is to determine how these organizations grow and develop over time, as well as how donor organizations understand and support the growth of these organizations. After gaining access to donor agencies that provide support to youth-led organizations, I orient my research questions using the life cycle literature, a literature that theorizes organizational change using a framework of 'life cycle stages' and 'motors' that drive organizations from one stage to the next. I undertake a systematic review of the conceptual and empirical literatures on the life cycle model of a range of organizational forms, identifying geographical, methodological, and thematic gaps. Using the results of the review as both a justification for further empirical investigation and as a foundation for data analysis, I embark on three distinct case studies. First, I examine early-stage organizational growth patterns in two organizations that were purposively sampled by donor agencies who deemed them to be 'high-performing.' Drawing on interviews, focus groups, participant and non-participant observations, and archival data, I use an emergent fit analytical method to unpack the organizational trajectories of these organizations over the course of their early years of growth. In my third case study, I focus on the relationship between the organizations and their early-stage donors. I argue that the strategy of shifting HIV service delivery to organizations led by hard-to-reach youth has been justified by powerful global health actors on both moral and strategic grounds. While I show that these organizations are providing critical services to at-risk youth who have been 'lost to follow up' in the HIV care system, the main focus of my discussion is on the ways in which these organizations have been able to overcome early stage existential threats. After providing an analysis of the fit of organizational case studies to existing life cycle frameworks, I outline thematic areas in which organizations make critical decisions that affect their early-stage growth and vulnerability - leadership, inter-organizational partnerships, strategic drift, and relationships with the state. I then discuss the ways in which the organizations' primary donor understands and influences their growth. I incorporate data from multiple cases to extend existing theory about the organizational life cycle and its application to nongovernmental organizations.
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Board, Barbara A. "An Examination of the Nature and Experience of Community Collaboration in Extension Education for At-Risk Populations in Virginia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27901.

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For several decades, a growing realization has evolved that a single entity often cannot address complex issues. Collaboration has been touted as an effective approach to addressing such issues and is generally defined as multiple parties jointly identifying problems, developing a shared vision for addressing those problems, and sharing resources and responsibilities for a determined solution. In spite of the growing literature regarding collaboration, the predominant focus has been on advocacy, leaving a void in the literature concerning the processes and behaviors involved in establishing community collaboration. In essence, the importance of collaboration is widely recognized; how to collaborate is not as noted. Therefore, it is essential to examine the experience of community collaboration. The purpose of this study was to investigate a collaborative community experience in the context of extension education for children, youth, and families at risk in four localities in Virginia. The following research questions were addressed: a) What has been the nature and experience of collaboration for Extension Leadership councils (ELCs) involved with children, youth, and families at risk (CYFAR) projects; b) What has contributed to successful collaboration in Extension education with the CYFAR projects; and c) What have been the challenges to collaboration for the CYFAR projects? The qualitative case study design utilized in-depth face-to-face interviews with seventeen community representatives in the selected localities involved in the experience. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcriptions were analyzed to determine themes, patterns, and common ways of thinking. Findings, which revealed that ELCs were primarily involved in situation analysis, illuminated the following perceived contributions to successful collaboration: having a process for involvement, addressing a need, commitment of those involved, leadership, and paid staff. Challenges to collaboration were identified as lack of time to commit, lack of understanding of collaboration, and pre-existing ways of thinking and acting. The results have implications for Cooperative Extension understanding how ELC involvement can occur in programming and the collaborative nature of their educational process with the community. The findings will also contribute to human service providersâ understanding of contributions and challenges to collaboration and to the emerging body of knowledge on collaboration.
Ph. D.
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Bowkett, Andrew Edward. "Genetic patterns in forest antelope populations : implications for the conservation of key species in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/9242.

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The field of conservation genetics, in combination with non-invasive sampling, provides a powerful set of tools for investigating the conservation status and natural history of rare species that are otherwise difficult to study. A systematic literature review demonstrated that this is certainly the case for many forest associated antelope species, which are poorly studied and yet constitute some of the most heavily hunted wildlife in Africa. The aim of the present study was to use non-invasive sampling to investigate genetic patterns in forest antelope populations in the high-biodiversity Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania, within the context of the conservation of these species and the wider ecosystem. Genetic information was derived from faecal samples collected across the Udzungwa landscape and assigned to five antelope species (N = 618, collected 2006-09). Faecal pellet length was measured for a subset of samples but statistical assignment to species by this method proved unreliable. Phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial control region sequences unexpectedly revealed that Harvey’s duiker within the Udzungwas are paraphyletic with respect to sequences from a putative sister species from southern Africa. However, there was no corresponding pattern in the microsatellite dataset suggesting that these mitochondrial lineages do not represent contemporary genetic isolation. Instead, Harvey’s duiker nuclear variation is shaped both by isolation by distance, due to positive spatial autocorrelation at short distances, and clustering of distinct genotypes from western outlying forests. These forests also harbour the endangered Abbott’s duiker and therefore require effective conservation management. Despite being detected throughout the Udzungwas, genetic diversity in Abbott’s duiker was very low in comparison to other species. These results suggest several promising research directions but also have significant conservation implications that will be disseminated to the Tanzanian wildlife authorities and the wider conservation community.
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Gigleux, Ciara Ann Mannion. "Caribou, climate change and the pre-contact Yup'ik : the isotope ecology and biogeography of a key subsistence species." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=238753.

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Rangifer have the greatest circumpolar distribution of any living ungulate and have played an important role in the lives of many Arctic Indigenous communities for thousands of years. Given the prolific nature of Rangifer remains in many Arctic archaeological contexts, and their continued importance in many contemporary Arctic Indigenous societies, this species has the potential to be an important source of information about past Arctic human-animal-environment interactions. Given the noted influence of local and global climatic shifts on Rangifer ecology in the present, knowledge of the palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography of such a key prey-species, coupled with an indication of palaeoclimatic context, may provide valuable insights into animal-human interactions, human subsistence activities and landscape use in the past. The aims of this thesis are three-fold. The first is to explore Rangifer isotopic variability, and to indicate the utility of this species as a palaeoclimatic proxy, by isotopically analysing modern samples from across the circumpolar North. The second aim is to investigate the palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography of caribou from the pre-contact Little Ice Age (15th–17th century AD) Yup'ik village site of Nunalleq, Western Alaska, in order to determine their ranging patterns and to identify if these patterns are similar to those seen in modern caribou in the area today. The third aim brings both of these aims together in order to undertake the first multi-isotopic investigation of archaeological Rangifer in North America to provide an indication of the palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic context of Nunalleq. This information, in conjunction with the caribou palaeoecological and palaeogeographical knowledge, will inform on caribou-environment and caribou-human interactions at the site. To that end, bulk bone bioapatite δ18OCO3 and δ18OPO4, and bulk bone collagen δ13C, δ15N and δ34S isotope analysis is undertaken on Rangifer from five modern herds from across the circumpolar North to explore the relationships between stable isotope ratios and environmental factors. The data presented here suggest that Rangifer bioapatite δ18O is a potentially useful proxy for regional climate. Intra and inter-population variability in these isotopic systems suggests the potential of using these to distinguish between herds and environments, particularly δ18O and δ34S. Sequential strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18OCO3) isotope data from caribou (Rangifer sp.) tooth enamel from Nunalleq are analysed in order to reconstruct caribou movement patterns in this region during the Little Ice Age. The data presented here suggests these Nunalleq caribou undertook some seasonal movements. Comparison with observational data of the local herd in the region today suggests a shift in calving area and range use between the late Holocene period represented by the site and the present day. Finally, bulk bone bioapatite δ18OPO4 and bulk bone collagen δ13C and δ15N on caribou from the site are used to reconstruct palaeotemperature for the area surrounding Nunalleq and to inform on additional palaeoenvironmental considerations. The data generated in this thesis provide new empirical data for future research in isotope zooarchaeology and significant baseline data for use in palaeodietary and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of fossil Rangifer. The isotopic data complement the wealth of data derived from other research at Nunalleq, illuminating the influence of changing climatic conditions on prey-species palaeoecology and human–animal interactions at the site.
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Horth, Roberta Zeri. "Undiagnosed HIV infection and factors associated with recent HIV testing among key populations at higher risk for HIV in Mozambique." Thesis, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3633149.

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Background: HIV testing saves lives. It is fundamental to combating the global HIV epidemic. Key populations at higher risk for HIV in Mozambique, including Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), Female Sex Workers (FSW) and mineworkers, are in urgent need of effective HIV prevention strategies. This is the first analysis ever conducted in Mozambique to identify levels of HIV testing and associated factors that inform these strategies.

Methods: This analysis used data from seven cross-sectional surveys conducted between 2011-2012 among MSM, FSW and Mineworkers in Mozambique. Participants completed a questionnaire and provided blood samples for HIV testing. MSM and FSW were recruited used Respondent Driven Sampling in Maputo, Beira and Nampula. Mineworkers were recruited using Time Location Sampling in Ressano-Garcia. Participants with previous HIV-positive tests or missing HIV test histories were excluded (<5% overall). Weighted logistic regression was used to measure associations with recent HIV testing (<12 months). Theory-driven multivariate logistic regression was conducted in R v2.15 using the Health Behavior Model as a conceptual framework.

Results: The prevalence of recent testing for HIV ranged from 29.8-59.5%, yet 4.4-25.0% had HIV and did not know it. Between 11.9-57.4% had never been tested, and fear was given as the primary barrier. Recent HIV testing was positively associated with knowledge of ARV drugs, knowing the HIV status of a sexual partner, knowing where to go to get tested, and having had contact with a peer educator. It was negatively associated with having had a genital sore or ulcer and unprotected sex. Between 32.1-90.0% of HIV-positive undiagnosed, key population members had used a healthcare service in the previous 12 months and 23.4-47.5% had tested negative for HIV in that time period.

Conclusion: Routine testing with strengthened post-test counseling encouraging key populations to have annual HIV screenings need to be implemented in Mozambique.

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Kneeland, Stephen C. "Identification of Fish Hosts for Wild Populations of Rare Freshwater Mussels (Lampsilis cariosa and Leptodea Ochracea) Using a Molecular DNA Key." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/KneelandSC2006.pdf.

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Bwalya, Clement Mudala. "Retention in HIV care among female sex workers on antiretroviral treatment in Lusaka, Zambia: A retrospective cohort study." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8045.

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Master of Public Health - MPH
Background: HIV/AIDS remains a major public health issue that is affecting all population groups and communities in Zambia. Among the most affected groups are key populations (KPs) such as female sex workers. KPs are considered at high risk of contracting HIV but have limited access to HIV services and retention in care due to internalized stigma, discrimination, criminalization, and negative attitudes towards HIV treatment. Under the USAID Open Doors project in Zambia, KPs access comprehensive HIV prevention, care and treatment services. The test and treat strategy is implemented by the project in support of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets by 2020 to diagnose 90% of people living with HIV, put 90% of them on treatment, and for 90% of them to have suppressed viral load. Aim: This study aimed to determine retention in care among female sex workers (FSWs) in the first six months after ART initiation using the HIV care cascade. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all new HIV positive female sex workers (FSWs) initiated on ART between October 2018 and June 2019 (9 months period) based on the electronic records. Data were extracted from SmartCare, an electronic health record system used by the ART clinic. Microsoft Excel and Epi-Info 7 software were used for data entry and analysis. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was conducted to examine differences in retention rates. Results: A total of 205 FSWs were initiated on ART, out of which 180 were active on ART (36 youths and 144 adults) and 25 were lost to follow-up (four youths and 21 adults) during the 9 months study period. Of the 180 FSWs active on ART, 36 were FSWs aged 18 – 24 years (youths) representing 90% retained in care while 144 were FSWs aged 25 – 42 years (adults) with 87% being retained on ART treatment. Retention in ART care was not significantly different in the survival curves between the age groups of FSW youths and FSW adults during the study period (p-value = 0.637). Retention in ART care was not statistically significant for education (p-value = 0.481), marital status (p-value = 0.545), and occupation (p-value = 0.169). Conclusion: Retention in ART care among FSWs was 88%. However, there were no significant differences by age group identified in this study. While this study shows 88% retention rate among FSWs, it will be used as a baseline in meeting the UNAIDS 90-90-90 goals.
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Books on the topic "Key populations"

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Alliance, India HIV/AIDS, ed. Empowering key populations for sustainable HIV prevention: Avahan in Andhra Pradesh 2003-2014. New Delhi: India HIV/AIDS Alliance, 2014.

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Thakur, Sameer. Speaking out for sexual health: Stories of significant change from PLHIV and key populations. Edited by Lonappan Sophia editor and India HIV/AIDS Alliance. New Delhi: India HIV/AIDS Alliance, 2014.

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Visaria, Pravin M. India's population: Its growth and key characteristics. Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth, 1999.

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Census 2001: Key municipal data. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2004.

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Ghana, University of, ed. Population studies: Key issues and contemporary trends in Ghana. Legon-Accra, Ghana: For the University of Ghana by Sub-Saharan Publishers, 2014.

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Smith, David. Key indicators for Sheffield wards. Sheffield: Central Policy Unit, Sheffield City Council, 1993.

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Baciu, Alina B., ed. Population Health in Challenging Times: Insights from Key Domains. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/26143.

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Great Britain. Office for National Statistics. 1991 census: Key statistics for urban and rural areas. London: Stationery Office, 1998.

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Kumamoto-ken no jinkō. Tōkyō: Sōmushō Tōkeikyoku, 2008.

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Okinawa-ken no jinkō. Tōkyō: Sōmushō Tōkeikyoku, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Key populations"

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Manly, Bryan F. J. "Key factor analysis." In Stage-Structured Populations, 118–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0843-7_7.

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Freedman, W. L. "M31 and Companions: A Key to Baade’s Stellar Populations then and Now." In Stellar Populations, 165–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0125-7_15.

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Burnham, Kenneth P., and David R. Anderson. "Data-Based Selection of an Appropriate Biological Model: The Key to Modern Data Analysis." In Wildlife 2001: Populations, 16–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2868-1_3.

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Manly, Bryan F. J. "A Review of Methods for Key Factor Analysis." In Estimation and Analysis of Insect Populations, 169–89. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3664-1_11.

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Hinton, Devon E., and Anushka Patel. "Culturally Sensitive CBT for Refugees: Key Dimensions." In Mental Health of Refugee and Conflict-Affected Populations, 201–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97046-2_10.

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Rees, Paul A. "Population ecology." In Key questions in ecology: a study and revision guide, 100–120. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247572.0100.

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Theisen-Womersley Ph.D., Gail. "Introduction." In Trauma and Resilience Among Displaced Populations, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67712-1_1.

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AbstractThis chaper aims to offer an introduction to trauma and resilience among displaced communities in humanitarian contexts across the globe. Key themes being introduced include the various definitions of trauma, the importance of the sociocultural environment on the ways in which trauma manifests, factors influencing individual and group resilience, and a consideration of the impact of political and economic factors on the mental health of displaced and forced migrant populations.
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Wiessing, Lucas, Isabelle Giraudon, Erika Duffell, Irene Veldhuijzen, Ruth Zimmermann, and Vivian Hope. "Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus: People Who Inject Drugs and Other Key Populations." In Hepatitis C: Epidemiology, Prevention and Elimination, 109–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64649-3_6.

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Naujoks, Daniel. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Indian Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 163–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_9.

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AbstractAs the country with the world’s largest emigrant population and a long history of international mobility, India has adopted a multi-faceted institutional and policy framework to govern migration and diaspora engagement. This chapter provides a broad overview of initiatives on social protection for Indians abroad, shedding light on specific policy designs to include and exclude different populations in India and abroad. In addition to programmes by the national government, the chapter discusses initiatives at the sub-national level. The chapter shows that India has established a set of policies for various diaspora populations that are largely separate from the rules and policies adopted for nationals at home. Diaspora engagement policies, and especially policies aimed at fostering social protection of Indians abroad, are generally not integrated into national social protection policies. There is a clear distinction between policies that are geared towards the engagement of ethnic Indian populations whose forefathers have left Indian shores many generations ago, Indian communities in OECD countries – mostly US, Canada, Europe and Australia – and migrant workers going on temporary assignments to countries in the Persian Gulf. The chapter offers a discussion of the key differences, drivers, and limitations of existing policies.
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Paus, Tomáš. "History of the Key Disciplines." In Population Neuroscience, 13–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36450-1_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Key populations"

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Lakkaraju, Kiran, and Ann Speed. "Key parameters for modeling information diffusion in populations." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ths.2010.5655100.

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Bunjaku, Dafina Gexha, Edona Deva, Luljeta Gashi, Pranvera Kaçaniku Gunga, and Faran Emmanuel. "Mapping and Size Estimation of Key Populations in Kosovo, 2016." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2018.368.

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Calixto, Diego Agostinho, Alicia Kruger, Carina Bernardes, Gilvane Casimiro da Silva, Paula Emilia Adamy, and Adele Schwartz Benzaken. "P4.35 Reducing hiv risk behaviour after intervention with young leaders of key populations in brazil." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.532.

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de Vries, Charlotte, Christopher J. Garneau, Gopal Nadadur, and Matthew B. Parkinson. "Considering Secular and Demographic Trends in Designing for Present and Future Populations." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28879.

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In products designed for human variability, the anthropometry (body measurements) of the target user population constitutes a primary source of variability that must be considered in the optimization of the spatial dimensions of the product. Accommodation, which describes the ability of a user to interact with a device or environment in their preferred manner, is a key measure of its performance. Other studies have considered various methods for accounting for the variability in anthropometry in a target user population to calculate estimated accommodation, but few have explicitly considered the effects of secular trends and demographic changes over time. This paper considers these changes in the context of a case study involving truck drivers and cab geometry. The truck driver populations are used to illustrate changes in body size and shape over a 30-year period and show how they affect user acceptability of designs. Changes in the gender split of the driver population are also considered, and are shown to have a significant effect on accommodation. The work demonstrates that secular trends and demographic changes over time significantly affect accommodation, but a well designed product will be more robust to these changes.
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Nadadur, Gopal, and Matthew B. Parkinson. "A Z-Score-Based Method to Synthesize Anthropometric Datasets for Global User Populations." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12845.

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Globalized marketplaces are necessitating the consideration of the needs of users from a variety of national and international regions. Relevant body dimensions are known to play a key role in influencing users’ physical interactions with products. The main challenge in designing these products is the unavailability of comprehensive anthropometric databases for detailed analyses and decision-making. This paper presents a new method to this end. Z-scores are computed for each body measure of every individual in a reference population; this can be any population for which a comprehensive database is available. Next, descriptive statistical information (e.g., means, standard deviations, by-percentile values) from numerous studies and surveys are used to estimate distributions of the required body dimensions. Finally, the z-score values from the reference population are utilized to sample from the aforementioned distributions in order to synthesize the requisite virtual target population of users. The z-score method is demonstrated in the context of two existing populations: U.S. military in the late 1980s (ANSUR) and Japanese youth from the early 1990s. Despite certain stated limitations, which are topics of future work in this line of research, the method is shown to be accurate, easy-to-apply, and robust in terms of underlying assumptions.
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Mujisha, Geoffrey, and Kenneth Kulu. "P813 Community-based health services delivery among key and priority populations – a case study in uganda." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.861.

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Prasetyo, Hari, Anandistya Lisa Putri, and Gusti Fauza. "Biased random key genetic algorithm design with multiple populations to solve capacitated vehicle routing problem with time windows." In HUMAN-DEDICATED SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT AND PROCESS DESIGN: MATERIALS, RESOURCES, AND ENERGY: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Engineering, Technology, and Industrial Application (ICETIA) 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5042908.

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Fernandez, Steven J., Amy N. Rose, Edward A. Bright, Justin M. Beaver, Christopher T. Symons, Olufemi A. Omitaomu, and Cathy Jiao. "Construction of Synthetic Populations with Key Attributes: Simulation Set-Up While Accommodating Multiple Approaches within a Flexible Simulation Platform." In 2010 IEEE Second International Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/socialcom.2010.109.

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Emmanuel, Faran, Baseer Achakzai, and Tahira Reza. "P140 The rising HIV epidemic among key populations: an urgent need for a focused targeted prevention response in pakistan." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.308.

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Usman, Ibiwumi, and Saheed Usman. "P418 Uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in western nigeria: are healthcare providers prepared for the key populations?" In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.504.

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Reports on the topic "Key populations"

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Rao, Amrita, Nikita Viswasam, and Stefan Baral. Strengthening capacity for assessment of HIV-related data needs among key populations to inform evidence-based responses. Population Council, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv11.1007.

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Nassar, Sylvia C., and Aisha Al-Qimlass. Career Builders: Key Components for Effective Global Youth Career and Workforce Development. RTI Press, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0045.1709.

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Global youth unemployment is a significant cause of poverty, resulting in the persistent marginalization of populations. Education and career counseling professionals and professionals in policy, research, and practice concur that the consequences of global youth unemployment are dire. But leaders in these domains have not yet come to an agreement on the best ways to face this global challenge. Our analysis of interdisciplinary literature on global youth unemployment is a first step in identifying and formalizing best practices for culturally appropriate career and workforce development worldwide. This research will support education and career counseling professionals in developing appropriate career and psychosocial support interventions, establishing empirical intervention efficacy and other program evaluation protocols, and creating a capacity-building infrastructure for knowledge-sharing across policy, research, and practitioner stakeholder groups. We also include a proposal for next steps to establish rigorous empirical support for these future initiatives.
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Buddemeier, B. R. Nuclear Detonation Fallout: Key Considerations for Internal Exposure and Population Monitoring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1460062.

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Gopinath, Ranjani, Rajesh Bhatia, Sonalini Khetrapal, Sungsup Ra, and Giridhara R. Babu. Tuberculosis Control Measures in Urban India: Strengthening Delivery of Comprehensive Primary Health Services. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200409-2.

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Approximately 2.69 million tuberculosis (TB) cases—about a quarter of the global cases—were reported in India on The Global TB Report 2019. There are nearly half a million “missing” cases every year, either undiagnosed, unaccountable, or inadequately diagnosed and treated. This paper analyzes the magnitude of TB transmission and the quality of interventions in urban areas and migrant populations in India. It identifies key factors and areas that need to be further strengthened for the country to achieve its goal of eliminating TB by 2025. The study is aligned with the government’s objective to strengthen the provision of comprehensive primary health care services for the urban poor as part of India’s National Strategic Plan, 2017–2025.
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Gopinath, Ranjani, Rajesh Bhatia, Sonalini Khetrapal, Sungsup Ra, and Giridhara R. Babu. Tuberculosis Control Measures in Urban India: Strengthening Delivery of Comprehensive Primary Health Services. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200409-2.

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Approximately 2.69 million tuberculosis (TB) cases—about a quarter of the global cases—were reported in India on The Global TB Report 2019. There are nearly half a million “missing” cases every year, either undiagnosed, unaccountable, or inadequately diagnosed and treated. This paper analyzes the magnitude of TB transmission and the quality of interventions in urban areas and migrant populations in India. It identifies key factors and areas that need to be further strengthened for the country to achieve its goal of eliminating TB by 2025. The study is aligned with the government’s objective to strengthen the provision of comprehensive primary health care services for the urban poor as part of India’s National Strategic Plan, 2017–2025.
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Choi, Yoojin, Nathan M. Stall, Antonina Maltsev, Chaim M. Bell, Isaac I. Bogoch, Tal Brosh, Gerald A. Evans, et al. Lessons Learned from Israel’s Vaccine Rollout. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.09.1.0.

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As Ontario expands access to the COVID-19 vaccine beyond the Phase 1 priority populations, strategic planning and execution of mass vaccine rollout will have a significant impact on the health and safety of Ontario’s 14.5 million residents. There are six key elements of Israel’s successful COVID-19 vaccine campaign that can be readily applied to Ontario to expedite and expand the province’s vaccine rollout strategy: a simple vaccine prioritization process; modification to the transport, storage, and distribution of the vaccines; effective communication to promote vaccine confidence; decentralization of vaccination sites; centralized organization through Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) using a fully integrated information technology (IT) system in a universal health care system; and the engagement of community-based personnel, infrastructure, and resources.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. KEY IMPRESSIONS OF 2020 IN JOURNALISTIC TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11107.

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The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.
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Matthew, Gray. Data from "Winter is Coming – Temperature Affects Immune Defenses and Susceptibility to Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans". University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/t7sallfxxe.

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Environmental temperature is a key factor driving various biological processes, including immune defenses and host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated the effects of environmental temperature on the pathogenicity of the emerging fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), using controlled laboratory experiments, and measured components of host immune defense to identify regulating mechanisms. We found that adult and juvenile Notophthalmus viridescens died faster due to Bsal chytridiomycosis at 14 ºC than at 6 and 22 ºC. Pathogen replication rates, total available proteins on the skin, and microbiome composition likely drove these relationships. Temperature-dependent skin microbiome composition in our laboratory experiments matched seasonal trends in wild N. viridescens, adding validity to these results. We also found that hydrophobic peptide production after two months post-exposure to Bsal was reduced in infected animals compared to controls, perhaps due to peptide release earlier in infection or impaired granular gland function in diseased animals. Using our temperature-dependent infection results, we performed a geographic analysis that suggested that N. viridescens populations in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada are at greatest risk for Bsal invasion. Our results indicate that environmental temperature will play a key role in the epidemiology of Bsal and provide evidence that temperature manipulations may be a viable Bsal management strategy.
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Yunus, Raudah Mohd, Pauline Oosterhoff, Charity Jensen, Nicola Pocock, and Francis Somerwell. Modern Slavery Prevention and Responses in Myanmar: An Evidence Map. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2020.002.

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This Emerging Evidence Report describes the availability of evidence on modern slavery interventions in Myanmar presented in the programme's interactive Evidence Map. This report on Myanmar uses the same methodology and complements the evidence map on interventions to tackle trafficking, child and forced labour in South Asia for Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The Evidence Map provides an outline of where evidence is concentrated and where it is missing by mapping out existing and ongoing impact evaluations and observational studies exploring different types of modern slavery interventions and outcomes for specific target populations (survivors, employers, landlords, service providers, criminal justice officials) and at different levels (individual, community, state). It also identifies key ‘gaps’ in evidence. Both the Evidence Map and this report foremost target the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) and its partners in the CLARISSA research programme to support evidence-informed policymaking on innovations to reduce the worst forms of child labour. We hope that it is also useful to academics and practitioners working to address modern slavery, or in the intervention areas and locations described.
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Chauvin, Juan Pablo, Annabelle Fowler, and Nicolás Herrera L. The Younger Age Profile of COVID-19 Deaths in Developing Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002879.

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This paper examines why a larger share of COVID-19 deaths occurs among young and middle-aged adults in developing countries than in high-income countries. Using novel data at the country, city, and patient levels, we investigate the drivers of this gap in terms of the key components of the standard Susceptible-Infected-Recovered framework. We obtain three main results. First, we show that the COVID-19 mortality age gap is not explained by younger susceptible populations in developing countries. Second, we provide indirect evidence that higher infection rates play a role, showing that variables linked to faster COVID-19 spread such as residential crowding and labor informality are correlated with younger mortality age profiles across cities. Third, we show that lower recovery rates in developing countries account for nearly all of the higher death shares among young adults, and for almost half of the higher death shares among middle-aged adults. Our evidence suggests that lower recovery rates in developing countries are driven by a higher prevalence of preexisting conditions that have been linked to more severe COVID-19 complications, and by more limited access to hospitals and intensive care units in some countries.
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