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Niu, Min, and Thawascha Dechsubha. "The semiotic dimension of contemporary pragmatics." Technium Social Sciences Journal 27 (January 8, 2022): 802–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v27i1.5651.
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Contemporary Pragmatics has the semiotic features from the respects of disciplinary naming, the means of development, and theoretical source to research object and method. It is not only an independent linguistics and language science, but also an interdisciplinary field and paradigm. This paper is to explore the semiotic features and dimensions of Pragmatics for tracing back the origin and the theoretical resources from semiotic perspective, and to define its research scope and clarify the connotation of its conception. As Semiotics has a triad dimension of semiosis, one of which is the “pragmatic dimension”. Therefore, contemporary pragmatics includes at least three semiotic dimensions: scientific semiotics, linguistic semiotics and social semiotics. The semiotic analysis of Pragmatics could be conducive to clarify and fix the semiotic and philosophical origin, definition, disciplinary connotation and meaning of Pragmatics, which is also theoretically helpful for clarifying the concepts for the study of philosophical pragmatism, pragmaticism, semiotics, semantics and syntax.
 
 Key Words: Semiotic, Pragmatics, Pragmaticism
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Ibnu Zaki, Haris, Basrowi, and Khaeruman. "Beyond Words: A Literature Review on Pragmatics in Cross-Cultural Communication and Its Impact on Employee Performance." LINGUA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 21, no. 2 (2025): 200–211. https://doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v21i2.1058.
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Effective cross-cultural communication is essential in today’s globalized workplace, where employees from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds interact daily. Pragmatics, which examines how meaning is conveyed beyond literal words, plays a crucial role in ensuring mutual understanding and minimizing misinterpretations. This literature review explores the intersection of pragmatics and cross-cultural communication, analyzing its impact on employee performance. Key aspects such as speech acts, implicate, politeness strategies, and context-dependent meaning are examined in relation to workplace dynamics. Findings suggest that pragmatic competence enhances collaboration, reduces conflicts, and fosters a more inclusive work environment, ultimately improving employee productivity and job satisfaction. However, challenges such as cultural biases, misaligned communication expectations, and power distance issues may hinder effective pragmatic adaptation. The review highlights the need for targeted training programs and organizational policies that promote pragmatic awareness to optimize intercultural workplace interactions. Future research should further investigate industry-specific applications and the role of technology in facilitating pragmatic competence across cultures.
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Harmelink, Bryan L. "Lexical Pragmatics and Hermeneutical Issues in the Translation of Key Terms." Journal of Translation 8, no. 1 (2012): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54395/jot-t4h8n.
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Translation involves, among other things, the attempt to communicate the words of one language in another language. An important part of Bible translation is dealing with the translation of key biblical terms. But is it words that we are really translating, or rather the concepts that are associated with those words? Is it reasonable to expect that in translation we will find a word in one language that will communicate “the same meaning” as another word in another language, or borrow a word if necessary? What is the relationship between words and meanings? How are different senses or different meanings bundled together in a single word? Should we be talking in terms of key biblical concepts, rather than key biblical terms, as the goal of what we aim to communicate in translation? This paper draws on insights from the field of lexical pragmatics in order to discuss realities and strategies in translating, based on the principles of representation, underdeterminacy, dynamic context, and the principle of relevance.
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Kravchenko, Nataliia, Olga Valigura, Liubov Kozub, and Yuliia Babchuk. "Pragmatics via prosody in interaction optimization." Studies about Languages 1, no. 44 (2024): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.1.44.33311.
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The article represents a case study of Joaquin Phoenix’s acceptance speech, aimed at examining the interface of pragmatics and prosody. Relying on research into prosodic-pragmatic relationships and employing auditory prosody analysis combined with methods of pragmatic and discourse analysis, the article explores the interaction of prosody with speech acts, as well as with their related politeness and discursive strategies. Direct expressives are associated with three positive politeness strategies and are prosodically characterized by a normal or slow speech rate, normal or reduced volume, short intonation groups, very short pauses, a narrow pitch range, clear timbre, and a regular rhythm. The illocutionary force of indirect expressives relies on stylistic devices and markers of positive politeness, connoting emotional closeness and “sincerity” as components of felicity conditions for such acts. Indirect expressives are signaled by very short, short, or medium filled pauses, resonant timbre, low fall and stressed syllable, a descending stepping scale followed by a falling nucleus, high fall intonation groups, a rising intonation before key concepts, accelerated speech tempo, increased loudness, and emphasis on key words. The prosodic signals of expressive syntax and positive politeness coincide, except for markers emphasizing commonality. The “ecocentric” part of speech is constructed by representatives-reasoning that stimulates reflection without imposing views. This aligns with the negative politeness of non-imposition, marked by mitigators like hedges, bushes, and shields. The intonational accent on words with denotative or connotative meanings related to “discrimination” contributes to the discursive strategy of group polarization.
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Abbasova, Nargiza Kobulovna, and Maftuna Azizjon qizi Yuldasheva. "USE OF PRESUPPOSITION IN LINGUISTICS." International journal of advanced research in education, technology and management 2, no. 5 (2023): 131–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7923150.
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Yuldasheva, Maftuna Azizjon qizi. "USE OF IMPLICATURE IN LINGUISTICS." International journal of advanced research in education, technology and management 2, no. 5 (2023): 433–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7968883.
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The article focuses on the study of the phenomenon of implicature in linguistics. The theoretical foundations and practical applications of the phenomenon of implicature, which is, part of pragmatics are considered.
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Gesuato, Sara. "Review: Trubnikova, Victoriya, & Garofolin, Benedetta. (2020). Lingua e interazione. Insegnare la pragmatica a scuola [Language and interaction. Teaching pragmatics at school]. Edizioni ETS." EuroAmerican Journal of Applied Linguistics and Languages 9, no. 1 (2022): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21283/2376905x.15.271.
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EN This volume presents a theoretical and practical approach to the teaching of pragmatics in primary and secondary educational contexts. Targeting first language (L1), second language (L2), and foreign language (FL) teachers, the volume starts by introducing key concepts in pragmatics, providing an overview of theoretical notions in communicative competence, and drawing pedagogical implications from these notions. The book then reports findings from a survey conducted among language teachers on their views on and experience with the teaching of linguistic pragmatics. Finally, a 5-step inductive-explicit pedagogical model is put forward for raising metapragmatic awareness and developing receptive and productive pragmatic skills among learners of varied age groups. A rich set of sample activities illustrates how to put the model into practice and to adapt it to learners’ specific needs. Key words: PRAGMATICS TEACHING, METAPRAGMATIC AWARENESS, L1/L2/FL TEACHERS, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION, INDUCTIVE-EXPLICIT PEDAGOGY ES Este volumen presenta una aproximación teórica y práctica a la enseñanza de la pragmática en contextos educativos de primaria y secundaria. Dirigido a profesores de lengua primera (L1), segunda lengua (L2) y lengua extranjera (LE), el volumen comienza introduciendo conceptos clave en pragmática, brindando una descripción general de las nociones teóricas en competencia comunicativa y extrapolando las implicaciones pedagógicas que surgen de dichas nociones. Asimismo, este libro recoge los resultados obtenidos a partir de una encuesta realizada entre profesores de idiomas sobre sus puntos de vista y experiencias en la enseñanza de la pragmática lingüística. Finalmente, se propone un modelo pedagógico inductivo-explícito que consta de 5 pasos para aumentar la conciencia metapragmática y desarrollar habilidades pragmáticas receptivas y productivas entre estudiantes de diferentes grupos de edad. Un amplio conjunto de actividades de muestra ilustra cómo poner en práctica el modelo y adaptarlo a las necesidades específicas del alumnado. Palabras clave: ENSEÑANZA DE LA PRAGMÁTICA, CONCIENCIA METAPRAGMÁTICA, DOCENTES L1/L2/LE, EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA Y SECUNDARIA, PEDAGOGÍA INDUCTIVO-EXPLICITA IT Questo volume presenta un approccio teorico-pratico all’insegnamento della pragmatica in contesti di istruzione primaria e secondaria. Rivolgendosi a insegnanti delle lingue madre (L1), seconda (L2) e straniera (LS), il volume si apre con una presentazione dei concetti chiave della pragmatica, offrendo una panoramica delle nozioni generali sulla competenza comunicativa e delineando le implicazioni pedagogiche che ne derivano. Il libro riporta poi i risultati di un sondaggio condotto tra insegnanti di lingue sul loro punto di vista e sulla loro esperienza con l’insegnamento della pragmatica. Infine, viene proposto un modello pedagogico induttivo-esplicito composto di cinque fasi per raggiungere una consapevolezza metapragmatica e per sviluppare competenze pragmatiche sia recettive sia produttive tra studenti di età diversa. Un ricco repertorio di attività illustra come mettere in pratica il modello e adattarlo ai bisogni specifici degli studenti. Parole chiave: DIDATTICA DELLA PRAGMATICA, CONSAPEVOLEZZA METAPRAGMATICA, INSEGNANTI DI L1/L2/LS, ISTRUZIONE PRIMARIA E SECONDARIA, PEDAGOGIA INDUTTIVO-ESPLICITA
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Wadison, Epi. "A Portray the Use of Speech Transitions in Semanticss and Pragmatics Class Presentation." Teaching English and Language Learning English Journal 4, no. 2 (2024): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36085/telle.v4i2.6938.
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In presentation, speech transitions are words and phrases that allow someone to smoothly move from one point to another so that a presentation is unified and it is easier for the audience to understand an argument without confusing to how one point relates to another. The goal of this study is to investigate 21 English students using observation sheet when the students delivering presentation at Semantics and Pragmatics class. Data is described qualitatively to know the speech transitions used by students in one semester in academic year 20232 Key Words: Speech Transition, Semantics and Pragmatics class.
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Suman, Delowar. "Significance of Pragmatics in Second Language Acquisition: Enhancing Communication and Intercultural Competence." Inverge Journal of Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (2023): 54–65. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v2i2.28.
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In recent years, there has been a major uptick in interest regarding the study of pragmatics in second language acquisition (SLA). This is mostly attributable to the critical function that pragmatics play in the development of efficient communication skills in a second language. Pragmatics is the study of language use in context, which includes the interpretation of meaning beyond the literal level, the use of language for a variety of goals, and the understanding of social norms and practices in communication. Pragmatics is often referred to as sociopragmatics. The acquisition of pragmatics in a second language is crucial for learners in order for them to be capable of effectively conveying intended meanings and to avoid misunderstandings or misinterpretations in a variety of social circumstances. Additionally, the development of pragmatic competence in a second language is intimately linked to the learner's intercultural competence, which enables the learner to communicate effectively with persons whose linguistic and cultural backgrounds are distinct from their own. In research on second language acquisition (SLA), the function of pragmatics has been explored from a variety of viewpoints, such as its link with degrees of proficiency, the impact of teaching on the development of pragmatic skills, and the role of feedback and corrective feedback in the process of enhancing pragmatic competence. In addition, recent research has underlined the significance of including pragmatic training and intercultural communication in language learning curriculum in order to improve the communicative skills of language learners. In general, the significance of pragmatics in SLA is crucial, and its growth need to be prioritized in language teaching and learning in order to facilitate efficient communication and an understanding of other cultures. References Bardovi-Harlig, K. (2017). Researching pragmatic development in a second language. In K. Bardovi-Harlig & B. Bastos (Eds.), L2 pragmatics: Research, theory, and practice (pp. 271-283). Routledge. Barron, A. (2003). Acquisition in interlanguage pragmatics: Learning how to do things with words in a study abroad context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters. Chang, Y. F. (2018). The effects of explicit instruction on EFL learners’ pragmatic development in complimenting. Journal of Pragmatics, 135, 75-88. Dey, M. (2023). The primary characteristics of English pragmatics in Applied Linguistics: Exploring the Key Features of English Pragmatics in Applied Linguistics. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2), 1-13. Félix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2016). Second language pragmatics. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Golato, A. (2015). Second language pragmatic development in study abroad contexts. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 35, 38-61. Huang, L., & Hasegawa-Johnson, M. (2015). Toward computational sociolinguistics: A survey of recent advances in extracting social meaning from sound and language. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 32(5), 84-96. Kasper, G. (2001). Four perspectives on L2 pragmatic development. Applied Linguistics, 22(4), 502-530. Kasper, G. (2012). Intercultural pragmatics. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell. Kasper, G., & Rose, K. R. (2002). Pragmatic development in a second language. Language Teaching, 35(1), 1-18. Kasper, G., & Schmidt, R. (1996). Developmental issues in interlanguage pragmatics. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18(2), 149-169. Kecskes, I. (2014). Intercultural pragmatics. Oxford University Press. Kramsch, C. (2014). Teaching foreign languages in an era of globalization: Introduction. The Modern Language Journal, 98(1), 296-311. Roever, C. (2011). Testing ESL pragmatics: Development and validation of a web-based assessment battery. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Rose, K. R. (2017). Pragmatic competence and second language acquisition. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 37, 40-59. Taguchi, N. (2015). Pragmatic development in second language acquisition. In B. Aarts, J. Close, G. Leech, & S. Wallis (Eds.), The English language: Cognition and communication (pp. 689-706). Cambridge University Press. Tomalin, B., & Stempleski, S. (1993). Cultural awareness. Oxford University Press.
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Syam, Nunung Anugerawati. "THE STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN UNDERSTANDING PRAGMATICS MEANING OF WRITTEN UTTERANCES." EXPOSURE : JURNAL PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INGGRIS 1, no. 2 (2012): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/ejpbi.v1i2.778.
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This research was attempted to find out the achievement of the sixth-semester students of English Department of Muhammadiyah University of Makassar especially Academic Year 2008 in understanding pragmatics meaning of the written utterances. This study employed a Descriptive research method. The sample of this study consisted of 40 students of the Sixth Semester Students of English Department Muhammadiyah University of Makassar which was selected by using simple random sampling. The instrument of the study was an objective test in the form of the checklist and identifying the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts of written utterances which consisted of 35 items. The test was administered to know the students’ achievement in understanding the pragmatic meaning of written utterances. The data obtained from the test was analyzed quantitatively. The mean score obtained from the test was 5, 87 for the locutionary act, 6, 12 for the illocutionary act, and 6, 09 for the perlocutionary act. The data showed that the students’ achievement in understanding the pragmatics meaning of written utterances especially the three layers of speech acts was fair. Key Words: Pragmatics, locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act.
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Kovalenko, Andriy, and Svetlana Yukhymets. "Reproduction of Genre Peculiarities of the Chinese Belles-Lettres into English and Ukrainian." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 26, no. 27 (2019): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2018-27-15.
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The article deals with the problem of rendering the Chinese poetry ’shi’ in English and Ukrainian translation. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of translating realia. The translation operations employed to render the semantics and pragmatics of the Chinese belles-lettres literature by means of typologically distant languages have also been analyzed. Key words: Chinese poetry ’shi’, realia, translation operations
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Chinwendu Israel, Peace. "Communicative Competence in Discourse: A Universal Pragmatic Analysis of President Nana Akufo-Addo’s Update No 26: Measures Taken to Combat Spread of Coronavirus." International Journal of Literature, Language and Linguistics 5, no. 1 (2022): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ijlll-gid94v3k.
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This paper examined the 26th official update (speech) of President Nana Akufo-Addo of Ghana to Ghanaians on the enhanced measures taken to fight the Coronavirus Pandemic. The aim is to examine the extent to which he communicates competently and effectively in managing the spread of the virus. The study adopted the content analytical method which involves qualitative method of data presentation and analysis. The framework employed for the analysis was Habermas’ (1979) Universal Pragmatics. Universal Pragmatics posits that anyone acting communicatively cannot avoid raising the following validity claims: uttering something understandable, giving the hearer something to understand, making himself understandable and coming to an understanding with another person. The analysis revealed the update as having met the validity claims set by Habermas and therefore competent and effective in combating the spread of the deadly disease. Key words: Coronavirus, Political speech, Universal pragmatics, Validity claims, President Nana Akufo-Addo
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Fauzia, Fauzia, and Isnaini Jalu Rakhmat Prakoso. "A Study of Implicature in Daredevil Web Series Movie." English Language Teaching Educational Journal 1, no. 2 (2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/eltej.v1i2.54.
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This study is aimed to identify the implicature and their maxim violation and find out how the violating maxims occur in the movie. The study is conducted by using the qualitative method. The research object of this study is about implicature and the violation of the maxim. The subject of this study is a web series movie script entitled Daredevil, the scripts are taken from season 1 episode 1 until 3. To collect the data, the writer uses note taking technique. The writer uses pragmatic referential method (metode padan pragmatis) to analyze the data. The result shows 25 implicatures in Daredevil web series movie that occur because of its violation of the maxim. There are 20% implicature by violating the maxim of quantity, 36% implicature by violating the maxim of quality, 26% implicature by violating the maxim of relation, 18% implicature by violating the maxim of manner. By violating the maxim, the characters produce some implied meanings which can be used to misleading the hearer. The implied meaning of the utterances refers to an expression of agreement, denial, refusal, acceptance and indirect sentence, it depends on how the character uses the implicature. Key words: Pragmatics, Context, Cooperative Principle, Implicature, Violating Maxim
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MOUTATI-KABOU, Sylviède Nephtali. "Pragmatics of Symbolism in Chrétien De Troyes’s Tristan and Iseult." Cahiers Africains de rhétorique 2, no. 3 (2023): 106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55595/snmk2023.
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This study proposes to find out the practical meaning of symbols in Tristan and Iseult, written by Chrétien de Troyes. It starts from the observation that the author codifies his work by the means of symbolism and that each symbol does not only summarize or hide a vast reality that sometimes escapes the reader; but also takes on a situational meaning which matches the context in which it appears; hence the hypothesis: the reading of a symbol is done in accordance with the environment to which it belongs. Thus, this study, which requires a rapprochement with biblical stories, revolves around the human body, nature and colors as specific elements of analysis. Key Words: practical signification, symbols, Tristan and Iseult, codify, environment, biblical stories.
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Habibolahi, Mahdi. "Exploring the Implicit Meanings of the Qur'ān Through Pragmatics: Reference, Presupposition and Entailment in Focus." International Journal of Textual and Translation Analysis in Islamic Studies 1, no. 3 (2024): 307–26. https://doi.org/10.22081/ttais.2024.68323.1025.
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Pragmatics is a field of study that aims to analyze and clarify the underlying intentions and meanings behind spoken and written communication. By considering both linguistic and non-linguistic contexts, this discipline seeks to uncover the intended meaning of speakers and writers, including implicit, figurative, and indirect meanings within their words. The goal of this article is to introduce the field of pragmatics and its key components, such as references, presuppositions, and entailments, and to explore how these components can be applied to the analysis of Qur’ānic verses, particularly in understanding the profound intentions of the Almighty. This qualitative research involves collecting data through library research. While many of these components can be found scattered throughout Islamic literature and various branches of Islamic studies like rhetoric, Qur’ānic studies, interpretation, and principles of interpretation, a comprehensive examination of them from a fresh perspective can enhance our understanding of the Qur’ān and lead to the discovery of new concepts within its verses.
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Mazzone, Marco. "Pragmatics and Cognition: Intentions and Pattern Recognition in Context." International Review of Pragmatics 1, no. 2 (2009): 321–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187730909x12535267111615.
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AbstractThe importance of intention reading for communication has already been emphasized many years ago by Paul Grice. More recently, the rich debate on “theory of mind” has convinced many that intention reading may in fact play a key role also in current, cognitively oriented theories of pragmatics: Relevance Theory is a case in point. On a close analysis, however, it is far from clear that RT may really accommodate the idea that intention reading drives comprehension. Here I examine RT's difficulties with that idea, and propose a framework where intention reading is actually assigned a significant role. This framework is compatible with RT's account of a unified, automatic mechanism of interpretation in lexical pragmatics, to the extent that the account shares many features of associative and constraint-based explanations of other linguistic phenomena. In fact, my suggestion is that our sensitivity to others' intentions depends crucially on the availability of specific patterns of intentional behaviour grounded in social regularities. In other words, intention reading would be just a case, though a very special one, of pattern recognition.
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Dr., Sobir A. Khamzaev. "Pragmatic Function of Linguistic Units." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 04, no. 12 (2021): 3903–8. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i11-61.
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The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of a number of works of domestic and foreign linguists in which approaches to language learning in a pragmatic aspect are defined. As a result of generalization of various approaches of researchers, the author revealed the main task of pragmatics, which consists in establishing the patterns of the use of linguistic means for the purpose of directed influence on the addressee in the communication process. Within the framework of P. Grice’s theory, implicatures are considered as conversational or communicative, as well as conventional. At the same time, the metaphorical interpretation is analyzed within the framework of the theory of speech acts. The role of euphemistic units involved in the formation of a certain, predetermined by the addressee, evaluative opinion is shown. The article reveals the potential of the study of precedent phenomena in a pragmatic aspect. The key problems of linguopragmatics are analyzed: connotations and additional (background) information as a necessary component of communication.
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Dr., Sobir A. Khamzaev. "Pragmatic Function of Linguistic Units." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 04, no. 12 (2021): 3909–15. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i12-61.
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The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of a number of works of domestic and foreign linguists in which approaches to language learning in a pragmatic aspect are defined. As a result of generalization of various approaches of researchers, the author revealed the main task of pragmatics, which consists in establishing the patterns of the use of linguistic means for the purpose of directed influence on the addressee in the communication process. Within the framework of P. Grice’s theory, implicatures are considered as conversational or communicative, as well as conventional. At the same time, the metaphorical interpretation is analyzed within the framework of the theory of speech acts. The role of euphemistic units involved in the formation of a certain, predetermined by the addressee, evaluative opinion is shown. The article reveals the potential of the study of precedent phenomena in a pragmatic aspect. The key problems of linguopragmatics are analyzed: connotations and additional (background) information as a necessary component of communication.
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Kaldjärv, Merle. "PRAGMA-DIALECTICS ON THE BASIS OF STATE EXAMINATION COMPOSITIONS." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 38, no. 1 (2011): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/11.38.37.
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The present research is based on a study analysing the argumentative skills of Estonian gymnasium students in state examination compositions. The aim of the study is to establish the choices made by students while writing their state exam composition as an argumentative text type. The research considers the implementation of the stages of critical discussion of the pragma-dialectical theory by F. van Eemeren and R. Grootendorst on the basis of one state examination composition (2006, code 356047). In establishing the structure of argumentation in compositions, the macrostructures by T.A. van Dijk were employed as these allow highlighting the macro speech acts expressing more complex speech acts. The stages of critical discussion of the pragma-dialectical argumentation theory could be associated with the argumentation practice used in Estonia. The implementation of the pragma-dialectical theory enhances the comprehension process of argumentative texts from the pragmatical and dialectical point of view. Key words: argumentation, dialogue, Estonian language, pragmatics, stages of critical discussion.
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Salas, Luis Guerra, and María Elena Gómez Sánchez. "Migratory movements in the press of Spanish-speaking countries (2017)." Open Linguistics 6, no. 1 (2020): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0019.
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AbstractThe aim of this article is to analyze journalistic texts on migratory movements appeared on the main newspapers of Spanish-speaking countries along 2017. The focus is put on the subjects that the newspapers highlight, the regions selected and the linguistics elections being made. The research has a multidisciplinary approach that uses the concept of representation, as being used in linguistics pragmatics and cultural anthropology. We use the database Factiva® as the starting point to collect the journalistic pieces that we use for our analysis. The search has been refined using linguistic, contextual, geographic and chronological criteria. Two sub-corpora have been built with the texts obtained through the search. One focuses strictly on Spanish press and the second one is related to the Hispanic area (seven newspapers have been chosen to build this corpus, and each one of them represents one of the seven ample dialectal areas of Spanish language). The qualitative analysis is based on the key words of each of these sub-corpora; such key words are stablished from a text-mining technique that offers the most relevant words and sentences of the first 100 texts obtained through every specific search.
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Al-Hindawi, Fareed Hameed, and Nesaem Mehdi Al-Aadili. "The Pragmatics of Deception in American Presidential Electoral Speeches." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 5 (2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n5p207.
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Language is used for influencing people. Various means, whether honest or dishonest, are appealed to for achieving this purpose. This means that people fulfill their goals either through telling their interlocutors the truth or through deceiving and misleading them. In this regard, deception is a key aspect of many strategic interactions including bargaining, military operations, and politics. However, in spite of the importance of this topic, it has not been pragmatically given enough research attention particularly in politics. Thus, this study sets itself the task of dealing with this issue in this genre from a pragmatic perspective. Precisely, the current work attempts to answer the following question: What is the pragmatics of deception in American presidential electoral speeches? Pragmatics, here, involves the speech acts used to issue deceptive utterances, deceptive strategies resulting in the violation of Grice's maxims, as well as cognitive strategies.In other words, this study aims at finding out the answer to the question raised above. In accordance with this aim, it is hypothesized that American presidential candidates use certain deceptive/misleading strategies to achieve their goals. In this regard, they utilize certain strategies which violate Grice's maxims such as ostensible promise, equivocation, fabrication, and dissociation. Moreover, they make use of certain cognitive strategies like: metaphor, presupposition, and positive self-representation/ negative other representation.In order to achieve the aim of the study and verify or reject its hypothesis, a model is developed for the analysis of the data under examination. Besides, a statistical means represented by the percentage equation is used to calculate the results. The most important finding arrived at by this study is that American presidential candidates most often resort to the strategies of giving an ostensible promise, equivocation, presupposition, and positive self/negative other representation to fulfill their goals.
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Abdel-Tawwab Sharaf Eldin, Ahmad. "A Pragmatic Study of Political Cartoons in Al-Ahram Weekly Newspaper." British Journal of Translation, Linguistics and Literature 2, no. 2 (2022): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54848/bjtll.v2i2.33.
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During the past century, political cartoons were considered as the most extreme form of expression in newspapers, as they were not committed to any norm of journalistic objectivity, or even the domain of objective reality. Some cartoonists consider political cartoons as historical sources of satirical critique of the political status quo. Generally speaking, there are various forms of cartoons, such as political, social, and humorous cartoons. Each one has a different function.
 The function of political cartoons lies in making a real change in a society in favor of suppressed classes through criticizing the status quo and unjust practices in political life. In addition, cartoons help newspapers and magazines look better by taking some space among columns of words which might be boring for the reader. At the same time, political cartoons have real contributions in affirming the role newspapers play as means of communication between a reader and a cartoonist. Political cartoons are also capable of bold dealing with different societal problems as they can escape different types of censorship. Thus, political cartoons have the mechanisms to correct the negatives of a society faster than written words, especially they are easily understood by readers.
 As cartoons are viewed as methods of communication, pragmatics is also concerned with determining the elements of communicational content, which are essential to interpretation. It is quite common for an utterance to display a number of pragmatic features. Hence, it is clear that pragmatics plays a key role in the interpretation of the communication process represented by the cartoons' language. This communication process, whether verbal or non-verbal, includes expressions and recognition of intentions. From this perspective, pragmatic interpretation is simply an exercise in which a reader infers a cartoonist’s intended meaning from his cartoon.
 Within this framework, this study tries to discuss the aspects of the implicit meanings in the language of political cartoons. The importance of the study is obviously shown by shedding light on the role of the language that can be employed to convey explicit and also implicit meaning by pragmatic devices. This study, therefore, attempts to clarify the role of pragmatic devices in explaining the hidden meaning in political cartoons. In doing so, it tries to emphasize the importance of implicature in the language of political cartoons, whether it abides or flouts Gricean’s maxims with its effect to convey the meaning. Also, it attempts to figure out why cartoonists frequently use this aspect of pragmatics in writing the language. Another goal of this study is to explain the role of speech acts, whether used directly or indirectly, and why a cartoonist sometimes uses the literal and sometimes prefers to use non-literal speech acts.
 Moreover, this study underscores the importance of the distinction between language use and linguistic meaning. Besides, it asserts a parallel distinction between speaker's reference and linguistic reference, which provokes the assumption to what extent linguistic expressions refer independently to speaker's use of them. In addition, this thesis attempts to consider the politeness phenomenon as a pragmatic device, and its role in understanding the meaning. 
 Given the distance between a cartoonist and his addressees, this study sheds light on how language users sometimes depart from the conditions of optimal information exchange which may cause confusion. In addition, this thesis emphasizes the function of deictic expressions and the role of presupposition with its relation to the implicature. In short, it shows the linguistic insights of implicit meanings employed in cartoons and attempts to discover whether or not cartoonists succeed in conveying the meaning to the addressees by employing pragmatic devices.
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Goddard, Cliff. "“Joking, kidding, teasing”: Slippery categories for cross-cultural comparison but key words for understanding Anglo conversational humor." Intercultural Pragmatics 15, no. 4 (2018): 487–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2018-0017.
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Abstract Terms like to joke (and joking) and to tease (and teasing) have a curious double life in contrastive and interactional pragmatics and related fields. Occasionally they are studied as metapragmatic terms of ordinary English, along with related expressions such as kidding. More commonly they are used as scientific or technical categories, both for research into English and for cross-linguistic and cross-cultural comparison. Related English adjectives, such as jocular and mock, are also much-used in a growing lexicon of compound terms, such as jocular abuse, mock abuse, jocular mockery, and the like. Against this background, the present paper has three main aims. In the first part, it is argued that the meanings of the verbs to joke and to tease (and related nouns) are much more English-specific than is commonly recognized. They are not precisely cross-translatable even into European languages such as French and German. Adopting such terms as baseline categories for cross-cultural comparison therefore risks introducing an Anglocentric bias into our theoretical vocabulary. Nor can the problem be easily solved, it is argued, by attributing technical meanings to the terms. Detailed analysis of the everyday meanings of words like joking and teasing, on the other hand, can yield insights into the ethnopragmatics of Anglo conversational humor. This task is undertaken in the second part of the paper. The important English verb to kid and the common conversational formulas just kidding and only joking are also examined. The semantic methodology used is the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach, which depends on paraphrase into simple, cross-translatable words. Building on the NSM analyses, the third part of the paper considers whether it is possible to construct a typological framework for conversational humor based on cross-translatable terminology.
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Sachiya, Fahdi. "PELANGGARAN PRINSIP KERJA SAMA DALAM FILM KOREA COMMITMENT (동창생) KARYA PARK HONG SOO". AKSARABACA Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 1, № 2 (2024): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/aksarabaca.v1i2.3146.
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ABSTRAKTeori prinsip kerja sama merupakan pedoman yang digunakan ketika melaksanakan suatu komunikasi agar tercapainya keinginan dalam menyampaikan komunikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa sajapelanggaran kerja sama yang terjadi dan factor penyebab terjadinya pelanggaran. Teori prinsip kerja sama oleh H. Paul Grice dan hasil yang didapatkan dalam film Commitment ditemukan beberapa pelanggaran dan factor yangmenyebabkan terjadinya pelanggaran adalah factor ketidaksengajaan, dengan sengaja tidak ingin bekerja sama, keinginan menyampaikan pesan tersirat atau pun dengan sengaja melanggar dan menipu. Serta melanggar satumaksim namu mematuhi maksim lainnya. Kata kunci: pragmatic, prinsip kerja samam pelanggaran maksim ABSTRACTThe theory of the principle of cooperation is a guideline used when carrying out communication so that the desire to convey communication is achieved. This research aims to find out what cooperation violations occurred andthe factors that caused the violations. The theory of the principle of cooperation by H. Paul Grice and the results obtained in the film Commitment found several violations and the factors that caused the violations wereunintentional factors, deliberately not wanting to cooperate, wanting to convey an implied message or deliberately violating and deceiving. And breaking one maxim but obeying another maxim. Key words: pragmatics, principles of cooperation and maxim violations
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Şerbǎnicǎ, Florinela. "Quelle pragmatique enseigne-t-on en ce moment (2017) en Roumanie en filière LEA?" Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 11 (August 8, 2018): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2018.17248.
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En Roumanie, l’enseignement du français langue étrangère au niveau de licence se réalise dans le cadre des deux filières: Langues et littératures ainsi que Langues Étrangères Appliquées (LEA). Initiée il y a plus d’une vingtaine d’années, la filière LEA a connu un réel succès auprès du public étudiant roumain et fonctionne actuellement dans plusieurs universités à côté de la formation littéraire traditionnelle. A travers une analyse panoramique de quelques documents de référence utilisés dans les universités roumaines (plans d’enseignement et fiches des disciplines), nous nous proposons de parvenir à une meilleure projection du cours de Pragmatique que nous assurons dans notre université, avec une sélection des contenus, méthodes et supports didactiques qui illustre mieux les principes de la filière LEA et qui offre à nos diplômés des compétences professionnelles appropriées au marché du travail actuel. Ce travail liminaire est une première exploration des fiches de formations dans lesquelles on retrouve des thèmes liés à la pragmatique.
 What pragmatics are we currently teaching (2017) in Romania in applied foreign languages study programmes?
 In Romania, French as a foreign language at the undergraduate level is taught in two study programmes: Languages and Literatures and Applied Foreign Languages (LEA). Initiated more than twenty years ago, the LEA programmes have been a real success with Romanian students and, alongside traditional courses in literature, are currently implemented in several universities. Having analysed some key reference documents of Romanian universities (mainly syllabi and course descriptions), I propose how to achieve better results in a course on pragmatics offered at the University of Piteşti. My proposals focus specifically on the selection of contents, methods and teaching aids aimed at equipping our students with professional skills appropriate to the current job market.
 Key words: course description; language and literature; LEA; syllabus; pragmatics.
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Chernyavskaya, V. E. "Deontic Meaning and Pragmatics of Politically Correct Renaming." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 21, no. 3 (2023): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2023-21-3-58-72.
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The analysis is carried out against the background of conceptions of deontic meaning as a basic concept to analyze social evaluation of lexis. As first introduced by Fritz Hermanns, the term deontic meaning is considered as part of the lexical meaning of some words and expressions on par with their descriptive meaning that appeals to the stances of the recipients. The paper presumes that deontic meanings refer to the prescriptive usage of a linguistic form and its positive or negative deontics pointing to whether something may (not) or ought (not) to be used in certain contexts. In this framework the deontic meaning of the word is studied in the perspective of political correctness and politically correct language. The analysis shows an explanatory force of the concept deontic meaning as an analytical tool for investigating the social embeddedness of a linguistic form, and contributes to understanding linguistic processes generated by political correctness. This paper, first, reveals the key notions central to understanding political correctness as aiming to redress injustices in matters such as race, nation, gender, sexual orientation in the modern (Anglo)-American and German types of discourse. Second, the paper aims to discuss the relationship between denotative meaning, connotation and deontic meaning in explaining the meaning making process in contextualization. The analysis is in line with theoretical and methodological approaches in modern discourse linguistics, discourse analysis, and pragmatically oriented linguistics. Empirical material for the study is provided by the texts reflecting current socio-cultural situations in Western Europe and in the USA in 2019-2023. The actual cases show that in the politically correct naming practices there is a trend for the formation of a deontic meaning. In fact, what is observed is not an alternative nomination, but a reduction of the possible polysemy of meanings to one dominant interpretation and one meaning. The mechanism of the deontic meaning formation acts as socially determined. The analysis shows such situations in which political correctness actually has been transformed into a struggle with hidden meanings potentially derived by the addressee.
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Gokova, Ekaterina I. "PROVERBS AS A MEAN OF COMFORTING (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE ENGLISH AND GERMAN LANGUAGES)." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 28, no. 1 (2024): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2024-1-72-82.
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The relevance of this article lies in the priority of communicative pragmatics, in the development of such a new integral research area as psychoparemiology, in the interest of researchers in comforting and in the need to study the pragmatic potential of proverbs that can realize the intention of comforting in application to Germanic languages. The purpose of this work is to classify the proverbs of the English and German languages in accordance with the goals of comforting they realize and the ways to achieve these goals. Five groups of proverbs can be singled out by means of pragmalinguistic analysis. Proverbs of the first group can be used to change the negative attitude of the comforted person towards the situation to a positive one. They point out positive aspects of the situation or the possibility to benefit from it, minimize the problem, ask the comforted to be content with what is available to them. Proverbs of the second group assure that everything that happens is destined and claim that human hardships are inevitable, while joys are finite. They can also point out the impossibility to change past events. Proverbs of the third group make the comforted person gather strength, indicating positive effects of trials and challenges. They also instill hope that challenges can be overcome and the situation can change for the better. The fourth group aims at influencing the comforted person’s emotions by stating that distress is harmful and will be alleviated over time. Proverbs of the fifth group justify the actions of the interlocutor by claiming that mistakes can help a person gain important experience, they are in the human nature and inevitable and are not so bad compared to more damaging actions. Key words: communicative pragmatics, psychoparemiology, dialogue, comforting, proverbs
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Soedjarwo, Gabriella Novianty. "Persuasion Act in the Proposal Movie." Journal of Pragmatics Research 2, no. 1 (2020): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v2i1.50-67.
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The act of persuasion happens anywhere and anytime. When we need a help, we persuade other to do what we need. In order to have a successful persuasion, we apply certain strategy. This pragmatic paper wants to analyse the effective strategies in order to have an effective persuasive acts. Pragmatics is chosen as the method since the analysis is about the language used in certain context, in this case persuasion. This paper elaborates how certain speech acts can help the speaker to perform persuasion successfully. Besides, the researcher also analyses how the attempts of persuading violate certain maxims stated by Grice. The researcher took a movie entitled The Proposal (2009) as the data since it shows how the main characters apply certain speech acts and strategies in order to achieve effective persuasion. In this movie, Margaret and Andrew are trying to persuade each other in order to get different advantages through faking marriage. The researcher takes the dialogue of those two characters as the data. Then, the data was analysed using speech act theory, implicature, and language function theory on persuasion. The result of the study is the successful persuasion relies on using appropriate speech act, flouting the maxim of quantity, and applying good persuasive strategy. Key words: Persuasion, Speech Act, Maxim, Strategy
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Al-Hassnawi, Hussein Dhahi. "A Pragma-stylistic Study of Humour inAhmed Matar's Poetry." Kufa Journal of Arts 1, no. 25 (2016): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2015/v1.i25.6292.
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This study aims to review and investigates the role and function of humourin Ahmed Matar's poetry pragma-stylistically. Furthermore, it attempts to identify the ways andstrategies in which he employs humour negatively. In a sense, he uses strategies of humour or joking so as tomock the socio-political situation in the case of Iraq. Thus, hecreates acceptability and sympathy on the part of the audience. The focus of this study is concerned with verbal mockery, which is produced by means of language or text. Additionally, the study postulates that there is no clear cut amongst humour types categories-that is the categories may interchange and merge in a few cases. Of the stylistic figures presented in this study is mockery,irony, exaggeration, comparison, and sarcasm. Key Words: Pragmatics , mockery, sarcasm, exaggeration, humour. 0.Introduction This study is an attempt to deal with strategies of humour in Ahmed's Matar poetry .Since pragmatics and stylistics are interrelated, especially, in poetry (Nofal, 2011) , it is required to deal with both discplines while approaching a poem.It is not unclear that the stylistic figures , which are employed in the corpus have got pragmatic implications .In this perspective, the current paper aims to find out how '' strategies of humour'' are reflected and manifested in Matar'spoetry.More specifically, the study aims at: A.Showing the pragma-stylistic devices of humour, which are utilized by Ahmed Matar. B.Evaluating the effect of such utilization. C.Finding the most common strategies. In view of the aforementioned aims, it is hypothesized that : A.AhmedMatar heavily relies on strategies of humour to convey his message, the message of mockery and criticism; B. he intentionally utilizes humour- he aims at, both, entertaining and mocking the public. C. the most common strategies are : irony, exaggeration, and sarcasm To accomplish the aims of the study and test its hypotheses, the following procedures are adopted : A. Reviewing the literature on humour and pragmatics; B.Developing a model for analysing the corpus; C.Conducting a pragma-stylistic qualitative method of analysis of some randomly extracts chosen from Ahmed's Matar poetry; D.Discussing the results of analysis, however the discussion is done within the analysis-that is no separate heading is dedicated for discussion. Finally,it is worth mentioning that the translation of the corpus is made by the theresearcher himself.
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Kurmanbekova, Z., and M. Öner. "LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION AND TEXTING IN SOCIAL NETWORKS." Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2024-2.04.
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The article investigates the language characteristics of the social networking site Facebook. It delves into the language peculiarities of this social network, which makes considerable use of foreign vocabulary and jargon. Among these linguistic traits, the use of slang and jargon words is common. In addition, the paper examines the difficulties of combining two diverse language groups while building language models. Its key distinguishing feature is the lack of new words for foreign lexemes in Kazakh and Russian. Many of the terminology that internet users are familiar with are Americanisms. This study attempts to identify the linguistic characteristics of social networks, emphasizing the vocabulary of social media platforms like Instagram, Vkontakte, and Facebook. Furthermore, it delves into the linguistic nuances and specific terms used in the context of social interactions, message exchange, and the resolution of interpersonal goals. The pragmatics of language use in social interactions is closely tied to the communicative goals, intentions, and purposes of language users. The study suggests that the pragmatics of linguistic interactions have a significant impact on the outcome of various social activities, directing individuals towards specific actions during conversations. The choice of language is crucial for expressing oneself effectively. It is essential not only to fulfill the communicative function of language but also to align one’s internal goals and objectives with linguistic acts. The language of social networks plays a significant role in achieving various communicative goals, including catching the attention of the interlocutor, addressing the recipient, expressing emotions, sharing opinions, seeking feedback, and other purposes. The article emphasizes the importance of linguistic competence in the choice of language. Communication functions in social networks, such as addressing the listener’s attention, establishing contact, and conversing, expressing emotions, seeking opinions, timely interruption, and achieving specified goals, rely on linguistic competence.
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Auliya, Karimatul. "ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS BY LARA JEAN’S UTTERANCES IN TO ALL THE BOYS MOVIE TRILOGY." Mahakarya: Jurnal Mahasiswa Ilmu Budaya 3, no. 1 (2022): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/mjmib.v3i1.5500.
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This research aimed to describe and classify types of illocutionary acts found in Lara Jean's utterances in To All the Boys movie trilogy including To All the Boys I’ve Loved Before (2018), To All the Boys P.S I Still Love You (2020), and To All the Boys Always and Forever (2021). The research method used in this research was descriptive qualitative research, where the primary data were in the form of transcripts of Lara Jean's utterances. The data were elicited through documentation, namely gathering the data and identifying the linguistic units according to the pragmatics study. In analyzing the data, the researcher utilized the theory of Speech Acts by Austin (1962) and the classification of the types of illocutionary acts by Searle (1979). The results showed five types of illocutionary acts found in Lara Jean's utterances in To All the Boys movie trilogy, such as assertives, directives, declaratives, expressives, and comisives. The researcher found 127 data in the three movies comprising 32 assertives, 37 directives, 5 commissives, 48 expressives, and 5 declaratives. The study revealed that the dominant use of illocutionary acts by Lara Jean in her utterances are expressives. The researcher concluded that in the movie trilogy, Lara Jean used expressive illocutionary acts to express her feelings to thank, apologize, praise, or state something in her mind. Key words: Pragmatics,Speech acts, Illocutionary acts, Function, Movie Trilogy
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Romanyshyn, Nataliia. "POLITICAL CONCEPTS IN THE POETRY OF SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE." Inozenma Philologia, no. 135 (December 15, 2022): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fpl.2022.135.3805.
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The presented article is aimed at disclosing the features of poetic conceptualization of political concepts in the poetry of famous English Romantic – Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The research is based on the cognitivediscursive approach and involves the application of research tools of cognitive poetics, cognitive stylistics, cultural and literary studies, which builds a vector of analysis from the concept as a social phenomenon to its embodiment, explicit and implicit, by the diversity of textual aesthetic resources at diff erent levels of textual matter. Artistic actualization of political notions in Coleridge’s poetic discourse is based on the textual system of poetic concepts “state/native land”, “society”, “war”, “enemy” positioned by the author in the center of artistic refl ection and synthesizing the appropriate social pragmatics. Key words: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, literary/artistic concept, English Romanticism, artistic conceptualization, English poetry
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Amna, Shally, Dian Christina, Annisha Dyuli Adha, and Wienda Gusta. "Analysis of New Trends in Online Translations based on Student’s Perspective : Advantages and Disadvantages." Linguistic, English Education and Art (LEEA) Journal 7, no. 2 (2024): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/leea.v7i2.8222.
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The use of Online translation (OT) for doing English assignments is now inevitable. Teachers neither can prevent their students to use OT nor can supervise it when all of the learning process has been running online from home to home. Therefore, both teachers and students should bring out the advantages of OT to improve English competence and to reduce the disadvantages of using OT. This study is aimed to investigate the students’ perspectives of using OT for doing English assignments and to describe the advantages and disadvantages of OT. The study is presented in descriptive qualitative design. The data collection instruments are questionnaires and open-ended questions. The participants are 198 students of Information system department, University of Putra Indonesia YPTK Padang. The findings of this study showed that for about 80% of English students depend their English assignments on OT. Based on the EFL students’ perspective, the advantages of using OT are time saver and instant results and the disadvantages of using OT are inaccuracy in the results relate to cultural context, idiom, sentences with metaphor and pragmatic aspects for learning the structure of English language. The study proposes some ideas for teachers to teach their students strategies and guidance for using OT properly and to avoid making mistakes. Key words: Online Translation, English Assignment, Advantages, and Disadvantages, Pragmatics.
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Demuyakor, John. "An Analysis of Speech Acts in the Inaugural Address of Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo as the President of the Republic of Ghana on January 7, 2021." Shanlax International Journal of English 9, no. 3 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/english.v9i3.3978.
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Speech acts as an important element during communication, because it explains the thoughts of the speaker(s). A speech act is more about what is performed when uttering words and not about individual words or sentences that are known to form the basic elements of human communication. An attempt to do something through speaking is what is known as a speech act and a lot of things can be done through speaking. A speech act is studied under speech act theory and is found in the domain of pragmatics. Using a qualitative research design, the key objective of this study is to analyze the types of speech acts adopted in the inaugural address of Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo- Addo as the President of the Republic of Ghana for his second term on the 7th January 2021. This study analyzed the Inaugural Address using Searle’s theory of speech act as a theoretical framework with emphasis on Searle’s five categories of speech act. The study showed that out of a total of 74 locutionary / Statements in the inaugural address,assertive acts are 40.5% of the utterances, commissive acts are 25.6%, while directive, expressive and declarative have small portions, of 13.5%, 12.2%, and 8.2% respectively.
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Wierzbicka, Anna. "Making sense of terms of address in European languages through the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM)." Intercultural Pragmatics 13, no. 4 (2016): 499–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2016-0022.
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Abstract Building on the author’s earlier work on address practices and focusing on the French words monsieur and madame, this paper seeks to demonstrate that generic titles used daily across Europe have relatively stable meanings, different in different languages, and that their semantic analysis can provide keys to the speakers’ cultural assumptions and attitudes. But to use these keys effectively, we need some basic locksmith skills. The NSM approach, with its stock of primes and molecules and its mini-grammar for combining these into explications and cultural scripts, provides both the necessary tools and the necessary techniques. The unique feature of the NSM approach to both semantics and pragmatics is the reliance on a set of simple, cross-translatable words and phrases, in terms of which interactional meanings and norms can be articulated, compared, and explained to linguistic and cultural outsiders. Using this approach, this paper assigns intuitive, intelligible and cross-translatable meanings to several key terms of address in French and English, and it shows how these meanings can account for many aspects of these terms’ use. The paper offers a framework for studying the use of terms of address in Europe and elsewhere and has implications for language teaching, cross-cultural communication and education.
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Bryindzia, Zinoviy, and Andrii Kulyk. "Pragmatics of improving planning and management in the hotel and restaurant business." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 7-8 (2020): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2020.7-8.8.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is substantiation of expediency of strategic planning of activity of hotel and restaurant business and formation of model of strategic management that will allow to activate potential of subjects of managing and to provide their stable development in strategic perspective. Methodology of research. The authors used empirical, statistical and questionnaire research methods to identify the factors influencing the activities of hotel and restaurant business. It allowed substantiating the stages of business planning and describing their implementation, the formation of an improved model of strategic management, development of proposals for baseline indicators. It is expedient to make decisions on the basis of indicators concerning directions and the purpose of development of business on rendering of services in this sphere. Findings. The reasons for the imbalance of the hotel and restaurant business are analysed and the need for strategic planning and management in this area is substantiated. The stages of planning of hotel and restaurant business are defined taking into account current and strategic factors of its development that will allow to form balance between the realized services and their needs in the market. A model of strategic management of the hotel and restaurant business has been developed, which is focused on the existing social and economic level achieved in this area, resource potential and assessment of the initial conditions and opportunities for development. The main problems of the hotel and restaurant business have been identified, taking into account which will allow to achieve a positive result in the long run and to form a sufficient level of competitiveness of business entities. Originality. The organizational and methodological bases of formation of effective management of hotel and restaurant business which are based on theories of sustainable, competitive and innovative development that will allow to develop various scenarios of business development taking into account current and strategic factors are deepened. Practical value. The obtained results form an important methodological basis for improving the mechanisms of strategic planning and management of hotel and restaurant business entities, as well as allow to form competitive and functional strategies for their development in the long run. Key words: hotel and restaurant business, model of strategic management, stages of planning, business plan, current factors, strategic factors.
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Bodnarchuk, Anastasiia. "STYLISTIC DEVICES IN REVEALING CHARACTERS’ EMOTIONS AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSLATION." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 833 (December 2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2021.833.12-18.
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The present research focuses on the analysis of the most common stylistic devices that are used to depict characters’ emotions in two novels “Flowers for Algernon” (2006) and “The Minds of Billy Milligan” (1995) written by the American author Daniel Keyes. The patterns of translation of emotionally coloured extracts of the text where these stylistic devices have been used are analysed in this research. As stylistic devices are considered to be an integral part of the composition of works of fiction and they add emotional colouring and exert pragmatic influence on the readers, translators Viktor Shovkun and Olena Stusenko faced onerous work as their task was to find accurate equivalents and use translation transformations in order to avoid literal translation, achieve adequacy on all levels and preserve the stylistic colouring. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that the translation should fully replace the original text and recipients should perceive the translated text as identical to the original even though stylistic devices and the emotional component of linguistic semantics are arduous to convey in translation. This research also concludes that translators most often resorted to lexical (concretization, generalization and modulation), lexico-grammatical (omission and addition) and grammatical (verbalization and nominalization) translation transformations to avoid literal translation. It has also been established and verified by a comparative method that more stylistic devices are used in the Ukrainian translation than in the original text. The most widely used stylistic devices are metaphors, epithets, comparisons and idioms. Key words: stylistic device, translation transformation, source text, target text, pragmatics, communicative intention, emotions.
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Bekasova, Elena N., Lukas Gajarsky, and Andrea Grominova. "SLOVAK STUDENTS’ CHALLENGES IN MASTERING THE GRAMMATICAL GENDER CATEGORY IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 28, no. 1 (2024): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2024-1-174-181.
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The category of genus is one of the most intricate and contentious grammatical categories, permeating the entire language system. This underscores the significance of its study not only within one's native language but also in the context of learning it as a foreign language. Simultaneously, conducting typological comparisons aids in the construction of an effective pedagogical framework. In situations of linguistic proximity, such as when studying Russian as a foreign language within the Slovak-speaking audience, it becomes crucial to discern the differences amidst the substantial overlap of classifications and forms of expressing the genus category. These differences necessitate specific attention during students' acquisition of genus paradigms and pragmatics, in addition to recognizing the distinct characteristics of genus asymmetry within languages. Key words: genus category, common nouns, feminitives, Russian, Slovak, intercultural communication Acknowledgments: The article is published with the support of the international grant project Erasmus+ KA220-HED № 2021-1-SK01-KA220-HED-000022917 “The innovation of the concept and curriculum of doctoral study programs and increasing their effectiveness”.
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Slesareva, Ekaterina R., Оlga A. Ryzhkina, and Anatoli F. Fefelov. "Faces and Visions of the Australian Identity in the Aussie National Press." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 18, no. 1 (2020): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2020-18-1-105-119.
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The current paper is concerned with linguocultural (ethnolinguistic) analysis of australianisms as culture specific words which are either not found in British English (the mother tongue) or are different from their British counterparts to some extent. The main research question was to identify the key lexemes of this type and establish correlation between them and Australian values (the national identity) as well as ethnostereotypes in modern Australian society. The novelty of the approach to studying these lexical units is in looking at them in terms of their functioning in speech and pragmatics based on the most sensitive to social change and dynamic type of discourse – the media (The material was drawn for the national papers “The Daily Telegraph, Australia” and “The Australian” over the past decade). By means of the random selection method, definitional and contextual analyses six key concepts have been identified (fair go, fair dinkum, larrikin, battler, bludger, (hard) yakka – the last word being aboriginal) and their place in the national identity structure defined. Also, we found some differences in how the same australianisms were presented and ranked in either paper manifesting certain values (for example, battler) or anti-values (for example, bludger) depending on the editorial board’s opinion and/or the content. For instance, “The Daily Telegraph” clearly highlighted the idea of justice (e.g. fair go, fair dinkum), while “The Autralian” put more focus on praising the stubbornness of Australians in the struggle against various obstacles (e.g. battler). References to the boisterous (larrikin) nature of Australians were somewhat more frequent “The Daily Telegraph”, although this concept was quite important for both newspapers. One of the most interesting results we got was a shift in connotations of several australianisms. Thus, it was shown that some words (for example, larrikin), originally having a negative meaning, with time may become positively connoted, characterising a certain previously disapproved type of person / behavior as normal. The study can be continued to include more words of this type, especially aboriginal ones which are already used in media and call for ethnolinguistic (linguocultural) interpretation by researchers.
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Zakirova, M. "COGNITIVE STYLISTIC AND PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF SEMANTIC DEVIATIONS IN THE NOVEL "THE CATCHER IN THE RYE" BY J.D. SALINGER." POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, no. 51 (June 16, 2022): 38–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6651241.
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The article is devoted to the pragmatic and cognitive stylistic analysis of semantic deviations in the novel “The Catcher in the Rye” written by Jerome David Salinger. It goes without saying that in literary works a language tends to have immense meaning since the author has unlimited freedom to communicate his/her ideas in his literary works. This allows a writer to make full use of his creativity to convey his/her message towards the readers by applying his individual style. Semantic deviation is one of the linguistic deviations which is implemented when a combination of incompatible and illogical words violates literary norms of a language in an attempt to evoke a reader’s surprise, grab a reader’s attention, exert emotional effect and bring aesthetic beauty to a literary text. On top of that, very few investigations have been carried out to research cognitive-stylistic characteristics along with pragmatic characteristics of semantic deviations as key mechanisms of foregrounding and thus this can be an attempt to fill this gap. The language in use will be analyzed in an attempt to study “the meaning of language in relation to a context and of use and users” (Verdonk and Weber, 1995:13). Therefore, it becomes apparent that cognitive aspects and pragmatic aspects go hand in hand and in order to conduct effective research both aspects have to be and will be taken into account.
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Chilingaryan, Kamo Pavelovich. "The problems of the theory of the reference of signs in modern linguistics." Litera, no. 6 (June 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2024.6.71111.
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The subject of the study is the history of the development and current state of the theory of reference, which reflects a variety of approaches and concepts. Some researchers believe that reference is a purely semantic phenomenon, while others emphasize the importance of context and pragmatics for understanding referentiality. The issue of the influence of cultural and social factors on reference in various languages is also being actively investigated. The history of the development of the theory of reference began with the works of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell at the beginning of the 20th century. Frege introduced the concept of semantic reference, arguing that every word has its own referent in the world. Russell developed this idea by proposing a theory of descriptions, according to which words indicate objects by describing their characteristics. The works of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Donald Davidson played an important role in the further development of the theory of reference. Wittgenstein proposed the concept of language games, arguing that reference depends on the context and use of a word in a certain situation. Davidson developed the theory of truth, according to which reference is determined through the connection between language and the world. The pragmatic and cognitive aspects of research methodology are important for the successful conduct of scientific research. The referential nature of signs plays a key role in this process, ensuring effective presentation and communication of research results. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive examination of the classical works of philosophers, semiotics and linguists, including Plato, Aristotle, Charles Pierce, Ferdinand de Saussure and Umberto Eco, on the theory of reference. One of the key concepts in the study of sign systems is referential. Referentiality allows to associate words with specific objects and understand their meaning. One of the most relevant areas of research in the field of reference is the study of ways in which linguistic units interact with the context and situation of communication. This allows for a deeper understanding of the processes of notation and interpretation in language, as well as the development of new theoretical models explaining these processes. Thus, scientific novelty in the study of the referentiality of signs continues to be relevant and important for the development of linguistics and related disciplines. The author's contribution in this area may lead to new discoveries and understanding of the mechanisms of linguistic communication.
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Ozymenko, Vladimir I., and Tatiana V. Larina. "Threat and fear: Pragmatic purposes of emotionalisation in media discourse." Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 3 (2021): 746–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-3-746-766.
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The impact of mass media on individuals and society is to a great extent based on emotions. We concentrate on fear as it is one of the basic emotions triggered by risk and threat, which is claimed to play a key role in the twenty-first century consciousness (Furedi 20018). The study focuses on the emotionalisation of fear in contemporary media discourse about Russia, more specifically, on constructions of Russian threat and fear of Russia in Anglo-American media texts to highlight pragmatic effects and to speculate on possible purposes of such discourses. The study aims to explore the functioning of the lexemes threat and fear , in textual contexts with the focus on their pragma-discursive characteristics. It identifies the mechanisms as well as linguistic tools involved in media strategies of scare-mongering. The dataset was derived from quality British and American newspapers in the period 2018-2020, and was analysed drawing on an interdisciplinary approach combining critical discourse analysis, pragmatics, medialinguistics, psycholinguistics and the theory of proximisation. The paper argues that appealing to emotions as well as constructing emotions is aimed at enhancing the persuasive function of media and fulfilling their own agenda. The persistent use of the words threat and fear in relation to Russia as well as the obsessive discussion of this topic in media aim to shape a certain negative public opinion of Russia among readerships. The findings show that to achieve this goal different strategies and linguistic tools are used including: exaggeration, repetition, proximisation, interrogative headlines, presupposition, among others. The results go beyond linguistics, and may find implementation in political studies, since they provide researchers with tools for understanding contemporary social and political processes.
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Cho, Nwe Oo. "A Study of William James' Pragmatism." Bago University Research Journal Vol.6, No.1, no. 2016 (2016): 88–95. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3904210.
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This paper will discuss the pragmatism of William James is an attempt to solve the problem 'Why need the theory of truth for social problem?" (Research Problem) The answer to this question will be provided by showing that human society needs not only the truth is relative but also practical consequences to human purpose and evaluation. (Tentative Solution) This paper will contribute to the criterion of truth in James' theory and truth is what works or has good experimental results. It is necessary for the practical life in human society. (Contribution)
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Kassanova, Z. K., and Zh К. Ibrayeva. "LANGUAGE CHOICE AND LANGUAGE PREFERENCES IN PROFESSIONAL DISCOURSE (BASED ON THE TEXTS OF JOB ADVERTISEMENTS)." Bulletin of Shokan Ualikhanov Kokshetau University. Philological Series 2024, no. 1 (2024): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.59102/kufil/2024/iss1pp109-120.
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The subject of this article is language practice in the context of Kazakhstan’s labor market. The article provides a brief overview of the language policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan having a direct impact on language practice and the process of commodification of the Kazakh language in general. The article presents an analysis of job advertisements to identify the demand for the language in the labor market. It should be noted that the results of the study reflect the current situation (2023 is the period of the experiment). The results were obtained using content analysis and discourse analysis. The experiment led to the conclusion that the Kazakh language has become a valuable skill in the labor market, but at the same time, the greatest part of written business communication is carried out in Russian. The authors see the prospect of research in a longitudinal study of the process of commodification of the Kazakh language in the aspect of marketing linguistics, as well as research into the specific characteristics of the text of advertisements from the perspective of sociolinguistics, linguistic pragmatics, text linguistics, and discourse theory. Key words: language policy, discourse, language skill, the Kazakh language commodification, language choice.
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Urzha, A. V., and Q. Wang. "Distinctive features of direct speech introduction in F. M. Dostoevsky’s and L. N. Tolstoy’s novels: a comparative analysis." Russian language at school 86, no. 2 (2025): 52–62. https://doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2025-86-2-52-62.
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The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the semantics, pragmatics, stylistic specific features, as well as the frequency of linguistic means (verbs, nouns, and verb-noun combinations) introducing direct speech in the works by F. M. Dostoevsky and L. N. Tolstoy. The comparative research material included two novels, namely "Crime and Punishment" and "Anna Karenina". The identified features of the speech frame structure in the novels complement the characteristics of the authors’ writing style noted in classical and modern studies and deemed significant for the analysis and translation of these texts. Using quantitative interpretation tools in conjunction with the traditional linguo-stylistic examination of the material, we identified, described, and compared the full repertoire of means employed to introduce direct speech in the novels. Moreover, this analysis enabled us to characterise the role of such means in the formation of the characters’ images. The analysis is based on the functional semantic classification of words introducing direct speech. This classification includes not only a semantic basis (denotation of spoken speech, unspoken thought, illocution, gesture, and others), but also functional-pragmatic characteristics such as conveying the speaker’s attitude to the situation and/or the observer/listener’s attitude to the speaker. These characteristics participate in the text perspective formation. The analysis shows that the direct speech frame in "Crime and Punishment" is much more variable due to its multifunctionality. In F. M. Dostoevsky’s writings, words introducing speech simultaneously convey the characters’ emotional state. Also, such lexemes sometimes reveal an external evaluation of their speech manner. In "Anna Karenina", L. N. Tolstoy functionally separates the frame of direct speech and the denotation of the characters’ emotions, gestures, and facial expressions. That is why the pair of verbs skazat’/govorit’ (English to say/to tell/to speak) introduces more than half of the characters’ remarks. Their feelings are expressed in accompanying structure elements or in separate phrases placed between remarks with emotionally neutral frames. As a result, the role of speech-introducing means in the formation of the poetics and key images of the two classic Russian novels differs.
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WANG, Q., and A. V. URZHA. "DIRECT SPEECH INTRODUCERS IN FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY’S NOVEL CRIME AND PUNISHMENT: SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES." Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University 496, no. 2 (2025): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2025-496-2-91-100.
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Lexical means that introduce direct speech in texts and form the key images, the poetics of the work, and the author’s style continue to attract the attention of scholars. However, recently, with the development of cognitive, functional and corpus studies, new aspects of the study of direct speech introducers related to frequency have come to the fore. The relevance of the research is connected to the pragmatic effects of using lexemes introducing direct speech in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”, taking into account their comparative frequency. The aim of the article is to present the results of a comprehensive analysis of verbs and combinations introducing speech in the aforenamed novel, to give their semantic, stylistic, and frequency characteristics. The novelty of the work lies in the application of actualized taxonomy of linguistic means introducing direct speech, in the combination of linguistic and quantitative methods of their study. Our hypothesis concerns a specific repertoire of lexemes with emotive semantics and a variety of stylistic coloring, introducing direct speech in the novel “Crime and Punishment”. The results of the study were identification and description of semantic groups of verbs and combinations introducing speech in the novel, their pragmatics and style. It was found that one of the most common in this position are words with the seme ‘scream’. Verbs denoting negative emotions are predominant, actively introducing speech kinemas. Verbs demonstrating communicative intentions of speakers, such as prove, beg, insist, are widely used. The frequency of lexemes introducing direct speech of the main and minor characters in the novel have been studied. The results of the study will allow further comparative analysis of texts by F. M. Dostoevsky and other authors, as well as translations of the novel “Crime and Punishment” into Chinese.
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Ю., І. Браїлко. "ТОПОНІМ СИБІР В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ПОЕЗІЇ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ДІАХРОНІЇ". Лінгвістичні досліждення, № 48 (7 травня 2018): 270–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1242951.
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The analysis of literary onyms through the prospective of diachrony opens up new scientific aspects since it not only enables the establishment of text-creating, stylistic functions of proper names, but allows to grasp the depth of their semantic-pragmatic evolution in artistic discourse. The diachronic attempt is made to determine the realization of the pragmatic potential of the Siberia toponym in Ukrainian poetry from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present day (the operation of the Siberia lexeme has not been documented in the ancient author’s and folk poetry). Thus a broad factual material is involved in the analysis. The research shows that Siberia toponym functions in Ukrainian poetry as a precedent cultural sign with a wide range of negative-evaluative connotative semas with the dominant ‘captivity’ (‘prison’, ‘hard labor on exile’, ‘exile’, ‘torment’, ‘death’, etc.). It contains extensive encyclopedic information about the historic situations known to the native Ukrainian speakers, which relates to the facts of exile to Siberia, the presence of various leaders and entire human communities in the exile. The greatest functional activity of the proper name Siberia is expressed in the poetry of Ivan Bahrianyi (27 uses), Yar Slavutych (17 uses), Taras Shevchenko (15 uses) and Vasyl Stus (13 uses), which gives grounds for expressing an argumentated statement about its remarkable significance for these writers. The analyzed toponym has strong pejorative connotation, it actually does not require the expression of traditional tropical and other means. We fix, however, numerous examples of pluralization of Siberia horonym in poetic discourse of the twentieth century in order to transform it into a multi-valued symbol. Key words:
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Copoeru, Ion, and Adrian Luduşan. "We Will Figure It Out. Know-how, Hybrid Ways, and Communicative (Inter)actions." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philosophia 65, no. 3 (2020): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphil.2020.3.02.
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"The goal of this paper is primarily to pinpoint some substantial analytical and conceptual difficulties with the account of knowledge how proposed by (Stanley & Williamson, Knowing How, 2001) [henceforth S&W] and (Stanley, Knowing (How), 2011), (Stanley, Know How, 2011) based on (Groenendijk & Stokhof, 1984) [henceforth G&S] semantic analysis of embedded questions. In light of such difficulties, (1) we propose supplementing their account with an integrated approach of knowledge how, and suggest adding a mereological layer to the semantic framework of embedded questions (2) we argue that the characteristics of what we call ‘hybrid ways’ and ‘hybrid knowledge’ strongly indicate reopening the issue of the proper account of questions towards the complementary relevant account of interrogation in communicative interactions, and the role of the context (in)forming knowledge-how. As a methodological principle, we remain neutral on the intellectualist vs anti-intellectualist debate. We also remain silent on the nature and explanation of the modes of presentations or ways of thinking that should be developed in order to adequately account for hybrid ways and hybrid knowledge. Key Words: Know-how, Intellectualism, semantic analysis, embedded questions, wh-complements, mentions-some readings, de re knowledge, hybrid ways, communicative interactions; interrogation; context-sensitivity, situated pragmatics. "
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Hall, Amy Cox. "Neo-monastics in North Carolina, de-growth and a theology of enough." Journal of Political Ecology 24, no. 1 (2017): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20891.
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Abstract This article examines one intentional Christian community's attempts to live a life that eschews consumerism and material growth for a life focused on spiritual growth and collectivity. I articulate intentional Christian living, often referred to as neo-monasticism, with the de-growth movement. I do so to offer insight into the practice and pragmatics of de-growth's broadly understood call to revalue the ideals of life in an effort to reduce consumption. Neo-monasticism and de-growth have much in common including the critique of consumerism, individualism and increasing inequality. Both also promote relationships, locality, sharing, slowing down and quality of life over efficiency and incessant work. Drawing on four years of research with one residential Christian community, I suggest that the most challenging aspect of sharing a life together and slowing down is not simply consuming less or pooling resources but rethinking and living social values not driven by a consumerist-growth paradigm. While some de-growth advocates, such as Serge Latouche, promote ideals of harmony and oneness, in practice, living simply and sharing a life together is challenging and conflictual, even when religiously inspired. Key Words: De-growth, neo-monasticism, emerging church, millennial generation, Christianity, sharing economy
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Arifin, E. Zaenal. "PERKEMBANGAN TEORI DAN TEKNIK ANALISIS WACANA: DARI TEORI KONVENSIONAL KE TEORI MODERN." Pujangga 3, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v3i1.325.
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<p>ABSTRAK <br />Penelitian "Perkembangan Teori dan Teknik Analisis Wacana: dari Teori Konvensional ke Teori Modern" bertujuan menganalisis data berbagai teori wacana dan teknik analisisnya dari kemunculannya yang pertama 1958 hingga tesis dan disertasi terakhir 2017. Metode yang dipakai adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teori yang digunakan adalah sosiolinguistik dan pragmatik. Hasil penelitian ini menawarkan pemikiran baru yang lebih maju kepada masyarakat linguistik Indonesia untuk mulai memikirkan cara analisis wacana yang kritis, filosofis, dan psikologis. Kata Kunci: wacana konvensional, wacana modern, wacana medis, wacana politik, wacana penodaan agama, wacana kritis, wacana </p><p>ABSTRACT <br />This research "The Development of Discourse Theory and It's Analyzing Technique: from Conventional to Modern Theory" aims to analyze the data several discourse theories and its analyzing technique from the first appearance in 1958 to the last thesis and dissertation in 2017. This research uses qualitative descriptive method and sosiolinguistics-pragmatics theory. This research offers a new and advance consideration to Indonesian linguistics society to start considering a critical, philosopical, and psychological theory. </p><p>Key Words: conventional discourse, modern discourse, medical discourse, politics discourse, blasphemy discourse, philosophical discourse, psychological discourse. <br /> </p>