Journal articles on the topic 'Key words: prescriptive'

Sustainable forest management ideally involves five elements: 1) establishing a clear set of values, goals and objectives and, 2) planning actions that are most likely to meet desired goals and objectives, 3) implementing appropriate management activities, 4) monitoring the outcomes to check on predictions, effectiveness, and assumptions, and 5) evaluating and adjusting management depending on the outcome of monitoring. Within this framework, indicators are used to determine whether the outcome of management has met the intended goals. In this paper we provide general guidance for developing an integrated and logical monitoring system, define and differentiate between "evaluative" and "prescriptive" indicators, provide more specific advice on choosing evaluative indicators (including a comparison of types of ecological indicators), and provide specific advice on defining prescriptive indicators. Our guidelines for developing an indicator and monitoring framework are based on three principles. The first principle is to develop a logical framework, including 1) establishing clear values and goals before setting indicators and objectives, and 2) linking prescriptive and evaluative indicators directly to plan objectives, and to each other. The second principal is to use the framework to learn adaptively by: 1) designing management activities to address specific questions, 2) learning about thresholds, and 3) testing assumptions. The third principal is to create a formal plan for learning. Key words: biodiversity, indicators, focal species, adaptive learning, sustainable forest management

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the study of the English phraseology units  and typology of two languages which presents a certain interest both for theoretical  investigation and for practical usage. 

This paper compares the principal concepts and methodologies that have been developed in conservation planning over the past few decades. Of these, the terms coarse filter and fine filter have been used inconsistently, we propose, therefore, consensual grounds for a definition. The term "gap analysis" has been used to refer to the prescriptive methodology of Gap Analysis and the latter is not consensual among conservation biologists. Nevertheless Gap Analysis has contributed greatly, along with the systematic conservation planning methodology, to the development of conservation planning. Overall, conservation planning has proved sound enough to merit interest and involvement from forest managers. Key words: coarse filter, fine filter, gap analysis, systematic conservation planning, ecological representation, protected areas

Abstract The goal of this paper is both descriptive and prescriptive. The European sub-region called Central and Eastern Europe is understood and analyzed mostly through social scientific theories and models which have a Western European or North American origin. The region is often observed from the outside, and many interpretations of regional transformation are based on codes and categories of these external perspectives, which I will call heteropoiesis. I try to argue for an autopoietic approach from the opposite direction: from the inside. In my approach, I focus, first of all, on the historical and contemporary social experiences of the societies of the region. After authoring many theoretical and analytical works on it, I have come to believe that the key characteristic of the region is its wounded collective identity. The main narrative in the region is backward-looking and nostalgic, and also characterized by feelings of victimhood and revenge. Nationalism and xenophobia in the region are consequences of this traumatized self-understanding. To understand Central and Eastern Europe one must understand the wounds of history and the role of the trauma-centered narratives of today.

Resumen: Los procesos de formación de profesores han estado fuertemente influenciados por una lógica aplicacionista y una visión fragmentada y prescriptiva de la naturaleza del conocimiento. Se puede observar una enseñanza basada en la oralidad, en un bajo trabajo práctico y una escasa vinculación con la realidad educativa y los requerimientos del contexto. Se hace necesario que en dichos procesos se reconozca a los futuros profesores como sujetos de conocimiento con quienes se debiese generar una estructura curricular práctica activa y reflexiva.El reconocer la complejidad de los procesos que se llevan a cabo en el contexto educacional, hace necesario transitar desde una lógica instrumental/mecanicista, proceso-producto a una perspectiva epistemológica donde se rescate el dinamismo del ámbito educacional y la complejidad del sistema social en que éste se encuentra inserto. Palabras clave: Formación Inicial Docente - Construcción de Conocimiento Profesional – Prácticas – Reflexión Profesional Abstract Teacher education processes have been heavily influenced by application logic, as well as, to a fragmented and prescriptive vision of the nature of knowledge, instead of the construction of it. A teaching process based on the predominance of oral discourse, low practical work, and a limited relation with educational reality and context needs, has been observed. It seems necessary to recognize student - teachers as knowledge subjects with whom there should be an active/reflective curricular activity, and also recognize the complexity of the processes that take place in the educational context. In other words, it is necessary to move from an instrumental, process/ product perspective towards an epistemological perspective able to recognize the dynamism in the educational system and the complexity of the social system in which it is immersed. Key Words: Initial Teacher Formation- Professional Knowledge Construction- Practicum- Professional Reflection

The whimsical upper-voice texts of the anonymous fourteenth-century motet Musicalis/Sciencie stage an epistolary exchange between Rhetoric, Music, and a long list of French composers and singers. The letters complain that these musicians, whose ranks include Guillaume de Machaut and Philippe de Vitry, split words with rests when they write hockets. The critical tone of Musicalis/Sciencie implies that some ars nova composers must have regularly split words with hockets, while others—the motet’s composer, for one—held this to be bad practice. But since modern editions and medieval scribes alike are imprecise in the placement of text around hockets, the existence of such opposing camps seems difficult to substantiate. An analysis of text-note alignment in four sources for Apta/Flos reveals that some scribes were prescriptive in their texting of hockets, while others, like the scribe of the important Ivrea codex, were pragmatic. An awareness of these differences can lead to alternate modes of interpreting ambiguous text underlay. In the case of Philippe de Vitry’s Petre/Lugentium, shifting syllables adjacent to hockets can transform the work, highlighting carefully differentiated textural zones that are key to its structure. Such editorial intervention can in turn yield fresh insight into competing compositional approaches.

Background: The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) recently established a task force to help states develop regulations based on “standards of care” rather than “prescriptive rule-based regulation.” This signals a shift in orthodoxy as pharmacy has traditionally been a highly regulated profession. A benchmark report on the pharmacy, nursing, and medical statutes and regulations in Idaho found that pharmacy had a higher overall word count, more overall restrictions, and had to be amended more frequently to keep pace with change. Objective: To identify opportunities to make the transition to a “standard of care” regulatory model in pharmacy law, this manuscript attempts to quantify the regulatory burden for 10 Western U.S. states. Method: The relevant statutes and regulations were gathered from each of the 10 states, and key measures were extracted, including word count, restrictions, exemptions, and the composition. Results: States exhibited wide variation in overall regulatory burden as measured by word count (average of 65,882 words, SD=35,057). The top categories of pharmacy law are: 1) professional practice standards (25,249 ± 16,077 words); 2) facility standards (15,230 ± 10,240 words); and 3) licensing (11,412 ± 6,191 words). More than 65% of all pharmacy regulations are in rule adopted by board of pharmacy rather than in statutes passed by the legislature. Conclusions: States exhibited major variation in total regulatory burden, with the largest contributors to cross-state variation being regulations related to professional practice standards and facility standards. This analysis suggests these two areas should be the primary targets of states looking to decrease regulatory burdens and that regulatory boards have a significant opportunity to remove regulatory burdens even in the absence of legislative action.

Newer definitions of pain remain suggestive of categorization by mainly neurological or psychological bases. All pain recruits cortical interpretation for any sort of directive effects in awareness, attention, and action. That unity of purpose in pain’s multi-pathway manifestations can inspire neurophilosophical reflections on the existentiality, subjectivity, and sociality of pain. Pain is neither so subjective as to be relieved of meaning, nor so objective that multi-modal approaches can take turns at targeting its relief. The problem of objectifying the subjective is essential for addressing issues of assessing and treating pain. Integrative plans for pain care make sense if and when all aspects of pain’s character are deemed to be integral, and are actually integrated in both theory in practice. A standpoint on the “entity-identity” of pain afflicting the whole person implies that pain is expressed behaviorally and as articulately as circumstances permit. Pain speaks, even for those not able to speak, as their patterns of brain activity may be representative of pain. Heeding pain’s prescriptive voice requires collective interpretations before attempting coordinated treatments. Pain’s prescription will remain unfilled until its full reality is recognized at a personal level, where comprehensive care is mobilized for the whole patient. Heeding pain looks to the central figure that is never absent from any painful situation, namely the individual person-in-pain. That holistic and humanistic value to mobilizing resources against pain should be reflected in the practice of pain medicine, and the craft of the pain physician. KEY WORDS: Acute pain, chronic pain, nociception, nociperception, brain, subjectivity, neuroscience, neurophilosophy

In Canada diabetes affects ~5% of the population. The economic costs of diabetes and its attendant complications are significant, requiring approximately $1 billion a year from the health care system. Clearly the prevention and alleviation of diabetes is highly desirable. In the past few years there has been a remarkable convergence of physiologic, biochemical, molecular, and epidemiologic data, all of which indicate very strongly that exercise may be used as a therapeutic tool to prevent or alleviate non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), or Type II diabetes. The evidence for this has been reviewed. Recently the significant therapeutic role of exercise for Type II diabetics has been endorsed by the medical community. However, there is virtually no education of exercise professionals in the area of diabetes and the benefits of lifestyle changes in treating Type II diabetics. This deficiency should be remedied. For the research community, the challenge now is to translate the physiologic, biochemical, and epidemiologic knowledge into optimally effective prescriptive exercise programs for Type II diabetic men and women. Key words: glucose, insulin, muscle, review

ABSTRACTIn February 2016 the French spelling reform of 1990, which introduced changes to approximately 2,000 words, became the object of discussion online, after it was announced that the new spellings would be included in textbooks from September. Analysing a corpus of tweets, containing key terms from the online discussion, JeSuisCirconflexe; ognon and réforme orthographe, this study gives an insight into the reactions to this governmental linguistic intervention, the recurring themes in their discourse and how this can be interpreted as prescriptive or purist behaviour. Although previous studies have extensively analysed reactions to the 1996 spelling reform in Germany, little research has considered online lay-reactions to the French reform. Given observations that online interactions differ in many ways to equivalent offline interactions, this study can form a point of contrast to previous studies conducted in offline contexts, thereby enriching the existing literature in this field. It is also often claimed that France is a country in which linguistic purism is deeply entrenched; this article will seek further evidence for these claims.

: Organizational performance, a pivotal metric determining its sustainability and standing among stakeholders and shareholders, was the focal point of investigation in this study within the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA) and its relationship with data analytics. Four specific objectives were established: to evaluate the impact of descriptive analytics on KCAA's organizational performance; to assess the influence of prescriptive analytics on the same; to understand the relationship between predictive analytics and KCAA's organizational performance; and to scrutinize the effect of diagnostic analytics on KCAA's organizational performance. The study drew upon three established theoretical frameworks: the Resource-Based View (RBV), the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and the Schumpeterian Innovation Theory. The research encompassed 1400 technical and operational staff across KCAA's headquarters in Nairobi, Moi International Airport in Mombasa, and Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, along with airline operators and pilots. A pilot study, conducted with 30 respondents, ensured the reliability and validity of the research instrument. Reliability tests yielded a Cronbach alpha coefficient averaging 0.79, indicating strong reliability, while validity tests confirmed the instrument's validity, with Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values surpassing the 0.5 threshold. The primary study involved 300 randomly selected participants, utilizing questionnaires for data collection. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis, revealing a strong positive correlation among variables. Specifically, various types of data analytics displayed positive significance: Descriptive Analytics (β = 0.133, t = 2.046, p < 0.05), Prescriptive Analytics (β = 0.198, t = 3.146, p < 0.05), Diagnostic Analytics (β = 0.190, t = 3.089, p < 0.05), and Predictive Analytics (β = 0.120, t = 1.961, p = 0.05). Diagnostic tests affirmed the absence of multi-collinearity, data normality, and heterogeneous data. Respondents collectively acknowledged the significant impact of data analytics on KCAA's organizational performance, with the study concluding that KCAA had not fully leveraged data analytics, leading to the recommendation of a policy framework prioritizing their ongoing big data ICT initiatives, and advocating for regular implementation of diagnostic analytics to enhance aviation performance, employee engagement, and overall organizational success. 
 Key Words: Data Analytics, Descriptive Analytics, Prescriptive Analytics, Diagnostic Analytics, Predictive Analytics, Organizational Performance

Abstract One type of rights protected by Intellectual Property Rights (HKI) is trademark. In order to create legal certainty and legal protection of trademark rights to each legal subject, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights via DJKI organizes trademark registration based on the first to file rule. Implementation of trademark registration based on the first to file rule has had both positive and negative impacts. This research discusses trademark registration based on the first to file rule. In this regard, this research is focused on examining the negative impacts of carrying out trademark registration based on the first to file rule. This is a normative research. The method used is normative juridical. This research is prescriptive analysis, using various types of data in legal research. The results show that the negative impact of implementing trademark registration based on the first to file rule is in the form of the actions of individual legal subjects who submit applications for registration of trademark rights to the Minister of Law and Human Rights via DJKI, which violates the rights of legal subjects who use the trademark for the first time (first to use) Key words: impact, registration, trademark

- During the last 30 years in France, relations between power retailers and their suppliers have been heavily imbalanced ones. Very strong conflicts have marked the relations between retailers and suppliers during that period of time, but these conflicts are on a much more violent than those usually created by standard economic competition. It is also worth mentioning that the aforementioned conflict is of particular importance and relevance on the French economic, legal and political scenes. For more than 30 years up to now, various parliamentary reports have been drafted and various pieces of legislation have been passed, all in an attempt to prevent potential litigations and regulate these commercial relations. Nevertheless, the relation between retailers and suppliers is still a very confrontational one in spite of the numerous legislative and political actions that have been undertaken to date. Indeed, these interventions have been ineffective as well as inefficient. This legislative action is based upon 2 different prescriptive templates: public regulation and negotiated-regulation. These public and negotiated regulations are part of a body of rules whose objectives are ones of economic policies (in particular policies aimed to fight against prices increase), objectives which are in fact external to the retailer-supplier conflict itself. Key words: relation suppliers-retaillers, public regulation, negociated regulation.

The idea that the author promotes is that the term waste amounts to inappropriateness whatever the economic environment referred to. The hope is that it can act as a prod for those people who wish to make more rational and economically more convenient work choices by reducing the opportunities for conflict, the loss of time, the legal disputes, the bottlenecks, the incompetence. Two possible approaches to waste are presented. The first represents the point of view of the industry, it is only apparently distant. Thought, the lean organization requires an effort of reading and perhaps greater analysis but, mutatis mutandis, the areas of waste, that is of inappropriateness, are perfectly adaptable to the health world. The second was born in the health world, originates from a work of an important author in the world of quality in medicine, identifies six categories of waste and was taken up in our country by the GIMBE Foundation, giving inspiration or a strong debate. Reflection on each category allows the expert physician to translate his content into his everyday life and draw hypotheses and stimuli for a possible change in clinical organizational practice, in a vision of contrasting inappropriateness. Homo medicus continually needs to be solicited and have elements of reflection to make choices that minimize, in this case, the behavior of inappropriateness (waste) prescriptive and organizational. KEY WORDS waste; appropriateness; lean production.

Objective: To determine the prescriptive/ normative data for the Lower Extremity Functional Scale in young adult healthy Population. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 1500 participants of normal healthy population. Health of the Participants was assessed by using the SGA-Subjective Global Assessment form. The study comprised of a brief set of questions in which age [as a constant variable and categorized into 3 groups (20-30, 31-40, and 41-50 years)] and sex of the individuals were noted. Next, they were given the lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) questionnaire. The LEFS have twenty queries in four groups. For each query, 0 to 4 points can be obtained, so 80 points can be received in total-demonstrating optimum lower extremity function (Binkley et al. 1999). Data was analyzed by SPSS 21. Results: Result showed that mean outcome/ score for their LEFS for the entire human population was 74.12 (out of 80). Men and Women had mean scores (57.31 and 77.88 respectively). Women scores high as compared to men, as the scores decreases with increasing age. Conclusion: Result showed that Lower extremity functional scale scores vary according to the age and also the gender of the participants. Lower extremity functional score decreases with increasing age. Women have relatively higher scores than men. Key words: Lower Extremity Functional scale

<em>Co-parenting is a term employed in a dizzying variety of ways in social sciences thought and Law. This essay challenges how the Co-parenting is typically understood in contemporary legal oriented society.&nbsp; We start by delineating different types of response&mdash;prescriptive, comprehensive, explanatory&mdash;that are frequently conflated in answering the question &ldquo;what is co-parenting?&rdquo; we then discuss assorted experiences reported by different single parents in Nairobi cosmopolitan: after rejecting &ldquo;mathematical&rdquo; and &ldquo;conflictual&rdquo; approaches, we outline a contextualized alternative grounded in indigenous practices. Co-parenting, on this (comprehensive) account, is best characterized as the sum of the arguments that have been classified indigenous co-parenting, and recognized as such by anthropologist, over time and space. We argue that the scope of the co-parenting expanded during the last decade of rapid urbanization in Kenya, such that if adapted it can become a constitutive ideology of the modern families. This capacious (and deeply confusing) understanding of co-parenting would be a&nbsp;&nbsp; product of the ideological wars fought against &ldquo;neo-liberalism&rdquo; and assorted developments in enhancing livelihoods of family members. Today we both inherit and inhabit it.</em> <strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> Indigenous, co-parenting practices, Single-Parent Families, Sustainable Livelihoods, Low-Income, Urban Beneficiaries </em>

Within Canada, and internationally, an increasing demand that forests be managed to maintain all resources has led to the development of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management. There is, however, a lack of understanding, at an operational scale, how to evaluate and compare forest management activities to ensure the sustainability of all resources. For example, nationally, many of the existing indicators are too broad to be used directly at a local scale of forest management; provincially, regulations are often too prescriptive and rigid to allow for adaptive management; and forest certification programs, often based largely on public or stakeholder opinion instead of scientific understanding, may be too local in nature to permit a comparison of operations across a biome. At an operational scale indicators must be relevant to forest activities and ecologically integrated. In order to aid decision-makers in the adaptive management necessary for sustainable forest management, two types of indicators are identified: those that are prescriptive to aid in planning forest management and those that are evaluative to be used in monitoring and suggesting improvements. An integrated approach to developing standards based on an ecosystem management paradigm is outlined for the boreal forest where the variability inherent in natural systems is used to define the limits within which forest management is ecologically sustainable. Sustainability thresholds are thus defined by ecosystem response after natural disturbances. For this exercise, standards are proposed for biodiversity, forest productivity via regeneration, soil conservation and aquatic resources. For each of these standards, planning indicators are developed for managing forest conditions while forest values are evaluated by environmental indicators, thus leading to a continuous cycle of improvement. Approaches to developing critical thresholds and corresponding prescriptions are also outlined. In all cases, the scale of evaluation is clearly related to the landscape (or FMU) level while the stand level is used for measurement purposes. In this view the forest should be managed as a whole even though forest interventions are usually undertaken at the stand level. Key words: sustainable forest management, criteria and indicators, biodiversity, regeneration, soil conservation, aquatic resources, landscape level evaluation, planning and monitoring

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a tremendous resource. Undoubtedly the medical profession must be equipped for proper training so that these new technologies can be integrated into day-to-day operations, including clinical activities. Scientific societies, whose mission is to ensure the professional growth of the graduates, and who support their members in their professional life, play an important role in the training courses. The mission of Scientific societies is also to “take them to the future by guaranteeing high skills”, therefore it is essential to move in this direction as AMD has been doing for several years. One of the hallmarks of transparent AI algorithms is that make explicit the patterns and reasoning behind the decisions they make and suggest. This enables a clinician to intervene and to some extent guide the machine’s reasoning. AMD’s choice was to adopt transparent AI solutions, and it has begun a number of projects using its Annali database with the adoption of a Machine Learning tool with clear rules, the Logic Learning Machine, for its analyses. This experience revealed that, in addition to the notable advantages of the speed and efficiency of the analysis process, this technology fulfils a “steering function” guiding analysts and diabetologists in the study, in the in-depth analysis and in interpreting the findings, which may be: explanatory (what is this), predictive (what will be) and scenario simulation (what if). KEY WORDS artificial Intelligence; machine learning; descriptive analysis; predictive analysis; prescriptive analysis; what-if analysis.

&lt;p&gt;Epistemologies of translation are a complicated subject that is beyond the scope of this article. As such, only the critical points have been addressed in this paper. One key epistemological issue is the analysis of discourse in any science. In this article, four scenarios of translation studies have been discussed. An underlying concept in translation studies is the issue of fidelity in translation. In this paper, the trajectory of this concept is analyzed in brief. It is followed by a reflection on two fundamental concepts of source oriented (Sources) and target oriented translation approaches, as they occupy a particular position in the translation. The last section of the article investigates dichotomies in the field of translation studies, including the theory of the action, the untranslatability versus translatability, art versus science, and etc. In this paper, we try to study theoretical principles of translatology. So we consider four important speeches of Jean Rene Ladmiral: Prescriptive translatology, Descriptive translatology, Productive translatology, scientific translatology and then we consider faithfulness in translation. Ladmiral suggests two concepts for fidelity in translation: The source oriented (sources) and target oriented. These two concepts are the fundamental concepts in translatology. In the next step the translation science is investigated in various languages such as English, German and at last in French. Finally, we take a look at binary concepts: Theory vs. action, Translatability vs. untranslatability, Art vs. Science. This paper is in epistemology scope of translation and does not have pedagogical aspect, in other words, it is a function-oriented translation.&lt;/p&gt;

Introduction: Various curricular innovations were adopted by medical schools worldwide in an attempt to produce medical graduates that could meet future healthcare needs of society locally and globally. This paper presents findings on curricular approaches implemented in Malaysian medical schools, in trying to meet those needs. Methods: Information was obtained from published records, responses from various questionnaires, personal communication and involvement with curricular development. Results: Curricular innovations tended to be implemented in new medical schools upon their establishment. Established medical schools seemed to implement these innovations much later. Curricular trends appear to move towards integration, student-centred and problem-based learning as well as community-oriented medical education, with the Student-centred learning, Problem-based learning, Integrated teaching, Community-based education, Electives and Systematic programme (SPICES) model used as a reference. The focus is based on the premise that although the short-term aim of undergraduate medical education in Malaysia is to prepare graduates for the pre-registration house officer year, they must be able to practise and make decisions independently and be sensitive to the needs of the country’s multiracial, multi-religious, and often remote communities. Conclusion: In most cases, curricular planning starts with a prescriptive model where planners focus on several intended outcomes. However, as the plan is implemented and evaluated it becomes descriptive as the planners reassess the internal and external factors that affect outcomes. A common trend in community-oriented educational activities is evident, with the introduction of interesting variations, to ensure that the curriculum can be implemented, sustained and the intended outcomes achieved. Key words: Community-oriented medical education, Problem-based learning, Pre-registration house-officer

Como objetivo de esta investigación nos planteamos evaluar la calidad de las instalaciones deportivas y el equipamiento de los Institutos de Educación Secundaria, comprobando si cumplen la normativa vigente. Se trata de una investigación de metodología cuantitativa, con carácter descriptivo, a través del uso de varias listas de control, diseñadas expresamente para esta investigación. La muestra está formada por 21 centros educativos de Ciudad Real. Los resultados obtenidos nos muestran que el 90,48% de los centros escolares cuentan con espacios abiertos para la práctica de la actividad física, pero sólo el 61,90% cuentan con espacios abiertos que cumplen la Normativa sobre Instalaciones Deportivas y de Esparcimiento (N.I.D.E.). En referencia a los espacios cubiertos, el porcentaje de centros educativos que cuentan con estos espacios para realizar las clases de Educación Física es de un 85,71%, aunque el espacio cubierto existente no cumple la normativa vigente en el 76,19% de los casos. Este estudio muestra que las instalaciones deportivas escolares, presentan grandes carencias, sobre todo de m2 disponibles, en espacios deportivos y complementarios, por lo que sería muy positivo que a la normativa N.I.D.E. se le otorgase un carácter prescriptivo para los centros educativos, pudiéndose así, demandar una mejor dotación a la Administración educativa correspondiente.Palabra clave: Instalaciones deportivas escolares, equipamiento deportivo, espacios descubiertos y espacios cubiertos.Abstract: The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the quality of the sports facilities and equipment of High Schools, according with current regulations. This is a quantitative research methodology, with descriptive character, using several check lists designed explicitly for this investigation. The sample consists of 21 High Schools. The results obtained, show us that 90.48% of High Schools have «open spaces» for the practice of physical activity, but only 61.90% of them have open spaces according with the regulations N.I.D.E. (Legislation about Sport Facilities and Recreation). In terms of «covered spaces», there is a 85,71% of High Schools that include these spaces to carry out the Physical Education classes, although the existing covered area does not comply the regulations currently in force in the 76.19% of the cases. This study shows that high school sports facilities, have serious shortcomings, especially m2 available in sporting and complementary, so it would be very positive that the current regulations (N.I.D.E.) are granted a prescriptive character, so that would be mandatory for High Schools, and able to sue a better endowment to the corresponding educational Administration. Key words: Sports facilities, sports equipment, open spaces and covered spaces.

Infrastructure networks have an severe effect by the physical impacts of climate mutability and change, but will also play an crucial role in building resilience to those impacts. Furthermost events explains the extensiveness of this potential exposure. For example, OECD [Organization For Economic And Development ] modelling of the potential impacts of a major flood in Paris found that 30% to 55% of the direct flood damages would be tolerated by the infrastructure sector, while 35% to 85% of business losses were caused by disturbance to the transportation and electricity supply and not by the flood itself. Climate change has very diverse effect on the infrastructure. If the infrastructure will be climate resilient will help to reduce direct losses and reduce the indirect costs of disturbance created by the sudden climate change. New infrastructure should be hierarchic, planned, designed, built and set off in such a way to resist the climate changes that may occur over anytime during their lifetimes. The old Existing infrastructure may need to be rebuilt , or managed differently according to the given climate change. Lastly, additional infrastructure, such as sea walls, will need to be constructed to address the physical impacts of climate change. This additional infrastructure should or may be include traditional infrastructure, such as hard safeguarding and other engineered solutions, as well as natural infrastructure, such as wetlands and other naturally-based solutions. A wide range of actors, both in the public and private sectors, are taking action to strengthen climate resilience. This report highlights appears good practices and remaining challenges across OECD[Organization For Economic And Development] and G20 countries. It provides non-prescriptive guidance to countries as they find the way to enhance resilience in line with their national circumstances and priorities. Key Words: Infrastructures , Climate changes , Resilience , OECD , Challenges , Impacts , Design , Sustainable , Adaptation , Strategies .

This study discusses the sources of knowledge based on Sa‘d ‘Umar Mas‘ūd al-Taftāzānī’s (d. 492 A.H/ 1390 A.D) exposition in his uṣūl al-fiqh work Sharḥ al-Talwīḥ ‘alā al-Tawḍīḥ li Matn al-Tanqīḥ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. This study focuses on the active and dynamic inter-relational function of the senses (al-ḥiss) and the intellect (al-‘aql), which are the two key channels of knowledge established for the mukallaf, besides the true reports (khabar ṣādiq). Al-Taftāzānī expounds the nature of mukallaf’s external senses functioning to perceive sensible objects of knowledge, the function of the internal senses to perceive the intelligible object of knowledge, and the locuses of each of the internal senses are in the brain. Al-Taftāzānī asserts the prominence of the fifth internal sense, the Rational Imaginative (al-mufakkirah), above all the other internal senses. The function of the Rational Imaginative is not for reproduction only, but it also performs in creating (ibtikār) new form, which the form has not been imagined by the senses before it. In other words, it points to the potentiality of the soul of the mukallaf, to create new knowledge. Al-Taftāzānī discusses the four stages of the intellect, which he indicates that for the mukallaf, it is at least to acquire at the second level of the intellect; al-‘aql bi al-malakah (intelligence in habitus; intellectus in habitu), because the intellect at this level has already acquired the necessary knowledge and the conceptual knowledge of the Sharī‘ah, that allow mukallaf to act accordingly. This study found that al-Taftāzānī’s exposition on the senses and the intellect as channels of knowledge are not only descriptive, but prescriptive. As a result, the students, researchers, and scholars in the science of uṣūl al-fiqh can analyse the mukallaf not as a passive recipient of the legal judgment, but mukallaf is also the active interpreter of God’s legal judgment. It can therefore be concluded that al-Taftāzānī’s exposition contributed significantly to the deeper understanding of the epistemological and psychological aspects of mukallaf, as one of the key pillars in the science uṣūl al-fiqh.

The analysis is carried out against the background of conceptions of deontic meaning as a basic concept to analyze social evaluation of lexis. As first introduced by Fritz Hermanns, the term deontic meaning is considered as part of the lexical meaning of some words and expressions on par with their descriptive meaning that appeals to the stances of the recipients. The paper presumes that deontic meanings refer to the prescriptive usage of a linguistic form and its positive or negative deontics pointing to whether something may (not) or ought (not) to be used in certain contexts. In this framework the deontic meaning of the word is studied in the perspective of political correctness and politically correct language. The analysis shows an explanatory force of the concept deontic meaning as an analytical tool for investigating the social embeddedness of a linguistic form, and contributes to understanding linguistic processes generated by political correctness. This paper, first, reveals the key notions central to understanding political correctness as aiming to redress injustices in matters such as race, nation, gender, sexual orientation in the modern (Anglo)-American and German types of discourse. Second, the paper aims to discuss the relationship between denotative meaning, connotation and deontic meaning in explaining the meaning making process in contextualization. The analysis is in line with theoretical and methodological approaches in modern discourse linguistics, discourse analysis, and pragmatically oriented linguistics. Empirical material for the study is provided by the texts reflecting current socio-cultural situations in Western Europe and in the USA in 2019-2023. The actual cases show that in the politically correct naming practices there is a trend for the formation of a deontic meaning. In fact, what is observed is not an alternative nomination, but a reduction of the possible polysemy of meanings to one dominant interpretation and one meaning. The mechanism of the deontic meaning formation acts as socially determined. The analysis shows such situations in which political correctness actually has been transformed into a struggle with hidden meanings potentially derived by the addressee.

The paper deals with the effects of prescriptivism on the Lithuanian language. The research includes one domain of language use – radio and television, and one aspect of language – lexicon, in the period between 1960 and 2010. The investigation is corpus-based and focuses on the use of words that are classified as “incorrect” by the Lithuanian norm-setters. The study is important both as a discussion of the impact of prescriptivism on language change in general, as well as of the indirect influence of media on language, since media can affect the symbolic evaluation of specific language forms.The paper consists of five chapters. The first chapter “Review of the research” discusses the theoretical assumptions and concepts needed for further analysis: it gives an overview of studies on the effects of prescriptivism conducted in Lithuania and elsewhere, presents the concepts of second-level indexicality and style, and outlines the key characteristics of media change in Lithuania that are relevant to the study. Studies on the success of prescriptivism do not give a definite answer as to whether prescriptivism works. Institutionalisation and a high degree of stigmatisation of the corrected language forms can be listed among the factors that increase its success; prescriptivism is likely to be less successful when the “forbidden” language forms are too convenient to be given up, or when prescriptivist rules are too complicated for lay language users and the rules contradict each other. In the case of media, the effect of prescriptivism is said to be weakened by media commercialisation.When applied to the analysis of non-standard words, first-order indexicality refers to situations when the non-standard forms are used as value-free instances of ordinary speech, in already established meanings; in these cases, the speakers are not aware that they are using “incorrect” forms. Second-order indexicality refers to cases when non-standard words are used for additional function, e.g., to express a speaker’s particular identity or to construct a certain (informal, friendly) speech style. The concept of style, referring to the social differences between individual speakers, is used to analyse the use of words in concrete situations. The paper gives an overview of three sociolinguistic concepts of style that are relevant in this study: style as a degree of formality (e.g., when the speaker accommodates to the formal context of the media and uses less non-standard words); as audience and referee design (e.g., use of non-standard words in programmes for young audiences); and as a speaker design (e.g., play with language by the programme host in order to construct a fun persona).In the study of non-standard lexis, it is important to account for certain features of Lithuanian media development, such as the Soviet period, which was characterised by the use of newspeak, and the commercialisation of the media in the contemporary period. Accordingly, the paper analyses the uses of incorrect words as a part of newspeak and their use for the entertainment-related purposes such as language plays in present times. The paper also addresses the transitory period of radio and TV development, which has features from both the previous and the later periods, as well as some unique characteristics of language use.The second chapter “Radio and TV speech in the prescriptive discourse” presents an analysis of the metalinguistic discourse on media speech produced by Lithuanian prescriptivists from the pre-war period up to now. The analysis shows how this discourse preserved the same dominant idea about media’s role in language standardisation. On the one hand, during this whole time, radio and television were approached as responsible for teaching listeners and viewers the “correct language”; on the other hand, simultaneously, the language of radio and television was perceived as failing to conform to the prescriptive norms set by the norm-setters. The huge societal shifts that happened during this time did not make a major influence on this discourse. It remained very stable during different periods of time. The social, cultural and political changes in society and the media were taken into account only by adjusting the argumentation – by presenting patriotic, moral, ideological or legal motives that were meant to justify the language prescriptions.The third chapter “Research methods and data” presents the Corpus of Radio and TV speech, the concept of non-standard words, and the sources of prescriptivist corrections used in the analysis. The corpus of radio and TV speech includes data from 1960 to 2011 and is constructed in a balanced way to represent the periods of Lithuanian radio and TV development (Soviet, transitory, contemporary), as well as programme genres (talk programmes, information programmes, journals/features/documentaries). The speakers are coded into six types: news reader/voice-over, talk show host, expert, celebrity, hero and vox populi. For the analysis, the non-standard words that are classified as “incorrect” in the normative tradition of the Lithuanian language were coded. These include old (mainly, Slavic) and new (mainly, English) loans, the so-called hybrid words (that have a borrowed part), semantic loans, translations, as well as some lexicalised uses of words and some lexicalised syntactic constructions. Two types of words are analysed – individual lexical words and functional words. The latter include various fillers and discourse markers, as well as pronoun constructions with tai (e.g. kažkas tai ‘some(body)’). Non-standard words were identified from older and present style guides, including the database of language corrections created by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language.The fourth chapter “Change in the number of non-standard words: a quantitative analysis” investigates development of the use of non-standard words on radio and TV, as well as the frequency of usage of the non-standard lexical forms. According to the corpus data, the average frequency of non-standard words by one speaker is 17 per thousand words, which makes up about 2–3 “incorrect” words per minute. Non-standard discourse markers and fillers (9.8/1000 words) are used most frequently, whereas individual lexical words (5.6/1000 words) are much less frequent, and pronoun constructions with tai (1.6/1000 words) are rarer still. Closer analysis revealed that the only statistically significant change between the analysed periods (Soviet, transitory and contemporary) was a decrease of the frequency of non-standard lexical words in the contemporary period compared to the previous ones. The frequency of discourse markers/fillers and pronoun constructions with tai did not change. Regarding the speaker types, the uses of non-standard words decreased in those groups that are within easier reach of prescriptivism – news readers/voice-overs and talk show hosts. Also, to a lesser extent, in the group of experts. Those groups of speakers that are less likely to be subjected to language correction practices (ordinary people) did not seem to change their behaviour: the number of non-standard words in their speech did not decrease, on the contrary, a slight increase has been noticed. These findings confirm the effects of institutionalised prescriptivism. Regarding genres, non-standard words are least frequent in information programmes, which are mostly based on the reading of written texts. Lists of the most frequent non-standard words during the three periods overlap to a great extent, which means that despite prescriptivist practices, the most frequent non-standard words do not disappear from the air.The fifth chapter “Change in the functions of non-standard words: a qualitative analysis” investigates specific communicative situations of the usage of non-standard words and takes into account the media-related and societal contexts, as well as the stylistic and social functions of the corrected lexis. A common trait of the use of non-standard words during all periods, interpreted as the first level of indexicality, is the use of common, everyday vocabulary, most likely without being aware of the “incorrect” status of the chosen forms. Also, non-standard words are used as a part of professional language, in this case the speaker might be aware that he or she is using an ‘incorrect’ word, but chooses to use it nevertheless for convenience or because of its indexical value for professional identity. During all the periods, non-standard words are also used as indices of informal and authentic communication between close acquaintances; this function is performed by all types of the studied non-standard words, particularly old borrowings and frequent fillers.The study identified a few style- and social meaning-related uses of non-standard lexis that explain the choice of the corrected forms instead of the required equivalents. In the Soviet period, some non-standard words were used as a part of Soviet newspeak; old borrowings were used in references to the ideological enemies of Soviet rule, mainly the ones from pre-war Lithuania. In certain cases, these words were employed due to their stylistic value in an intimate and authentic discourse. The late Soviet period saw the first use of non-standard words as markers of informal communication. The use of non-standard words in the transitory period shows some of the functions from the Soviet period, e.g., they are used as an element of newspeak, albeit without the Soviet ideological value, or as expressions of informality. A particular feature of this period is the use of non-standard words as an index of live and authentic speech, which was not allowed during Soviet times, as a means of authentic communication, and the criticism and violation of Soviet taboos. The contemporary period is marked by a huge variety of functions of non-standard words. It brings in a number of new style-related functions of non-standard words: construction of youth-oriented identity and youth-oriented referee design, reference to past times (e.g., by using non-standard words reflecting the Soviet reality), or quoting. Perhaps the most distinctive features of this period are the use of non-standard words in the speech of professional journalists, as well as their use for the purposes of humour and entertainment (for the construction of certain personas), e.g., in language plays and stylisations. These uses can be explained by commercial media requirements, increasing trends of the informalisation of public speech and conversationalisation.The study concluded that the effect of prescriptivism on the use of non-standard words in radio and TV in Lithuania is limited. Firstly, the frequency of non-standard words decreased mainly in those groups of speakers that are subject to the formal, institutionalised power of language gatekeepers (media professionals). Secondly, the data shows a decrease only of those non-standard words that are easier to control by the speakers themselves – lexical words. The frequency of various function words that are more difficult to be aware of when speaking did not decrease. Thirdly, the largest decrease in non-standard lexical forms occurred in those speech situations where a prepared written text is used; this means that prescriptivist requirements have a greater effect when the speakers and the language are controlled, and less effect in spontaneous communication situations. The above-mentioned difference between professional and non-professional speakers demonstrates that speakers are able to control the lexical forms they choose.Analysis of the most frequently used non-standard words during different periods also demonstrates the limits of prescriptivism. The lists of the most frequently used non-standard words during different periods overlap to a great extent, which means that despite prescriptivist efforts, they were not eliminated from being used on air.Finally, the limited success of prescriptivism is demonstrated by the discussed social values of non-standard words, when they are used for various social and stylistic functions not possessed by a ‘correct’ equivalent. The qualitative analysis revealed the particular strength of old borrowings, which are used to create a sincere, friendly speech style, as well as a ludic speaker identity. On the one hand, it can be interpreted as a sign of the ineffectiveness of prescriptivism – if the words are needed, it is likely that they will be further used despite their ‘illegal’ status. On the other hand, when the speakers purposefully (e.g., on account of a particular association, stylistic value) choose a particular language form and are at the same time aware about its “incorrectness”, it is an effect of prescriptivism, only with the opposite outcome.The study is based on the analysis of spoken language on radio and TV, therefore it cannot be used to draw conclusions about the Lithuanian language in general. It is likely that the effect of prescriptivism on written language (because of its more formal style and particularly because of language editing practices) would be stronger. Nevertheless, broadcast media speech constitutes a considerable and important part of language use, thus we can conclude that the impact of prescriptivism on the Lithuanian language does not have far-reaching effects.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss the various models/programs used in leadership training in the context of inter-ethnic conflict resolution and how those models can be used by NGOs in training the youth. From their many years of practice and experience in training, both Paulo Freire and John Paul Lederach propose training models that are suitable and effective in leadership training in inter-ethnic conflict resolution situations. The two approaches to training which Lederach (1995) refer to as the prescriptive and the elicitive, should be understood as analytic models, or as Weber would call them, “ideal types” (Weber 1947). Paulo Freire talks about progressive education training. In other words, in real life the exact, pure model of either type may not exist. And that is the premise this paper is built on.&#x0D; Methodology: Using a quantitative study approach, this study describes the different leadership training programs that have been used with relevance to the culture and needs of the youth in Kenya in inter-ethnic conflict resolution. It presents an overview of ten case studies of leadership training programs and draws from them to illustrate how leadership training programs in inter-ethnic conflict resolution for the youth can be designed and conducted to communicatively transfer knowledge and skills to help the youth in social and behavioral change and become sources of change agents in the communities they live.&#x0D; Findings: The study attempts to give various definitions of key terms and concepts used in leadership and conflict resolution discourses. Results in the ten cases, demonstrated there was some notable divergence in terms of topics covered in each program, but that means that the difference came about because of the different target needs and issues each program tried to address. Results showed that almost all (80%) of the training programs were evaluated. Some of the training bodies had their own biases in covering topics.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy:The researchers considers these models of leadership training and how they can be communicatively used to transfer knowledge and skills in inter-ethnic conflict resolution and bring about social or behavioral change among the youth. Design theory informs how these training programs are designed, planned, implemented, and evaluated.

This study investigates patient waiting times in a hospital pharmacy using Time and Motion Study methodology. The research aims to identify factors contributing to delays in the prescription dispensing process and to propose strategies for optimizing workflow, enhancing efficiency, and improving patient satisfaction. Data was collected on key stages of the dispensing process, and analysis revealed several areas for potential improvement. The findings highlight the impact of factors such as prescription volume, staffing levels, and process inefficiencies on waiting times. Proposed strategies to mitigate these issues include the implementation of electronic prescription systems, staff optimization, and improved communication protocols. Key Words: Waiting time, quality assurance, and outpatient pharmacy

AbstractBackground:Acute otitis media is very common, but diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations vary considerably.Methods:Medline, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched using the key words ‘acute otitis media’ AND ‘diagnosis’ OR ‘diagnostic criteria’ OR ‘definition’, and by combining the terms ‘acute otitis media’ AND ‘guidelines’. PubMed was searched using the key words ‘mastoiditis’ and ‘prevalence’.Results:The 11 most recently published guidelines unanimously agreed that adequate analgesia should be prescribed in all cases. The majority recommended that routine antibiotic prescription should be avoided in mild to moderate cases and when there was diagnostic uncertainty in patients two years and older. Antibiotics were recommended in children two years and younger, most commonly a 5-day course of amoxicillin (or a macrolide in patients allergic to penicillin).Conclusion:Level 1A evidence shows that selected cases of acute otitis media benefit from antibiotic prescription.

&lt;p&gt;Abstract&lt;br /&gt;This article aims to explain how the legal protection of property buyers on bankrupted developer &lt;br /&gt;companies based on Law No. 37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy and Credits Obligations Postponement. This &lt;br /&gt;research is a prescriptive normative legal research that uses the approach of legislation. Types of data &lt;br /&gt;used include: secondary data consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary &lt;br /&gt;legal materials. Data collection techniques conducted are literature research techniques or document &lt;br /&gt;studies. The property selling mechanism as well as today’s flats, is familiar with the concept of selling &lt;br /&gt;property that can be marketed before the property is completed. At that stage of development, people &lt;br /&gt;can order or buy certain desired property and will wait within a certain time to be submitted to the property &lt;br /&gt;purchased. The buying and selling mechanism is set forth in the Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB). &lt;br /&gt;Often the property buyers of PPJB holders are harmed by the actions of the developer companies as &lt;br /&gt;well as unable to finish the construction and end up in bankruptcy proceedings. This bankruptcy status &lt;br /&gt;given by will enforce the uncertainty on debts payments for the property buyers.&lt;br /&gt;Key Words: Bankruptcy; Law Protection; Real Estate Buyer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abstrak&lt;br /&gt;Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana perlindungan hukum terhadap pembeli properti &lt;br /&gt;atas kepailitan perusahaan pengembang berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang &lt;br /&gt;Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum &lt;br /&gt;normatif bersifat preskriptif yang menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Jenis data yang &lt;br /&gt;digunakan antara lain: data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, &lt;br /&gt;dan bahan hukum tersier.Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah teknik penelitian kepustakaan &lt;br /&gt;atau studi dokumen. Mekanisme penjualan properti seperti halnya rumah susun, dewasa ini, mengenal &lt;br /&gt;konsep penjualan properti yang dapat dipasarkan sebelum properti tersebut selesai dibangun. Pada tahap &lt;br /&gt;pembangunan tersebut, masyarakat dapat memesan ataupun membeli produk properti yang diinginkan &lt;br /&gt;dan akan menunggu dalam kurun waktu tertentu untuk dilakukan penyerahan terhadap properti yang &lt;br /&gt;dibeli. Mekanisme jual-beli tersebut dituangkan dalam Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli (PPJB). Seringkali &lt;br /&gt;pembeli properti pemegang PPJB dirugikan oleh perbuatan perusahaan pengembang seperti halnya tidak &lt;br /&gt;dapat selesainya pembangunan dan berakhir pada proses kepailitan. Adanya pernyataan pailit terhadap &lt;br /&gt;perusahaan pengembang memberikan kepastian hukum terhadap pembeli properti atas piutangnya &lt;br /&gt;kepada perusahaan pengembang.&lt;br /&gt;Kata Kunci: Kepailitan; Perlindungan Hukum; Pembeli Properti.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;: Tujuan dilakukannya penilitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pertimbangan hakim Pengadilan Negeri Cilacap dalam menilai keterangan ahli dalam pemeriksaan perkara usaha penambangan illegal (Studi Kasus Pengadilan Negri Cilacap Nomor : 447/Pid.Sus/2018/Pn Clp)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.Penelitian inimerupakan penelitian hokum doktrin alat aunormatif, bersifat preskriptif dan terapan. Sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer dan bahan hokum sekunder, pengumpulan bahan hokum dengan cara studi pustaka, menggunakan pendekata nkasus dan teknikanalisis bahan hokum menggunakan metodesilogisme dan interpretasi dengan menggunakan pola berpikir deduktif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat diambil simpulan bahwa, Keterangan ahli harus dipertimbangkan hakim &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;dalammemutusperkara&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;usaha penambangan illegal&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;. Namun&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;untuk&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;menilai&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;kebenarannya&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;perlu&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;dilihat juga persesuaian&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;tersebut&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;dengan&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;alat&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;bukti lain&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Kata Kunci : Pertimbangan Hakim, Keterangan Ahli, Perkara Penambangan Ilegal&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;: The purpose of this research is to find out the consideration of the Cilacap District Court judges in assessing expert statements in the examination of illegal mining business cases (Case Study of the Cilacap State Court Number: 447 / Pid.Sus / 2018 / Pn Clp)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;. This research is a doctrinal or normative legal research, prescriptive and applied in nature. Sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials, collection of legal materials by means of literature study, using a case approach and legal material analysis techniques using the syllogism method and interpretation using deductive thinking patterns. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that, the statement of the expert must be considered by the judge in deciding the caseillegal mining business. However, in order to assess the truth, it is also necessary to look at the compatibility with other evidence.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Key Words: Judge Consideration, Expert Statement, Illegal Mining Cases&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Objectives: The study assesses the current status of implementation of outpatient prescriptions and analyze some influencing factors at Ninh Hoa Regional General Hospital in 2019. Results: The results show that: 94, 75% of the prescription are safe; 29.75% prescription with 1 to 2 antibiotics; The average number of drugs in 1 prescription is 3.7 ± 1.24 medicines; The percentage of prescriptions with general drug interaction is 5.25%. There is no fourth level drug interaction. Some influencing factors are: Doctors do not pay adequate attention to safe and rational prescription. The bidding for drugs, the provision and supply of drugs are still delayed in time for medical examination and treatment. Hospitals do not have software for searching drug information and drug interactions Conclusion: Doctors should regularly update the drug information, comply with the prescription regulations, and avoid interactions when prescribing. The pharmacy department should advise the hospital director to sign a close contract with the pharmaceutical companies to supply drugs to patients fully and promptly. Key words: prescription, Regulation on Prescription, Health Insurance, Outpatient

Background: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) poses a risk to public health on a worldwide scale, increasing hospital stays, medical expenses, and mortality. Increased improper use of antibiotics fuels ABR. Objective: To determine the extent of antibiotic dispensing without prescription in Zawia and its environs (Libya). Methods: the cross-section was conducted between September and October 2023. A total of 100 dispensers participated by using a questionnaire with 100 samples, all the participants were from Zawia and environs. The questionnaire consisted of five parts. The first part included demographic data; the second part was indications for dispensing antibiotics without a prescription; the third part was antibiotics dispensed without a prescription; the fourth part, the dispenser ask questions and offer advice to patients; and the fifth part was the route of administration of antibiotics dispensing without a prescription. Results &amp; Conclusion: despite the laws, we concluded that dispensing antibiotics without a prescription was nonetheless common in Zawia and environ. Although most community pharmacy professionals are aware that dispensing antibiotics without a prescription (DAWP) is prohibited and increases antibiotic resistance, they still frequently use it to treat common cold and diarrheal illnesses. Key words: Dispenser, Antibiotics, Non-Prescription.

Introduction: Hamstring injuries are one of the most common injuries associated with sports participation. The aim of this review is to outline identified risk factors and examine preventative strategies for reducing the occurrence of this form of injury. Methods: An electronic search of Medline and SCOPUS was carried out for key words related to the area. Results: A number of risk factors, including both intrinsic and modifiable, were identified. Important aspects of an exercise programme were then outlined based on these risk factors. Conclusion: A programme specifically designed to reduce the risk of hamstring injury by taking a strategised approach to exercise prescription may reduce the risk of hamstring injury. However, further research is required to determine the optimal programme for reducing the risk of injury. Key words: Muscle, Rehabilitation, Strain

Children with malignant neoplasms are a high-risk group for developing nutritional and metabolic disorders, which are one of the key disabling factors that significantly reduce the effectiveness of medical and social rehabilitation. Dynamic monitoring, screening, and timely correction of identified problems, including nutritional ones, constitute an essential precondition for the success of rehabilitation. The basic principles of nutritional correction in pediatric oncology include the following: a personalized approach; avoidance of long intervals between meals; prescription of any restrictive diets only for reasonable indications; multidisciplinarity; sparing of the gastrointestinal tract; timely initiation of nutritional support; continuity, dynamic monitoring, and control of nutritional status. The aim of this study is to describe the main aspects of nutritional support in children with malignant neoplasms after the end of cancer treatment. Key words: children, nutritional support, oncology, nutrition, cancer

Optimal pharmaceutical services are a vital component of healthcare in hospitals. The transition from manual prescription systems to E-prescription systems is expected to increase efficiency, reduce prescription errors, and increase consumer satisfaction. RSUD Labuang Baji has implemented the E-prescription system since January 2023. Prescription errors, whether in diagnosis or medication, can lead to adverse effects and pose potentially fatal risks to a patient's condition (Mursyid, 2023). This study aims to analyze the relationship between the implementation of the E-prescription system based on drug prescription and consumer satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at RSUD Labuang Baji Makassar. The research design is descriptive-analytic with a quantitative approach. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 96 outpatient respondents. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square method to evaluate the relationship between the implementation of e-prescriptions based on drug prescriptions and consumer satisfaction. The chi-square analysis results, processed using SPSS 27.0 for Windows with a significance level of p-value 0.05 or with a 95% confidence level, showed a significant relationship between fast drug waiting time and consumer satisfaction (p-value = 0.021). However, there was no significant relationship between prescription accuracy and consumer satisfaction (p-value = 0.315). The implementation of the E-prescription system at RSUD Labuang Baji Makassar has had a positive impact on consumer satisfaction with pharmaceutical services, particularly in reducing drug waiting times, although prescription accuracy did not significantly affect patients satisfaction Key words: E-Prescription, Satisfaction, pharmaceutical services

Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA), a progressive disorder characterized by destruction of articular cartilage with synovial changes. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation, autoantibody production and joint space narrowing. Drugs like non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), symptomatic slow acting drugs (SYSADOA) disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARDs), steroids etc are using widely in OA and RA therapy. A prescribing pattern study analyzes the trend of prescribing drugs, its rationality and provides feedback to the prescribers. We aimed to study the prescription patterns in OA and RA therapy through a prospective observational analysis. Methodology: We studied 100 outpatients for six months between June 2017 - December 2017. We reviewed prescriptions and analysed the patterns. Results: Out of 100 patients, 35% were with OA and 65% were RA. 25% are males and 75% are females. OA and RA were more prevalent in the age groups of 51-60 years (45.7%) and 41-50 years (35.4%) respectively. Out of 239 prescribed drugs, Aceclofenac (26.31%) and Naproxen (26.31%) were the first choice of drugs in OA patients and Methotrexate (25.4%) for RA. Of the patient total, 14.3% were treated in monotherapy and 85.7% received two or more drugs. Conclusion: We found combinational therapy (SYSADOA+NSAIDs &amp; DMARDs) was more often than monotherapy in OA and RA. We also found the prescribed drugs are rational and are in essential drug list. Key Words: Prescription patterns, Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoarthritis

In Islamic law, a marriage contract is not only a civil matter but also a very strong sacred bond that is worth of worship. Therefore, marriage must be maintained properly to realize the sakinah mawaddah wa rahmah family, but when it is in a sacred bond, there are some couples who are reluctant to fulfill their responsibilities and demand right that are not theirs so that the sakinah family will be difficult to be actualized. This study aimed to determine the understanding of husband and wife about rights and responbilities, and a significant relationship between the rights and obligations acomplishment of husband and wife in realizing a harmonious marriage or sakinah family. This research was normative-empirical legal research in the form of analytical prescriptive which was supported by primary and secondary data. Data collection was obtained through library research, documentation, interviews, and observation. Based on the research was conducted, it found the results: First, husband and wife understand that the position of wife and husband in the household are the same, but they have different rights and obligations, although on the other hand the community understands that the position of the wife in the family is under the husband, they understand it from fiqh salf which states that the wife must uphold her husband with an honor and glory. Second, the concept of Islamic marriage teaches that the rights possessed by husband and wife are balanced with the obligations burdened on them, a husband or wife has balanced obligations. Third, to build a harmonious, peace and peaceful family, they can be performed with developing the Islamic teachings, fostering the mutual respect, coaching the efficient living attitudes, and training a self-awareness from each married couples.&#x0D; Key Words: Fulfillment, Rights and Responbilities, Husband and Wife, Sakinah Household.&#x0D; Abstrak: Dalam hukum Islam akad perkawinan bukan hanya perkara perdata semata, melainkan juga ikatan suci yang sangat kokoh yang bernilai ibadah. Untuk itu perkawinan harus dipelihara dengan baik sehingga akan terwujudnya keluarga sakinah mawaddah wa rahmah, namun ketika telah berada dalam ikatan suci, ada pasangan yang enggan memenuhi kewajiban dan penuntutan hak yang diluar haknya maka keluarga sakinah sebagaimana harapan akan sulit terealisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemahaman pasangan suami istri tentang hak dan kewajiban suami istri, dan hubungan yang signifikan antara pemenuhan hak dan kewajiban suami isteri dalam mewujudkan perkawinan yang harmonis atau perwujudan keluarga sakinah. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif-empiris dalam bentuk preskriptif analitis yang didukung oleh data primer dan sekunder. Pengumpulan data melalui studi pustaka, dokumentasi, wawancara, dan observasi. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan ditemukan hasil: Pertama, Suami istri memahami bahwa kedudukan istri dan suami dalam rumah tangga sama, namun memiliki hak dan kewajiban yang berbeda, meskipun disisi lain masyarakat memahami bahwa kedudukan istri dalam keluarga berada di bawah suami, hal ini mereka pahami dari pemahaman fikih salaf yang menyebutkan bahwa istri harus menjunjung tinggi suaminya dengan kehormatan dan kemuliaan. Kedua, Konsep pekawinan Islam mengajarkan bahwa hak-hak yang dimiliki oleh suami maupun isteri adalah seimbang dengan kewajiban yang dibebankan kepada mereka,seorang suami atau isteri memiliki kewajiban-kewajiban yang seimbang. Ketiga, untuk mewujufkan keluarga yang harmonis, sakinah dan penuh kedamaian dapat di lakukan dengan cara Pembinaan penghayatan ajaran agama Islam, Pembinaan sikap saling menghormati, Pembinaan sikap Hidup Efisien, dan Pembinaan sikap suka mawas diri dari masing-masing pasangan suami isteri.&#x0D; Kata Kunci: Pemenuhan, Hak dan Kewajiban, Suami Istri, Rumah Tangga

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate and describe the pragmatic contexts of the discourse markers "olha" and "viu" in vernacular language, identifying patterns of functioning through a functionalist analysis of these phenomena. Theoretical Framework: The main theoretical concepts guiding this research are rooted in a functional approach to language, based on a dynamic conception of language (Bybee, 2016), where use, discourse, and grammar interrelate in linguistic structuring. Additionally, we mapped what key authors (Risso, Silva, and Urbano, 2006; Brinton, 2017; and Traugott, 2022) in the field say about discourse markers, concluding that these elements are multifunctional; although optional from a syntactic perspective, they play an essential discourse-pragmatic role, considering their thetic nature of monitoring and regulating interaction. Method: We adopted a mixed methodology (Cunha Lacerda, 2016), which includes a qualitative and quantitative approach. The study design involves analyzing the phenomenon based on data samples drawn from three corpora: the Corpus of Cultured Portuguese of Vitória da Conquista (PCVC), the Corpus of Popular Portuguese of Vitória da Conquista (PPVC), and the Linguistic Corpus of Ibicoara. These corpora contain a total of 591,425 words from oral interviews following Labovian standards. For data analysis, we used the freeware AntConc, a corpus analysis tool required for linguistic studies, allowing for detailed searches and analyses. After data collection and quantification, we proceeded to an interpretative analysis of each occurrence found. Results and Discussion: Data collection revealed a total of 284 occurrences, of which 147 were for the marker "olha" and 137 for "viu." Pragmatically, these markers demonstrated multifunctionality through six distinct functions, namely: prefacing: delaying or deviating from the expected initial response by the interlocutor; argumentation: marking the speaker's position in presenting or defending a viewpoint and inviting the interlocutor to share it; reported speech: introducing a reported statement in another communicative context; interjection: a phatic function indicating the speaker's feelings; seeking discursive approval: the speaker's request for approval from the interlocutor to continue the discourse; and feedback: complementing the quest for discursive approval and expressing a clear orientation of the listener toward the speaker through attentive engagement with the interlocutor's speech. These data allow us to affirm that the markers are indeed multifunctional and, from a discursive perspective, essential for constructing meaning. Research Implications: We aim to significantly impact the field of linguistic studies from a functionalist perspective based on usage, as well as its discussion in the context of regular education. Teachers can use this study to enhance classroom discussions on issues related to the oral modality of the language, reflecting on aspects of linguistic (in)adequacy as well as paradigmatic analysis. This study also suggests that linguistic discussions should be based on a broad approach that considers extralinguistic aspects. Originality/Value: This study contributes to linguistic discussions that extend beyond syntactic structure relations. By considering discourse markers as thetic elements, we shed light on the discursive aspect of language and how discourse markers function multifunctionally to structure meaning. In this regard, we understand markers as essential elements in the oral modality of language based on their pragmatic functioning, while also hoping to contribute to reducing the stigma surrounding these elements due to a lack of a more in-depth approach in the prescriptive compendiums present in classrooms.

Prescription of any medications during pregnancy deserves careful selection due to their possible effect on the fetus, as well as altered metabolism against gestation. Indications for prescribing medications during pregnancy may be chronic somatic pathology, acute diseases, pregnancy complications and the need for their prevention, as well as taking medications recommended additionally during pregnancy – multivitamin supplements, specific vitamin and microelement preparations. The article provides an analysis of essential prenatal medications, taking into account their safety and effectiveness. Key words: pregnancy, medications, miramistin, progesterone

<em>Introduction: </em><em>Antibiotics are medications save lives, but these medications are losing their effectiveness due to the development of bacterial resistance. Up to 50 % of antibiotic use is unnecessary or inappropriate.</em><em> This study aimed to describe the frequency of antibiotics dispensing to explore the need to target antibiotic stewardship efforts to providers and patients in the outpatient settings.</em> <em>Methodology: </em><em>We randomly collected prescriptions</em><em> from different outpatient pharmacies in Riyadh city to demonstrate the number of prescribed antibiotics and the number of the prescribed medications in general</em> <strong><em>Results and Discussion: </em></strong><em>The total number of prescriptions is 223, more than half of these prescription (63 %) contain at least 1 antibiotic. The majority of the antibiotics prescribed are solid dosage form and used orally. The most dispensed antibiotic class is penicillin.</em> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong><em>The antibiotics prescriptions and dispensing are increasing continuously; in many cases their use is unnecessary or inappropriate. there is a need to encourage the smart use of antibiotics, to encourage the application of antimicrobial stewardship programs, and to improve the knowledge, attitude and the practice of antibiotic use.</em> <strong>Key Words</strong>: <em>Antibiotic, Prescriptions, Outpatient, Pharmacy.</em>

Introduction: Women and men share many similar health problems but, women also have their own health issues which deserves special considerations. Many diseases affect both men and women alike but some diseases occur in women at high frequency.Objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate prescription pattern, drug utilization &amp; audit for the treatment of women disorders in a tertiary care hospital in Rajahmundry.Methodology: The study design is a prospective observational study. A total of 86 cases related to women disorders were investigated in a tertiary care hospital in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria include Patients who were hospitalized due to women disorders were enrolled in the study, Women patients of all age groups are included, Patients who are unconscious/mentally retarded and who were suffering with psychiatric diseases are excluded from the study. Results and Conclusions:Women disorders are more prevalent in the age groups 21-30 years and 31-40 years .PCOD and Ovarian cyst are the most prevalent diseases among women of 21-40 years of age. Diabetes, hypertension, thyroid, appendicitis, and CVS problems are most commonly observed co-morbid diseases associated with women disorders. Pain , irregular menstruation , bleeding with clots and heavy bleeding are commonly observed clinical manifestations . 5. For all women disorders hormones , antimicrobials, vitamin and mineral supplements are prescribed. Among the hormones Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) 5000units , Allylsternol 5mg , Medroxy progesterone 5mg are prescribed to a large extent. Among the anti-microbials metronidazole 100mg , ceftriaxone 250mg are prescribed widely. Only 3 out of 12 hormones and 8 out of 16 anti-microbials were as suggested by WHO. Drugs other than those suggested by WHO are also used to a large extent in the hospital. Hence,it is suggested that the WHO suggested Essential drugs be prescribed in the hospital for better patient care ,safety and efficacy. Key words: Prospective observational study, Prescription patters, Drug utilization, Prescription audit, Women disorder.

Antibiotic prescription and antimicrobial resistance are parallel to each other. Misuse of antibiotics can increase health system costs and more importantly, morbidity and mortality, due to the emerging multi-drug resistant pathogens. Implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs in the hospital wards and intensive care units are a well-known action, however, there is an attention deficit regarding this activity in emergency department, the portal of admission to the wards. Therefore, making a specific plan with leadership of clinical pharmacists is highly desirable.&#x0D; Key words: Antimicrobial resistance, Emergency department, Clinical pharmacists

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the prescription patterns and side effects of oxycodone in a local hospital setting. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of all patients who were prescribed oxycodone for acute or chronic pain from June to November 2007. Patients’ names were obtained from the hospital pharmacy and data were collected with a set of question- naire after review of their casenotes. Prescription was compared with other recommended opioid prescription guidelines. Side effects to oxycodone use were documented. Results: One hundred and thirty patients were prescribed oxycodone for the 6-month study period. Prescription by the orthopaedic surgeons was the highest, followed by the pain service. Most patients had a clear indication for use of oxycodone and appropriate dosing regimes. However, two thirds of the patients prescribed oxycodone were not reviewed with regard to their analgesia within 24 hours and one third did not have titration of the drug to their pain symptoms. Majority of the patients had outpatient follow-up within 4 weeks of discharge. Common side effects included nausea, vomiting and constipation. Conclusion: This is the first local audit that profiles oxyco- done prescription patterns and its side effects. Prescription of oxycodone was appropriate for the majority of the study population. Patient assessment upon initiation of oxycodone therapy and titration of the drug to patients’ pain symptoms was suboptimal. Oxycodone was well toler- ated by the study population with minimal side effects. Further quality measures and ongoing education of clinicians will ensure future patients obtain safe and effective analgesia. Key words: Opioid prescription, Pain

In today's fast-paced world, prioritizing health often takes a backseat. This research explores the potential of a comprehensive mobile application that addresses this challenge. The proposed application integrates three key functionalities: medicine delivery with prescription verification, online lab test booking, and personalized diet plan generation. This paper delves into existing literature on medicine delivery apps, online lab testing services, and the role of technology in personalized dietary planning. The methodology section outlines the proposed app's development process, encompassing user interface design, integration with licensed pharmacies and labs, and secure data management practices. Finally, the conclusion explores the potential benefits of such an application for improved healthcare accessibility, convenience, and personalized health management. Key Words: Html, CSS, Java, PHP, JavaScript, Json, xampp Server.

The treatment strategy for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) includes several options such as early prescription of surfactants, prescription “on demand” using different methods of their administration. A pharmacoeconomic evaluation of various NRDS treatment options was performed using a budget impact analysis according to an appropriate pharmacoeconomic model. The pharmacoeconomic model was based on the results of clinical trials in terms of the risks factors for the most significant complications of NRDS. The model also considered all relevant costs for the national health care system associated with prescribing surfactant therapy. Conclusion. A pharmacoeconomic evaluation of NRDS treatment using the example of two hypothetical cohorts of patients at gestational age of 29 and 32 weeks showed that early surfactant prescription (using Poractant alfa as an example) by Less Invasive Surfactant Administration (LISA) procedure in patients with FiO2 ≥0.3 is strongly preferable in comparison with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy, reducing the mortality rate (by 0.69%), the incidence of life-threatening complications (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, and air leak syndrome), as well as providing cost savings to the healthcare system. Key words: poractant alfa, early administration, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, surfactant

Abstract The healthcare industry is increasingly leveraging technology to improve patient outcomes and enhance the management of medical routines. This project proposes a comprehensive system designed to assist patients in managing their medication schedules effectively. The Prescription Reader, Reminder, and Nearest Medical Shop Locator with Caretaker Reminder is a multifaceted application that integrates Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology to scan and digitize handwritten or printed medical prescriptions. Once the prescription is digitized, the system automatically schedules reminders for patients to take their medications based on the prescribed dosage and timing. Additionally, it sends alerts to a designated caretaker to ensure oversight and compliance with the regimen. The system also incorporates a Nearest Medical Shop Locator feature, leveraging GPS technology to guide users to the closest pharmacies in their vicinity, enhancing convenience in obtaining medications. This holistic approach aims to support patients, particularly the elderly and those with chronic illnesses, in adhering to their treatment plans, while also offering peace of mind to caretakers. The platform is designed to be user-friendly, accessible, and adaptable to different medical needs, providing an essential tool for modern healthcare management. Key Words: Prescription Reader, Dosage Reminder, Nearest Medical Shop Locator, Caretaker.

Objective: To review recent changes in Medicare affecting the practice of pharmacy. Data Sources: Articles were identified through searches of MEDLINE (2003–March 2004), LEXISNEXIS ACADEMIC (2003–March 2004), and LEXISNEXIS CONGRESSIONAL databases (2003–March 2004), using the key words Medicare, pharmacist, pharmacy, and drug costs. Additional references were located through review of the bibliographies of the articles cited and through searches of the Web sites for Medicare, Social Security, and the American Pharmacists Association. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Reports about Medicare and Medicare Part D were selected. Articles describing the history of Medicare and changes that impact pharmacy were included. Data Synthesis: The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MPDIMA) provides an optional prescription drug benefit for Medicare beneficiaries in 2006 as Medicare Part D. Before its full implementation, eligible Medicare beneficiaries may qualify for a temporary Medicare-approved Drug Discount Card. The prescription drug benefits will be administered by private entities. Other provisions of the MPDIMA affect pharmacy, including a provision for medication therapy management services to ensure that the covered Part D drugs are appropriately used. This will be the first time that Medicare provides for payment of pharmacist-administered patient care services. Conclusions: Recent changes in Medicare provide Medicare beneficiaries with optional coverage for prescription drugs. Full implementation of the Medicare prescription drug benefit will occur in 2006, with an interim Drug Discount Card available through December 2005.

<strong><em>Objective:</em></strong><em> This research work aimed to access implementation of utilization of statin &amp; aspirin among patients of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is in progress for the prevention of these complications.&nbsp; </em> <strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> This was a transverse research work. This research work started in March 2018 &amp; lasted up to May 2018 in general OPD of General Hospital, Lahore. Total 312 patients were the part of this research work. The collection of the information carried out from the electronic records of the patients for their traits, prevailing comorbidities&amp; associated outcomes of the laboratory testing. We performed the statistical analysis of all the available variables.&nbsp; </em> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> Among total three hundred and twelve patients, there was indication of aspirin for 17% patients but it was not present in prescription. Aspirin was available in indication as well as prescription in 36.20% patients. The indication of the statin was available in 27.20% patients but not in prescription whereas it was in indication &amp; prescription of 63.10% patients.&nbsp; </em> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong><em> The amount of the patients who got the target of treatment in our institute were very high in comparison with the other research works, the targets of albeit treatment were not under hand in an important amount of patients. </em>&nbsp; <strong>Key Words: </strong><em>Statin, aspirin, CVD, prevention, methodology, albeit, institute, prescription, indication, OPD, laboratory. </em>

Introduction: Antibiotics are currently the most commonly prescribed drugs in hospitals, worldwide. Healthcare is through both public and private sector facilities. About 80% of the healthcare in India is provided by the private sector, and 93% of hospitals are private. Objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate prescription pattern, utilization &amp; audit of antibiotic drugs in governmental and nongovernmental hospitals in Rajahmundry, AP. Methodology: The study design is a prospective observational study. A total of 150 cases related to antibiotic treatment were investigated in Governmental and Non-governmental hospitals in Rajahmundry, AP. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria include Patients who were hospitalized due to infections and were on antibiotic treatment were enrolled in the study, Patients in all age groups of both men and women are included, Patients who are unconscious/mentally retarded and who were suffering with psychiatric diseases are excluded from the study, Pregnant and Lactating women are excluded from the study. The data sources include patient case sheets, prescriptions issued and discharge medication sheet, WHO guidance on essential drugs and by interacting with physicians and patients. Results and Conclusions: The antibiotic usage is higher in Non-governmental hospitals in the departments of General Medicine (47.44%), and Pulmonary (33.33%) when compared to the Governmental hospitals, 43% in General Medicine and 20.8% in pulmonary department. In the department of Trauma the antibiotic usage is more in Governmental hospital (12.5%) than in Non-governmental hospital (3.8%). The antibiotic usage is more in the age group 41-60 years in both Governmental (38.8%) and Non-governmental (43.59%) hospital. A total of 26 Antibiotic drugs are prescribed either alone or in combination in both Governmental and Non-governmental hospitals. Out of 44 WHO essential drugs only 13 drugs (29.5%) are in usage in government as well as non- government hospitals. About 18.7% and 40.9% of antibiotics used respectively in Government and Non-government hospitals are other than WHO suggested drugs. Non Steroidal Anti inflammatory drugs, Antacids and Multivitamins are most frequently prescribed along with antibiotics in about 90-100% prescriptions. It is suggested that the WHO prescribed antibiotic drugs are only to be used in the doses prescribed to avoid possible Drug interactions and Adverse Drug Reactions. Key words: Prospective observational study, Prescription patters, Drug utilization, Prescription audit, Antibiotic drugs.