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1

Adams, Rick, and Gary Kwiecinski. "Sonar Surveys for Bat Species Richness and Activity in the Southern Kalahari Desert, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, South Africa." Diversity 10, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d10030103.

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Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is located in northwestern South Africa and extends northeastward into Botswana. The park lies largely within the southern Kalahari Desert ecosystem where the Auob and Nassob rivers reach their confluence. Although these rivers run only about once every 100 years, or shortly after large thunderstorms, underground flows and seeps provide consistent surface water for the parks sparse vegetation and diverse wildlife. No formal studies on bats have previously occurred at Kgalagadi. We used SM2 + BAT ultrasonic detectors to survey 10 sites along the Auob and Nassob rivers from 5–16 April 2016. The units recorded 3960 call sequences that were analyzed using Kaleidoscope software for South African bats as well as visual determinations based on call structure attributes (low frequency, characteristic frequency, call duration, and bandwidth). We identified 12 species from four families: Rhinolophidae: Rhinolophus fumigatus. Molossidae: Chaerephon pumilus, and Sauromys petrophilus, Tadarida aegyptiaca; Miniopteridae: Miniopteris schreibersi (natalensis), Vespertilionidae: Laephotis botswanae, Myotis tricolor, Neoromicia capensis, N. nana, Pipistrellus hesperidus, Scotophilus dinganii, and S. viridus. The most abundant species during the survey period was N. capensis. We also used paired-site design to test for greater bat activity at water sources compared to dry sites, with dry sites being significantly more active. We conclude that species richness is much higher than previously known from this region and that more species may be present during the warmer months of the year. In addition, activity of bats during the dry season in Kgalagadi would likely be more concentrated around drinking opportunities, thus allowing for better detection of species richness in the area.
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SKINNER, J. D., and D. G. MOSS. "Kgalagadi springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis): bucking the trend." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 59, no. 2 (January 2004): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190409519171.

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Saayman, M., and T. Dieske. "Segmentation by motivation of tourists to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." South African Journal of Business Management 46, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v46i2.93.

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The Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is one of South Africa’s unique attractions for national and international tourists. However, little research has been done on visitors to transfrontier parks. In addition marketers highlight the importance of understanding the reasons why people travel and who these tourists are. Therefore the aim of this article is to segment the market of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park by means of visitors’ travel motives. This was achieved by means of a survey. In the statistical analysis, 414 questionnaires were used and the survey was conducted from 2010 to 2012. The statistical analysis included a factor analysis and ANOVA. Four factors were identified through the factor analysis namely escape, education and recreation, park attributes and exploration. The latter was unique to this research since it has not been found in other studies. The ANOVA confirmed that a wide variety of variables influence the decision-making process and that the marketing strategy should focus on different methods and events to attract a greater market.
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Sidandi, Paul, Philip Opondo, and Sebonetse Tidimane. "Mental health in Botswana." International Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (August 2011): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600002605.

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Botswana is a landlocked country located in southern Africa. More than two-thirds of it (70%) is covered by the Kalahari Desert, known locally as the Kgalagadi. The majority (82%) of the nearly 2 million population live in the eastern part, along the railway line from Lobatse in the south-east to Francistown in the north-east, and the rest in the central part, including the Okavango River delta.
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5

Jenkins, Trefor, Joy Speirs, D. S. Dunn, and G. T. Nurse. "Serogenetic and haematological studies on the Kgalagadi of Botswana." Annals of Human Biology 14, no. 2 (January 1987): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014468700006872.

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6

Oats, Reginald, and Meshack T. Gumbo. "Insights on the Benefits and Challenges of the Skills Development Program at Kgalagadi South Subdistrict of Botswana: Beneficiaries’ Experiences." Adult Education Quarterly 69, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741713619827647.

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A fit-for-purpose, functional program is the vehicle that guarantees the relevance of an education system by ensuring the sustainability of the society. Failure of a program to be relevant has the potential to cause crisis in a society. This basic qualitative research study explored the experiences of the beneficiaries of a skills development program (SDP) in the rural Kgalagadi south subdistrict of Botswana with specific reference to the benefits and challenges of the program and its potential to improve their livelihoods. Twelve beneficiaries (program participants) of the SDP and their four trainers were purposively selected and interviewed. Data were also collected through observation. The findings indicated that the participants benefited from the SDP training in terms of knowledge, skills, and competencies that they had acquired. As such, they now could make good quality products. The findings also showed that the beneficiaries faced certain challenges with the SDP, especially the lack of financial muscle to sponsor their products. With the necessary improvements, the SDP promises to improve the livelihoods of those who undergo the training in the Kgalagadi south rural communities. This study sheds new insights on the benefits and challenges of the SDP, and this can help decision-makers and funders (Botswana government in particular) in the review of the program.
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van der Merwe, Petrus, Melville Saayman, and Elricke Botha. "Does visitors to Kgalagadi Transfrontier park have different interpretation needs?" Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 26 (June 2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2019.03.003.

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8

Beukes, B. Otto, Frans G. T. Radloff, and Sam M. Ferreira. "Estimating African Lion Abundance in the Southwestern Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." African Journal of Wildlife Research 47, no. 1 (April 2017): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3957/056.047.0010.

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Ferreira, Sam M., B. Otto Beukes, Tim C. Haas, and Frans G. T. Radloff. "Lion ( Panthera leo ) demographics in the south‐western Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." African Journal of Ecology 58, no. 3 (February 21, 2020): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.12728.

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Corlett, J. T., and Eleanore Woollard. "Growth patterns of rural children in the Kgalagadi region of Botswana." Annals of Human Biology 15, no. 2 (January 1988): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014468800009571.

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Saarinen, Jarkko, Wame L. Hambira, Julius Atlhopheng, and Haretsebe Manwa. "Tourism industry reaction to climate change in Kgalagadi South District, Botswana." Development Southern Africa 29, no. 2 (June 2012): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2012.675697.

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Funston, Paul J. "Population Characteristics of Lions (Panthera leo) in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 41, no. 1 (April 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3957/056.041.0108.

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13

Herholdt, J. J. "SURVIVAL THREATS AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT OF RAPTORS IN THE KGALAGADI TRANSFRONTIER PARK." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 53, no. 2 (January 1998): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359199809520387.

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14

Moswete, Naomi, Brijesh Thapa, and William K. Darley. "Local Communities’ Attitudes and Support Towards the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in Southwest Botswana." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041524.

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Protected areas are of national importance and have developed into sources of benefits while in other situations have sparked conflicts among stakeholders, including residents from adjacent local communities, and park authorities. In this study, we examined community residents’ attitudes towards the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) in the Kalahari region (SW Botswana). This study assessed factors that influence support for, or opposition to, the KTP. A questionnaire with semi-structured questions was used to gather information from head of households (N = 746) in nine villages in the Kalahari region. Overall, positive attitudes and support for the KTP as a transfrontier park were documented, though tangible benefits were limited. Further based on analyses, literacy, proximity, and employment status were key variables that influenced support. In addition, any increase in residents’ perceived benefits, land ownership, conservation awareness, and local benefits resulted in increased support for KTP. The implications indicated that communities near the KTP (Botswana side) need to be consulted, while further communications between the KTP management and authorities and adjacent villages are required to initiate effective community conservation programs. Additional programs and community outreach initiatives would also enable positive attitudes and support of KTP.
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van Vuuren, Jan H., Eric Herrmann, and Paul J. Funston. "Lions in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park: modelling the effect of human-caused mortality." International Transactions in Operational Research 12, no. 2 (March 2005): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.2005.00495.x.

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16

Dikgang, Johane, Edwin Muchapondwa, and Jesper Stage. "Securing benefits for local communities from international visitors to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." Tourism Economics 23, no. 8 (May 10, 2017): 1553–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816617707593.

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This article estimates the visitation demand function for Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) in order to determine the scope for raising fees charged to international tourists in order to fund revenue-sharing schemes for local communities. International and Southern African Development Community tourists account for approximately 25% and 2% of the total number of visitors to South African national parks, with domestic visitors making up the remaining portion. Although small, the South African international tourism market is mature and accounts for a disproportionately large share (around 42%) of net revenue. To estimate visitation demand at the KTP and three other national parks, random effects Tobit Model was used. Using the estimated elasticities, the revenue-maximizing daily conservation fee was computed to be R1 131.94 (US$144.20) for KTP, which can be compared with the R180 (US$22.93) currently charged. Furthermore, the study also demonstrated that there is a possibility of raising fees at the other three parks. Sharing conservation revenue with communities surrounding parks could demonstrate the link between ecotourism and local communities’ economic development and promote a positive view of land restitution involving national parks.
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Molamu, Louis, and Dave Macdonald. "Alcohol Abuse Among the Basarwa of the Kgalagadi and Ghanzi Districts in Botswana." Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 3, no. 2 (January 1996): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09687639609017388.

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18

Masuku, Esau U., and Botshelo H. Maedza. "The development of an affordable Kgalagadi Sand building block (KSBB)—a position paper." Journal of Materials Science 41, no. 21 (November 2006): 6949–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0225-2.

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Melville, H. I. A. S., and Jdu P. Bothma. "Possible optimal foraging for Brants's whistling rats by caracals in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." African Zoology 41, no. 1 (April 2006): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3377/1562-7020(2006)41[134:poffbw]2.0.co;2.

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Melville, H. I. A. S., and J. du P. Bothma. "Possible optimal foraging for Brants’s whistling rats by caracals in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." African Zoology 41, no. 1 (April 2006): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2006.11407344.

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21

Dikgang, Johane, and Edwin Muchapondwa. "Local communities’ valuation of environmental amenities around the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in Southern Africa." Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy 6, no. 2 (October 20, 2016): 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2016.1240631.

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22

Shadwell, Eleanor, and Edmund February. "Effects of groundwater abstraction on two keystone tree species in an arid savanna national park." PeerJ 5 (January 25, 2017): e2923. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2923.

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BackgroundIn arid systems with no surface water, deep boreholes in ephemeral river beds provide for humans and animals. With continually increasing infrastructure development for tourism in arid wildlife parks such as the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in southern Africa, we ask what effects increased abstraction may have on large trees. Large trees in arid savannas perform essential ecosystem services by providing food, shade, nesting sites and increased nutrients for many other plant and animal species and for this are regarded as keystone species.MethodsWe determine seasonal fluctuations in the water table while also determining the water source for the dominant large tree species in the Auob and Nossob rivers in the Park. We also determine the extent to which these trees are physiologically stressed using leafδ13C, xylem pressure potentials, specific leaf area and an estimate of canopy death. We do this both upstream and downstream of a low water use borehole in the Auob River and a high water use borehole in the Nossob River.ResultsOur results show that the trees are indeed using deep groundwater in the wet season and that this is the same water used by people. In the dry season, trees in the Auob downstream of the active borehole become detached from the aquifer and use more isotopically enriched soil water. In the Nossob in the dry season, all trees use isotopically enriched soil water, and downstream of the active borehole use stomatal regulation to maintain leaf water potentials. These results suggest that trees in the more heavily utilised Nossob are under more water stress than those trees in the Auob but that trees in both rivers demonstrate physiological adaptation to the changes in available water with smaller heavier leaves, no significant canopy dieback and in the dry season in the Nossob stomatal regulation of leaf water potentials.DiscussionAn increase in abstraction of groundwater particularly at the Nossob borehole may cause an additional draw down of the water table adding to the physiological stress demonstrated in our study. The managers of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park have a mandate that includes biodiversity conservation. To fulfil this mandate, upper and lower thresholds for groundwater abstraction that allow for an adequate ecological reserve have to be determined.
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Lekgau, Refiloe J., and Tembi M. Tichaawa. "Leveraging Wildlife Tourism for Employment Generation and Sustainable Livelihoods: The Case of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Southern Africa." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 49, no. 49 (September 10, 2020): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2020-0026.

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AbstractThis study examined the contribution of wildlife tourism and conservation to employment generation and sustainable livelihoods of a community residing adjacent to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Southern Africa. Adopting a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with tourism stakeholders and focus group discussions with members of the community. The findings reveal wildlife tourism to have positively contributed towards providing diverse employment opportunities for the community. Additionally, the livelihood diversification strategies largely involved integrating the cultural and natural resources with the wilderness experience of the region. However, a major concern is the significant lack of linkages between wildlife tourism and the local economy of the community. While the study concludes wildlife tourism to be an important economic sector for the community, it recommends further integration of micro and small local businesses into wildlife tourism so as to enhance the contribution of the Park and wildlife tourism to community livelihoods.
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Thondhlana, Gladman, Sheona Shackleton, and James Blignaut. "Local institutions, actors, and natural resource governance in Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and surrounds, South Africa." Land Use Policy 47 (September 2015): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.03.013.

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Moswete, Naomi N., Brijesh Thapa, and Brian Child. "Attitudes and opinions of local and national public sector stakeholders towards Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 19, no. 1 (July 19, 2011): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2011.592551.

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Beukes, Maya, Frans G. T. Radloff, and Sam M. Ferreira. "Spatial and Seasonal Variation in Lion (Panthera leo) Diet in the Southwestern Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." African Journal of Wildlife Research 50, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3957/056.050.0055.

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Saarinen, Jarkko, Naomi Moswete, Julius R. Atlhopheng, and Wame L. Hambira. "Changing socio-ecologies of Kalahari: Local perceptions towards environmental change and tourism in Kgalagadi, Botswana." Development Southern Africa 37, no. 5 (August 29, 2020): 855–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2020.1809997.

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Thondhlana, Gladman, and Sheona Shackleton. "Cultural values of natural resources among the San people neighbouring Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, South Africa." Local Environment 20, no. 1 (July 12, 2013): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2013.818950.

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Lekgau, Refiloe Julia, and Tembi Tichaawa. "Community Perceptions on the Socio-economic Impacts of Wildlife Tourism from the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in Botswana: The Case of Tsabong." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 9(6) (December 15, 2020): 1044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-67.

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The overall purpose of the current study was to investigate the socio-economic contributions made by wildlife tourism in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park to a community living adjacent to the Park. Following a mixed methods approach, the study used Tsabong, a community in Botswana, as the case study area. Interviews were conducted with key tourism stakeholders and semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to the residents involved. The study found that (i) wildlife tourism has contributed to employment creation and economic development in Tsabong, (ii) wildlife tourism has increased the community’s sense of pride in their culture and preservation of local culture because of wildlife tourism, however, also revealed that (iii) local community participation in wildlife tourism and conservation projects of the KTP is generally low and (iv) positive economic benefits of wildlife tourism are not seen by the entire community. The main recommendations of the study centre on facilitating community participation in the collaborative management of the Park.
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SCOVRONICK, NOAH C., and JANE K. TURPIE. "Is enhanced tourism a reasonable expectation for transboundary conservation? An evaluation of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." Environmental Conservation 36, no. 2 (June 2009): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290999018x.

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SUMMARYThe transnational nature of biodiversity provides impetus for transboundary protected areas, however support for these also stems from expectations of political, social or economic benefits. The sociopolitical context of southern Africa makes conservation initiatives incorporating economic development particularly appealing, and supporters of transboundary conservation advance visions of tourism growth in this regard; however, this assertion has not been objectively assessed. The Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, straddling South Africa and Botswana, is Africa's oldest formally recognized transfrontier park and widely viewed as the prototype for regional transboundary conservation. This paper examines visitation data combined with results from a visitor survey to indicate the tourism performance of the Park. Visitor numbers to the Park have not grown since its opening, but average length of stay and total visitor days have increased. However, it appears that this increase is primarily due to growth in bed numbers; the survey indicates that the Park's new features are only modestly used, and fewer than 10% of guests visit the adjacent country. Potential barriers to further growth include road conditions, Park size and homogeneity, and a lack of innovative tourism strategies. The need to expand socioeconomic monitoring of transboundary conservation areas in order to ensure their viability is reaffirmed.
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Dikgang, Johane, and Edwin Muchapondwa. "The determination of park fees in support of benefit sharing in Southern Africa." Tourism Economics 23, no. 6 (September 21, 2016): 1165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816616655254.

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Sharing conservation revenue with communities surrounding parks could demonstrate the link between ecotourism and local communities’ economic development, promote a positive view of land restitution involving parks, help address skewed distribution of income in the vicinity of parks and act as an incentive for local communities to participate in conservation even more. This article estimates the visitation demand function for Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) in order to determine the appropriate conservation fee to charge visitors to maximize park revenue. The data were generated from contingent behaviour experiments on South African residents at KTP and three other parks deemed as either substitutes or complements for visitors to KTP. Our results suggest that there is sheer underselling of the recreational opportunity at KTP, which implies that there is room for generating extra revenue to support benefit sharing arrangements with the local communities. The conservation fees at KTP can increase by as much as 115%, thereby almost doubling current revenue after accounting for the drop in visitation which will be triggered by the increase.
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Totolo, Otlogetswe, and Samuel Mosweu. "Spatial Variability of Selected Soil Properties in Relation to Different Land Uses in Northern Kgalagadi (Matsheng), Botswana." International Journal of Geosciences 03, no. 04 (2012): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2012.34066.

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Abdeta, Ayana Angassa, and Summer Mabula. "Role of farmer’s indigenous knowledge for adaptation and mitigation to Climate Change in Kgalagadi-North District, Botswana." Botswana Journal of Agriculture and Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37106/bojaas.2020.33.

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This paper presents perception of farmers in terms of adaptation and mitigation to climate change in Kgalagadi-North District. The study used qualitative survey method and results are derived from purposively selected interviews using semi-structured questionnaire. The research focused on participants who were aged 50 years and above. Data were summarized and analysed qualitatively using descriptive statistics. Farmers’ perceptions showed that frequent wildfire was major cause of climate change. Farmers further mentioned that they were affected by irregular rainfall, increased temperature and recurrent droughts. The findings confirmed that milk production and number of calves per cows were in declining trend over the last 30 years. The results showed increased trends in donkeys’ population signifying importance of donkeys in farmer’s herd as adaptation strategy. The results revealed that livestock diversification, making use of migratory approach in search of pasture and water, and sale of livestock before onset of drought are key adaptation strategies developed by farmers. The results also displayed that farmers mainly used to practice different strategies such as saving food and seeds, use of drought tolerant crops, diversifying crop varieties and changing of planting dates to overcome the irregularity of rainfall. Results revealed that farmers mostly used to pray for rains and involve in environmental management for adaptation and mitigating. It seems that adaptation and mitigation measures employed by farmers helped them to enhance resilience and reduce vulnerability. We suggest that farmers’ experience for adaptation and mitigation to climate change plays a crucial role in scientific research and sustainable development.
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Tshitenge, S., and LH Mabuza. "A survey of risk factors associated with hypertension in the adult population of Kang, Kgalagadi North, Botswana." South African Family Practice 57, no. 3 (March 16, 2015): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2014.976963.

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Thondhlana, Gladman, Sheona Shackleton, and Edwin Muchapondwa. "Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and its land claimants: a pre- and post-land claim conservation and development history." Environmental Research Letters 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 024009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/2/024009.

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Castley, J. G., M. H. Knight, M. G. L. Mills, and C. Thouless. "Estimation of the lion (Panthera leo) population in the southwestern Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park using a capture–recapture survey." African Zoology 37, no. 1 (April 2002): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2002.11657151.

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Joja, Athi Mongezeleli. "Jafta Masemola’s Master Key." Theoria 68, no. 168 (September 1, 2021): 160–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/th.2021.6816808.

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Jafta Kgalabi Masemola is the longest serving (1963–1989) anti-apartheid political prisoner in South Africa’s notorious Robben Island. Although Masemola is well known in the struggle narratives, not much has been written about him and his practices as a political organiser beyond biographical and anecdotal narratives. This article considers, with a certain degree of detail, an even more unthought aspect of Masemola’s life, his creative productions; in particular, the aesthetic logic that underwrites the master key that he cloned from a bar of soap while jailed in Robben Island. Looking from the vantage point of aesthetic and critical discourse, the article attempts to open up new vistas and interests in Azanian cultural praxis.
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Chiloane, Chantel, Timothy Dube, and Cletah Shoko. "Monitoring and assessment of the seasonal and inter-annual pan inundation dynamics in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Southern Africa." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 118-119 (October 2020): 102905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2020.102905.

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Thondhlana, Gladman, Pål Vedeld, and Sheona Shackleton. "Natural resource use, income and dependence among San and Mier communities bordering Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, southern Kalahari, South Africa." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 19, no. 5 (August 9, 2012): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2012.708908.

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Moswete, Naomi, and Brijesh Thapa. "Factors that influence support for community-based ecotourism in the rural communities adjacent to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana." Journal of Ecotourism 14, no. 2-3 (June 8, 2015): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2015.1051537.

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Archer, Ebenezer Kobina, and Musisi Nkambwe. "Alleviating poverty with labour-based road maintenance in the semi-arid environment of the Kgalagadi District of Botswana: Impacts and constraints." International Development Planning Review 33, no. 1 (January 2011): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2009.13.

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Dikgang, Johane, and Edwin Muchapondwa. "The economic valuation of nature-based tourism in the South African Kgalagadi area and implications for the Khomani San ‘bushmen’ community." Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy 3, no. 3 (May 12, 2014): 306–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2014.912594.

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43

Herbst, M., and M. G. L. Mills. "The feeding habits of the Southern African wildcat, a facultative trophic specialist, in the southern Kalahari (Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, South Africa/Botswana)." Journal of Zoology 280, no. 4 (April 2010): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00679.x.

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44

Melville, H. I. A. S., and J. du P. Bothma. "Using spoor counts to analyse the effect of small stock farming in Namibia on caracal density in the neighbouring Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." Journal of Arid Environments 64, no. 3 (February 2006): 436–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.06.005.

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45

Hoell, Andrew, Andrea E. Gaughan, Shraddhanand Shukla, and Tamuka Magadzire. "The Hydrologic Effects of Synchronous El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole Events over Southern Africa." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 2407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0294.1.

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Abstract Southern Africa precipitation during December–March (DJFM), the height of the rainy season, is closely related with two modes of climate variability, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the subtropical Indian Ocean dipole (SIOD). Recent research has found that the combined effects of ENSO and SIOD phasing are linked with changes to the regional southern Africa atmospheric circulation beyond the individual effects of either ENSO or SIOD alone. Here, the authors extend the recent research and examine the southern Africa land surface hydrology associated with the synchronous effects of ENSO and SIOD events using a macroscale hydrologic model, with particular emphasis on the evolution of the hydrologic conditions over three critical Transfrontier Conservation Areas: the Kavango–Zambezi Conservation Area, the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park, and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. A better understanding of the climatic effects of ENSO and SIOD phase combinations is important for regional-scale transboundary conservation planning, especially for southern Africa, where both humans and wildlife are dependent on the timing and amount of precipitation. Opposing ENSO and SIOD phase combinations (e.g., El Niño and a negative SIOD or La Niña and a positive SIOD) result in strong southern Africa climate impacts during DJFM. The strong instantaneous regional precipitation and near-surface air temperature anomalies during opposing ENSO and SIOD phase combinations lead to significant soil moisture and evapotranspiration anomalies in the year following the ENSO event. By contrast, when ENSO and SIOD are in the same phase (e.g., El Niño and a positive SIOD or La Niña and a negative SIOD), the southern Africa climate impacts during DJFM are minimal.
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46

Chebanne, A. M., and K. C. Monaka. "Mapping Shekgalagari in Southern Africa: a Sociohistorical and Linguistic Study." History in Africa 35 (January 2008): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.0.0012.

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The Bakgalagari were classified by Guthrie (1948) as S30 and by Cole (1954) as 60/2/5. They incorporate ethnic groups such as Bangologa, Bashaga, Babolaongwe, Balala, Bakhena, Baritjhauba, and Bakgwatheng and Baphaleng, the latter of which do not speak Shekgalagari any more. At the moment, Bakgalagari are only found in Botswana. They are thought to have arrived in southern Africa more than 2000 years ago, together with other Bantu groups (Tlou/Campbell 1997:33), and were the earliest Sotho-Tswana group to inhabit the Madikwe and Limpopo river basins (Figure 1) around 900 and 1000 CE (Tlou/Campbell, 1997).Around 1200 CE, the Bakgalagari were already inhabiting the peripheries of this area as they migrated into Botswana, where they are estimated to have arrived around 1000 CE, as Figure 2 illustrates (cf. Tlou/Campbell, 1997:90). They would later be pushed into the Kgalagadi desert, which reinforced the peripheral and distant location of some of them from the rest of the Sotho-Tswana groups that subsequently inhabited the country.History suggests that there were ethnic rivalries amongst the Bakgalagari, and they consequently split into various ethnic groups (Tlou/Campbell, 1997:90). These ethnic groups were dispersed in various directions in the country at different times as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows the historical base and the subsequent movements of the Bakgalagari starting earlier than 1400 CE. It is possible that these movements might have been reversed at various times, and also that some people at a later stage took the same directions to find their ethic counterparts (e.g., Babolaongwe at around 1650 CE).
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Herholdt, JJ, and MD Anderson. "Observations on the population and breeding status of the African White-backed Vulture, the Black-chested Snake Eagle, and the Secretarybird in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park." Ostrich 77, no. 3-4 (November 2006): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306520609485523.

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De Castro, Julio, Lola Castro, Mabel De Castro, and Frank Rijnders. "PREDATION OF YELLOW-BILLED HORNBILL ON ADULT SOUTHERN GREY-HEADED SPARROW." Biodiversity Observations 9 (July 8, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/bo.v9i0.500.

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49

Huey, Raymond B., Donald B. Miles, and Eric R. Pianka. "Seasonality in Kgalagadi Lizards: Inferences from Legacy Data." American Naturalist, August 19, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/716895.

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50

Maho, Youni Filip. "The Locative Class in Shengologa (Kgalagadi), by Sabine Neumann." Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 26, no. 1 (January 20, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jall.2005.26.1.103.

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