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Journal articles on the topic 'Khalkhas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Haining, Thomas Nivison. "The Great Buddha of the Khalkha River." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2, no. 2 (July 1992): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300002406.

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The Khalkha River (Khalkhin Gol), which forms part of the north-east frontier between the Mongolian People–s Republic (MPR) and the People's Republic of China (PRC), is famous in Mongolian history for the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan), in which joint Mongolian-Soviet forces finally repulsed the attempted invasion of the MPR by the Japanese Army of Manchukuo. Less well known, however, is the existence on the left bank of that river of one of Mongolia's most interesting religious antiquities, the remains of a gigantic Buddhist statue, known as the Great Buddha (Ikh Burkhan).

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2

Bold, Ravdangiin. "The International Military Tribunal for the Far East: "The Japanese Operation in the Khalkhyn Gol Area Was an Aggressive War"." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2019.20(1).25-53.

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More than 20 Soviet, Mongolian and Japanese witnesses who had taken part in the battles in the area of the Khalkhyn Gol (English “Khalkha River”) were heard in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, held in Tokyo in 1946-1948. The events were presented to the world community to the extent appropriate. Although some believe that the Tokyo Trial was an event where the victors in the war were able to impose their views and the decision on the war’s losers, the Tribunal was a very important event that revealed the causes of military action in the Khalkhyn Gol area and came to conclusions of international significance. The Tokyo Trial found that the military action near the Khalkhyn Gol was “an aggressive war unleashed against the MPR and the USSR” and prepared by Japan in advance. It was a reasoned conclusion from the point of view that “War is a continuation of politics by other means” as well as from the point of view of international law. On the other hand, at the time, the Tokyo Trial made a political judgement that the military action in the Khalkhyn Gol area was “an aggressive war”, that undoubtedly makes those events a real war for Mongolia. The article was written based on the decision of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East on the military activities in the Khalkhyn Gol area.

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3

Byamba, D., S. Biltuev, V. Achituev, B. Zhamyanov, and A. Biltuev. "Indicators of the internal organs weight of purebred and crossbred young sheep with different methods of fattening." E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 08015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125408015.

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The article presents the results of studies of the indicators of live weight and the internal organs weight of purebred Khalkha and crossbreed Khalkha-Suffolk rams, depending on the method of their fattening. Experimental studies were conducted in the Selenga aimak of Mongolia and in the laboratories of the Mongolian University of Natural Sciences. According to the results of the research, it was revealed that purebred Khalkha rams were inferior to Khalkha-Suffolk crossbreed rams in terms of live weight at birth and at the age of 8 months. When fed with rapeseed cake, purebred Khalkha rams had an advantage over half-breeds in terms of absolute heart weight by 0.04 kg and digestive system weight by 0.06 kg, and in terms of pre-slaughter weight by 0.22 and 1.29%, respectively. At the same time, Khalkha-Suffolk crossbreed rams outperformed purebred animals in terms of absolute lung weight by 0.19 kg and relative weight by 0.19%.

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4

Nesterov, A. G., and Yu P. Ivanova. "Khalkhal Khanate: Historical and Geographical Essay." Nauchnyy dialog 5 (2017): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2017-5-405-409.

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5

Rákos, Attila. "Stable and unstable nasal stems in Khalkha Mongolian*." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 68, no. 3 (September 2015): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2015.68.3.7.

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6

Kuzmin, Yuriy. "A New Interpretation of the History of the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 or a Subjective Assessment of the Researcher?" Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2019.20(1).109-123.

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The author of the book, O.S. Smyslov, interprets the military events in the area of the Khalkhin Gol river in 1939, defines the causes of the war, the role of commanders, military casualties and participants of military actions. The battle of Khalkhin Gol becomes the subject of much attention and study of Russian and Mongolian historians, especially the most complex and controversial issues of military and diplomatic history. Most of the research is original and contributes significantly to the interpretation of the military conflict, its geopolitical nature and its role in the world history of the 20th century. A new interpretation of the role of Georgy Zhukov in the crushing defeat of the Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol is proposed in the monograph of the military historian O.S. Smyslov. The author of the book made an attempt to downplay and misrepresent the participation of Zhukov in the historical events. The author’s approach to the cause of the military conflict is critically examined as well as the methodology of historical research. The author of the review believes that the attempt of a new interpretation of the war in the Khalkhin Gol area is controversial and historically unconvincing. The matter merits professional discussion. There is a need to make a special encyclopedia, “The Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939”, which will enable to avoid misrepresentation of the tragic and heroic military events of history of the USSR and Russia of the 20th century.

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7

Brosig, Benjamin, Foong Ha Yap, and Kathleen Ahrens. "Assertion, presumption and presupposition." Studies in Language 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 896–940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.18050.bro.

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Abstract In this paper, we analyze the clitic YUM (< ‘thing’) in Khalkha Mongolian which, in different syntactic contexts, reinforces assertiveness or expresses different shades of presumption or presupposition. The former holds for declaratives where the presence of YUM conveys the speaker’s strong subjective commitment. In question clauses, YUM is used to indicate the speaker’s subjective and often strong guess, sometimes to the point that the speaker presupposes that the proposition actually obtains. In subordinate clauses, YUM may fulfill the same function or serve as a structurally necessary nominalizer for adjectival predicates without introducing any semantic opposition. In declaratives marked as immediately perceived, YUM conveys inference via assumptive reasoning. We thus analyze YUM as a marker of subjective speaker conviction that within the Khalkha Mongolian declarative system is opposed to both simple factuality and overt evidential marking.

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8

Kuzmin, Yuriy, Alexander Sukhodolov, and Avirmed Davaasuren. "Military and Diplomatic History of the Khalkhin Gol War of 1939: New Concept of Mongolian Historian and Government Leader - R. Bold (Review of R. Bolds book «Limited War: The Military-Diplomatic History of the Battle at the Khalkhin Gol River». Moscow, The whole world, 2019. 568 p.)." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(2).153-176.

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More than 80 years have passed since notorious military events on the Khalkhin-Gol river in which four states took part: on the one hand, Japan and Manchukuo, on the other, the USSR and Mongolia. International scientific conferences were timed to coincide with this event, a lot of research was done, and relevant scientific papers were published. One of them was the book of Doctor of Historical Science R. Bold, «Limited War: The Military Diplomatic History of the Battle of the Khalkhin-Gol River», published by the Whole World Publishing House (2019 - 568 pp.), which proposed a slightly different interpretation of the historical battles at the Khalkhin-Gol river (May-September 1939). This article is a brief analysis of this book and a kind of review of it.

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9

Kuzmin, Yuriy, Alexander Sukhodolov, and Avirmed Davaasuren. "Military and Diplomatic History of the Khalkhin Gol War of 1939: New Concept of Mongolian Historian and Government Leader - R. Bold (Review of R. Bolds book «Limited War: The Military-Diplomatic History of the Battle at the Khalkhin Gol River». Moscow, The whole world, 2019. 568 p.)." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(2).153-176.

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More than 80 years have passed since notorious military events on the Khalkhin-Gol river in which four states took part: on the one hand, Japan and Manchukuo, on the other, the USSR and Mongolia. International scientific conferences were timed to coincide with this event, a lot of research was done, and relevant scientific papers were published. One of them was the book of Doctor of Historical Science R. Bold, «Limited War: The Military Diplomatic History of the Battle of the Khalkhin-Gol River», published by the Whole World Publishing House (2019 - 568 pp.), which proposed a slightly different interpretation of the historical battles at the Khalkhin-Gol river (May-September 1939). This article is a brief analysis of this book and a kind of review of it.

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10

Benjamin Brosig. "The Function of the Suffix -na in Khalkha Mongolian." ALTAI HAKPO ll, no. 19 (June 2009): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15816/ask.2009..19.006.

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11

Goldsmith, John. "Vowel harmony in Khalkha Mongolian, Yaka, Finnish and Hungarian." Phonology Yearbook 2, no. 1 (May 1985): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000452.

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The discussion of vowel harmony in this paper continues the theoretical discussion that was sparked by Clements' first proposals concerning an autosegmental treatment of vowel harmony in general (1980 [1976]). I will attempt to show that problems that arose in early autosegmental treatments of certain types of vowel harmony can be elegantly overcome and that autosegmental theory more generally provides an attractive framework for the treatment of vowel systems and vowel harmony. I will discuss three distinct types of systems here: the slightly asymmetrical system of Khalkha Mongolian, the canonical five-vowel system as it can be seen in Bantu (Yaka, in this case), and the well-known Finnish/Hungarian type of system. The kinds of advances made here answer, I believe, the critical comments made in Anderson (1980), in which significant sceptical questions are raised concerning whether the successes of autosegmental accounts of West African systems can be extended to other types of vowel harmony systems.

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12

Roe, John. "Basic Noncommutative Geometry by Masoud Khalkhali." Mathematical Intelligencer 37, no. 1 (December 17, 2014): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-014-9489-6.

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13

Esmaili, Saeideh, Nafiseh Rezaei, Reza Abbasi, and Samane Eskandari. "The Impact of Marketing Mix on Perceived Value, Destination Image and Loyalty of Tourists (Case Study: Khalkhal City, Iran)." Modern Applied Science 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2017): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v11n11p96.

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This study examines the relationship between marketing mix with loyalty, perceived value, perceived quality and destination image. This is an applied descriptive study the aim of which is to determine the impact of marketing mix of services (Product, Pricing, Place, Promotion, People, Process and Physical Evidence) on perceived quality, loyalty, perceived value and destination image of the tourists in Khalkhal city, Iran. Population of the study included all the tourists visiting Khalkhal city from among whom 385 respondents participated in this study. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The conceptual model was analyzed based on linear regression analysis in SPSS software and model fitness was analyzed using LISERL software. Cronbach’s alpha of the questionnaire was equal to 0.791 that is higher than 0.7 and so reliability of the questionnaire was acceptable. Findings of the study showed that promotion, people and physical evidences had the highest effect on perceived value, destination image and perceived quality. Finally, some suggestions were provided for the managers of the tourism destinations to improve the perceived value and quality and also develop a proper destination image.

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14

Cams, Mario. "Blurring the Boundaries: Integrating Techniques of Land Surveying on the Qing’s Mongolian Frontier." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 46, no. 1 (June 25, 2017): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26669323-04601005.

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This article focuses on the role of spatial dynamics in effectuating the integration of two different sets of land surveying techniques. During the later stages of the Qing-Zunghar wars of the 1690s, the Kangxi emperor (r. 1661-1722) repeatedly asked French Jesuit missionaries, who had been sent to China in 1685 under the patronage of the French King Louis XIV, to join his imperial campaigns targeting the Khalkha-Mongolian borderlands. In the shadow of these imperial journeys, missionaries systematically determined latitudes with Paris-made instruments while Qing officials measured road distances all along the way with graduated ropes. A next step in the evolution of imperial cartographic practice came after the Qing- Zunghar wars had come to an end, when an all-out effort was launched by the emperor to integrate the newly conquered Khalkha Mongols and their lands into the Qing polity. As part of the effort, missionaries were asked to produce a map of the new frontier by integrating European and East Asian practices, which led to the discovery of a technical incompatibility. In 1702, the problem was solved by the precise measurement of the terrestrial degree and, immediately after, the restandardization of the Qing’s most basic unit of length, the chi 尺. Thus, I argue that the turn of the eighteenth century saw the crystallization of a new or hybrid Qing cartographic practice, driven by the need to explore the new Khalkha frontier. More concretely, I show how selected techniques as developed by the French Academy of Sciences were gradually absorbed into a pre-existing framework of Qing land surveying, a process that was shaped and facilitated by exchanges in via throughout the vast Mongolian frontier.

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15

Norovsambuu, Naranzhargal. "Халх голын дайнд оролцсон халимаг дайчид (О калмыцких военных — участниках событий на Халхин-Голе)." Desertum Magnum: studia historica Великая степь: исторические исследования, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2712-8431-2020-9-1-96-103.

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The author describes the history of the military collaboration of the Kalmyks and Mongols and their participation in the battles of Khalkhin-Gol in 1939 based on the archive materials, mass media publications, memoirs of the participants and researchers. Mongol-Kalmyk collaboration hiked in 1920s and was wound down by 1925 and most of the Kalmyk military experts left Mongolia. In the summer of 1939 the military events at the river KhalkhinGol caused sending the Kalmyk military experts and junior commanders back to Mongolia where they took part in the battles. Among the participants of that event were M. T. Bimbaev, L. S.Erendzhenov, M. Kalykov and many others who were honored with military awards. Many of them were deported later and after coming back from Siberia worked in Kalmykia. The clear illustration of Kalmyks being proud of their compatriots who fought for the independence of Mongolia is naming one of the streets in Elista Khalkhin-Gol – in honor of the great victory.

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16

Abaeva, Yuliya Dogorzhapovna. "CORPUS LINGUISTICS TERMS IN THE KHALKHA MONGOLIAN AND BURYAT LANGUAGES." Philological Sciences. Issues of Theory and Practice, no. 10 (October 2019): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2019.10.35.

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17

Vosoughi, Mehdi, Abdollah Dargahi, and Parvin Teymouri. "Environmental Health and Safety Assessment of Schools in Khalkhal City Using Crisis Management Approach." Health in Emergencies & Disasters Quarterly 5, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/hdq.5.2.189.13.

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Background: Paying attention to physical, health and safety issues in educational environments is the most effective and fundamental factor for physical, mental and psychological development of students. Therefore, one of the most important and effective health issues of the school is to observe environmental health and safety. This study was conducted with the aim of surveying the environmental health and safety of schools in Khalkhal city with a crisis management approach. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study with cross sectional design. The study population consists of all primary, middle and high schools in Khalkhal city (n=28). For sampling, census method was used. Data collection tool was an 87-item checklist that surveys the health status of schools and its classrooms in terms of health and safety facilities. It was completed by visiting schools and observing, interviews and measurements. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS and Excel software. Results: 10% of schools had newly constructed buildings and 90% had old buildings. The minimum required area per student was observed in all schools. The green space area required for each student is 0.5 square meters, which was not observed in 73.83% of schools. Only 87.5% of schools had one toilet for every 40 students. Sewage disposal in 98% of schools was hygienic, and 100% of schools had sanitary trash cans. In 60% of the schools, the toilets did not meet the hygiene standards. In 84% of the schools, the number of washbasins was proportional to the number of students (1 per 60). All the classrooms had maximum use of natural light. Moreover, in most schools, health policies, safety policies and emergency and personal hygiene standards were met. Conclusion: Most schools in Khalkhal city were at moderate level in terms of environmental health and safety and compliance with national school environmental health regulations as well as being prepared to deal with emergencies and crises which indicates a need for more attention and support from the relevant authorities for improving their status.

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Rezaei-Kahkhaei, Mehdi, Carmen Galindo, Robert J. Pankhurst, and Dariush Esmaeily. "Magmatic differentiation in the calc-alkaline Khalkhab–Neshveh pluton, Central Iran." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 42, no. 3 (August 2011): 499–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.04.022.

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19

Wonsoo Yu. "Some remarks on Modern Korean loan words in Modern Khalkha Mongolian." ALTAI HAKPO ll, no. 23 (June 2013): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15816/ask.2013..23.008.

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20

Trifonova, A. "To remember." Diplomatic Service, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2002-06.

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Оn the eve of the 75th anniversary of the Victory, the opening of a new large militarypatriotic park, which will play an important role in the patriotic education of generations, seems extremely urgent. A separate exposition in the Patriot Park is dedicated to battles on the river. Khalkhin Gol. Mongolia is one of Russia's permanent friendly partners in the East, in 2019 in connection with the celebration of the 80th anniversary of pain on the river. Khalkhin-Gol Mongolia was visited by the President of Russia V. V. Putin. This exposition will become the only permanent museum exhibition in Russia dedicated to these legendary events and will serve to strengthen and maintain friendly relations between the two countries.

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21

Sukhodolov, Alexander, Tuvd Dorj, Yuriy Kuzmin, and Mikhail Rachkov. "The War of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact." Известия Байкальского государственного университета 28, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2018.28(4).585-594.

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For the first time in Russian historiography, the article draws attention to the connection of the War of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the conclusion of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 1939. For a long time, historical science considered these two major events in the history of the USSR and history of the world individually, without their historic relationship. The authors made an attempt to provide evidence of this relationship, showing the role that surrounding and defeating the Japanese army at Khalkhin Gol in August 1939 and signing in Moscow of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact played in the history of the world. The study analyzes the foreign policy of the USSR in Europe, the reasons for the failure in the conclusion of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet military union in 1939 and the circumstances of the Pact. It shows the interrelation between the defeat of the Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol and the need for the Soviet-German treaty. The authors describe the historic consequences of the conclusion of the pact for the further development of the Japanese-German relations and the course of the Second World War. They also present the characteristics of the views of these historical events in the Russian historiography.

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King, Matthew W. "Medical Aesthetics in the Twilight of Empire: Lungrik Tendar and The Stainless Vaiḍūrya Mirror." Religions 10, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10060380.

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This article introduces the life and medical histories of the luminary Khalkha Mongolian monk, Lungrik Tendar (Tib. Lung rigs bstan dar; Mon. Lungrigdandar, c. 1842–1915). Well known for his exegesis of received medical works from Central Tibet, Lungrik Tendar was also a historian of the Four Tantras (Tib. Rgyud bzhi; Mon. Dörben ündüsü). In 1911, just as Khalkha Mongolia began separating from a flailing Qing Empire, Lungrik Tendar set out to append the story of Mongolia and of Mongolian medicine, political formation, and religious life to the Four Tantra’s well-known global histories. In addition, he provided an illuminating summary of how to present the Four Tantras to a popular audience in the twilight of the imperial period. This article introduces the life of Lungrik Tendar and analyzes his previously unstudied medical history from 1911, The Stainless Vaiḍūrya Mirror. On the basis of this understudied text, this article explores ways that monastic medicine in the frontier scholastic worlds of the late-Qing Empire were dependent upon aesthetic representations of space and time and of knowledge acquisition and practice, and how such medical aesthetics helped connect the religious, political, legal, economic, and social worlds of Asia’s heartland on the eve of nationalist and socialist revolution and state-directed erasure.

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23

Baranova, Vlada V. "Условные конструкции с деепричастием и союзными словами в калмыцком и бурятском языках." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 12, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2020-4-635-643.

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Introduction. The paper deals with different conditional constructions in Buryat and Kalmyk. Traditionally, the main way to express the conditional meaning in Mongolic languages is a non-finite clause with a converb (there are the conditional form on -bal in Buryat and Khalkha and new marker -xla in Kalmyk). Alongside with it, there are some new conditional constructions with connectives, with conjunction-like markers herbee in Buryat and Khalkha and kemər in Kalmyk co-occurring with a form of conditional converb. The language contact approach presupposes that connectives as well as a structural pattern with a conjunction are frequently borrowed from dominant languages. Thus, the research question of the paper is how to explain the new conditional construction. Results. In particular, the paper discusses the distribution of different types of conditional construction according to the data from Buryat and Kalmyk corpora. It suggests that conjunction-like markers herbee ‘if’ in Buryat and kemər ‘if’ in Kalmyk may be viewed as grammatical interference from Russian. Nevertheless, the form of conditional converb gixlä developing to a connective in Kalmyk is grammaticalized among other forms of the verb gi- ‘say’ and its grammaticalization of a verb of saying to marker of a conditional clause is frequent cross-linguistically.

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Jafari, Milad, Vahideh Aghamohammadi, Tahmineh Moradi, Mehdi Piri, Javad Ebadi, and Khadijeh Nasiri. "Comparing Nurses and Patients’ Views About Caring Behaviors and its Dimensions in Nurses." International Electronic Journal of Medicine 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/iejm.2020.19.

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Background: Care is a fundamental value in the nursing profession. Nurses’ caring behaviors are effective in patients’ satisfaction as one of the important indicators of the quality of health care. This study was conducted to compare the views of hospitalized patients and nurses about the caring behavior of nursing staff in Khalkhal. Materials and Methods: The present comparative-descriptive study was performed on 200 patients and 60 nurses of Imam Khomeini hospital in Khalkhal in 2018. Sampling was performed by a simple random sampling technique, and Caring Behavior Inventory (CBI-42) was used as the data collection tool. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS software by descriptive statistical methods and the independent t-test. Results: The means and standard deviations of the total caring behavior from patients’ and nurses’ views were 5.42 ± 0.94 and 30.5 ± 0.59, respectively. There was no significant statistical difference between the nurses’ and patients’ viewpoints regarding each of the caring behaviors (P>0.05) although a statistically significant difference was observed between the overall score of nurses’ and patients’ views (t=2.67, P=0.048). Conclusion: Considering the key role of nurses in treating patients, the need for using appropriate caring behaviors will increase patients’ satisfaction with the treatment system. Therefore, it is suggested that training courses focus on patient-centered care in order to strengthen caring behaviors in nurses.

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25

Pochekaev, Roman Yu. "Суд и процесс в памятниках традиционного монгольского права XVI–XVIII вв. (опыт сравнительно-правового анализа)." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-1-8-21.

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Introduction. Mongolian codifications of 16th–18th centuries are considered to be sources of customary law. But their structure and content prove the opposite as they were results of law-making by rulers and contained different rules on status and credentials of authorities. One of such fields was legal procedure which becomes an object for analysis in this article. Goals and Objectives. The goal of our research is analysis of procedural institutions in Mongolian codifications and their evolutions from the 16th to the 18th century. To achieve this goal, one should analyze procedural rules in these codifications, find their common and specific features, correlate the content of codifications with political situation in Mongolia and, at last, trace the evolution of procedural institutions. Materials and Research Methods. The sources for research are late medieval Mongolian legal codifications: the Code of Altan Khan, ruler of Tumet in Southern Mongolia (c. 1588), Eighteen Steppe Laws established at conferences of Khalkha rulers between the 1580s and 1620s, ‘Ik Tsaaz’ (‘The Great Code’) issued at the Congress of Oirat and Mongol princes in 1640 with additional edicts of the Zunghar ruler Galdan Boshugtu Khan in the 1670s and, finally, ‘Khalkha Jirum’ (‘The Code of Khalkha’) issued from 1709 to 1770 by conferences of rulers of the Northern Mongolia. To study this documents a number of research methods were used, namely: source study, structure functional analysis, comparative historical research, formal legal approach, historical legal method and comparative legal analysis. Results. The legal procedure developed irregularly during the examined period. The status and credentials of authorities in the field of justice were substantially changed from the 16th throughout the 18th century, and that was connected with political processes in Mongolia. In particular, with centralization of power in the Zunghar Khanate in the 17th century and adaptation of Khalkha rulers to new political realities under the suzerainty of the Qing Empire since the end of the same century. As for other procedural institutions, such as evidences and their search, those remained, in fact, unchanged. That could be explained by that the procedural institutions were closer connected with customary law, and Mongolian rulers did not pay attention to their adaptation to the current situation. Discussion. However, the article is no more than a problem setting, and advanced research should include sources which still are not introduced into the scientific circulation: Code of the League of Kuku-Nor (late 17th century), court practice cases in the ‘Ulaan Hatsart’ (‘Red Notebook’, 19th – early 20th centuries). Besides that, another kinds of sources should be kept in mind, e. g., Manchurian law for Mongols (‘Tsaajin Bichig’ of the 17th century and ‘Lifanyuan Tse-li’ – Code of the Qing Ministry of Foreign Affairs, late 18th – early 19th centuries), Kalmyk legislation of the 18th century, Buryat law of 18th–19th centuries. These sources could help understand which procedural institution in the law of Mongolic peoples were kept unchanged and which ones were results of reception from the Russian or Chinese law.

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Shimizu, Koji, Kozue Tokimasa, Yukiko Takeuchi, Tudevdagva Gereksaikhan, Yuichi Tanabe, Keiichi Omoto, Tadashi Imanishi, Shinji Harihara, Luping Hao, and Feng Jing. "β-Globin Gene Cluster Haplotype Frequencies in Khalkhs and Buryats of Mongolia." Human Biology 78, no. 6 (2006): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hub.2007.0017.

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Batbayar, Tsedenbamba. "Grand Union between Tibet and Mongolia: Unfulfilled Dream of the 13th Dalai Lama." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 17 (August 14, 2013): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i17.83.

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Since the late sixteenth century when Altan Khan of Tumed in Southern Mongolia adopted the Yellow Hat sect of Tibetan Buddhism and supported it as the common faith of the Mongol people, the teaching and discipline of Buddhism greatly influenced the customs, society, and various activities of the nomadic Mongols. The Mongolian version of Tibetan Buddhism was called Lamaism, and the Buddhist monks were known as lamas. The highest ranking lama of Northern or Khalkha Mongolia was the well-known Jebtsundamba Khutagt. His first and second incarnations were born in the house of Tusheet Khan, the most influential one of four Khans of Khalkha Mongolia. They were recognized as spiritual leaders of Mongolia with high prestige in Mongolian politics. Consequently, the Manchu court in Peking became anxious of the prospects of a reunified Mongolia under their leadership. In order to prevent such perspective the Manchu emperor issued the unwritten regulation by which the third and its subsequent incarnations of the Jebtsundamba Khutagt were to be found in Tibet instead of Mongolia.1 The 8th Jebtsundamba Khutagt, who played an important role in the political life of modern Mongolia, was found as a boy in Tibet, and was brought to Mongolia in 1875 as a reincarnation of his predecessor. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i17.83 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, No.17 2012: 75-80

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King, Matthew William. "Binding Buddhas and Demons to Text: The Mongol Invention of the Dorjé Shukden and Trülku Drakpa Gyeltsen Literary Corpus (1913–1919)." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 73, no. 4 (April 26, 2020): 713–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2019-0036.

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AbstractThis article examines previously unstudied historical sources from seventeenth–twentieth century Khalkha, Mongolia concerning the controversial Dorjé Shukden tradition (Tib. Rdo rje shugs ldan; Kh. Mong. Dorjshüg). In the last quarter-century, the current Dalai Lama has imposed a controversial global ban on the practice that has cleaved Tibetan and Mongolian communities from one another, led to much bloodshed, and the splitting of the institutional base of the transnational Géluk (Tib. Dge lugs) tradition. Anti-Shukden polemicists and the small body of contemporary secondary scholarship on the schism attribute the rise of Shukden traditions to a hyper-conservative faction of monks based in Lhasa during the early twentieth century. They are credited with elevating Shukden, a violent regional spirit, to the high position of an enlightened protector of the Dharma. This article troubles that historical position, showing how developed Shukden traditions existed in Khalkha a century before the Lhasa movement. It then advances a new working hypothesis on the origins and enduring appeal of the Shukden tradition, which is that it is a long-running expression of the trans-Asian (and now, transnational) expansion of Géluk scholasticism far beyond the political dominions of the Dalai Lamas over the course of the Qing and Tsarist empires, the rise of nationalist and socialist government in Inner Asia, the exercise of profound socialist state violence, and the experience of global diaspora.

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Rezalou, R., Y. Ayremlou, N. Hariri, and S. F. Eisvand. "The Study of Middle Bronze Age Interments at Khanghah Gilavan: Tentative Results." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 47, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.1.042-053.

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We give a detailed description of burials 14 and 24, typical of the Khanghah Gilavan cemetery, discovered in 2006 near Khalkhal, in the Ardabil Province, northwestern Iran. Parallels to the fi nds are discussed, mostly suggesting the Middle Bronze Age, although similar handmade vessels, hairpins, and daggers had been common in the region since the Early Bronze Age. The most illustrative examples are Nakhchivan-type vessels, the two handles of which are decorated with buttons. The burials indicate cultural changes over the Early and Middle Bronze Ages, despite the continuity of the ceramic manufacturing tradition.

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Rezalou, Reza, and یحیی آیرملو. "The Iron Age I Tombs of the Second Season in Gilavan Khalkhal Cemetery." Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/pjas.1.2.37.

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Batunaev, Eduard V. "Khalkhin-Gol: Military and Political Cooperation of the USSR and the MNR (1939-1945)." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 5, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2019-5-3-173-184.

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Despite the numerous contemporary studies of military-political cooperation between the USSR and Mongolia, a lot of questions remain requiring deeper understanding and analysis. They include issues relating to the geopolitical situation, bilateral Soviet-Mongolian cooperation in the military-political and economic spheres on the eve of the Second World War. The contemporary Russian and Mongolian researchers believe that the events at Khalkhin-Gol marked the beginning of this war. Thus, this article aims to analyze the entire spectrum of the military-political and economic cooperation between the USSR and Mongolia, taking into account both domestic and international factors during the events in Khalkhin-Gol. The methodological basis of this study involves the principles of historicism and objectivism, which allowed to establish an objective geopolitical situation associated with the exacerbation of the situation in the Far East in connection with the aggressive plans of Japan. The latter threatened the national sovereignty and security not only of Mongolia, but also of the USSR first. Under these conditions, the USSR was the only guarantor of the preservation of Mongolian statehood. The main conclusions include the following. One of the decisive armed confrontations on the eve of the Second World War was the events on the Khalkhin-Gol River, during which the combined forces of the USSR and Mongolia managed to win a decisive victory over the Japanese-Manchurian troops. The main task of the USSR was to protect its borders in the Far East, while Mongolia was a reliable ally against the aggressive plans of Japan. The 1936 Protocol of Mutual Assistance between the USSR and the Mongolian People’s Republic is an example of a mutually beneficial union of two states directed against external aggression. The victory at Khalkhin-Gol had not only great importance on changing the balance of power, the conclusion of the Soviet-German Pact of 1939, but it also contributed to the formation of Mongolian statehood, strengthening the Soviet-Mongolian military-political union. According to the results of the Yalta Conference of 1945, the “status quo” of Mongolia was finally defined, which marked the beginning of its independence and international recognition.

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Kuromiya, Hiroaki. "New Questions on the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan)." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs 19 (February 7, 2015): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v19i0.404.

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Sechenov, Igor. "The Unknown Battle of Khalkhyn Gol: the Gunners Feat." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2019.20(1).66-79.

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The article is dedicated to an episode of the Khalkhyn Gol battle that may seem insignificant at first glance. Still this episode reveals some relevant details of those events and namely, the circumstances of the battle against Japanese units in which the armor-piercing cannon crew led by lieutenant commander A. Migutin took part. Such details are normally omitted when studying historical events of different periods to present these events at a large scale. However, in our opinion, such details are relevant for research because they reflect some nonprogrammed aspects of battles against the enemy which eventually led to victory. Soviet and Japanese documents not only help reveal some bare facts, but also emotional perception of the events by the parties. Japanese officers considered the incident significant and recorded it comprehensively in their documents. Besides, Japanese documents contain comparison of Russian soldiers with Japanese ones which is the best praise a Japanese commander can give. Japanese officers were certainly impressed by Soviet gunners’ resilience and by courage of the captured junior officer. At the same time one should pay attention to the fact that the crew led by the commander not only showed extraordinary heroism and courage but also unjustifiable negligence not having taken appropriate measures of surveillance. The combination of the above mentioned facts should be taken into account when reconstructing the Khalkhyn Gol battle.

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Tsybenov, B. D., L. V. Kuras, and E. V. Batunaev. "MODERN MONGOLIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE HOSTILITIES AT KHALKHIN GOL." Bulletin of the Buryat Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 4 (2019): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/2222-9175-2019-36-52-67.

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Ujeed, Sangseraima. "The namthar in Khalkha Dzaya Paṇḍita Lobsang Trinle (1642–1715)'s Clear Mirror." Life Writing 17, no. 2 (May 30, 2019): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14484528.2019.1622387.

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REZAEI‐KAHKHAEI, MEHDI, DARIUSH ESMAEILY, and FERNANDO CORFU. "Petrogenetic modeling of rock variety in the Khalkhab–Neshveh pluton, NW of Saveh, Iran." Island Arc 20, no. 3 (May 24, 2011): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2011.00769.x.

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Jahdi, Roghayeh, Ali Asghar Darvishsefat, and Hossein Badripour. "Wildfire risk and exposure modeling using geographic information system in Khalkhal and Kowsar municipalities." Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazarts 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jsaeh.7.3.79.

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YAMADA Yohei. "“Breaking-verbalization” of Mongolian preverbs: The grammar of hitting and breaking in Khalkha Mongolian." ALTAI HAKPO ll, no. 26 (June 2016): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15816/ask.2016..26.007.

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Machulla, H. "HLA-A, -B, -Cw, -DQB1 and -DRB1 alleles in a Khalkha population from Mongolia." Human Immunology 65, no. 9-10 (September 2004): 1014–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2004.08.084.

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P., Chultemsuren. "Халхын Түмэнхэн хөндлөн цөөхүр ноёны асуудалд (= Об изучении биографии халхаского Тумэнхэн Сайн-нойон-хана)." Desertum Magnum: studia historica Великая степь: исторические исследования, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2712-8431-2020-10-2-65-69.

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The article reveals the Khalkha history of the XVI–XVII centuries, describes the events where one of the prominent state and religious leaders Tumenkhen Sain-noyon (1558–1640) took an active part. It is noted that this was a historic period related to the third wave of the spread of Buddhism among Mongols. This also was the time of significant changes in the political history, economics and religious life of the countries and nations of Central Asia. During this period Tumenkhen Sain-noyon with his elder brother Avatai made great efforts to spread the teaching of Geluk, organize the building of Buddhist temples and translate sacred books.

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Natsagdorj, Tsongol B. "Geleg Noyan Qutuγtu and His Darkhad Subjects from the Khuvsgul-Sayan Region." Inner Asia 16, no. 1 (August 19, 2014): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340002.

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Russian expansion toward southern Siberia in the seventeenth century faced strong resistance by the peoples living in the forest-steppe zone. Turkic- and Mongolic-speaking nomadic people of the Inner Asian steppe zone, who controlled the area before the Muscovites, were not willing to lose their subjects to the Tsar, for economic reasons. Weakened by internecine strife, Khalkha nobilities of Khuvsgul-Sayan region were not strong enough to oppose the Russian state successfully. In this paper I describe the situation of Geleg Noyan Qutuγtu. This belligerent high-ranking lama from the Qotoγoyid noble family was an active player in the local scene of Russian–Mongolian relations.

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Nasiri, Khadijeh, Aziz Kamran, Mozhgan Eskandari, Mohammadtaghi Savadpoor, Irandokht Allahyari, Fatemeh Fathollahi, Farzane Lotfi, and Samirasadat Najibi. "The comparison of nurses and families' viewpoint of family-centered caring in Khalkhal Hospital, 2017." International Archives of Health Sciences 4, no. 3 (2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/iahs.iahs_20_17.

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Zhabaeva, Larisa B. "Халхин-Гол — объединяющий фактор истории России и Монголии." Desertum Magnum: studia historica Великая степь: исторические исследования, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2712-8431-2020-9-1-86-95.

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The goal of the article is to define the development of the RussianMongolian collaboration in such an important sector as military that started in 1930s amidst the complication of the international situation brought about by the open aggression of the military Japan. The study is based on data from collection of documents and the materials of the Russian State Archive of SocialPolitical History. The research showed that the political and military integration was activated as a result of the marked aggravation of the international situation in the Far East at the beginning of the 1930s due to the Japanese aggression in China, the establishment of the marionette state Mandzhou-Go at the borders of Russia and Mongolia and the emergence of the direct threat to Mongolia and the Soviet territories. It was in the Mongolian steppes, in the Khalkhin-Gol battles for freedom of the Mongolian people where the becoming of the general G.K. Zhukov occurred. Under his command there was an effective interaction of Soviet-Mongolian military units that led to gaining a valuable experience in the allied forces combat.

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Grigoriev, O. V. "Armed conflict in the Khalkhin-Gol region: issues of military justice." Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Society. History. Modernity 4, no. 4 (2019): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2542-0488-2019-4-4-24-27.

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45

Dyatlov, Vladimir V. "THE ROLE OF SOVIET ARTILLERY IN THE BATTLES OF KHALKHIN GOL." Scholarly Notes of Komsomolsk-na-Amure State Technical University 2, no. 17 (March 30, 2014): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17084/2014.i-2(17).1.

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Smirnov, Sergey, and Alexey Buyakov. "Mikhail Natarov, the Russian Hero of the Battle of Khalkhyn Gol." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2019.20(1).54-65.

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In May 1939, there was a large-scale military conflict between Japan and the Soviet Union as a result of Japanese provocative acts in the territory of Manchurian-Mongolian border near Nomonhan-Burd-Obo. It took place in the territory of the Mongolian People’s Republic. The Soviet Union won in September of the same year. The article, based on the unique archive documents and emigrants’ publications, presents a biography of a Russian emigrant, a military officer of Manchukuo army M. Natarov who died in the battle of Khalkhyn Gol in July 1939. The authors also analyze the rise of the cult of warriors against the Communist International in the Russian emigrants’ community. M. Natarov’s death was used by the emigrant politicians supported by Japanese authorities to create the cult of heroes killed in the struggle against the Communist International. The aim of the cult was to unite Russian emigrants on the background of anti-Soviet climate. Due to the short period of its existence and tepid response from the emigrants’ community, the cult failed to gain ground in the minds of Russian emigrants in Manchukuo. The article is based on the documents of the Khabarovsk Region State Archive.

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LaCross, Amy. "Khalkha Mongolian speakers' vowel bias: L1 influences on the acquisition of non-adjacent vocalic dependencies." Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 30, no. 9 (May 6, 2014): 1033–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2014.915976.

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piri, Saeid, reza Gholami, Shahrokh piri, Shahram Mehri, and Shahriar Einizadeh. "Analysis of Pomological and Chemical Attributes of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Genotypes Selected from Khalkhal Region." Journal of Crop production and processing 7, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jcpp.7.2.117.

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Golipour, Javad. "A note on noncommutative Einstein–Hilbert action." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 16, no. 11 (November 2019): 1950166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887819501664.

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We show the nonpositivity of the Einstein–Hilbert action for conformal flat Riemannian metrics on noncommutative 4-torus. In addition, we prove that this action vanishes only when the metric is constant flat. This recovers an earlier result of Fathizadeh–Khalkhali in the setting of spectral triples on noncommutative 4-torus. We also give a new proof of their result. Furthermore, computations of the gradient flow and the scalar curvature of noncommutative 4-torus are given.

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L, Tserennadmid, Davaasuren N, Nyamgarav B, Zolzaya M, Otgontuya G, Nyamdavaa G, Tungalag Ch, Erdene-Ochir Ts, and Tumenjargal Sh. "Determination of novel alleles for immune gene in Mongolian sheep." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 28, no. 03 (December 30, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v28i03.1295.

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Antibodies recognize antigens outside of the cell but if an antigen enters the host cell the antibodies are no more effective. T cell responses are the main effector cells for the antigens inside of the host cell. Exon 2 of the ovine DRB1 gene loci (Major Histocompatibility Complex-MHC class II) is recognized by T helper lymphocytes together with antigens. Therefore, many alleles existing for this gene accordingto the GenBank Data and other publications. We determined six novel alleles for ovineDRB1 exon 2 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction endonuclease RsaI digestion in Mongolian sheep breed Bayad and Khalkha. One allele identified in Mongolian sheep Breed Khalkha was identical with known alleles in GenBank. These initial data represent the diversity and exotic feature of the ovine DRB1 exon 2 genes in certain Mongolian sheep breeds and the pioneer study for further research in MHC/T cell responses by infections/vaccinations livestock of Mongolia. Монгол хонинд дархлааны генийн өвөрмөц шинэ аллелийг илрүүлсэн дүнгээс Гадны өвчин үүсгэгч (антиген) эс дотор ороогүй үед эсрэгбием үйлчлэх бөгөөд харин үүсгэгч эс дотор орсон үед Т лимфоцитийн дархлааны хариу урвал үйлчилдэг байна. Хонины ЭТИБийн II ангийн DRB1 генийн уураг кодлогч эксон 2 нь туслагч Т эс антигенийг танихад оролцдог тул олон хувилбар (аллель)-тай болох нь Генбанк болон гадаадын бусад судалгаагаар нотлогдсон байна. Бид зарим нутгийн Монгол хонины захын цусанд (Халх, Баяд) уг генийг ПГУ-аар илрүүлэн, генийн хувилбаруудыг RsaI таслагч энзимээр тогтоож, урьд өмнө Генбанкинд бүртгэгдээгүй өвөрмөц шинэ аллелийг тодорхойлов. Генийн дарааллыг тогтоосон найман дээжнээс Генбанкинд бүртгэлтэй нэг, бүртгэлгүй зургаан аллель илэрсэн нь Монгол хонины дархлааны DRB1 ген нь өвөрмөц бас олон янз (полиморф) байх магадлалтайг харуулав. Энэ нь цаашид Монгол малын ЭТИБ болон халдварын болон вакцины дараах Т эсийн хариу урвалын судалгааны суурь болж байна. Түлхүүр үг: Т эсийн дархлааны хариу урвал, Эдийн Тохирооны Иж Бүрдэл (ЭТИБ), дархлааныDRB1 ген, ПГУ-клонинг, таслагч энзим.

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