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Journal articles on the topic 'Khartoum, Sudan'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Fahal, A. H. "The Khartoum call for action Khartoum, Sudan – 2019." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, no. 4 (March 5, 2021): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab043.

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2

Osman, Majdi. "Hospitals attacked in Khartoum, Sudan." Lancet 393, no. 10172 (February 2019): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30161-8.

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3

Khalil, Siddiq I., Mohammed Ibrahim-Khalil, Mohammed El Hag, Sohaib El Shafie, Fatih Mahgoub, and El Nagi M. Ali. "Coronary events in Khartoum, Sudan." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 49, no. 9 (September 1996): 1013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(96)00116-3.

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4

Onia, Saifaldin Idris, Matebe Tafere Gedifew, and Amare Sahile. "Change Leadership Practices at the University of Khartoum, Sudan." Technium Social Sciences Journal 21 (July 9, 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v21i1.3908.

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This study aimed to examine change leadership practices at the University of Khartoum with a major purpose of enhancing the importance and understanding of change leadership practices at the University of Khartoum. This study tried to capture staff members’ perception of the creating a climate for change, engaging and enabling the whole organization and implementing and sustaining change. In doing so, a survey research design was employed. Data were collected using questionnaire from university's staff members. The result shows high level of change leadership practices in the University of Khartoum with its different dimensions. Consequently, creating a climate for change has practiced in the University of Khartoum. The University of Khartoum has engaged and enabled the whole organization in the change process. The findings indicate that the University of Khartoum has implemented and sustained change process. Besides, no statistically significant difference between the male and female groups in the extent of change leadership practices. Therefore, it was reflected that the university leaders should make a strong case for the necessity of the change prior to implementation. Overall, the vision, strategies and objectives of the University of Khartoum should involve the importance of change. In addition, extra efforts should be made to maintain change leadership culture in the University of Khartoum.

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5

Elrayah, Eglal E., Siham A. Balla, and Haidar Abu Ahmed. "Anthropometric assessment of school children in Khartoum Locality, Khartoum State, Sudan – 2014/2015." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 74, no. 5 (June 1, 2018): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2018/0830.

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6

Ibrahim, Isameldin O., Aamir A. Hamza, and M. E. Ahmed. "Traumatic Splenic Injuries in Khartoum, Sudan." Surgical Science 04, no. 12 (2013): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ss.2013.412102.

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7

Kandela, Peter. "khartoum Heat and dust in Sudan." Lancet 351, no. 9114 (May 1998): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78885-1.

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8

Osman, E. M., O. I. Abboud, and B. G. Danielson. "Chronic Renal Failure in Khartoum, Sudan." Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences 92, no. 1 (January 1987): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03009738709178679.

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9

Haroun, Mahdi, Abdelazim Mohd Altawil, Gammas A.M. Osman, Eiman Elrashid Diab, and Tisser Khalid. "SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION OF KHARTOUM PETROLEUM REFINING WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT- KHARTOUM-SUDAN." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 07 (July 31, 2021): 672–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13169.

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Clearance of sludge has made a major task in latest periods. In the current study sludge from KPRWTP were investigated concerning physicochemical characteristics & disposal options. Organic content of petroleum sludge & clay soil was 0.23 Â±0.09% and 0.186Â±0.1%, respectively. Metals average concentration: Chromium: 130.95Â±27.32 mg/kg Arsenic: 0.899Â±0.434 mg/kg lead: 47.83Â±21.44 mg/kg Cadmium: 18.33Â±9.04 mg/kg Copper: 209Â±31.18 mg/kg Zinc: 631Â±159.57 mg/kg Nickel: 6.6Â±2.44 mg/kg cobalt: 35.54Â±10.08 mg/kg manganese: 35.54Â±10.08 mg/kg: iron: 501Â±5490.04 mg/kg: titanium: 108.3Â±18.33 mg/kg, and zirconium: 2.54Â±0.246 mg/kg respectively. Sludge was made up of particles to some extent of bigger portion compared to soil (sludge: clay and silt 58.9%, sand 41.1% soil: clay and silt 76%, sand 34%). Core constituents of petroleum sludge were Fe2O3 (38.45%), SiO2 (8.55%), CaO (30.35%), MgO (0.85%). According to standards of (NJDEPSCC) As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, & Zn have significantly lower concentration in sludge comparing guideline for residential and nonresidential utilization. On the other hand, FDEPSCTL showed Cu and Zn were only metals in sludge significantly have high concentration regarding guideline for residential applications only. The study confirmed that heavy metals under investigation were significantly lesser than quantities controlled by (TCLP) of (RCRA), with exception for chromium content.

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10

Hughes, Peter. "Psychiatry in Sudan: a personal experience." Psychiatric Bulletin 20, no. 1 (January 1996): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.20.1.46.

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11

Magboul, Reeham, Awatif Khider, Eihab Idris, and Tigani Alam. "Ant diversity at Sunut forest, Khartoum, Sudan." Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2013.13818.

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12

El Tahir, Nada, Andrew Nyblade, Jordi Julià, and Raymond Durrheim. "Crustal structure of the Khartoum Basin, Sudan." Tectonophysics 593 (May 2013): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.032.

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13

Doebbler, Curtis F. "Women and Public Order in Khartoum, Sudan." Criminal Justice Matters 44, no. 1 (June 2001): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09627250108552895.

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14

Rayis, Duria A., Ameer O. Abbaker, Yasir Salih, and Ishag Adam. "Obesity and pregnancy outcome in Khartoum, Sudan." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 113, no. 2 (March 11, 2011): 160–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.12.008.

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15

Awad, Abdelmoneim Ismail, Idris Babiker Eltayeb, and Phillip A. Capps. "Self-medication practices in Khartoum State, Sudan." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 62, no. 4 (March 7, 2006): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-006-0107-1.

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16

Emam, Abda Abdalla, Nagat Ahmed Elmulthum, and Amal Saeed Abass. "Co-integration Test: An Application to Selected Sorghum Markets in Sudan." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 6 (May 6, 2018): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n6p383.

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An attempt was made in the study to understand the nature of the market integration. The study was based mainly on monthly wholesale price of sorghum in four market locations; namely Khartoum, Elobied, Gdarif and Damazin. Sorghum wholesale price series was used for the period from January 2012 to December 2016. Unit root test, Johnson co-integration test and Error Correction model were used to disclose stationary series, the long run relationship and short run relationship between these markets, respectively. The result showed that, long run relationship was indicated between all pairs of markets, except between Khartoum and Elobied market (consumption or deficit market). Long run equilibrium indicated adjustment to surplus markets (Gadarief and Damazin). This result may be interpreted by the fact that these markets are connected by good communication and transportation. From ECM model, Wholesale sorghum prices in all markets (higher price) quickly fall back towards Gadarif market whereas Gadarif adjusts back to Khartoum. Also, higher wholesale prices in Damazin quickly fall back towards all markets. There is short run causality running from: Gadarif and Damazin to Khartoum, Gadarif to Elobied and Khartoum to Damazin market. Long run equilibrium indicated adjustment to surplus markets (Gadarief and Damazin).This result may be reflected to good communication and transportation between the markets.

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17

MO, Mahjoob. "Seroprevalence of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection among HIV Patients in Khartoum State." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 4, no. 2 (2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000145.

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Background: Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the opportunistic infections associated with significantly high morbidity and mortality among patients living with immunodeficiency syndrome. CMV has been reported to enhance HIV replication and accelerate the progre ssion of HIV infection to AIDS. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HCMV among HIV patients in Khartoum State, Sudan, during the period April to July 2018. Methods: The study was carried out in Khartoum State, Sudan. A total of 9 2 HIV sero - positive cases were included. HCMV IgG and IgM antibodies were detected using Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay. Results: Among 92 HIV positive samples, 91 (99%) were found positive for HCMV - IgG while 3 samples (3.2%) were positive for HCMV - I gM. Conclusion: In Sudan, the existence of HCMV in patients with HIV infection was confirmed by using ELISA. These findings indicate that CMV is hyper-endemic in HIV seropositive patients in Khartoum, Sudan.

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18

Carstensen, Nils. "Sudan: Fredsaftale på viagra og petro-yuan." Udenrigs, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/udenrigs.v0i1.119548.

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I Darfur forværres den humanitære situation uden udsigt til en snarlig løsning. I Khartoum overskygger hæmningsløs økonomisk optimisme alverdens kritik og skepsis.

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19

Mustafa, Ahmed Hassan Kamil, and Ahmed Mohammed Sulaiman. "The Epidemiology and Management of Bell’s Palsy in the Sudan." Open Dentistry Journal 12, no. 1 (October 25, 2018): 827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601812010827.

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Background: Bell’s palsy is an acute idiopathic facial nerve paralysis of sudden onset. It is the most common cause of lower motor neuron facial nerve paralysis with an annual incidence of 15-30 per 100,000. The objective of this work is to study the prevalence and the management of Bell’s palsy in the Sudan. A descreptive retrospective cross-sectional study was carried at Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital, Khartoum General Teaching Hospital. In the retrospective, the records and files of 698 patients with Bell’s palsy, were reviewed in relation to age, gender, site, risk factors, season, and type of treatment. In addition, 48 patients with Bell’s palsy were evaluated using the House–Brackman scale in relation to the above-mentioned variables. Therefore, a total number of 746 cases were studied. Fifty five percent of them were females and the remaining 45% were males, around 38% of them were in the age group 21-40 year. Fifty seven percent of the patients were affected on the right side of the face. Winter was the commonest season of onset where 53.5% of the cases occurred. Steroids are the commonly prescribed drugs in majority of the cases, accounting for 47.3%. Study Design: The study is a retrospective cross sectional hospital based study. The study was carried out in Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital and in the Physiotherapy Department of Khartoum Teaching General hospital. The files and records of the patients with Bell’s palsy in Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital in the years 1/1/2004 -31/12/2008, and Khartoum Teaching General Hospital (physiotherapy department) in the years 2007- July 2009 (total number 746). Results: A total number of 746 cases were studied . Fifty five percent of them were females and the remaining 45% were male. Around 38% of them were in the group 21-40 year. Fifty seven percent of the patients were affected on the right side of the face. Winter was the commonest season of the onset where 53.5% of the cases occurred. Conclusion: The study showed predominance of females. A peak incidence was seen in the age group 21-40 years. A predilection was found for the right side of face.

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20

Ali, Asmahan Azhari. "Microbiological Safety of Raw Milk in Khartoum State, Sudan: 2- Khartoum-North City." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9, no. 7 (June 15, 2010): 651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2010.651.653.

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21

Emam, Abda Abdalla, and Wafa Abd-Alrhaim Abu-Algasim. "Marketing Efficiency of Date in Khartoum State, Sudan." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 5 (April 11, 2018): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n5p384.

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The study aimed to measure the marketing efficiency of date at wholesalers in Khartoum State in the year 2013. The study depended mainly on primary data which was collected through questionnaire. About 35 of wholesaler were selected through simple random sampling. Also, secondary data was collected from sources related to topic of the study. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics tool. Also, quantitative analysis techniques were used to calculate net marketing margins and marketing efficiency for wholesalers. The study revealed that 82.9% of wholesalers bought the product from local traders. On the other hand, about 68.6% of wholesalers sold their product to retailers. About 25.30, 33.20, 13.30 and 7.40 SG/Sack represented Gross Marketing Margins for Gondaila, Tomoda, Brakawie and Gawa, respectively. About 25.25, 6.15, -13.75 and -20.65 SG/Sack represented Net Marketing Margins for Gondaila, Tomoda, Brakawie and Gawa, respectively. The Shepherd’s Formula indicated that Gondaila, Tomoda, Brakawie and Gawa got marketing efficiency equal to 17.41, 13.09, 06.06 and 02.45, respectively. The main obstacles that facing wholesalers in marketing of date were follows: transportation cost, taxes, losses and finance. Increasing Net Marketing Margins at wholesaler’s Brakawie and Gawa in Khartoum market through reducing marketing costs (minimize economics and normal risks (balance between supply and demand beside control store pest) transportation and taxes cost items). In this efficiency activity, investment and credit services should be encouraged and provided, respectively.

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22

Mahmoud, RayanKhalid, HassanMohammed Ali, and SalahIbrahim Kheder. "Prescribing rationality in Khartoum state, Sudan: An update." Sudan Medical Monitor 9, no. 2 (2014): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1858-5000.146575.

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23

Kinaro, Joyce, Tag Elsir Mohamed Ali, Rhonda Schlangen, and Jessica Mack. "Unsafe abortion and abortion care in Khartoum, Sudan." Reproductive Health Matters 17, no. 34 (January 2009): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-8080(09)34476-6.

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24

Schwartz, Robert A. "Sudanese Association of Dermatologists Special Meeting, Khartoum, Sudan." Dermatologic Therapy 31, no. 5 (September 2018): e12639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.12639.

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25

Mustafa, Mutasim Abu Bakr, and Stephen D. Mumford. ""Male Attitudes towards Family Planning in Khartoum, Sudan"." Studies in Family Planning 16, no. 2 (March 1985): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1965582.

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26

Elamin, A., M. I. Omer, Y. Hofvander, and T. Tuvemo. "Prevalence of IDDM in Schoolchildren in Khartoum, Sudan." Diabetes Care 12, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 430–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.12.6.430.

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27

El-Tahir, H. M., Eva Selin Lindgren, and F. I. Habbani. "Elemental characterization of airborne particles in Khartoum, Sudan." X-Ray Spectrometry 34, no. 2 (2005): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.770.

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28

KIBREAB, GAIM. "Eritrean Women Refugees in Khartoum, Sudan, 1970–1990." Journal of Refugee Studies 8, no. 1 (1995): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/8.1.1.

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29

Awad, Zuhal Eltayeb. "Evaluating Neighborhoods Developed Open Spaces in Khartoum-Sudan." Civil Engineering and Architecture 6, no. 6 (November 2018): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/cea.2018.060601.

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30

Eltayeb, Mohamed A. H., Pierre J. Van Espen, Jan Cafmeyer, RenéE Van Grieken, and Willy Maenhaut. "Size-differentiated composition of aerosol in Khartoum, Sudan." Science of The Total Environment 120, no. 3 (June 1992): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90062-w.

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31

Eltayeb, Mohamed A. H., Chris F. Xhoffer, Pierre J. Van Espen, RenéE Van Grieken, and Willy Maenhaut. "Sources and composition of aerosol from Khartoum, Sudan." Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere 27, no. 1 (March 1993): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-1272(93)90046-9.

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32

Elzupir, Amin Osman, Amar O. A. Salih, Suliman A. Suliman, Ali A. Adam, and Abdelrahim M. Elhussein. "Aflatoxins in peanut butter in Khartoum State, Sudan." Mycotoxin Research 27, no. 3 (April 20, 2011): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12550-011-0094-7.

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33

Cairncross, Sandy, and Joanne Kinnear. "Elasticity of demand for water in Khartoum, Sudan." Social Science & Medicine 34, no. 2 (January 1992): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(92)90095-8.

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34

Ibrahim, O. M., A. A. Ghoneim, O. A. Halabi, and A. Kamil. "Solar industrial process heat potential in Khartoum, Sudan." Solar & Wind Technology 7, no. 6 (January 1990): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-983x(90)90039-5.

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35

Hummida Ahmed, Yousif, Nasrddin Khalil Sharafeldin, and Eman Norallah Mohamed Taber. "Price Adjustments in the Sudanese Construction Industry for Public-funded projects." FES Journal of Engineering Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 22, 2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fjes.v9i3.691.

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In recent years Sudan suffers from deterioration in the economy. There are three financial legislations issued from the Government of Sudan between Nov 2016 and Oct 2018. These legislations have led to increase in prices of all goods and materials especially construction materials that lead many contracting companies to submit claims demanding for adjustment of prices. This paper documents effort by the Government of Sudan (GoS) to address price adjustments for public-funded projects affected by the mentioned legislations. It also validates some data submitted by the contractors to examine the adjustment through a technical committee established for that purpose. Furthermore, the GoS has introduced a program to build the capacity of all involved parties in the construction industry to calculate price adjustments. This paper compares some data submitted by some contractors for three projects in east Sudan (Qadarif), West Sudan (Zalingei) and central Sudan (Khartoum) that have been approved by consultants with prices of materials obtained from an independent third party the in Khartoum. The results of the comparison are found that some increase in material follows the prices of the (USD) dollar as reinforcement and some local material increase in price due to other reasons like fees of transportation. Also, when comparing prices in different states in Sudan, there are differences in some material depending on the distance from Khartoum and the availability of the materials in the states like local materials as aggregates and red bricks.

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36

Ibrahim, Mohammad Madani. "Meeting our international members: A scientific pathway: from the Sudan to Scotland." Biochemist 29, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio02901038.

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My name is Mohammad Madani Ibrahim. I am a Sudanese citizen living in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. I graduated from the University of Khartoum in 2001 with a BSc (Hons) in zoology. My interest in the biological sciences began early; ever since elementary school, my favourite subject was science. I was particularly interested in biology and chemistry, and was always an active member of the school science society.

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37

Elnour Angara, Tamador-Elkhansaa, and Adil Abdel Rahman Ali Ismail. "Socioeconomic Aspects of Brucellosis in Kuku Dairy Scheme, Khartoum State, Sudan." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 8 (October 1, 2011): 685–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/august2014/203.

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38

Azhari Ali, Asmahan, N. B. Irshad, S. A. Razaz, and A. A. Manahil. "Microbiological Safety of Raw Milk in Khartoum State, Sudan: 1-Khartoum and Omdurman Cities." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9, no. 5 (April 15, 2010): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2010.426.429.

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M. E. Zumrawi, Magdi. "Assessing Causes and Impacts of Traffic Congestion in Khartoum, Sudan." FES Journal of Engineering Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 22, 2021): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fjes.v9i3.703.

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This paper discusses a serious problem of traffic congestion in Khartoum in order to identify its causes and impacts on society and economy. The literature relating to the problem of traffic congestion were intensively reviewed. The research methodology have been adopted includes questionnaire, interviews and site visits. The data collected were statistically analyzed. The results indicated that the traffic congestion contributing to insufficient road capacity, lack of public transport and parking problems. It was found that traffic congestion has adverse effects such as time consuming, decrease in productivity and fuel consumption. Finally, some major measures were provided to reduce traffic congestion in Khartoum by expansion of roads, managing parking and adopting Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system.

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40

Elhassan, Tomader, and Bakhita Braima. "Impact of Khartoum Stock Exchange Market Performance on Economic Growth: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag ARDL Bounds Testing Model." Economies 8, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8040086.

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This study examines the impact of the Khartoum Stock Exchange market performance on economic growth in Sudan from Q1 1995 to Q4 2018. The data were collected from the Central Bank of Sudan (CBS) and Khartoum Stock Exchange (KSE). The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test was applied to estimate the impact of the Khartoum Stock Exchange market performance on economic growth. The results show that the Khartoum Stock Exchange market performance has a limited impact on economic growth. The results of the ARDL test reveal that the speed of adjustment towards long-run equilibrium after a short-term shock, which confirms the stability of Sudanese economic system through stock market performance, equals 24% only. Although market capitalization has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in the long term, the turnover ratio and stocks traded value showed insignificant negative impacts on economic growth. We recommend that suitable investment policies should be developed by policy makers for the Sudanese economy to allow the Khartoum securities market to attract foreign investors and encourage local investors in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the stock market, thus, leading to a boost in securities exchanges as well as economic growth.

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Ahmed, Mohamednour Eltahir, and Ahmed Osman Ibrahim. "The Availability of Quality Health Service Dimensions in Government Hospitals in Sudan (A Case Study of Teaching Hospitals in Sudan)." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 6 (May 18, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n6p62.

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This study aimed to identify the levels of quality of health services in government hospitals in Sudan. It also aimed to examine the availability of the dimensions of health services quality, which included tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, confidence and empathy. It has been conducted in the grand didactic hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan; namely Khartoum, Bahri and Omdurman. The sample of this study included patients and customers who are supposed to benefit from the service under study. The respondents are exposed to a questionnaire of (22) statements to measure the dimensions of the availability of quality in the health service. The findings of the study showed that the patients and customers demonstrated a high level of awareness towards the presence and quality of dimensions of health services provided by government hospitals. It is also revealed that the five health dimensions of quality are not available in government hospitals and their applications are not the concern of the hospital managements.

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42

Ali Alzubair, Mohammed Ahmed Hag. "Geographical and hydrological effects of nubian sandstone formations on ground water in Khartoum State – Sudan." International Journal of Hydrology 4, no. 6 (November 6, 2020): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2020.04.00254.

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The research deals with the geographical and hydrological location of Khartoum state within the scope of the Nubian sandstone extension, and the effects of this on groundwater. To achieve this, 9 samples were analyzed from the wells dug in Omdurman, Khartoum and Bahri to identify the structure and composition of layers and depths of water, in addition to 30 other samples for chemical analysis And the physical of some elements to know the specifications of water and its suitability for human use. The research concluded with a number of results, including that there is a difference in the components of the Nubian sandstone, as its percentage in Omdurman is 67%, the number of layers 10 and Khartoum 71% and the number of layers 16, and in Bahri 82% and the number of layers 21 and thus it is higher than Omdurman and Khartoum. Water levels vary even within the region from one well to another in Omdurman, which is located at depths of 490, 690, and 800 feet, and in Bahri, it is located at depths of 530, 690, and 725 feet, and the hose is located at depths of 340, 505, and 585 feet. Soluble, nitrite and mineral compounds are good according to Global standards for water except for a few of them, with the high level of ammonia in Omdurman and Khartoum higher than 0.1mg/l, which is an indicator of pollution.

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43

Saeed, Mahmoud, Saoud Sultan, and Abdelazim Ali. "The draft Mental Health Act in Sudan." International Psychiatry 11, no. 2 (May 2014): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600004379.

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At a workshop in 2012 in Khartoum, attended by Sudanese psychiatrists based in both the UK and Sudan, as well as psychologists, social workers and lawyers from Sudan and elsewhere, a draft Mental Health Act for Sudan was approved; it is due to be submitted to the Sudanese Parliament. We give a summary of the draft Act and outline some of the areas that need further discussion.

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Sorketti, Ehab Ali. "Sudan's national mental health programme and burden of mental illness." International Psychiatry 6, no. 1 (January 2009): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600000254.

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Sudan occupies 2 500 000 km2 in East Africa. It has borders with nine countries, two of which are Arab: Egypt, Libya, Kenya, Uganda, Congo, Chad, the Central African Republic, Ethiopia and Eritrea. Sudan is the largest country in Africa. The heart of the country, in terms of population, lies at the confluence of the Blue and White Niles. The complex of the ‘three towns', comprising the three largest cities, Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman, is situated there and contains almost 20% of the population. The total population of Sudan is about 35.4 million (projected from the 2005 census). The urban population was estimated at 33% of the total. About 2.2 million are still entirely nomadic. Sudan's peoples are as diverse as its geography. There are 19 major ethnic groups and 597 subgroups.

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Cole, Madeleine. "Heat and dust in South Sudan." CJEM 3, no. 04 (October 2001): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500005856.

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Sudan is the biggest country in Africa and has been in the throes of a devastating civil war for over 30 years. In a great oversimplification, it is a war between the Muslim, Arabic north and the animist and Christian south. Access to resources, such as water and arable land, are also at stake. Specifically, exploitation of oil reserves has added real fuel to the fire, with Khartoum now spending US$1 million a day on the war.

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Mohammed Mukhtar, Ashwag, Tarig Mohamad Hussein, Amin Abbas, Mutaz SalahEldin Abdelaziz, Nasir Alhaboob, Elsagad Eltayeb Gady, and Lamya ElHassan. "Colorectal Lesions among Sudanese Patient Attending for Endoscopy-multi Center Study." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care 6, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcc.2021.6.1.15-18.

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Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most significant causes of cancer death. With records of high incidence and late detection of the disease in Sudan, and it was found to affect younger age groups.Methods: This study aimed to explore the incidence of colorectal lesions in the main endoscopic centers in Khartoum state- Sudan. It was a cross-sectional prospective study; data were collected from patients attending the main endoscopic centers in Sudan- Khartoum state during February 2013 to June 2014 including Khartoum teaching hospital, Neelain medical diagnostic center and Ibn sina hospital. Results: One hundred and six participants were diagnosed endoscopically with colorectal lesions, 44 (41.5%) showed inflammatory mucosa, 40 (37.7 %) showed tumor and 22 (20.7%) had polyps. In the whole group of patients the mean age was 45.7 years, 34.2% of tumor patients were less than 50 years old, 46.8% of the lesions were in the rectum, the highest frequency of tumor patients group were from western tribes, and the lesions were located commonly in the rectum. Conclusion: We concluded that the rectum is the most common site of cancer within the Sudanese population than other parts of the colon with apparently high incidence within young ages.

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Abdelbagi, Azhari Omer, Rihab Eltahir Abdalla Ismail, Abd Elaziz Sulieman Ahmed Ishag, and Ahmed Mohammed Ali Hammad. "Pesticide Residues in Eggplant Fruit from Khartoum State, Sudan." Journal of Health and Pollution 10, no. 25 (March 2020): 200304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.25.200304.

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Background. Eggplant is a popular food item in Sudan, however pesticides are heavily used. Objective. To investigate the presence of pesticide residues in fresh eggplants in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods. Eggplant fruit samples from three different regions in Khartoum State (central vegetable market, east Nile farms, and west Nile farms) were analyzed for residues of commonly used pesticides. Pesticide residues were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and results were expressed in μg/kg fruit. Results. Out of the 11 active ingredients analyzed, residues were identified for four pesticides (imidacloprid, dimethoate, endosulfan (α and β isomers) and 2, 4-D). Levels of omethoate, diazinon, malathion, chlorpyrifos, atrazine, and pendimethalin were below the detection limits. Conclusions. Residues of four insecticides out of the 11 analyzed (imidacloprid, dimethoate, endosulfan (α, β isomers), and 2, 4-D) were detected in the current study. The health implications of these violative levels should be regularly observed along with strict enforcement of laws and regulations coupled with agricultural extension interventions. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Ibrahim, Awad Eljack. "Environmental conditions in displaced communities of Khartoum State, Sudan." African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajest2015.2031.

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Hussein, Ahmed, Yousif Elmansoury, Mohammed Hussien, Mohammed Taha, Hoyam Mahgoub, and Abdelrahim Hussein. "Oxytetracycline residues in Sheep meat in Khartoum State, Sudan." Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 2, no. 3 (2015): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b101.

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Rolandsen, O. H. "Beyond Khartoum: A history of subnational government in Sudan." African Affairs 112, no. 447 (February 5, 2013): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adt016.

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