Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Khasi'

The thesis, as the title suggests, is divided into two parts: a grammar section and a sociolinguistic section. The grammar section comprises chapters II, III and IV and the sociolinguistic section chapters V, VI and VII. Chapter I provides general information on the language and its people, the system of notation used to present the linguistic data, the issues that are raised in the thesis, the methodology employed and the criteria upon which the questionnaire and the fieldwork are based. Chapter VIII, the general conclusion, summarizes the findings of the grammar and sociolinguistic sections. The main issues that are raised in the grammar section are two. The first concerns the syntactic status of a set of clitics which all share the same property of encoding the categories of person, number and gender. In prenominal position acting as 'articles', they convey the gender and number of the noun, and as 'agreement markers' show the agreement of modifiers with the head in the noun phrase. In combination with the verb they either act as agreement markers showing grammatical agreement between the lexical subject NP and the verb or as pronominals, that is to say they are referential pronouns that fulfil argument functions. The other issue that is raised in this section is the functions and distribution of the independent pronouns by comparison with those of the pronominal clitics. Chapter II deals with these issues in the standard dialect, chapter III examines them in the five regional dialects and chapter IV deals with their comparison across the dialects. The two main differences that will be seen between the dialect groups concern: (a) the gender system as encoded in the prenominal clitics, the peripheral and the. transitional dialects having a basic three-gender system whereas the central dialects have a basic two-gender system (innovations on the part of the central dialects in developing a polite or honorific gender for pragmatic purposes and the influence of these dialects on the other groups are also considered); (b) in the central dialects the clitics have a wide range of functions in that they fulfil all argument functions whereas the independent pronouns fulfil purely discourse functions. In the peripheral dialects on the other hand, the clitics have a very restricted range of functions that of a subject in continued discourse and of possessor in a construction without preposition. This chapter also studies the forms of the pronouns, the clitics being shown to be clearly cognate across the dialects and the independent pronouns to have developed from the clitics independently in the individual dialects. The sociolinguistic section deals with the informants' reported use of the second person pronouns and third person constructions in addressing, and of the different articles with appropriate nominals in referring to, kin and non-kin members of the community. Chapter V presents some theoretical considerations regarding the Address variable and the Reference variable as part of the pronominal strategies adopted in various languages. The variants of the Address and the Reference variables that are reportedly used by speakers in the Khasi dialects selected for analysis are also dealt with here. Chapter VI presents an analysis of the informants' reponses to a questionnaire regarding their use of the variants of the Address and the Reference variables. Chapter VII compares the informants' reported use of Address and of Reference across the dialects. This chapter also looks at the diachronic development of the second person 'polite' pronoun which has led to changes in the pronominal paradigm in the central dialects. It also examines the development of the honorific article as part of the variants of Reference. Here too the claim is that the central dialects are responsible for the innovations that have taken place in the way the second person pronouns and the honorific article are used.

The thesis intends to describe the life and work of Khabi Mngoma, protagonist of black music education in South Africa (latter half of the twentieth century), with reference to historical, socio-political, anthropological, educational and musicological aspects. His musical development from a mere participator in musical activities of his environment to a dominantly influential initiator of cultural and musical activities and education programmes on a national scale, is investigated. The study is presented in thirteen chapters: the first three chapters explore the musical influences of Khabi Mngoma's childhood (in the township-, school-and rural environment respectively), and the musical influences of his early adulthood. Particular, reference is made to his first academic musical studies in Western classical music, and the arousing of his interest in the academic study and performance of African music. The following nine chapters describe Khabi Mngoma's cultural and music educational activities (1948 - 1990) and explore the growing recognition of him as a cultural and music educational leader in South Africa. This period of Khabi Mngoma's life and work is divided into five periods: his work in Orlando, Soweto and Johannesburg during the years of his association with the Orlando High School (1948 - 1952; the first period); the second period refers to Khabi Mngoma's Social and Cultural work for the National War Memorial Health Foundation (1953 - 1957); the third, fourth and fifth periods relate to Khabi Mngoma's cultural and educational activities associated with the periods of employment by the Johannesburg City Council (1957 - 1964; third period), Dorkay House (Union Artists) and Reckitt & Colman (1965 - 1975: simultaneous employment; fourth - period), and finally the University of Zululand (1975 - 1987; the fifth period). The fifth period continues into the years following his retirement in 1987, with his influence on a national scale continuing to be established through various significant involvements, discussed in this study. The decision to arrange Khabi Mngoma' s adult life and career into five periods needs explaining. I am aware that human endeavor can never be neatly compartmentalized, because so many aspects of such endeavour overlap. This format is not intended to imply a rigid delineation; it is derived from the chronological arrangement of my material, and is intended to guide the reader through this study.

This study sought to understand the archaeology of the Zimbabwe Culture capital of Khami through synchronic and diachronic analyses of its material culture. The research employed a number of methodological approaches that included a review of historic documents, surveying and mapping, excavations, museum collection analysis, and artefact studies, in order to collect datasets from various sections of the site, including the walled and the nonwalled areas. The main indication is that there is a great deal of similarity in material culture distribution across the whole site. An analysis of objects by stratigraphic sequence exposes continuity and change in local and imported objects. Dry stone-wall architectural data suggests that the site was constructed over a long period, with construction motivated by a number of expansionary factors. The study confirms that Khami began as a fully developed cultural unit, with no developmental trajectory recorded at Mapungubwe or Great Zimbabwe, where earlier ceramic units influenced later ones. Consequently, this study cautiously suggests that Khami represents a continuity with the Woolandale chiefdoms that settled in the south-western parts of the country and in the adjacent areas of Botswana. On the basis of the chronological and material culture evidence, Khami is unlikely to have emerged out of Great Zimbabwe. However, more research is needed to confirm these emergent conclusions, and to better understand the chronological and spatial relationships between not just Woolandale and Khami sites but also Khami and the multiple Khami-type sites scattered across southern Zambezia.

This research explores cultural aspects of Thai Small and Medium-sized Hotels (SMHs) as they navigate their way through environmental management problems. In addition to the context of business motivation, which sets the groundwork for the cultural attitudes findings, the study also examines how government officials’ actions on environmental policy in relation to SMHs are affected by their cultural attitude. An interpretive paradigm employing qualitative method (semi-structured interviews and observation) was conducted. Key informants are from 27 SMHs and seven related government officials from six districts in Nong Khai city. This study was piloted during June and July 2013 and the second main study during February and May 2014. Additional revisits and interviewing were conducted during May 2015. This study reveals that relationships dominate SMH owners’ motivation, and that they are motivated by family lifestyle, social position and business opportunity. Environmental implementation in SMHs is also mainly influenced by culture. A complex socio-cultural system, e.g. seniority and hierarchical, power-based notions and patron–client relationship, has led to the Thai style of enforcing legislative action in the government sector.

This thesis explores the social lives of elite Pukhtun women or Bibiane in northern Pakistan, with an ethnographic focus on the enactment of particular life-cycle or gham-khadi ceremonies (funerals and weddings). The widely used Pukhto term ghamkhadiboth refers to specific segregated gatherings and designates the emotions of sorrow (gham) and joy (khada) which they elicit. In the local understanding, gham-khadi comprises a system of life, in which happiness and sadness are understood as indissoluble, and are celebrated communally within networks of reciprocal social obligations. Bibiane's social role entails preparation for and attendance at gham-khadi, according to a stylized set of performances thought integral to Pukhtun identity or Pukhtunwali (ideal Pukhtun practices). In this sense, the 'women's work' of gham-khadi links with another indigenous term, zeest-rozgar, which I translate as the 'work of existence', and through which Bibiane maintain the fabric of life by sustaining social inter- and intra-family relationships. Ethnographic fieldwork, conducted in Islamabad and the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP or 'Frontier') regions of Swat and Mardan between 1996-1998 and 1999-2001, suggests the extent to which Bibiane's sense of their gham-khadi obligations underpins their understanding of their personhood. In the process, the thesis unfolds a Pukhtun construction of work divergent from professionalism or physical labour, in which work produces not things, but social relations and transactions. This thesis, therefore, seeks to contribute to anthropological debate on a number of issues. First, it seeks to establish the distinctive sociality of Pukhtun Bibiane in terms of their participation, within and beyond the household, in gham-khadi festivities, joining them with hundreds of individuals from different families and social backgrounds. Second, the thesis makes a case for documenting the lives of a grouping of elite South Asian women, contesting their conventional representation as 'idle' by illustrating their commitment to various forms of work within familial and social contexts. Third, it describes the segregated zones of gham-khadi as a space of female agency. Reconstructing the terms of this agency helps us to revise previous anthropological accounts of Pukhtun society, which project Pukhlunwali in predominantly masculine terms, while depicting gham-khadi as an entirely feminine category. Bibiane's gham-khadi performances allow a reflection upon Pukhtunwali and wider Pukhtun society as currently undergoing transformation. Fourth, as a contribution to Frontier ethnography, the thesis lays especial emphasis on gham-khadi as a transregional phenomenon, given the relocation of most Pukhtun families to the cosmopolitan capital Islamabad. Since gham-khadi is held at families' ancestral homes (kille-koroona), new variations and interpretations of conventional practices penetrate to the village context of Swat and Mardan. Ceremonies are especially subject to negotiation as relatively young convent-educated married Bibiane take issue with their 'customs' (rewaj) from a scriptural Islamic perspective. More broadly, the dissertation contributes to various anthropological topics, notably the nature and expression of elite cultures and issues of sociality, funerals and marriage, custom and religion, space and gender, morality and reason, and social role and personhood within the contexts of Middle-Eastern and South Asian Islam.

Thesis (Ph.D) -- Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 1989.
Typescript (photocopy). Vita. Bibliography: leaves 545-564. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

The application of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to desert sand dunes has allowed accumulation histories to be used as tools to infer past environmental change. In response to issues facing the interpretation of these records, two research questions are addressed in this thesis. (i) Are dune chronologies representative of dune stratigraphies? And (ii) how can we most appropriately interpret dune chronologies as records of Quaternary environmental conditions? Five dune profiles were sampled for OSL dating at two sites in the northeastern Rub’ al Khali in the southern Arabian Peninsula. The visible stratigraphy was used to guide sampling for three of the profiles and the effectiveness of this approach is assessed. A key finding is that bounding surfaces are not always identifiable as chronological hiatuses by OSL dating, given the level of precision that can be achieved. Using hierarchical relationships visible in two-dimensional exposures is therefore not guaranteed to identify the depositional units necessary to reconstruct dune histories. Comparison of the depositional records from three sampled profiles shows that there is significant variability in chronologies at both the dune and dunefield scales. In light of these findings, the use of ‘range-finder’ OSL dating was investigated as a method of increasing sample throughput in the laboratory. It is concluded that the use of partially prepared samples and shortened measurement techniques can be used to rapidly assess the chronological context of samples and target those units most useful in constructing dune profiles. A new method of presenting dunefield OSL datasets as net accumulation rates, incorporating accumulation thickness rather than relying on the frequency of ages, is presented. Within the last 30 ka, regional accumulation and preservation occurred at ~30-26, 22.5-18, 16-9, 6-2.7, 2.1-1.6, 1.1 and 0.7 ka. In conjunction with numerical model results and a review of other palaeoenvironmental archives, the regional aeolian record is interpreted as a response to changing forcing factors. High rates of net accumulation between ~16-9 ka are attributed to coeval increases in sediment supply and transport capacity. A hiatus in accumulation between ~9-6 ka is interpreted as a result of reduced sediment availability due to high moisture levels. The importance of both external forcing factors and local controls on dune accumulation processes is recognised, and therefore the importance of sampling at multiple locations to distinguish these factors is emphasised.

This thesis is concerned with the former disputes between Saudi Arabia and Yemen over title to the territories of ‘Asir, Jizan, Najran and the Rub’ Al-Khali Desert frontier. Although the disputes were settled by the 2000 Treaty of Jeddah, it was possible right until the conclusion of that agreement that one of the disputing states could have submitted the disputes to arbitration, in which case the legal claims made by each state would have been highly significant. The first phase of the analysis is to identify the nature of claims: were they title or boundary claims or a combination of the two? The analysis shows that the two states asserted claims of both a title and a boundary nature, although the focus of this thesis is primarily on the title claims. The second legal phase of the analysis will concentrate on claims related to the two treaties that were pertinent to the disputes: the 1914 Anglo-Turkish Convention and the 1934 Treaty of Taif. The first treaty arguably delimited a boundary line, the ‘Violet Line’, located in the Rub’ Al-Khali Desert. However, this purported delimitation was the subject of a series of claims and counter-claims between Saudi Arabia and Britain from 1934, until southern Yemen’s independence in 1967, which put into doubt the continuing validity of the delimitation. The second relevant treaty was the 1934 Treaty of Taif, concluded by Saudi Arabia and northern Yemen following a short war, the two states having failed to settle title claims to ‘Asir, Jizan and Najran through negotiations. Under the 1934 Treaty, Yemen renounced former title claims to these provinces. She also agreed with Saudi Arabia on a boundary line. However, from the mid-late 1970s, Yemen resumed its former title claims on various grounds, including the invalidity or termination of the 1934 Treaty. The third phase of the analysis considers various arguments based on title acquisition/loss modes recognised by international law, such as cession, conquest, and prescription. Finally, the settlement in the 2000 Treaty of Jeddah is examined.

The rapid emergence of broadband, or always-on Internet, during the course of the last decade, has increased the importance of the so- called information society in urban and industrialized societies world- wide. Liberalized information and communications technology (ICT) market forces worldwide have however failed to supply these services to rural and low-income regions resulting in the so-called digital divide. One financial tool, adopted by many developing nations to drive broadband investments in underserved areas, is the universal service fund (USF), a public fund mainly levying its resources from ICT market players. USFs have previously been used to fund telecom networks but with the growing importance of broadband, structural and regulatory discrepancies are preventing USFs from adequately supporting broadband investments. Currently, little up-to-date academic theory exists within this field; thus, this thesis serves to outline principles that policy-makers and regulators need to consider when designing or reforming universal service fund mechanisms. The research is based on a series of qualitative country case studies investigating policy, procedural, and executional aspects related to USFs and rural broadband. Publicly available material has been complemented with interviews of stakeholders from various levels to establish a holistic empirical base upon which conclusions have been drawn. The conclusions outline principles governing public involvement in USFs, roles played by various stakeholders in the broadband ecosystem, and strategies for rural broadband network deployment.
Framfarten av bredband under det senaste årtiondet har ökat vikten av det så kallade informationssamhället i de industrialiserade och urbaniserade samhällen. Marknadskrafterna inom den liberaliserade informations- och kommunikationsindustrin har dock misslyckats med att göra dess tjänster tillgängliga till glesbefolkade och låginkomstregioner, vilket har lett till en digital klyfta. Ett finansiellt hjälpmedel som många utvecklingsländer har anammat för att påskynda bredbandsinvesteringar i regioner med få bredbandsuppkopplingar är fonder för samhällsomfattande tjänster (USF), som är en offentlig fond vilken får den största delen av sitt kapital genom en pålaga på intäkterna från aktörer inom informations- och kommunikationsindustrin. USF:er har tidigare använts för att finansiera telekomnätverk, men i takt med att bredbandets ökande genomslag i samhället har strukturella och regleringsmässiga problem med USF:erna uppdagats vilka hindrar dem från att effektivt stödja bredbandsinvesteringar. För närvarande finns lite akademisk teori på området, och sålunda syftar denna uppsatts till att tillhandahålla principer vilka beslutsfattare och regulatorer bör efterfölja vid utformning eller reformering av mekanismer för samhällsomfattande tjänster för bredband. Arbetet baseras på en serie kvalitativa fallstudier av länder med policy, procedurella och verkställande aspekter kopplade till USF:er i områden med få bredbandsuppkopplingar i fokus. Material tillgängligt för allmänheten har kompletterats med intervjuer av intressenter från olika organisations- och samhällsnivåer för att skapa en heltäckande empiri på området från vilka slutsatser har dragits. Slutsatserna innehåller principer som rör offentlig inblandning i USF:er, roller för samhällets olika intressenter i ett ekosystem för bredband, samt strategier för utbyggnad av bredbandsnätverk i glesbefolkade områden.

The north eastern region in India represents a legacy of uneven imperial state formation inherited by the Indian nation state. My doctoral dissertation examines British imperialism in the nineteenth century, as it operated in “non-British” spaces of the north east frontier of colonial India. I focus on the historical production and cooption of the Khasi and Jaintiah hills, into a frontier space of the British Empire. I analyse the interconnections between physical transformations, colonial structures of law, and colonial knowledge that produced inhabitants of the autonomous polities, north east of Bengal into “hill tribals”. Law provided a foundational framework through which colonial commercial and military advancement into non-British territories such as the Khasi hills was achieved. The most profound implication of colonial processes was on ruler-subject relations, which accompanied the reconstitution of space and inhabitants’ conceptions of self. The dissertation traces both spatial and imaginative transformations that stripped the groups occupying the Khasi and Jaintiah hills of a political identity. The Khasi tribal subject’s relationship to the governing structures was navigated, and negotiated using a reconstituted notion of custom. This project is more than a history of tribal minorities in India. It addresses the crisis of colonial sovereignty in colonial frontiers, and the nature of imperialism in non-British territories. The dissertation also addresses how the hills and its peoples have long resisted incorporation and integration into totalizing histories of colonial modernity, capitalism and nationalism. Social identities of the diverse communities in the north east of India are articulated through, what I have called narratives of continuity that are both constitutive of and framed against colonial knowledge systems. Critical of the “naturalisation of the association between history and western modernity” and the consequent binaries of past and present, this dissertation analyses indigenous narratives, and the articulation of distinct pasts often inhered in the present.
Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-02 21:24:20.595

This dissertation examines the dynamics of the oral communication which takes place in the Easter Vigil at St. Augustine's Anglican Church, Thaba 'Nchu. The study uses an analytical framework drawn from Orality Theory and Speech Act Theory, to analyse oral communication in the preaching and singing of the Vigil. Through an approach of Participant Observation, details were obtained of the Easter Vigils of 1994, 1995 and 1996. The historical and cultural background of this All-Night Vigil is traced in European Church History and African Traditional Religion. The roles of the Mothers' Union, the St. Agnes Guild and the Guild of Bernard Mizeki are also highlighted.
Missiology
M.Th (Missiology)

碩士
國立成功大學
台灣文學系碩博士班
100
Wang, Khai-Yun(1889-1969) was a major gentry, intellectual and literatus in Tainan City in modern Taiwan history. His life went through three periods: Ching Dynasty, Japanese Colonial Period and Postwar; His footsteps can be found in Taiwan, Japan, China, Manchukou and Korea. Of these areas, Tainan city is especially related to him. Wang played such an important role in Taiwan literature and history that he cannot be ignored. He served as president of “Tainan Commerce Association” and began to be became a rising star since 1920s. Under Wang’s lead, he made Tainan Commerce Association operate well and became the communication bridge between officials and civilians in the Japanese Colonial Period; on the other hand, Wang was a major figure in the local area. He began to undertake commercial affairs and dabbled in several fields such as clan association, politics, national movement, culture and social work. Wang was recommended as the general manager of “Qiong-Yiai Bank” in Hainan in 1944. He devoted himself to help the Taiwanese in Hainan to go back to Taiwan in postwar years. When KMT government used armed force to quelled “Feb. 28 Incident” in 1947, Wang was arrested by the government as one of the disorder sources because of his active performances in the past Despite of this event, he chose to cast aside all the frustration and joined “Taiwan Society for the Study of Local Self-Governmence” to make efforts for the foundation of the autonomy project in postwar period. Wang also won the 1st election of the “Taiwan Provincial Interim Assembly” and supervised the operation of the autonomy. His interrogations were very poignant. In mid 1950s, Wang focused in financial circle and reduced activities in other fields gradually. Although Wang’s acquirements originated from family and normal education and his main career was businessman, he almost stood firm in this society with the status of “generalist”; he showed the statecraft aspiration of an intellectual and social function of the gentry. However, due to the desolation of inquiry by people and the lost data of Wang, Khai-Yun, people only know he was an important person, but they do not understand why he was important or what fields he was good at. People may know Wang was the member of the 3-6-9 Tabloid (a classic Chinese literary magazine) in the past, but they may not understand the true status of literary works and activities of Wang. People did not know about Wang’s overall works until Wang, Khai-Yun’s corpus was published; still, there is room for improvement. On the other hand, the life about Wang is still sketchy; some of his data is incorrect. Thus there is necessity for researching Wang’s life from beginning to end in order to understand the corresponding status of Wang under altering situations. “Social activities” and “literary works” are the main breakthrough points of this thesis. This thesis is a “study of personages”. Newspapers, magazines, documents, records, personal diaries and work collections are read and collected extensively. With interview and field investigation, I expect the materials of Wang’s life and experiences to be to be more complete There are eight chapters in the main text; except 1st introduction and 8th conclusion, chapter two is the research of Wang’s life, the early development course of Wang clan in Taiwan, Wang and his father’s life and Wang’s education and careers. Chapter three, four and five are his social activities during postwar and prewar years and the supplements to the issues of Taiwan literature and history which are rarely touched in research. Chapter six and seven are Wang’s works, the situation in literature activities, accomplishment, outlook on literature, interactions with literatus and content in the works of Wang. Besides, there are appendices such as Wang’s chronology, the photo album about him, the interview with later generations of Wang, the works renew, the book list, interpellation record of “Taiwan Provincial Interim Assembly”, and the results of revise of Wang, Khai-Yun’s corpus in the thesis. The appendices are the writing bases of this thesis, and considerably corrected the errors of related data. A more specific image of Wang, Khai-Yun will be displayed with the appendices and the statement of the main text.

博士
國立中正大學
犯罪防治研究所
103
Bryant（1979） through his book: Khaki-Collar Crime: Deviant Behavior in the Military Context officially published Khaki-Collar Crime term. The paper referred to Khaki-Collar Crime, that synonymous with military crimes. This article in corruption crime of khaki collar crime , for example, according to the judgment of architecture, divided into demographic, behavioral characteristics and litigation, and by characteristics of the change in this three-part entry to the Cluster analysis will feature white-collar mathematical return class methods, divided into four types, namely: 1. respect , 2. trust, 3. power and 4. duty, so as to explain features of the khaki collar white-collar crime trends. Also, verify that the core features of khaki collar crime through the qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews. The results distinguish two parts found that： First, the quantitative research found that: Through the verdict quantify the empirical analysis, the study found, demographic characteristics, behavioral characteristics, litigation characteristics of corruption crimes have phenomenal connection. Population through a combination of variables, behavior and characteristics of the sub-litigation can analyze high-risk elements of corruption crimes in the future and then implement prevention. The other demographic characteristics, behavioral characteristics and litigation characteristics via cluster analysis can be categorized as: respect, trust, power and duties. Demographic, behavioral and features of the litigation respect, trust, power and duties connected with a phenomenal, white-collar crime and corruption characterized by different demographic characteristics, behavioral characteristics, there are significant differences litigation feature. In addition, corruption and crime by demographic characteristics, behavioral traits and characteristics plus litigation respect, trust, power and duties, highlighting the final mix changes khaki collar crime is a core feature. Second, the quality of the supplement was found: Interviews six senior Advocate Judge. This section confirms the khaki collar white collar features - respect, duty, power and influence of trust collar crime on khaki. Research findings indicate that, "respect", "trust", "power" and "duties" as a major white-collar features of khaki collar crime . Respect, trust, power and duties of the crime of corruption connected with a significant nature. This part can be summed khaki collar crime is a core feature of "duty", it can be said to be representative of white-collar Characteristics of khaki collar crime. In addition, the "duties" variables but also for the general characteristics of white-collar crime does not have a project. Finally, specific proposals through the three points, "law enforcement", "education" and "prevention", actively shaping a line with the needs of society and the military to protect human rights of the warm environment.

碩士
國立中山大學
中山學術研究所
90
Abstract of Thesis The title of this thesis is A comparative study of the one – china policy during the eras of Chiang Khai-Shek and Chiang Ching-Kuo. According to the relationship of the China Government and Taiwan, the cooperation on economic issue but the conflict in political ones, and the most controversial issue now is “ One-China ” policy. Both sides of Taiwan Strait, the Authorities have the different explanations of it because the different of the histories and backgrounds between Taiwan and China since Ming and Ching dynasties. On this thesis, it discuss the policies of Chiang Khai-Shek and Chiang Ching-Kuo ‘s eras to handle this problem especially the international relationship of Taiwan and China during that times. After World War Ⅱ, America becomes a big country to be a turn point of the relationship between Taiwan and China, that ‘s what this thesis is written and discussion. According to the different background and histories, it do a comparative study of the policies between Chiang Khai-Shek and Chiang Ching-Kuo in final chapter.

Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Geologia, Processos Geológicos, orientada pelo Professor Doutor Luís Vítor da Fonseca Pinto Duarte, Professora Doutora Ana Cristina Costa Neves dos Santos Azerêdo e Professor Doutor Jorge Salgado Gomes e apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Terra da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
Carbonate successions are known to show great heterogeneity in facies and rock properties. In subsurface cases, where data is limited to well locations and the complexity in petroleum reservoir modelling and management is relatively high, multi-scale integrated studies addressing the geological controls on rock property variability are indispensable and greatly beneficial. The analysis of outcrop case studies offers valuable insights into depositional controls on facies variability and, potentially, reservoir properties heterogeneity. In this context, three case studies are addressed in this work, two including outcrops from the Lusitanian Basin (LB), Portugal and one focusing on subsurface data from the Rub Al Khali Basin, U.A.E.: the Toarcian-Aalenian(?) carbonate-siliciclastic mixed succession of the CC5 Member of the upper Cabo Carvoeiro Formation (CC Fm.) in Peniche (western LB); the Bathonian-Callovian Santo António-Candeeiros Formation in the Maciço Calcário Estremenho (MCE) region (central LB), Portugal; and the Barremian Upper Kharaib Member (UKM) in the Abu Dhabi subsurface (U.A.E.). In general terms, the present study aims to offer further insight into the controls on facies and petrophysical properties heterogeneity, as well as the variability in depositional geometries. To achieve these objectives, multi-scale outcrop analysis was carried out, as well as semi-quantitative petrography and digital image analysis (DIA), including machine learning methods for pore type quantification in the subsurface case. A total of 312 thin sections were analysed from the Peniche outcrops, 2 offshore wells near Peniche and 4 onshore wells in Abu Dhabi. The topmost interval of the CC Fm. cropping out exclusively in Peniche, is characterized by a 160 m succession of oolitic-intraclastic grainstones with quartz, contrasting with the hemipelagic sediments of the coeval S. Gião Fm. in the LB onshore. A detailed facies classification scheme proved indispensable to reveal the subtle facies heterogeneity and cyclicity, allowing for 3 new sub-divisions to be proposed for the CC5 Member. Two nearby offshore wells were analysed (40-45 km to the south and 15-20 km to the north) to address the regional extension of this grainstone interval, interpreted in this study to have been deposited in infralittoral prograding wedges, which have very little expression at the well locations. Lateral facies variations through pinching-out, interfingering or gradation represent potential stratigraphic traps for hydrocarbons accumulations, considering the presence of Sinemurian-Pliensbachian mature source rocks and of potential seals. This Peniche succession might potentially be replicated in analogous settings in the Lusitanian and Peniche basins, offering opportunities for hydrocarbon exploration in the region. The Santo António-Candeeiros Fm. was analysed along freshly-cut quarry fronts at the MCE, allowing for the analysis of depositional features and geometries at levels of detail which are not possible in weathered outcrops. At Codaçal, the exposed Codaçal Member succession evolves from a basal interval characterized by tabular and large-scale wedge-like geometries with cross-bedding, through a section containing oo-bioclastic lenticular bodies, and into a top interval with isolated coral-rich biostrome mounds, laterally transitioning into decimetric grainstone-rudstones layers over short distances. Moderate to strong continuity of depositional packages is observed over large distances for the Codaçal and Pé da Pedreira members, but stronger lateral variability occurs at smaller centimetre/metre scale, especially observed in the Codaçal Member. The continuity of large-scale geobodies at greater observation scales and the strong small-scale variability provides further insight into the depositional controls on facies heterogeneity in this case and in the Abu Dhabi subsurface case, as there is moderate similarity between both cases. The UKM shows well-known vertical heterogeneity in facies and permeability, in contrast to total porosity, which show little variability. However, the controls on small-scale facies and petrographic heterogeneity are not fully understood. In the studied wells, small-scale, discontinuity-bounded fining-upwards intervals occur in the upper half of the UKM, to some extent controlling pore type distribution. These rhythmic intervals vary from well to well, indicating complex depositional geometry patterns and limited lateral extension of geobodies. The porous network is characterized by a dual-porosity system containing micro and macro-pores, where microporosity is the dominant fraction by volume. Such heterogeneity will have a strong impact on reservoir performance. Petrographic analysis and the quantification of pore types through DIA revealed that high permeability intervals correspond to well-sorted grainstones with higher interparticle macroporosity and very low to no interparticle cementation in the studied wells. The acquired observations and interpretations show the importance of performing an integrated semi-quantitative analysis, with attention given to small-scale variability in facies and geometries, as they provide valuable information to better understand the controls on carbonate heterogeneity. An improved understanding of these control factors will allow for the creation of more reliable reservoir models based on sound geological concepts.
RESUMO: As rochas carbonatadas são conhecidas pela forte heterogeneidade nos seus parâmetros petrográficos e petrofísicos. Em casos de subsuperfície, onde os dados são limitados a sondagens e onde existe uma grande complexidade no que respeita a modelação e gestão dos reservatórios, estudos multi-escala integrados incidindo sobre os controlos geológicos na variabilidade das propriedades da rocha são indispensáveis. Os casos de estudo em afloramentos oferecem informação importante no que respeita aos controlos deposicionais na variação de fácies e, potencialmente, das propriedades de reservatório. Neste sentido, três casos foram analisados neste projeto, dois incluindo afloramentos da Bacia Lusitânica (BL), Portugal, e um na subsuperfície da Bacia de Rub Al Khali, E.A.U.: a sucessão carbonatadasiliciclástica do Membro CC5 da Formação de Cabo Carvoeiro do Toarciano-Aaleniano(?) em Peniche (BL ocidental); a Formação de Santo António-Candeeiros do Batoniano-Caloviano na região do Maciço Calcário Estremenho (MCE) (BL central), Portugal; e o Membro Upper Kharaib (UKM) do Barremiano na subsuperfície de Abu Dhabi (E.A.U.). Em termos gerais, este estudo tem como objetivo principal oferecer um melhor entendimento dos controlos na heterogeneidade de fácies e de propriedades petrofísicas, assim como da variação de geometrias deposicionais. Para atingir estes objetivos, foram efetuadas uma análise multi-escala de afloramentos e uma análise petrográfica semi-quantitativa, incluindo análise digital de imagem (DIA) utilizando machine learning para a quantificação de tipos de porosidade no caso de Abu Dhabi. Foram analisadas 312 laminas delgadas dos afloramentos de Peniche, 2 sondagens no offshore próximas de Peniche e 4 sondagens no onshore de Abu Dhabi. A Formação de Cabo Carvoeiro observa-se exclusivamente em Peniche. O intervalo do topo caracteriza-se por uma sucessão de 160 m composta por grainstones oolíticos-intraclásticos com grãos de quartzo, em contraste com a sucessão de sedimentos hemipelágicos da Formação de São Gião na generalidade do onshore da BL. Um esquema de classificação de fácies detalhado mostrou-se indispensável ao revelar variações subtis e ciclicidade de fácies, permitindo a proposta de três novas subdivisões do Membro CC5. Duas sondagens no offshore foram analisadas (40-45 Km a sul e 15-20 Km a norte de Peniche) de modo a verificar a extensão regional das fácies grainstone observadas em Peniche. Esta sucessão foi interpretada neste estudo de acordo com um modelo de infralittoral prograding wedges e as fácies observadas não têm expressão significativa nas duas sondagens analisadas. As variações laterais de fácies através de biselamento, interdigitação ou gradação representam potenciais armadilhas estratigráficas que poderão promover a acumulação de hidrocarbonetos, considerando que existem rochas potencialmente geradoras do Sinemuriano-Pliensbaquiano que terão gerado estes fluidos e unidades com potencial selante na região. Sucessões estratigráficas semelhantes à de Peniche poderão ocorrer em contextos análogos, nas bacias Lusitânica e de Peniche, oferecendo oportunidades na exploração de hidrocarbonetos na região. A Formação de Santo António-Candeeiros foi analisada ao longo de frentes recentes em pedreiras na região do MCE, permitindo a observação e interpretação de características e geometrias deposicionais a um nível de detalhe que não é possível em afloramentos deteriorados. No Codaçal, a sucessão aflorante do Membro do Codaçal evolui de um intervalo basal caracterizado por geometrias tabulares e em cunha a grande escala com estratificação cruzada, para um intervalo de corpos lenticulares oo-bioclásticos e, para o topo, biostromas isolados ricos em corais, que passam lateralmente a intercalações decimétricas de grainstones e rudstones. A grande escala, observa-se a continuidade lateral de pacotes deposicionais nos membros de Codaçal e Pé da Pedreira. No entanto, a pequena escala, verifica-se uma variabilidade forte de fácies e geometrias deposicionais. Esta forte continuidade de corpos a grande escala e a variabilidade a pequena escala observadas em afloramentos oferecem informação importante na interpretação do caso de estudo de Abu Dhabi, visto existir alguma semelhança entre estes dois casos. No UKM, a variação vertical de fácies e de permeabilidade é bem conhecida, em contraste com a porosidade total, que mostra baixa variabilidade. Contudo, os fatores que controlam a heterogeneidade petrofísica a pequena escala não são entendidos na sua totalidade. Nas sondagens estudadas, intervalos pouco espessos, delimitados por superfícies de descontinuidade e granulodecrescentes para o topo ocorrem na parte superior do UKM. Esta variação rítmica varia nas sondagens analisadas, indicando geometrias deposicionais complexas e uma extensão lateral limitada de corpos. A porosidade do reservatório caracterizase por um sistema de macro e microporosidade, onde esta última constitui a fração dominante da porosidade total. Esta heterogeneidade tem um forte impacto no comportamento do reservatório. A análise petrográfica e a quantificação dos tipos de porosidade através de DIA revelaram que os intervalos de alta permeabilidade correspondem a grainstones bem calibrados, com macroporosidade intergranular alta e fraca cimentação do espaço poroso. As observações e interpretações adquiridas mostram a importância em desenvolver estudos semiquantitativos integrados, com foco na variabilidade de fácies e geometrias deposicionais a pequena escala, visto oferecerem informação indispensável para obter um melhor entendimento da heterogeneidade em carbonatos. Tal permitirá o desenvolvimento de modelos de reservatório com maior precisão e incluindo informação geológica de maior detalhe.

PhD (African Studies)
Centre for African Studies
The Thulamela Local Municipality is currently experiencing a plethora of public service delivery challenges. This often leads to court litigation and disputes with the institution of musanda. These public service delivery challenges, conflicts and court disputes in many cases leave the communities within the municipality deprived of basic services as a result of slow or a complete lack of service delivery. musanda is a Venda word that refers to the place where the thovhele (king), khosikhulu (paramountcies), khosi (chiefs), gota (headman), mukoma (petty headman), vhakoma (queen mother), vhatanuni (wives), vhakololo (princes/princesses), khadzi and makhadzi (royal aunts), ndumi (king/chiefs’ brother) and the rest of this royal structure resides. As such it also refers to the institution of royal governance. The proposed study aims to analyse the place of musanda as an institution within public service delivery and within the whole process of decentralization of services in the Thulamela Municipality. The study focuses mainly on the current public service delivery system of the government and the role of the institution of the musanda in that process. The basic service delivery system that receives direct attention falls under the Government Cluster, which covers Social Protection, and Community and Human Development. These divisions deal with Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, Water and Sanitation, Human Settlements, Rural Development and Land Reform, Basic Education and Sports and Recreation. These are the services that are supposed to be rendered by municipalities. The analysis aims to determine musanda’s position in the whole process of providing the public services indicated above.