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Journal articles on the topic 'Khat – Ethiopia – Addis Ababa'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Haye, Tadesse Bedada, and Berhanu Tolera Agama. "Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors among the Outpatient Department in Akaki Kality Subcity Health Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Hypertension 2020 (August 18, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7960578.

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Background. Fatalities from hypertension in East Africa are increasing, even though they decreased in western industrial regions. Older age, being female, illiterate, smoking, physical inactivity, and high waist circumferences are major risk factors for the development of hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension among Federal Ministry Civil servants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, has found to be high; which is an indication for institution-based hypertension-screening programs. Objective. Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors among the outpatient department in Akaki Kality Subcity Health Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology. Facility-based cross-sectional study was carried out on systematically sampled 401 out-department patients whose age was greater than or equal to 18 years in four government health centers in Addis Ababa. Data collection took place from March 10, 2018, to April 06 2018. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify predictors of hypertension. Results. Patients had a mean age of 41.17 years (95% CI: 39.77–42.57). The prevalence of hypertension was 14% (95% CI: 13.653–14.347), and 30 (53.57%) were males. Alcohol drinkers were 11.844 times more likely to be hypertensive as compared to non-alcohol drinkers (AOR = 11.844, 95% CI: 3.596–39.014). Cigarette smokers were 16.511 times more likely to be hypertensive as compared to non-cigarette smokers (AOR = 16.511, 95% CI: 4.775–57.084). Khat chewers were 6.964 times more likely to be hypertensive as compared to non-khat chewers (AOR = 6.964, 95% CI: 1.773–26.889). Conclusion. The prevalence of patients with hypertension was 14%. Alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, khat chewing, body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and age ≥44 years old are major determinants identified by this study. Hence, appropriate management of patients focusing on the relevant associated factors would be of great benefit in controlling hypertension.

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2

Metekie, Assefa Berihun, and Brian M. Hughes. "A Brief Survey of Khat Use Among Juvenile Delinquents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Irish Journal of Psychology 22, no. 2 (January 2001): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2001.10558272.

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Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, and Tadele Amare Zeleke. "Spatial Distribution and Factors Associated with Khat Chewing among Adult Males 15-59 Years in Ethiopia Using a Secondary Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016: Spatial and Multilevel Analysis." Psychiatry Journal 2020 (April 21, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8369693.

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Background. Khat chewing has become prevalent in the world due to the improvement of road and air transportation. In Ethiopia, khat chewing is more prevalent and widely practiced by men. Khat has a negative effect on social, economic, and mental health. There is variation in khat cultivation, use, and factors that associated with khat chewing in the Ethiopian regions. Therefore, this study is aimed at showing spatial distribution and factors associated with khat chewing among male adults 15-59 years in Ethiopia. Methods. A total of 12,594 men were included in this study. ArcGIS version 10.7 software was used to show the spatial distribution of chewing khat among adult men in Ethiopia. The Bernoulli model was applied using Kilduff SaTScan version 9.6 software to identify significant purely spatial clusters for chewing khat in Ethiopia. A multilevel logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with khat chewing. A P value < 0.05 was taken to declare statistically significant predictors. Results. The EDHS 2016 survey showed that the high proportion of chewing khat was found in Dire Dawa, Harari, Southern Oromia, Somali, and Benishangul Gumuz regions. In spatial scan statistics analysis, a total of 126 clusters (LLR=946.60, P value < 0.001) were identified. Age group 30-44 years old (AOR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.37, 1.86) and 45-59 years old (AOR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.61), being single (AOR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.64, 2.12), Muslim religion followers (AOR=15.03, 95% CI: 11.90, 18.90), media exposed (AOR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.86), had work (AOR=2.48, 95% CI: 2.08, 2.95), alcohol drinker (AOR=3.75, 95% CI: 3.10, 4.53), and region (Afar, Amhara, Benishangul Gumuz, Gambela, Harari, Oromia, Somali, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region (SNNPR), and Tigray) and two cities (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa) were statistically significant factors affecting chewing khat in Ethiopia. Conclusions. In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of khat chewing among adult men was nonrandom. A high proportion of khat chewing was observed in Dire Dawa, Harari, Southern Oromia, Somali, and Benishangul Gumuz regions. Older age group, being single marital status, alcohol drinker, media unexposed, had no work, and Muslim religion follower were factors affecting khat chewing. Policymakers should be given spatial attention in reducing the prevalence of chewing khat by teaching the health impact of khat chewing through media in the identified regions.

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Shegute, Tewodros, and Yared Wasihun. "Prevalence of Substance Use in University Students, Ethiopia." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 15 (January 2021): 117822182110035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11782218211003558.

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Background: Although substance use is a known public health problem and a pressing issue in Ethiopia, its real extent and magnitude are not yet properly explored. The current study aimed to determine the extent and predictors of substance use among regular undergraduate students in the Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was carried among 794 undergraduate regular students at the Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, using a self-administered structured questionnaire filled by study participants. Data entry, cleaning, and coding were performed by EPI-INFO version 3.5.1. Statistical Package for Social Sciences; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio (SPSS) SPSS version 21 software was used to analyze data by performing descriptive statistics, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Results: 73.7% of the study participants used substances at least once. The lifetime use of each substance includes alcohol (68.2%), khat (53.6%), cigarettes (46.1%), and illicit drugs (23.3%). Loss of family (AOR [95%CI], 34.50 [7.569, 157.263]), pocket money between 500 and 999 Ethiopian birr (AOR [95%CI], 9.978 [1.240, 80.280]), and above 1000 Ethiopian birr (AOR [95%CI], 10.831 [1.333, 87.971]) were identified predictors for khat use. The odds of lifetime alcohol use was higher among students coming from a divorced family (AOR [95%CI], 9.346 [3.162, 27.625]), lost one (AOR [95%CI], 37.406 [11.375, 123.008]), or both of their parents (AOR [95%CI], 18.750 [5.798, 60.633]). Students of urban origin (AOR [95%CI], 3.214 [1.950, 5.296]), and students with anxiety symptoms (AOR [95%CI], 2.655 [1.981, 3.557]) have a higher odds of lifetime cigarette smoking. The lifetime exposure to illicit drugs is higher among students in age groups between 20 and 24 years (AOR [95%CI], 5.963 [1.361, 26.135]), students coming from substance user family (AOR [95%CI], 2.172 [1.161, 4.063]), and students of urban origin (AOR [95%CI], 2.661 [1.202, 5.889]). Conclusion: A higher prevalence of substance use requiring administrative and educational interventions was observed. Awareness creation interventions on the potential impacts of substance abuse should be performed.

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5

Legesse, Tesfaye, and Debela Bedane. "Prevalence of under Nutrition and Associated Factors among Khat Chewers in Khat Chewing Shops at Gulalle Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences 6, no. 4 (December 2, 2016): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5951.2016.06.04.3.

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6

Taffa, N., K. I. Klepp, J. Sundby, and G. Bjune. "Psychosocial determinants of sexual activity and condom use intention among youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646202760326480.

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Determinants of sexual activity and intentions for condom use were examined guided by the Attitude, Social influences, and Self-efficacy (ASE) model as a theoretical framework. A total of 561 in and out-of-school youth (15–24 years) in Addis Ababa completed a self-administered questionnaire. A third of them reported sexual intercourse in the past and half of the sexually active used condoms during recent intercourse. Being out-of-school, male, aged 20–24 years, alcohol use and khat (amphetamine-like substance) consumption predicted the likelihood of engagement in sexual activity. Of these variables, however, male sex was more associated with reported condom use during recent sexual intercourse. Self-efficacy, skills, and barriers predicted 23% of the variance in intentions to use condoms. Self-efficacy was also associated with past condom use. Psychosocial constructs predicted more variations in condom use intention for males than for females. In general, self-efficacy was found to be the strongest predictor of the constructs, whereas attitude and social influences were the weakest. The study implies that HIV/AIDS prevention programmes for young people in Ethiopia need to emphasize building assertive communication skills in sexual negotiations and condom use. Minimizing the gender gap in sexual relationships forms the cornerstone for such educational strategies.

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Mulugeta, Hailemichael, Yifokire Tefera, and Meaza Gezu. "Nonfatal Occupational Injuries among Workers in Microscale and Small-Scale Woodworking Enterprise in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (January 31, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6407236.

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Background. Microscale and small-scale industries have been widely expanded in low-income countries, including Ethiopia, as a job opportunity for young workers, which makes workers vulnerable to injury. Woodworking is one of the high-risk jobs in this sector due to the use of hazardous tools and machineries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of injury and associated contributing factors of this sector. Methods. A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 634 workers selected from 194 microscale and small-scale woodworking enterprises in Addis Ababa. Data were collected using a structured interview questionnaire and observation checklist from February to March 2016. Occupational injuries were documented according to the ILO operational definition. Descriptive statistics and multivariable analyses were used to characterize the data and to identify the factors associated with injury at a p value <0.05, respectively. Result. A total of 625 (98.6%) workers were interviewed. The prevalence of occupational injury was 92 (14.7%) in the past 12 months. Workers with khat chewing behavior (AOR: 2.25, 95% CI (1.04, 4.85)), job dissatisfaction (AOR: 2.89, 95% CI (1.75, 4.76)), work-related stress (AOR: 4.79, 95% CI (1.69–13.58)), job categories (AOR: 3.52, 95% CI (1.08, 11.41)) and workplace characteristics such as unguarded machines (AOR: 3.32 (1.21, 9.11)), and inadequate work space (AOR: 3.85 (1.14, 13.04)) were significantly associated with occupational injury. Conclusion. The prevalence of nonfatal occupational injuries among workers in this study was substantially high. Workers’ behavior, psychosocial issues, and work-related characteristics played a causal role in the occurrence of occupational injury. Therefore, workers' safety protection and behavioral intervention should be initiated.

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Berhanu, Della, Marie Diener-West, Andrea Ruff, Wendy W. Davis, David D. Celentano, and Vivian F. Go. "Associations Between Khat Use and HIV Risk and Status Among Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center Clients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Addiction Medicine 11, no. 4 (2017): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000000304.

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Kitila, Kumera Terfa, Lemi Mosisa Sori, Daniel Melese Desalegn, and Kassu Desta Tullu. "Burden of Helicobacter pylori Infections and Associated Risk Factors among Women of Child Bearing Age in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Chronic Diseases 2018 (November 12, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5183713.

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Background. Early detection and treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in women of child bearing ages may reduce the risk of maternal health disorder. This study was conducted to determine the burden of H. pylori infections and associated risk factors among women of child bearing ages in Kolfe Keranio Subcity Woreda 9 Health Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. Facility based cross sectional study design was conducted from April to October 2015. The study recruited 195 pregnant and 137 nonpregnant women with age range of 16-40 years. Sociodemographic data of study participants were collected by structured questionnaire. Venous blood was analyzed to determine hemoglobin, H. pylori stool antigen test kit was used to assess H. pylori infection, and fresh fecal (stool) was used to examine intestinal parasites among study subjects. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 19. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model using odds ratio (OR) at 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. P-value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results. The overall burden of H. pylori infection among study participants was 29% (96/332). H. pylori infection was statistically significantly associated with pregnancy status (AOR: 1.825, CI (1.42-2.15), P=0.020), history of hyperemesis gravidarum (AOR=7.028, C.I (2.47-19.99), P=0.018), and low hemoglobin value (AOR=0.177, CI (0.083–0.379), p=0.003). There was no statistically significant association between H. pylori infection and sociodemographic characteristics and some expected risk factors like smoking, Khat chewing, alcohol drinking habit, and presence of intestinal parasites. Conclusion. In this study, H. pylori infection was still a public health problem in the study area. H. pylori infected women also had high rate of anemia compared to women who had not H. pylori infected. Hence clinician and other responsible bodies should give a special attention for women who had been infected with H. pylori. Further large case control studies are warranted to understand more the role of H. pylori, HG, and other associated risk factors.

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Tiruneh, Sofonyas Abebaw, Yeaynmarnesh Asmare Bukayaw, Seblewongel Tigabu Yigizaw, and Dessie Abebaw Angaw. "Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0244642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244642.

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Introduction Hypertension is a major public health problem globally and it is a leading cause of death and disability in developing countries. This review aims to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted at the electronic databases (PubMed, Hinari, and Google Scholar) to locate potential studies. Heterogeneity between studies checked using Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test statistics and small study effect were checked using Egger’s statistical test at 5% significance level. Sensitivity analysis was checked. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in Ethiopia. Results In this review, 38 studies that are conducted in Ethiopia and fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a total number of 51,427 study participants were reviewed. The overall pooled prevalence of hypertension in the country was 21.81% (95% CI: 19.20–24.42, I2 = 98.35%). The result of the review also showed that the point of prevalence was higher among males (23.21%) than females (19.62%). When we see the pervasiveness of hypertension from provincial perspective; the highest prevalence of hypertension was observed in Addis Ababa (25.35%) and the lowest was in Tigray region (15.36%). In meta-regression analysis as the mean age increases by one year, the likelihood of developing hypertension increases by a factor of 0.58 times (β = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.31–0.86, R2 = 36.67). Male sex (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03–1.61, I2 = 81.35%), age > 35 years (OR = 3.59, 95% CI: 2.57–5.02, I2 = 93.48%), overweight and/or obese (OR = 3.34, 95% CI: 2.12–5.26, I2 = 95.41%), khat chewing (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: I2 = 62%), alcohol consumption (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.21–1.85, I2 = 64%), family history of hypertension (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.64–3.99, I2 = 83.28%), and family history of diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.69, 95% CI: 1.85–7.59, I2 = 89.9%) are significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion Hypertension is becoming a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Nearly two out of ten individuals who are older than 18 years living with hypertension. Sex, age, overweight and/or obese, khat chewing, alcohol consumption, and family history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus are statistically significant determinant factors for hypertension in Ethiopia. Primary attention should be given for behavioral risk factors to tackle the alarming increase of hypertension in Ethiopia.

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Mengesha Kassie, Ayelign, Biruk Beletew Abate, Mesfin Wudu Kassaw, and Teshome Gebremeskel Aragie. "Prevalence of Underweight and Its Associated Factors among Reproductive Age Group Women in Ethiopia: Analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (July 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9718714.

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Background. Underweight is defined as being below the healthy weight range. Underweight in reproductive age group women not only affects women but also increases the risk of an intergenerational cycle of malnutrition and child mortality. Various factors are linked with underweight among women. However, studies on the prevalence of underweight and its associated factors among women are limited in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of underweight and its associated factors among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia. Methods. For this study, data were drawn from the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS). From the total, 15,683 women participants of the 2016 EDHS; a subsample of 2,848 participants aged 15–49 years who had a complete response to all variables of interest were selected and utilized for analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software program. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to assess the frequency distribution of underweight and is presented with different sociodemographic characteristics. Logistic regression models were applied for analysis. A two-sided p value of less than 0.05 was used to declare a statistically significant association between the independent variables and underweight among women. Results. The prevalence of underweight among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia was 17.6%. The majority, 78.3% of underweight women, were rural dwellers. The odds of being underweight was higher among the young aged women, among those residing in rural areas, in those with higher educational status, and in those who have one or more children. On the other hand, the odds of underweight among respondents living in Benishangul, SNNPR, and Addis Ababa were less compared to those living in Dire Dawa. Similarly, the odds of underweight among participants with a higher level of husband or partner educational status and among those who chew Khat were less compared to their counterparts. Conclusion. Underweight among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia is still a major public health problem, particularly among rural dwellers. Underweight was significantly associated with different sociodemographic variables. Hence, context-based awareness creation programs need to be designed on the prevention methods of underweight in Ethiopia, giving especial emphasis to those residing in rural areas.

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Hirpa, Selamawit, Andrew Fogarty, Adamu Addissie, Linda Bauld, Thomas Frese, Susanne Unverzagt, Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Sefonias Getachew, and Wakgari Deressa. "An Emerging Problem of Shisha Smoking among High School Students in Ethiopia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137023.

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Shisha smoking is also known as hookah, water pipe, goza, and nargile. Shisha use among the young is increasing globally. Shisha smoke results in a high concentration of carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, and heavy metals which can be toxic to humans, especially with chronic exposure. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of shisha smoking among in-school adolescents in Ethiopia. Four regional states in Ethiopia (Oromia, Amhara, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region, Tigray) and the capital city (Addis Ababa) were the study areas. A two-stage cluster sampling approach was employed to produce a representative sample. From the sampling frames in the study areas, 36 high schools were selected randomly. A multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to account for cluster-specific random effects, the effect of individuals’, and school-level variables for ever-use of shisha. A total of 3355 secondary school grade 9 and 10 students aged between 13 and 22 years took part in this study. A total of 86 (2.6%) and 20 (0.6%) of the study participants, reported that they had ever smoked or were current smokers of shisha, respectively. Of all study participants, 38.6% perceived shisha as less harmful than cigarettes and 48.5% reported that they do not know which was more harmful to health. Students were more likely to ever use shisha if they had friend/s who smoke shisha (AOR = 16.8, 95% CI: 6.4–44.3), ever smoked cigarettes (AOR = 8.2, 95% CI: 3.4–19.8), ever used khat (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9–10.4), ever used marijuana (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.4–11.1), ever used smokeless tobacco (AOR = 3.1 95% CI: 1.1–8.4), and students had received income from their parents (AOR = 3.1 CI: 1.1–8.8). Prevalence of ever and current use of shisha among high school students is low in Ethiopia compared to many countries in Africa. The majority of adolescents perceived shisha as less harmful to health than cigarette smoking. Health education about the harmful effects of shisha should be delivered to adolescents, along with information on other substances like khat, cigarettes, marijuana, and smokeless tobacco to prevent initiation of substance use.

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13

McClellan, Charles W. "Ezekiel Gebissa. Leaf of Allah: Khat and Agricultural Transformation in Harerge, Ethiopia, 1875–1991. Athens: Ohio University Press/Oxford: James Currey/Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Press, 2004. xiv + 210 pp. Photographs. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $44.95. Cloth. $24.95. Paper." African Studies Review 48, no. 2 (September 2005): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2005.0070.

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van Beusekom, M. M. "EZEKIEL GEBISSA. Leaf of Allah: Khat and Agricultural Transformation in Harerge, Ethiopia, 1875-1991. (Eastern African Studies.) Oxford: James Currey. Addis Ababa University Press. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. 2004. Pp. xiv, 210. cloth $44.95, paper $24.95." American Historical Review 111, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 598–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.111.2.598.

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Kwast, Barbara E., Roger W. Rochat, and Widad Kidane-Mariam. "Maternal Mortality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Studies in Family Planning 17, no. 6 (November 1986): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1966906.

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Wubneh, Mulatu. "Addis Ababa, Ethiopia – Africa’s diplomatic capital." Cities 35 (December 2013): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.08.002.

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Heery, Sarah. "Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Africa Bibliography 2003 (December 2004): vii—xviii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266673100000039.

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Armstrong, Penny. "Postoperative Ward, Fistula Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 49, no. 4 (July 8, 2004): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2004.03.016.

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Almedom, Astier M., and Alexander de Waal. "Constraints on weaning: evidence from Ethiopia and Sudan." Journal of Biosocial Science 22, no. 4 (October 1990): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018897.

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SummaryEvidence on infant weaning processes provided by field research in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and among a refugee population of Eritreans in the Sudan is presented. The study in Addis Ababa, where households were economically disadvantaged but the situation was nutritionally stable, allowed the identification of factors constraining weaning, which includes both the introduction of supplementary foods and the termination of breastfeeding. While the timing of each aspect of weaning was the outcome of the interaction between mother and infant factors, ‘infant-centred’ factors were more important in the commencement and ‘mother-centred’ factors in the completion of weaning. The refugee population had in normal times a similar weaning regime, but under the unstable conditions of flight and life in a refugee camp the process had been significantly altered. Investigation of the factors which have led to altered weaning processes elaborates and confirms the model derived from the Addis Ababa study.

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Gidebo, Frehaileab Admasu, and Janusz Szpytko. "Reliability Assessment of the Transport System, Addis Ababa Case Study." Journal of KONBiN 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2019-0073.

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Abstract The subject of the article is the method of assessing the reliability of the transport system on the example of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. The transport system and its technical condition, transport infrastructure, organization of the transport system, environment (users, environmental and climatic conditions), and legal provisions, have a significant impact on the reliability of the transport system. The most common means of transport in Addis Ababa is a car (including: taxis and minibuses). An important problem in public transport is the long waiting time for the vehicles, resulting from random events accompanying transportation processes in a defined infrastructure with limited resources. The article presents also the concept of a transport system availability model for developing countries on the example of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia.

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Getachew, D. Woldemedhin, L. Seifu and Eshete Zemedu, and Wassie A. "Mushroom value chain analysis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 8, no. 8 (August 31, 2016): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jaerd2016.0771.

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Kempen, John H., Aida Abashawl, Hilkiah K. Suga, Mesfin Nigussie Difabachew, Christopher J. Kempen, Melaku Tesfaye Debele, Abel A. Menkir, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 Serosurvey in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, no. 5 (November 4, 2020): 2022–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0816.

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Tadesse, Sebsibe. "Stigma against Tuberculosis Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2016): e0152900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152900.

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Sanders, Eduard J., Tekebash Araya, Derege Kebede, Ab J. Schaap, Nico D. Nagelkerke, and Roel A. Coutinho. "Mortality impact of AIDS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." AIDS 17, no. 8 (May 2003): 1209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200305230-00013.

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Tulu, Getu Segni, M. Hadgu, and A. G. Tarekegn. "Bicycling in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Opportunities and challenges." Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/jsdtl.2019.4-2.5.

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Assefa, Mesfin. "Urban Resilience in Addis Ketama and Lideta Sub Cities of Addis Ababa: The Case Tekilehaimanot Area Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Urban and Regional Planning 3, no. 2 (2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20180302.12.

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Stockmans, Jep, and Karen Büscher. "A spatial reading of urban political-religious conflict: contested urban landscapes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Modern African Studies 55, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x1600077x.

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ABSTRACTThis article presents a spatial approach to the recent history of conflict and confrontation between the Ethiopian Government and Ethiopian Muslim Communities in Addis Ababa. Based on original ethnographic data and inspired by existing academic studies on political-religious relationships in Addis Ababa, this study takes a closer look at the significance of the urban public landscape in power-struggles between the EPRDF and the Muslim communities. The article argues that political-religious struggle in Addis Ababa shapes the current urban landscape, as use of and control over urban public space and place forms a crucial element in the strategies of public authority of all involved actors.

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Liknaw Mekonon, Wondimeneh. "Evaluation of Phlebotomy Services in Clinical Laboratory Setting in Addis Ababa Public Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." American Journal of Laboratory Medicine 2, no. 3 (2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajlm.20170203.11.

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Yigzaw, Mulu Tilahun. "Sexual Initiation and Factors Associated with it among Addis Ababa University Undergraduate Students, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." American Journal of Health Research 2, no. 5 (2014): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140205.17.

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Sahile, Addisu Tadesse, and Getabalew Endazenew Bekele. "Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Factors in Addis Ababa Public Health Facilities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016." Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy Volume 13 (February 2020): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s237995.

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Larçon, Jean-Paul, and Corinne Vadcar. "Belt and Road in Ethiopia and China’s African Ambition." China and the World 04, no. 02 (May 17, 2021): 2150007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729321500073.

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China–Ethiopia economic cooperation in the period of 2000–2020 is marked by the convergence between the industrial policy of Ethiopia, the orientations of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), and the infrastructure development strategy which is the cornerstone of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). China, the largest foreign investor in Ethiopia during this period, has had a major role in terms of investment and financing in the energy sector and the transportation infrastructure: Addis Ababa Airport, roads, railway, seaport terminal, and gas pipeline. The flagship project — the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway — connecting Addis Ababa to Djibouti City and Djibouti’s Doraleh Container Terminal, inaugurated in 2018, provided landlocked Ethiopia with a good connection between the hinterland and the seaport: the economic corridor accounts for more than 95% of Ethiopia’s foreign trade. The development of Ethiopian Industrial Parks on the model of Chinese Special Economic Zones (SEZs) was the second pillar of the strategy of development of an export-oriented manufacturing sector. Chinese companies operating in Ethiopian Industrial Parks in the textile and leather industries have been pioneering this activity contributing to Ethiopia’s participation in the Global Value Chains (GVCs). Ethiopian government is also planning the development of agro-industrial parks specialized in added-value agricultural products such as coffee or cut flowers exported to Europe via Addis Ababa Airport and Ethiopian Airlines Cargo. Ethiopia’s main challenges in that direction are the necessity to go up the value chain to further penetrate European markets and, most likely, to identify the products or services which could be integrated into the African markets in the new context of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement that entered into force in January 2021.

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you tang, Zhang, and Hagos Mesfin. "Research on the Effect of Marketing Mix on the Competitive Advantage: A Study of Selected Small and Medium Enterprises in Bole Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 7, no. 1 (2020): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.71.1002.

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Small and Medium Sized Enterprises are the backbone of every major economy, and empirical studies prove that small firms are more efficient and innovative in their operation, product development and marketing policies. The aim of this study is to highpoint the significant of the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) on attaining the competitive advantage in the small and medium enterprise (SME) sector in the Addis Ababa city Administration Ethiopia. This journal states the significance of competitive advantage in attaining marketing goals and ahead of the satisfaction of customers by using marketing mix concept. A descriptive analysis approach is used to analyses the collected data about the level of impact of the marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion), on the competitive advantage of the SME sector in Addis Ababa. The data have been collected through the use of a questionnaire that is distributed to SMEs in the Addis Ababa city Administration rendering to the City government of Addis Ababa job and enterprise development bureau creation. There were 200 SMEs selected randomly; though, only 150 questionnaires were managed because of missing data. Based on the data analysis, the results show that all of marketing mix elements (product, price, place, and promotion) have a significant impact on realising competitive advantage in the case of Addis Ababa City SMEs (p- value for all marketing mix elements is less than α =0.05). The foremost viable component when it comes to accomplishing competitive advantage is the price. The SME sector in Addis Ababa should develop its product’s quality, distribution channels, and promotion policies to face the local and international competitors. The marketing mix and competitive advantage represent a relatively new orientation in Addis Ababa City SME sector.

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Assefa, Demelash, Berhanu Seyoum, and Lemessa Oljira. "Determinants of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Infection and Drug Resistance Volume 10 (July 2017): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/idr.s134369.

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Desalegne, Solomon A. "Macroinvertebrate-based bioassessment of rivers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." African Journal of Ecology 56, no. 2 (November 13, 2017): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.12444.

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ABEBE, ALMAZ, CARLA L. KUIKEN, JAAP GOUDSMIT, MARGREETH VALK, TSEHAYNESH MESSELE, TEFERA SAHLU, HAILU YENENEH, ARNAUD FONTANET, FRANK DE WOLF, and TOBIAS F. RINKE DE WIT. "HIV Type 1 Subtype C in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 13, no. 12 (August 10, 1997): 1071–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.1997.13.1071.

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Feuchtner, Jana, Assefa Mathewos, Asmare Solomon, Genebo Timotewos, Abreha Aynalem, Tigeneh Wondemagegnehu, Amha Gebremedhin, et al. "Addis Ababa population-based pattern of cancer therapy, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 14, no. 9 (September 19, 2019): e0219519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219519.

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Demissie, Fassil. "Situated neoliberalism and urban crisis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." African Identities 6, no. 4 (November 2008): 505–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725840802424097.

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Aga, Abdissa. "Sanitation Practice of Slum Communities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Science Journal of Public Health 4, no. 4 (2016): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20160404.15.

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KWAST, BARBARA E., and JONATHAN M. LIFF. "Factors Associated with Maternal Mortality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Epidemiology 17, no. 1 (1988): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/17.1.115.

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Benin-Goren, O., P. Halpern, S. Amir, and MB Tesfay. "Establishment of emergency medical services in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Critical Care 4, Suppl 1 (2000): P197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc916.

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Gedif, Teferi, and Heinz-Jurgen Hahn. "Epidemiology of herbal drugs use in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 11, no. 7 (2002): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.729.

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CUTTS, F. T., A. ABEBE, T. MESSELE, A. DEJENE, F. ENQUSELASSIE, W. NIGATU, and D. J. NOKES. "Sero-epidemiology of rubella in the urban population of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 3 (June 2000): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003532.

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We conducted a community-based cluster sample survey of rubella sero-epidemiology in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 1994. Among 4666 individuals for whom complete data were available, rubella antibody prevalence was 91% (95% confidence interval: 90, 92). On multivariable analysis, seroprevalence was lower among individuals who were resident in Addis Ababa for 1 year or less. Approx. 50% seroprevalence was attained by age 4 years, and the estimated average age at infection was 5·2 years. The highest age-specific force of infection was estimated to occur in 5- to 9-year-olds. The early age at infection corresponded with a low estimated incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) of 0·3 per 1000 live births, equivalent to nine cases of CRS in 1994. The predicted critical level of immunity for elimination of rubella via vaccination was 85–91%, requiring 89–96% coverage with a vaccine of 95% effectiveness. Unless very high coverage of rubella vaccine could be guaranteed, the introduction of childhood vaccination could increase the incidence of CRS in Addis Ababa.

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Fikadu, Girma, and Seblewengel Lemma. "Socioeconomic Status and Hypertension among Teachers and Bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Hypertension 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4143962.

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Background. The social and economic changes taking place in developing countries are influencing the pace at which hypertension and its risk factors are expanding. As opposed to the already established inverse association in developed nations, the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension in developing countries is poor and inconsistent. This study aims to determine the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension among teachers and bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods. This study is based on a cross-sectional study conducted to assess the prevalence of NCDs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was undertaken among workers of the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and teachers of public schools in 2010.Results. Majority of participants were teachers (70.3%). Most of the respondents (54.1%) earn an annual income between 15,000 ETB and 48,000 ETB, and 51.9% of them have educational status of first degree and above. Among the socioeconomic factors income was strongly associated with the odds of having hypertension (AOR: 2.17 with 95% CI: 1.58–2.98).Conclusions. Higher burden of hypertension is observed among teachers and bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Promotion of healthy behaviors and interventions that target higher income groups needs to be put in place.

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Huluka, Dawit Kebede, Nigussie Gebray, Beka Abera, Getinet Yilak, Charles B. Sherman, and Dawit Wolday. "SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: Two cases from Ethiopia." Journal of the Pan African Thoracic Society 2 (May 25, 2021): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jpats_7_2021.

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Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 has infrequently been reported in the literature and never from Ethiopia or Africa. We describe two individuals with documented recurrent COVID-19 disease admitted to Eka Kotebe Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

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Gimbel, Devon C., and Teklu Bekele Legesse. "Dermatopathology Practice in Ethiopia." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 137, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2012-0041-ra.

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Context.—Dermatologic diseases are extremely common among the Ethiopian population and are a significant cause of morbidity. However, few studies exist in the literature that describe the incidence and clinical and histologic features of biopsied cutaneous lesions. Objectives.—To categorize the cutaneous diseases observed in skin biopsies at the All African Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training Center (ALERT) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and to describe the clinical and histologic features of dermatopathologic diagnoses most frequently encountered in this practice setting. Data Sources.—Pathology reports of 2342 cutaneous specimens received at ALERT in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, were reviewed to determine the range and frequency of cutaneous diseases and dermatoses diagnosed from January 2007 through December 2010. Conclusions.—The range of cutaneous diseases observed in skin biopsies at ALERT was varied and included inflammatory dermatoses (27%), infectious diseases (24%), and malignant and benign cutaneous neoplasms (22% and 20%, respectively). The most common conditions observed in this study were squamous cell carcinoma (8% of total cases), eczema (6% of total cases), leishmaniasis (6% of total cases), tuberculosis (6% of total cases), and benign nevi (4% of total cases).

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Dereje, Nebiyu, Adamu Addissie, Alemayehu Worku, Mathewos Assefa, Aynalem Abraha, Wondemagegnehu Tigeneh, Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, and Ahmedin Jemal. "Extent and Predictors of Delays in Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Population-Based Prospective Study." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00242.

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PURPOSE A substantial proportion of cervical cancers are diagnosed at advanced stage in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the extent and predictors of delays in cervical cancer diagnosis in Addis Ababa. PATIENTS AND METHODS We prospectively recruited 231 patients with cervical cancer diagnosed from January 1, 2017, to June 30, 2018, in 7 health facilities in Addis Ababa, representing 99% of all cervical cancers recorded in the Addis Ababa population-based cancer registry. A structured questionnaire on patients’ experience was administered face to face by trained interviewers. Health-seeking intervals > 90 days (date from recognition of symptoms to medical consultation) and diagnostic intervals > 30 days (dates from medical consultation to diagnostic confirmation) were categorized as delayed. Factors associated with these delays were assessed using multivariable binary logistic regression models. RESULTS The median health-seeking and diagnostic intervals for patients with cervical cancer in Addis Ababa were 10 and 97 days, respectively. Approximately one quarter of the patients were delayed in seeking medical consultation, and three fourths of the patients had delayed diagnostic confirmation. Factors associated with health-seeking delays included poor cervical cancer awareness, practicing of religious rituals, and waiting for additional symptoms before visiting a health facility. Factors associated with diagnostic delays included first contact with primary health care units and visits to ≥ 4 different health facilities before diagnosis. CONCLUSION A considerable proportion of patients with cervical cancer in Addis Ababa have delays in seeking medical care and diagnostic conformation. These findings reinforce the need for programs to enhance awareness about cervical cancer signs and symptoms and the importance of early diagnosis in the community and among health care providers.

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Chargualaf, Michael J., Tieumy T. Giao, Anna C. Abrahamson, David Steeb, Miranda Law, Jill Bates, Teshome Nedi, and Benyam Muluneh. "Layered learning pharmacy practice model in Ethiopia." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 25, no. 7 (January 7, 2019): 1699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155218820105.

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Purpose Ethiopia is home to a growing population of more than 100 million people. Healthcare in the region functions with a shortage of oncologists. Pharmacists as well as other healthcare providers can assist with expanding patient access to cancer care. A pilot project was proposed to provide education, determine areas to expand pharmacy services in oncology, and recommend interventions at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University. Methods A layered learning practice model comprising of a clinical pharmacist, a post-graduate year two oncology pharmacy resident, and two fourth-year student pharmacists was constructed for the experience. Through collaboration with the College of Pharmacy at Addis Ababa University, an international experience was developed to provide education and advance pharmacy practice at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. Results Based on findings from a needs assessment, the participants collaborated with key stakeholders to develop practices and procedures for the implementation of high-dose methotrexate and for comprehensive chemotherapy order review. In addition, 17 didactic lectures were provided to nine students enrolled in the Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacy Practice at the College of Pharmacy at Addis Ababa University. Conclusion This experience provided educational and clinical impact using a layered learning practice model, consisting of a clinical pharmacist, pharmacy resident, and pharmacy students in an international setting. There is significant potential for clinical pharmacy to positively impact patient care in the oncology setting in Ethiopia. Future initiatives for advancement include the safe handling of hazardous agents, additional therapeutic drug monitoring, and outpatient oncology pharmacist practice.

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Hanlon, Charlotte, Daniel Fekadu, Danny Sullivan, Atalay Alem, and Martin Prince. "Teaching psychiatry in Ethiopia." International Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (April 2006): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600001624.

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There is a pressing need to train psychiatrists in low- and middle-income countries. Psychiatrists from high-income countries have an opportunity to share expertise in teaching and assessing trainees, while learning much in the process. Three trainees from a London psychiatric hospital were invited to help organise a revision course for the Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, and this paper reports their experiences.

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Teklemariam, Mebrat, and Bezawork Afework. "Abundance and diurnal activity patterns of hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus Temminck,) in Addis Ababa abattoirs enterprise, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 44, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.12.

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Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) is an African endemic scavenger listed as Critically Endangered species. The population is declining across its range and there is threat of significant decline in population and distribution in Ethiopia. Little efforts have been made to properly document the status of vulture population and their diurnal activity patterns in the country for ensuring long term conservation measures. A study was conducted in Addis Ababa Abattoirs enterprise, Ethiopia from November 2019 to January 2020 to investigate the abundance and diurnal activity patterns of hooded vultures. The abundance of these vultures was estimated by direct counts method at their feeding sites and scan sampling was employed to study the diurnal activity patterns of hooded vultures from dawn to dusk. Hooded vulture mean abundance was 216±40 at the abattoir. Their diurnal activity pattern showed that they were observed feeding, resting (perching, watching and basking), preening, roosting and others activities such as walking, drinking, chasing and flying. They spent 37.73% of their time in resting followed by others (including walking, drinking, chasing and flying) (27.73%). The major threat recorded for theses vultures in the abattoir includes shortage of food, human disturbances, negative attitudes and lack of awareness on the importance of the species. Further ecological studies and impacts of human activities on Addis Ababa Abattoirs enterprise should be conducted for the conservation of hooded vulture and other conspecifics in the area.

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Aklilu, Mesfin, Wogayehu Tadele, Amelework Alemu, Sintayehu Abdela, Garuma Getahun, Alemnesh Hailemariam, Yirgalem Tadesse, et al. "Situation of Rabies in Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Human Rabies in Addis Ababa and the Surrounding Regions." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021 (February 19, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6662073.

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Objective. The study objective was to estimate the burden of human rabies in Ethiopia from 2015–2019. Study Design. A descriptive study design was applied to measure the size of the problem. Method. Retrospective data were used from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute rabies case record book that was registered between 2015 to 2019. Result. Eighty-seven (87) cases of human rabies were diagnosed clinically in the Ethiopian Public Health Institute over the period of five years (2015–2019) with 100% case fatality. Of these, 83 (95.4%) cases were attributed to dog bites, whereas 1 (1.1%) to a cat and 3 (3.4%) to wild animals. The fatalities were from Oromia (n = 51 (58.6%), 13 (14.9%) were from Amhara, 15 (17.2%) were from Addis Ababa, and 8 (9.2%) from the Southern region. All referred cases had no record of immunization against rabies except eight. Ineffective postexposure treatment was the reason for 5 (5.7%) deaths. Out of 1,652 brain samples of different animals, mainly dogs, submitted for examination, 1,122 (68%) were found to be positive for rabies by the FAT. Dog bites were more common among males than females. The number of dog bite victims who had visited the EPHI counseling office and recommended to take postexposure prophylaxis against rabies both from Addis Ababa and the surrounding areas were 9,592 and 4,192, respectively. Out of these, 5,708 were males and 3,884 females for the capital Addis Ababa. Similarly, 2,439 males and 1,753 females account for areas surrounding Addis Ababa. Among those exposed from Addis Ababa, 1,079 (11.2%) were in the age group less than five, 1696 (17.7%) were in the age group 6–13, and 6,817 (71.1%) in the age group 14 and greater. Victims from outside of the capital Addis Ababa account for 644 (15.4%) for the age group less than 5 years, 964 (23%) for the age group 6–13 and, 2,584 (61.6%) for the age group 14 and greater. Conclusion. Mechanisms must be sought to reduce the cost of PEP and means of obtaining funds so as to initiate timely treatment for rabies exposed individuals of low socioeconomic status. Besides prevention, strategies should focus on public education and strict dog population control.

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