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Journal articles on the topic 'Khiva and Kokand khanates'
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1
Khakimov, Jahangir Nematjon son. "THE POLITICAL ROLE AND STATE ADMINISTRATION OF KHIVA KHANATE." INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 5 (2023): 561–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7943569.
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This article describes the administration system during the Khanate period. In this, the actions of the Khanates of Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand in the state sphere and the reforms made in the sphere of administration are presented.
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Qizi, Ibrohimzoda Gulruh Shokirjon. "Sources on the political history and leadership of the states of Central Asia in the 18th–19th centuries." European Journal of Learning on History and Social Sciences 1, no. 4 (2024): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.61796/ejlhss.v1i4.502.
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Davlat, Qudratov. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LIFE OF CITIES DURING THE KHANATE PERIOD." American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research 02, no. 10 (2022): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume02issue10-06.
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In Central Asia, in the second half of the XVI century, independent states - Bukhara and Khiva khanates were established and began to develop. At the beginning of the XVIII century, after long wars, the independent Kokan Khanate was established. In Bukhara Emirate, Kokan and Khiva khanates, mosques, madrasas, houses, baths, caravanserais, and hospitals were built to support the development of cities.
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Turayeva, Sayyora Rustambayevna. "The use of minerals in medicine in Turkestan khanates (XVI-XIX centuries)." Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 4 (2023): 220–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10215529.
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in this article, in Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand khanates (XVI-XIX centuries), mining products such as iron, saltpetre, oil, ruby, emerald, ruby, diamond were used in the treatment of various diseases and the useful properties of these minerals are given.
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Miloserdov, D. Yu. "Artillery in the khanates of Central Asia in the 18th — early 20th centuries according to memoir sources and travel sketches." Orientalistica 6, no. 3-4 (2023): 509–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2023-6-3-4-509-533.
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The article is devoted to the formation of artillery in the khanates of Central Asia in the period of the middle of the 18th – early 20th centuries. The references to cannons and the development of artillery and auxiliary industries in the Khiva and Kokand khanates, as well as in the Emirate of Bukhara, according to written sources from the since the beginning of the 18th century, have been studied. The memoirs of officers of the Russian Empire about the use of artillery in the armies of the khanates of Central Asia are analyzed.
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Abdullaev, Bobomurod Juraevich. "Some Reflections On The History Of Security Activities In Uzbekistan." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 03, no. 06 (2021): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume03issue06-15.
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This article provides insights into the existing and politically important security system in the Central Asian khanates. The khanates of Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand had their own military power and were divided into different parts. The security departments of the khanates also played an important role in the development of the state and the security of the people. During the years of independence, as in any other field, significant changes have taken place in the field of security services. In particular, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev has improved the security service in the National Guard.
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Mansurov, Uktam. "The History Of Trade Relations Of Central Asian Countries With Foreign Countries." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 10 (2020): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-17.
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The article describes the history of trade relations of Central Asian countries with foreign countries in ancient and medieval times, the importance of the Great Silk Road, the impact of these relations on political, economic, diplomatic, ethnic and cultural relations. It states that due to diplomatic and trade relations with foreign countries, mutual relations have been established, and the movement of citizens abroad and their entry is based on certain rules. Attention is paid to such factors as the impact of such relations on the socio-political and economic situation in those countries, the specific way of life of the peoples of the region, the way in which diplomatic relations are established. The article focuses on the development of trade relations with foreign countries during the reign of ancient Khorezm, Sogdiana, Parthia and the medieval Hephthalites, the Turkish Khanate, the Arab Caliphate, Amir Temur and the Temurids, the Central Asian khanates, Khiva, Kokand, Bukhara khanates.
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Zumrad, Rahmonkulova. "FROM THE HISTORY OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE KOKAND AND KHIVA KHANATE WITH THE OTTOMAN STATE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY." LOOK TO THE PAST 5, Special issue 1 (2022): 193–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6758364.
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The article highlights the diplomatic relations of the Kokand Khanate with the Ottoman Empire, embassy relations, the activities of its ambassadors. The issue of Russia's influence on relations between the two countries was also discussed. Muhammad Hakimkhan is also mentioned in Muntahab at-Tavoriks (Selected Book of History) as an important source on the history, political and cultural life of the Ottoman state. By the middle of the 19th century, it was argued that Britain's efforts to forge a military alliance between the Central Asian khanates and the Ottomans had failed. At the end of the 18th - the middle of the 19th centuries. political relations between the Central Asian khanates and the Ottoman state did not always coincide with each other's interests. However, it was shown that embassy relations between the parties did not completely stop.
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Qobiljon, Akbarov. "Mallahons Reign in the Kokand Khanat." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (2022): 553–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41397.
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Abstract: The article describes the internal conflicts in the Kokand Khanate in the middle of the 19th century, the coming to power of Mallahona, his internal policy, the struggle against the Bukhara Emirate and the Russian state, his diplomatic relations with the Khiva Khanate. Keywords: Kokand Khanate, Khudoyorkhan, internal clashes, Mallahon, Bukhara Emirate, Russian invasion.
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. Zokirov, Bekhzodjon I. "ETHNOTOPONYMS IN THE WORKS OF FOREIGN TOURISTS WHO VISITED CENTRAL ASIA IN THE XIX CENTURY AS A SOURCE IN THE STUDY OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION." Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal 02, no. 01 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/social-fsshj-02-01-01.
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This article analyzes the role of ethnotoponyms in the study of the social structure of the population of the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva and Kokand khanates, which are found in "travelogues" created on the basis of travel memoirs of Russian and foreign tourists and officials of the countries visiting Central Asia in the XIX century. We know that ethnotoponyms as a special type of place names reflect the composition of the population of a particular area and the socio-economic processes associated with them, as well as traditions and values. One of the most important issues of historical toponymy is the comparative analysis of ethnotoponyms on the basis of known sources, the study of the ethnic composition of the population of the region, demographic processes and factors influencing them in terms of sourceology and historiography.From this point of view, the scientific problem studied in this article is to study the social structure and strata of the population of the Central Asian khanates through ethnotoponyms of the region cited in foreign sources to fill some vague gaps not mentioned in local sources. The main purpose of the study is to recognize the source significance of place names in the study of the social structure of the population of the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva and Kokand khanates, to determine their prestige in society, territorial identity and place in socio-economic life. Given the fact that ethnotoponyms are a multifaceted historical source, it is also intended to provide a scientific basis for their ability to reflect the socio-stratification of society. The article used research methods such as systematic analysis, chronology, problem-chronological, as well as toponymic stratification, toponymic stratification of place names, genetic analysis, used in historical research. The study identified the role of travelogues as a common source and the ethnotoponyms in them as an additional source in reflecting the social composition of the population in Central Asia. The place names related to the social structure of the population were classified, the peculiarities of their origin and the theoretical and practical aspects of their study of the socio-economic and ethnic history of the khanate were analyzed.
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Tulibayeva, Zhuldyz. "The Historiography of Uzbek Khanates of the 18th – the 19th Centuries: Materials on the Historical Geography of Central Asia." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 147, no. 2 (2024): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2024-147-2-99-116.
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This article examines historical works from the 18th to the 19th centuries, created in Mawarannahr in Chagatai and Persian languages and containing materials on the historical geography of Central Asia. The purpose of this study is to identify and introduce into scientific discourse the most valuable information on the historical geography of Central Asia contained in the historical works of local authors of the 18th – the 19th centuries. The identified factual material from written monuments of Uzbek khanates has shown that the considered narrative sources contain rich historical and geographical material on the states, appanage possessions, and vilayets of the region. The data of historical works allow us to trace administrative and territorial changes that took place in Central Asia. Historiographers of Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand, while telling about feuds in the region, describing military campaigns of the supreme rulers of khanates, provide numerous data on vilayets, cities, villages, and fortresses, report on the construction of new fortresses, mention known and little-known roads, water resources of the region, used crossings and bridges. The authors of historical works of the 18th – the 19th centuries, when describing the events that took place in the region, included in their works unique information and facts that are absent in other chronicles but essential for a more comprehensive representation of the historical geography of the region of the past centuries. Nevertheless, much of the geographical information contained in the Khiva, Kokand and Bukhara works of the 18th – the 19th centuries are still insufficiently studied and remains to be thoroughly researched.
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Ergashali, Erkaev, and Ashurov Olimjon. "DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS DURING THE KOKAND KHAN UMAR KHAN PERIOD (1810-1822)." American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research 03, no. 03 (2023): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue03-14.
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ZOKIROV, BEHZODJON. "Toponyms in the works of foreign tourists who visited Central Asia in the 19th century as a source for studying the ethnic-social structure of the population." Sharqshunoslik. Востоковедение. Oriental Studies 02, no. 02 (2022): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/os/vol-01issue-02-15.
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The state analyzes the role of autonyms in the study of the ethnic-social composition of the population of the Emirate of Bukhara, the Khiva and Kokand khanates, which are found in the "guides" created on the basis of the travel memories of the Tursi Yussi. and officials who visited Central Asia in the 19th century. We know that ethnotoponyms, as a special type of toponyms, reflect the composition of the population of a particular area and the socio-economic processes associated with them, as well as traditions and values. Consideration of ethnotoponyms from the point of view of source studies and historiography on the basis of well-known sources is one of the most important issues of historical toponymy. A comparative analysis of the names of historical places from different sources, the ethnic composition of the population of the corresponding area, demographic processes, and factors that influenced them is also carried out. From this point of view, the scientific problem studied in this article serves to study the ethnic-social structure and strata of the population of the Central Asian khanates according to foreign sources in the region, to fill in some vague gaps not mentioned in local sources. The main purpose of the study is to recognize the initial value of toponyms in the study of the ethnic-social composition of the population of the Emirate of Bukhara, the Khiva and Kokand khanates, to determine their prestige in society, territorial identity, and place in social terms. - business life. Given the fact that ethnotoponyms are a multifaceted historical source, it is also intended to provide a scientific justification for their ability to reflect the social stratification of society. The article uses such research methods as systematic analysis, chronological, problem-chronological, as well as toponymic stratification, toponymic stratification of toponyms, and genetic analysis used in historical research. The study found that the role of travel notes as a common source and ethnotoponyms in them are an additional source in reflecting the ethnic-social composition of the population of Central Asia. The toponyms associated with the ethnic-social structure of the population were classified, and the features of their origin and the theoretical and practical aspects of their study in the socio-economic and ethnic history of the khanate were analyzed.
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Eshnazarova, Solikha Zayniddinovna, and Shoira Zakhidovna Nurmukhamedova. "NATIONAL IDENTITY IN UZBEK MODERN ARCHITECTURE: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS." Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (2025): 618–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15080879.
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This article analyzes the issues of preserving and reviving national traditions in modern architecture in Uzbekistan. Based on scientific research, the interior and architectural solutions of the Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand Khanates periods have been studied, highlighting their aesthetic and functional features. The article also examines the reasons for the disappearance of national interior elements under the influence of urbanization and global trends in recent years. Proposed solutions include integrating ethnic interiors into tourism infrastructure, establishing a system for improving the qualifications of architects and designers, and developing legislative norms to encourage the preservation of national identity. The recommendations provided in the article aim to expand opportunities for preserving national architecture and applying it in modern projects.
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Shevtsov, Vyacheslav V., and Evgeny N. Krupenkin. "The protectorate as a form of policy of the Russian Empire in Central Asia." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya, no. 91 (2024): 90–96. https://doi.org/10.17223/19988613/91/10.
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Russian Empire was one of the largest countries among the states of the world at the middle of the XIX century and its territory continued to grow. First of all, this growth was due to acquisitions in Central Asia as a result of military campaigns of the military general M.G. Chernyaev, the Governor-General of Turkestan, K.P. fon Kaufman. The British Empire with its big overseas possessions also had its own interests in Asia.The spreading influence of England in the region pushed Russia to take action in the region by military and diplomats. Russia has chosen a particular form of subordination of small state-owned entities - protectorate. The purpose of this article is to justify the origins of protectorate as a form of Russian policy in Central Asia with regard to Bukhara Emirate and Khiva Khanate during the second half of XIX century. To achieve this goal, the following challenges need to be addressed: 1) to consider the policy of the Russian government in Central Asia after its accession; 2) to analyze the authorities of the Governor-General of Turkestan with regard to the Emir of Bukhara and the Khan of Khiva; 3) to explain the persistence of their statehood. The narrative method and the problematic chronological approach are used in the research. Protectorate as a form of international relations is of great scientific interest. Eastern Georgia, the Kokand Khanate, Bukhara Emirate, Khiva Khanate were long under the protection of the Russian Empire. The population of the North Caucasus, Volga region, Siberia and Kazakhstan was part of Russia on the basis of shertnikh (shert - vows of loyalty to contractual relations), close to protectorate. In 1867, in the conquered territories in Asia, Russia created the Turkestan Governor-General with the endowment of the Governor-General broad powers in domestic and foreign policy. Henceforth a Governor-General could lead the negotiations with the neighboring countries on behalf of the Emperor and respond to the threats that inevitably arise in the suburbs. The article presents an analysis of correspondence of Kokand government officials with Russian Turkestan. The Russian government was forced to form a Ferghana region in Kokand Khanate due to the ongoing tensions in bilateral relations after the establishment of a protectorate of Russia on the territory of the Khanate. It was a coercive measure, as the khan’s power in Kokand was not stable and he was deprived of it more than once, and the urban lower classes, aristocracy and Muslim clergy, in their mass, did not support the forced union of the khan with Russia. The documents referring to correspondence of the Governor-General of Turkestan with the Emir of Bukhara and the treaties of Russia with Bukhara and Khiva, kept in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan, are the source base of the research. The documents of the diplomatic mission of S.I. Nosovich’s expedition from Tashkent to Bukhara, which was supposed to demonstrate support of the Russian government to the Emir of Bukhara, have been analyzed. This gesture showed the Bukhara opposition that Turkestan’s political and military forces would support the Khan in case of a rebellion. In addition, Russia's preservation of autonomy for these two states was also beneficial from an economic point of view. All these materials led to the conclusion about the reasons for preservation of statehood of Bukhara Emirate and Khiva Khanate until 1917. The reasons for the delegation of broad powers by the Emperor to the Governor-General of Turkestan are justified, and conclusions are drawn on the reasons for the abolition of the Kokan Khanate, as well as the necessity of Russian protectorate as a form of policy towards Bukhara emirate and Khiva khanate and their maintenance of statehood until 1917.
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Khairuldayeva, A. M., A. A. Yermekbayev, and A. S. Kenzhebekova. "THE STEPPE FOLKLORE AS THE SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE KAZAKHS AND THE CENTRAL ASIAN KHANATES." History of the Homeland 93, no. 1 (2021): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/1814-6961_2021_1_28.
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The article is dedicated to the study of data on the history of relationships between the Kazakhs and the Central Asian Khanates in the 18th – the 19th centuries, which are contained in the poetry of national oral tradition of that time. The article analysis historical facts, which are contained in the works of Qozhabergen zhyrau Tolibayuly (1663-1763), Zhankisi zhyrau (the beginning of the 19th century), Dulat Babatayuly (1802-1871), Shortanbay Kanayuly (1818-1881) and Kerdery Aubakir Shokanuly (1861-1905). Based on the source study analysis of Kazakh authors’ works, such as Aktaban shubyryndy, Alkakol sulama, Reflections of Zhanqozha Batyr, Auelgi qazaq degen zhurt, Otken imanshylyq zamandi zhoqtap aytkany, the several stages of relationships between Kazakh Steppe and Khiva, Bukhara and Kokand are reconstructed.
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Boratov, Dilshod. "THE VISIT OF IGNATYEV NIKOLAI PAVLOVICH IN 1858 AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE HISTORY OF EMBASSY RELATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE WITH THE KHIVA KHANATE." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 05 (2022): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-05-54.
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In this article, the author examines the specifics of embassy relations between the Russian Empire and the Khiva Khanate, the traditions and labels that have developed in the diplomatic relations of the two countries, as well as the state of mutual embassy exchange in the middle of the 19th century highlights the mutual analysis of information in the memoirs written by the ambassadors of the urban period. In addition, the example of the embassy headed by N. Ignatyev, who visited Khiva in 1858, reveals that the issue of the embassy became an important political process at a time when the interests of the Russian Empire and Great Britain clashed in Central Asia in the 1950s. The interference of other Central Asian states, such as the Bukhara Emirate and the Kokand Khanate, in the embassy affairs of the Russian Empire with the Khiva Khanate is also a clear feature of the diplomacy of this period. Historical, logical, analytical and synthesis methods were used.
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Pathiddinov, Rukhiddin Kh. "HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN TURKESTAN REGION: FERGANA PROVINCE AS AN EXAMPLE (END OF THE XIX CENTURY - BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY)." American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research 03, no. 01 (2023): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue01-04.
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By the middle of the XIX century, the Central Asian khanates fell into a serious socio-economic crisis due to mutual wars and the weakness of the central government. As a result, during the years 1864-1895, the land of Turkestan became a colony of the Russian Empire. The Bukhara Emirate and the Khiva Khanate lost their large territories and became vassals of the Russian Empire, while the Kokan Khanate was completely abolished and Fergana Province was established in its place. Along with Russian officials and soldiers, Russian doctors also entered the country. This article examines the entry of Russian doctors into the Fergana region, the activities of Russian medical institutions, and the attitude of the local population to modern medicine.
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Rustamova, Dilnoza. "Copies of lithographs of Alisher Navoi's diwans in Turkestan and other regions." Golden Scripts 4, no. 3 (2022): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.gold.2022.3/gxcg2939.
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Although printing was introduced in Turkestan nearly 5 centuries after Gutenberg’s invention, its rapid development gained serious importance in the country’s cultural life. First, the appearance of state printing houses in the Governorate of Turkestan and the Khanate of Khiva, and then private printing houses, served as the main helper of the period in the wide distribution of local books.When counting the most valuable books published in the printing houses of cities such as Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Kokand, Andijan, Namangan, Alisher Navoi’s works undoubtedly occupy a significant place. According to the research carried out until today, during the years 1879-1917, the works of the great poet were published more than 70 times.
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Zhangaliyev, Ulan. "Political and cultural situation in Kazakhstan in the XVIII–XIX centuries (historical aspect)." Bulletin of the Karaganda university History. Philosophy series 11429, no. 2 (2024): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2024hph2/88-94.
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The article describes the political situation and cultural situation of the Kazakh land in the period of the Russian Empire and describes the fact that in the XVIII–XIX centuries, the Tsarist authorities carried out various reforms for the final rule of the Kazakh steppe, expanding the countryethnic basis of the Kazakh people, dividing the ethnic groups, dividing them into provinces and districts, depriving the country of integrity. Our article reflects the colonial policy of the Tsarist government towards the Kazakh Steppe, which in some cases was tactically different from the open robbery attacks of the Khiva and Kokand khanates. It is indicated that the Tsarist government began to use an underground policy that led to the exposure of the Kazakh people to the influence of the Russian state and constant subordination to that state. The article also analyzes the policy of the Tsarist government, how the rulers of the Kazakh steppes work for them, buy them with a large reward.
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Aminov, I. I. "Causes and Results of Subjection of Central Asian Khanates to the Russian Empire (1860—1890s)." Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no. 1 (2020): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.110.1.024-035.
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The Russian Federation being currently a regional leader in strengthening Eurasian integration, it is necessary to remove contradictions concerning the interpretation of the history of Central Asia’s accedence 1 to the Russian Empire. Thus, it is indisputable that it was the Russian Empire that played a key role in the transition of the peoples of the Central Asian region, on the territory of which there were three major states — Bukhara Emirate, Kokand and Khiva Khanates, to a new level of civilizational, state and legal development.The paper not only touches upon the reasons, nature of the accession of the Central Asian states to the Russian Empire, but it also carries out a comprehensive analysis of the internal- and foreign-policy situation during the historical period under consideration. The totality of the circumstances makes it possible to answer the following questions: whether the Russian Empire under those conditions had an alternative to armed intervention; whether that intervention was carried out in accordance with the national interests of the peoples of Russia and Central Asia; what changes in the form of governance took place in Central Asian States after they lost political independence.
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Dadaboyev, Hamidulla. "The role of Loanwords in Vocabulary of Historical works by Ogakhi." Golden scripts 2, no. 3 (2020): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.gold.2020.3/mjsu3816.
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In the works "Riyaz ud-davla", "Zubdat ut-tavorix", "Jome ul-waqeoti sultoniy", "Gulshani davlat" and "Shahid ul-iqbol" written during 1825-1874 years by Ogahi, a great representative of classical Uzbek literature, are dedicated to the history of Khiva khans in the social life of the Uzbek, Turkmen, Kazakh, Karakalpak peoples living in the territory of the khanate, the unique relations of the khanate with the Bukhara Emirate, Kokand Khanate, Iran, India, Afghanistan, Russia, conflicts, trade relations, protests, the mentality of the peoples, also it reflects the vocabulary and syntax of that period. We can easily identify socio -economical, military, economical, spiritual, religious, scientific and other terms in Ogakhi’s works. The terms borrowed from Uzbek (Turkic), Arabic, persian, monghol, chinese, and some russian terms played a great role in the development of that terminological system. The article discusses phonetic and semantic structure of the borrowed terms, that have been actively used in the Turkic (Uzbek) language since ancient times and appear in Ogakhi’s works devoted to the history of Khiva khanate. We also paid attention to linguistic and extra linguistic factors in determining the influence of different languages to the terminology of this field.
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Yakubov, Kakhramon K. "‘Collection of Waqf Deeds’ as a Source for Studying the History of Waqf in the Khanate of Khiva in the 16th-20th Centuries." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2018): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-236-244.
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The article is devoted to preliminary analysis of the waqf documents from ‘Collection of waqf deeds’ stored in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan (fond I-323). Specifically, it examines the history of waqf in the Khanate of Khiva. The fond contains waqf deeds; their historic-geographical footprint covers wide areas of Bukhara, Samarkand, Khiva, Kokand, Tashkent, and Balkh. The article provides information on the archival fond, its creation in the Soviet period, its internal structure and documents, scholars involved in the preparation of the catalogue. The author classifies the documents, studies external and internal features of the waqf deeds, carries out their historical source studies analysis. Waqfnama has legal force, it is considered a document reflecting procedure of donating property of a waqif (a person who establishes a waqf) and further spending of the income on that property it by a religious or educational institution for its needs or social services. From this point of view, waqf deeds are a valuable source for studying the history of religious foundations and educational institutions in the Khanate of Khiva. Naturally, these institutions had different activities and functions. Therefore, waqf documents registered theoretical and legal aspects of waqf, management of the waqf economy, organization of the activity of each institution. Results of a preliminary analysis suggest that mostly the Khiva documents in the first series of the I-323 fond are the following: 71 waqf deeds held by mosques, 22 – by madrasas, 12 – by cemeteries, and, finally, 5 – by qarikhanas (lodges for reciters of the Quran). Drawing attention to the historical significance of this type of documents, the article briefly described the activities of these institutions on the example of their waqf deeds. ‘Collection of waqf deeds’ is of particular importance for studying the waqf in Central Asia, and also for the auxiliary branches of history.
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Shodiyeva, Surayyo Salohiddin qizi. "POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE OF "KASHKA" OAS IN THE XVIII-XIX CENTURIES." Eurasian Journal of Academic Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 88–94. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4698456.
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Hamidov, M. B., and O. Yu Kurnykin. "National-Territorial Delimitation in Central Asia in the 1920s: the Emergence of Border Disputes." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 2(130) (June 15, 2023): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2023)2-08.
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The formation of the administrative borders of the Central Asian republics is connected with the historical events of the 1920s, the Bolshevik policy of division, or national-territorial demarcation of this vast Islamized region in the center of Eurasia. The Central Asian states that existed during the imperial period (Bukhara Emirate, Khiva and Kokand khanates), as well as during the initial period of Sovietization of the region (Turkestan ASSR, Bukhara NSR and Khorezm NSR) were not national entities. After the end of the Civil War, the Bolsheviks, within the framework of the "policy of self-determination of peoples", assumed that each state was to unite the population within a single nation, defined primarily by ethnicity. However, the implementation of these guidelines ran up against the lack of clear ethnic boundaries and the multiculturalism of the region; conflicts over the distribution of water, pasture, and minerals were not uncommon in the delimitation of borders. The territorial delimitation in the Fergana Valley, perceived by the Bolsheviks as a stronghold of the antiSoviet movement in Central Asia under the slogans of Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism, was especially difficult. It is no coincidence that the Fergana Valley, which was a single economic, cultural and historical complex, turned out to be divided between three state formations, the border disputes between which have not yet been finally resolved.
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Apendiyev T.A., та Satov E.Z.,. "SOME MATERIALS RELATED TO THE NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE OF KENESARҮ KHAN'S MOVEMENT". BULLETIN 6, № 388 (2020): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.217.
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The personality of the last khan of the three zhuzes, Kenesary Kasymuly, his managerial abilities, ingenuity in military tactics, foresight and diplomatic position in the political arena are reflected in the works of professional historians, government officials and local poets and writers who arrived in Kazakhstan by the tsarist decree. In Soviet times, a group of scientists headed by one of the professional historians Yermukhan Bekmakhanov, domestic historians of independent Kazakhstan and Russian scientists, not indifferent to the personality of Khan Ken, also dedicated a number of their works to the personality. The main mission of Kenesary, a descendant of Genghis Khan, was to overthrow the reforms of the first quarter of the 19th century as a chain of colonial expansion, to restore the former Khanate, unite the three dynasties and achieve freedom. Despite many obstacles on the way to such a bold step, Kenesary Khan tried to use his personal intuition and high authority in the country. Important information about the events that took place against the giant empire, which united its forces with the khanates of Central Asia, did not go unnoticed in this article. Kenesary Kasymov managed to gather around him advisers and heroes, the most influential and active citizens of the people against colonial oppression. In the struggle for the return of the lands seized by the tsarist government, Kenesary relies on the experience of the Central Asian khanates in organizing troops. He divided his army into hundreds and thousands and appointed captains and commanders. Violators of military discipline were severely punished. The main goal of Kenesary's foreign policy was the creation of an independent Kazakh Khanate. To achieve this goal, he sought the support of the Central Asian khanates, interfering in their internal affairs and trying to win over their rulers. He sent ambassadors to the khan of Khiva and the emir of Bukhara to establish contacts. This will increase trade with the countries of Central Asia and purchase the necessary weapons and ammunition from them. The works of scientists contain valuable information that Kenesary refused to negotiate with the Kokand Khanate, which put pressure on the Kazakhs in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, maintained friendly relations with the Emir of Bukhara and sometimes supplied him with ammunition and weapons. Kenesary was captured and killed during the Kazakh-Kyrgyz confrontation on the Kekilik mountain, inscribed by Russian troops. As the struggle of Kenesary for independence, so his expectation of a positive result by the combined efforts of the Turkic peoples clearly shows that he is a politician with a broad vision and far-sighted strategist. The authors focus on the preconditions for the national liberation uprising of 1837-1847 and the circumstances that led to the historical event. The death of his brother Sarzhan Sultan and father Kasym at the hands of the Kokand people in 1836 gave an impetus to Kenesary to take immediate measures. The article says that Kenesary Khan established close ties with the Orenburg administration through correspon-dence and thus tried to establish strong relations with the royal government. The features of the national liberation uprising are revealed and reference concepts are made. The uprising of Kenesary Kasymuly, known as the last khan of the Alash people, gave impetus to the local uprising of the Kazakhs of the Syr Darya. A number of facts about the historical significance of the uprising were presented, showing that imperial colonialism weakened the iron chain. Іn the pre-revolutionary period, there was a lot of research about Kenesary Kasymovich. Historical works, geographical works, political and diplomatic correspondence, written on the direct orders of the tsarist (royal) government and government officials, directly or indirectly declared a national liberation uprising. In Soviet times, many professional historians wrote about the uprising, despite the government's ban on publicity and comprehensive research. After ascending the rostrum of independence, secret information about Kenesary was revealed, and complex studies are expanding. With the direct support of the authorities, the name of the last khan of the three zhuzes reached high fame and historical justice among the people.
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Pasilov, Bakhodir. "The Russian Colonial Economy in Central Asia." Oriente Moderno 102, no. 2 (2023): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340290.
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Abstract The article addresses selected problems of the colonial economy in Central Asia which appeared following the Russian conquest of this region. The basis of this economy was the cultivation of a new, American cotton variety across the region and the subsequent development of cotton growing on an industrial scale. As a result of the large-scale introduction of this agricultural-technical culture, significant changes occurred in the structure of the region’s economy. One negative consequence of this transition to a colonial economy was the demise of the manufacture of finished products that had been common prior to Russian conquest of the region. This development reconfigured trade relations of the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva, and Kokand Khanates (Turkestan) with Russia, as following colonization the bulk of cotton exports to Russia was made up of raw materials, primarily cotton and cotton fiber. Cotton also played an important role in the regional geopolitics of Russia, particularly with regard to Afghanistan. Accordingly, it was more important for Russia to expand Afghanistan’s cotton production than to be dependent on cotton supplied from the United States. Railways became important elements of the colonial economy by providing a vital connection between urban centers and rural agricultural areas. This not only accelerated the delivery of raw materials, primarily cotton, to Russian industrial-textile centers, but also significantly reduced the delivery costs of goods. However, the unilateral development of this regional colonial economy ultimately aggravated social conditions among local populations. After the establishment of Soviet control in Central Asia, the agricultural policy of the Tsarist government became the prototype for the Bolsheviks in defining this region’s economic role in the Soviet economic system.
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S.A., Mukhammadaminov. "Jungs of Central Asia - as a Program for Muftis and Qazis (Judges) of the Khanate Era." International Journal of Social Science And Human Research 05, no. 12 (2022): 5610–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7436432.
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The article discusses the jung sets, that is, the set of sharia rulings - programs (codes) compiled by mufti, alam and qazi(judge) in Mowarounnahr. Information is given about the composition and copies of Jungs for whom and for what purpose. A valid jurisprudential issue recognized by local scholars over the years in order to coordinate proceedings in the judicial courts and various jung collections consisting of fatwas, different aspects in content and content, their aspects related to religious and social processes that occurred in each period are shown. In them, Shariah laws and fatwas were systematically issued, which were used as a program/code by qazikhona officials. In this way, information is given about Jogs and their copies compiled during the Bukhara, Khiva and Kokan khanates. Although the format, size, and scope of the issues of the complexes differ from each other, there are aspects that connect them. The compilers of Jungs used the (ma’mula) Shari’a rulings that have been in practice among the scholars of Mowarounnahr for centuries when referring to the sources.
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Nadergulov, Minlegali Kh, та Ilshat S. Igdavletov. "К вопросу присоединения Средней Азии к России (обзор некоторых башкирских письменных источников второй половины XIX в.)". Oriental Studies 13, № 5 (2020): 1234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-51-5-1234-1242.
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Introduction. The article studies southeastern policies of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century, its campaigns and the annexation of Central Asia. Goals. The work analyzes reasons for the activation of foreign policy in the region during the mentioned period. The course and goals of the conquest of the Khanates of Kokand and Khiva, Emirate of Bukhara are considered. Materials. The paper investigates data contained in reports by the State Councilor М. Bekchurin, and one more document ― Arabic-script travel records (manuscript) by a private soldier Husniyar currently stored at the Manuscript Collection of the Institute of History, Language and Literature (Ufa Federal Research Centre of the RAS) and for the first time studied as a historical source. Results. Messages about the beauty of Eastern cities and Asian wealth had long attracted attention of Russian monarchs. Finally, Russia’s attempts to penetrate into Central Asia were crowned with success. In just two decades, the vast country further extended its borders far to the south and became a neighbor of another one ― the British Empire. Nowadays, the study of the history of establishing relations with Kazakhstan and Central Asia, when the southeastern borders of Russia almost returned to those of the early 18th century, is relevant and practically expedient. Reports by State Councilor M. Bekchurin reveal the economic objectives of the government: Russian industry and trade were looking for new markets for their products. So, M. Bekchurin gives his suggestions how to facilitate the growth of trade. The manuscript of Husniyar’s travel notes contains observations of an ordinary soldier, his attitude and experience as a Muslim in the campaign against his co-religionists. The source makes it possible to present the set and route of one military formation. Both the documents provide an opportunity to depict this region in the late 19th century. Currently, there are independent countries across this territory with different state borders, and the ethnic composition of many settlements has changed significantly.
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Turapova, Sharifa N. "LIBRARY MANAGEMENT AND ITS HISTORY." American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research 02, no. 12 (2022): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume02issue12-14.
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This article discusses of Uzbekistan have long been famous as centers of science, and libraries have played a major role in this. Especially in the 9th-12th centuries, during the reign of Amir Temur and the Timurids, huge libraries were established in the country, and science flourished. In the following centuries, in particular, during the khanate period, there were large libraries in the large cities of the region, in particular, in the cities of Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Kokan, in the palaces of the rulers.
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Yuldosheva, Dilrabo Fazilovna, and Guzalia Vagizovna Khairullina. "TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN BUKHARA AND KHIVA." Journal of Academic Research and Trends in Educational Sciences 1, no. 6 (2022): 148–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608707.
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In the second half of the XIX-early XX centuries, the Emirate of Bukhara was actively engaged in trade with neighboring khanates. During this period, trade relations between the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khiva Khanate were considered important. Trade between Bukhara and Khiva consisted mainly of agricultural and livestock products.
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Abdirashidov, Z. Sh. "In the name of enlightenment… Isma‘il Gasprinsky and Turkestan palace elite." Minbar. Islamic Studies 15, no. 3 (2022): 549–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2022-15-3-549-575.
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At the end of the 19th century, the territory of Turkestan administratively consisted of Russian Turkestan, Bukhara and Khiva Khanates. The last two were dependent on Russia both politically and economically, although they were officially considered independent. The Russian authorities were reluctant to interfere in the internal affairs of these vassal states. Because of this policy, the khan's administrations, until the events of 1917, tried to preserve the old method of management, as well as land and economic affairs. Despite the conservative attitude of the authorities to various innovations and the efforts of the Russian administration to reduce all ties with the outside world, the sparks of the modernist movement that swept the entire Muslim East in the last quarter of the 19th century still penetrated into the khanates. Muslims of the interior regions of Russia, in particular the leader of the Jadid reformist movement Isma‘il Gasprinsky, played a special and main role in this matter.The article examines the relations and cooperation of Gasprinsky with the palace elites of the Bukhara and Khiva Khanates on the basis of primary sources.
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Juraev, B. "Foreign Trade Relations of the Khanate of Bukhara." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 3 (2020): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/52/64.
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In Bukhara Khanate, which has a history of about 250 years, had also done a number of trade activities. By the second half of the 16th century, the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates joined the Russian state. As the border of this state approached Central Asia, the trade relations between the Bukhara, Balkh, Khiva khanates and Russia were strengthened and permanent relationship developed. Bukhara officials send ambassadors several times to Russia in order to benefit their traders.
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Akhmatov, Amonkeldi H., and Mohlaroyim J. Qoʻchkarova. "PARTICIPATION OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF LITERARY ENVIRONMENT OF BUKHARA AND KHIVA IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESSES (RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS)." Current Research Journal of History 5, no. 2 (2024): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-05-02-07.
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In this article, Bukhara and Khiva Khanate initialinformation is provided about the Jadidism movement formed in the direction of enlightenment, their uniqueness and the educational reforms implemented by the Jadidists. The similarities and differences between the two khanates will be analyzed.
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Нишонова, Хуршида Юсуфжановна. "AN ARTISTIC REFLECTION OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE PERIOD IN THE STORY OF "NEWS" BY AZAM OKTAM." "Science and Innovation" international scientific journal 1, no. 1 (2022): 563–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6527447.
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<em>This article discusses the general aspect of Azam Uktam's story "Khabar", which reflects the events of the socio-political life of the Kokand and Khanates in the last century, the psychology of its images, as well as the influence of the Koran on the work.</em>
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Pochekaev, Roman. "Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Khiva on the Russian Cotton Trade Market: Legal Aspects." ISTORIYA 15, no. 3 (137) (2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840031016-6.
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The article devoted to the problems of legal regulation of the cotton trade between the Russian Empire and khanates of the Central Asia mainly during the period when these states were under the Russian protectorate. Within their interaction two legal systems clashed: European continental law (which also was used in Russia) and traditional law of the Central Asian khanates. Author finds that Russian administration and traders attempted to extend the Russian legal principles of trade for the khanates, but failed because of two reasons. Firstly, Russia did not have possibilities to influence for the internal situation on Bukhara and Khiva although their subordinate position. Secondly, Central Asian merchants themselves did not want to change the situation as they were afraid of loosing their role in the market and, therefore, their profits.
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Mukhayyo, Gaipova. "Medieval Central Asian Architecture." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 04, no. 12 (2021): 3537–40. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i12-13.
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Samarkand, Bukhara, Tashkent, Khiva, Shakhrisabz, Kokand, Margilan, Gijduvan, Vobkent, Termez and other historical cities, which played an important role in the development of world civilization and formed over the centuries in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. More than 10,000 architectural and historical monuments and more than 700,000 mobile cultural heritage sites are available.
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Alisher, Isokboev. "ISMOILBEK GASPRINSKY BROCHURE ABOUT "ISTILOI TURKISTON"." LOOK TO THE PAST 5, no. 5 (2022): 49–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6615793.
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This article presents the first detailed information about Ismailbek Gasprinsky’s brochure "Istiloi Turkiston". This brochure was published in Bakhchisarai in 1889 and briefly describes the history of the occupation of Turkestan by the Russian Empire and the establishment of colonial regimes. The article for the first time analyzes the brochure "Istiloi Turkiston" and reveals its significance in the study of the history of Uzbekistan. This pamphlet by Gasprinsky is one of the most valuable sources for studying the history of Turkestan in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
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Pochekaev, Roman Yu. "THE 1873 TREATIES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE WITH THE KHANATE OF KHIVA AND THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA: A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS." Ural Historical Journal 77, no. 4 (2022): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-168-177.
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The article devoted to specific features of relations of the Russian Empire with the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva on the base of treaties signed in 1873, which are considered to fix the status of these Central Asian polities as Russian protectorates. The author examined preconditions of signing of these treaties, analyses the treaties of Russia with Khiva and Bukhara, gives a formal legal characterization of their form and content. The article is an attempt to explain the reasons of including by Russian authors in these treaties of specific statements which were to provide the control of the Russian Empire under the policy of the khanates in different areas as well as further practical implementation of these statements. Sometimes these reasons are not so obvious and it makes the author analyze not only literal sense of treaties, but also their “spirit”, i. e. implication within the context of Russo-Bukharan and Russo-Khivan relations before and after the establishment of the protectorate. The analysis of historical sources (legal acts, another official documents, contemporary testimonies, periodicals) and the results of previously made research allows the author to conclude that relations of the Russian Empire with authorities of Bukhara and Khiva were a complex of activities within the policy of the frontier modernization with due regard for specific features of political-legal and social-economical position of the khanates and intricate international situation as well as contradictions of different authorities in the Russian Empire itself.
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Allamuratov, Sh. "History of Amu Darya Shipbuilding." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 10 (2020): 422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/59/38.
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This article describes the history of the emergence and development of water transport on the Amu Darya waterway, their importance on the waterway, as well as the role of these vehicles in the transportation of commercial goods on the banks of the Amu Darya. In addition, the article analyzes such issues as the development of shipping, the construction of ships in the Bukhara Emirate and Khiva Khanates.
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Fayzulla Tolipov. "ON SOME HISTORICAL-ETHNOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE UZBEKI FAMILY IN THE PAST." Sciental Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (2025): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.62536/sjehss.2025.v3.i4.pp1-6.
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The article analyzes the historical stages of development of the Uzbek family in the past, historical and ethnographic features of family life, lifestyle of the population, economic life, social relations between family members. The article examines the features of the settlement of artisan families living in the historical cities of Uzbekistan, such as Tashkent, Bukhara, Khiva, Kokand, Margilan, Termez, Nurata, the settlement of the population in city quarters depending on the profession.
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Pickett, James. "Enemies beyond the Red Sands: The Bukhara-Khiva Dynamic as Mediated by Textual Genre." Journal of Persianate Studies 9, no. 2 (2016): 158–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341299.
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The khanates of Bukhara and Khiva had much in common, but depictions of their relationship with one another vary dramatically between historical sources. Some accounts convey deep rivalries between them, while in other sources they appear as easily traversable sub-regions within a broader, socially and culturally integrated landscape. How might we explain these wildly divergent images? This essay considers a wide range of sources to forward one simple argument: our understanding of the relationship between Bukhara and Khiva is fundamentally shaped by textual genre. Some genres—such as chronicles and legal writing—were well equipped to articulate rivalry and difference. Others—such as Sufi hagiography or chancellery documents—contained the tools for transcending these two polities. Since all of these genres were predominantly written by a single social group (the ʿolemā), this contradictory imagery was not the product of discrete constituencies with different viewpoints, but rather a single milieu performing diverse genres.
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Suleymanov, Nizami. "The relations of the Safavid state with the states of Central Asia in the 16th – 17th centuries." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 12-3 (2023): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202312statyi69.
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This article examines the history of the relations between the Azerbaijani Safavid state and the states that existed in Central Asia (the Sheybanid state, the Bukhara and Khiva khanates). The article also reflects the fierce struggle of these states for the vast region of Khorasan, which was of great strategic importance. The author of the article paid special attention to the internal political state of the Safavid state in this period, the struggle of the Central Asian states for the territory of Khorasan, the relationships between these states, and internal political strife for the seizure of central power.
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Xolmurodov, Murodjon. "BUKHARA AND XIV THE ATTACK ON THE EVE OF THE SOVIET INVASION. ACTIVITIES OF YOUNG PEOPLE." MODERN SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 3, no. 3 (2024): 285–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10809252.
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<em>The Khanate of Khiva was an important agent of the fragmented political structure in Turkestan after the Temirids. In 1873, the territories of West Turkestan occupied by Russia became a Russian mandate. The reformist Jadidism movement in Turkestan, after technical, social and political reforms, first focused on educational and cultural reforms, and naturally this movement also influenced Khiva and Bukhara khanates. The Jadidist movement in Turkestan, which was heavily influenced by the uprisings of 1905 and 1907 in Russia, influenced democratic movements in the Islamic world. Under the influence of the Ottoman John Turks (Young Ottomans) movement, the movement in Turkestan was named "Yosh Khivalik activities", and under the influence of the Bolsheviks, the "Yosh Khivalik movement" began to turn into a politically oriented revolutionary movement. Their main goal was to get rid of the tyranny of the Russian tsar and establish a democratic state. Thus, they wanted to help the Bolsheviks, who changed the direction of the movement to achieve their goals. This article analyzes the social, economic and political situation in the Khanate of Turkestan under the Russian regime.</em>
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Toropitsyn, Ilya V. "Astrakhan Yurt Tatars and the Peoples of Central Asia in the 16th – 18th Centuries." Journal of Frontier Studies 10, no. 1 (2025): 150–66. https://doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v10i1.636.
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Astrakhan Yurt Tatars were in close contact with the peoples of Central Asia in the 16th – 18th centuries. Relations with the nearest geographical neighbors (Nogais, Kalmyks, Kazakhs) were influenced by the foreign policy situation, depending on which, periods of confrontation between the Astrakhan Tatars and nomadic peoples were replaced by peaceful coexistence. Astrakhan Tatars had more pragmatic relations with the inhabitants of the Central Asian khanates. Astrakhan Tatars maintained direct trade contacts with them, carrying out transactions both in Astrakhan and making caravan trips to Khiva and Bukhara. Due to the close interaction between them, trusty and family relations developed from time to time.
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Kaulbekova, Rakiya. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRADITIONAL FARM OF KYRGYZ DURING THE PERIOD OF THE KOKAND KHANATE." Alatoo Academic Studies 2021, no. 4 (2021): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2021.214.32.
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The article examines the economic life of the Kyrgyz people during the period of the Kokand Khanate. Cattle breeding is characterized as the main source of livelihood, the wealth and fame of each family was determined by the number of livestock. It was also noted that in the high-mountainous regions of Kyrgyzstan, livestock raising was in the first place, and agriculture in second. In different regions, agriculture is developed at different levels, depending on soil conditions. The economic importance of international trade routes passing through the territory of Kyrgyzstan increased, as well as the importance of trade routes for maintaining economic ties between the Central Asian khanates, Kyrgyzstan and East Turkestan.
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Bokhodirov, Ihtiyor B. "MILITARY FIELD IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES ON THE EVE OF TURKESTAN MILITARY DISTRICT." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 4, no. 3 (2021): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2021-3-6.
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The article focuses on the military situation in the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva and Kokand khan-ates of the Central Asian states in the XIX century, their methods of armament, the system and es-sence of military-administrative management. During this period, Central Asian countries lagged behind the developed world in terms of military armaments and military tactics, according to archival and important sources. The article notes the reforms implemented by some heads of state in the 19th century in order to preserve the country’s independence and territorial integrity in the face of growing internal and external threats.Index Terms: regular army, irregular army, askarya, navkariya, to‘pchibashi, mingbashi, ka-racherik, tufang, ellikboshi, dahboshi, guard, jibach
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Shah, Imtiyaz. "Land Grant System and its Impact on the Pre-modern Central Asia." Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 1, no. 1 (2014): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v1i1.45.
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Pre-modern Central Asia was comprised of three principalities: 1. the Emirate of Bukhara, and Khanates of 2. Khiva and 3. Khokand. These principalities were caught in the web of socio-economic and political crises. To cope with these crises and to solve the problem of the expenditure of huge administrative costs, the Khans and Amirs distributed some portions of land from the state lands (amlok) as grants among their heirs, both civil and military officials. This paper concludes that instead of solving the problems, the distribution of land grant adversely affected the normative political order. The grantees, as landlords, began exercising enormous political and economic powers. These actions created immense exploitation of the subaltern tenants. The landlords siphoned off the tenants’ surplus and consequently subjected them to the most appalling conditions with their housing, food, and clothing.
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Karakulak, Mesut. "Breaking the Chains: The Role of Russian Captives in the Occupation and Abolition of Slavery in Turkestan." Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 12, no. 1 (2025): 141–64. https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1660026.
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One of the most striking dimensions of the Russian Empire's expansionist policies towards the Turkestan region was the discursive and strategic framework constructed around the practice of slavery. Throughout the long-term process extending from the 16th century to the late 19th century, the issue of Russian captives held in the Khanates of Bukhara and Khiva consistently occupied a central position in the agenda of the Russians. However, diplomatic negotiations concerning prisoner exchanges or the release of captives largely failed, paving the way for Russia to activate military options. Russia’s military intervention in Turkestan was legitimized through a discourse that portrayed the Tsarist ideology and the imperial rhetoric of the period as committed to the abolition of slavery. Nevertheless, archival documents, travel accounts, and contemporary testimonies reveal that this discourse was largely based on political manipulation. Although slavery was officially abolished following the Russian domination of the Khanate of Khiva in 1873, it is evident that the slave trade and practices of captivity in the region continued for some time. For the khanates, the existence of Russian captives was not merely a matter of war booty; rather, it functioned as a strategic instrument providing negotiating superiority against Russia. This situation transformed the phenomenon of captivity from a mere economic activity into a crucial component of politics and diplomacy. On the other hand, for Russia, this issue was positioned at the very center of the argument of “humanitarian intervention” that justified its policy of conquest in Central Asia; yet in practice, it became clear that the primary motivation of this intervention did not go beyond the liberation of Russian captives. Russia did not aim for a profound transformation of the social and economic infrastructure of slavery in the region, a fact that became evident in its colonial practices. The role of the Turkmen groups in the slave trade constituted another complex dimension of this process. The entanglement of ethnic, sectarian, and economic factors in this structure not only shaped Russo-Turkestan relations but also formed an essential part of the internal dynamics between the khanates. Ultimately, the abolition of slavery in Turkestan was not so much the direct result of Russian intervention as it was the consequence of local resistance movements, internal rebellions, and broader processes of social transformation. The strategy of the Tsarist administration to present itself as a “liberator” was essentially a discursive construction that masked its imperial expansion. In this context, the question of slavery evolved into an ideological apparatus skillfully designed by Russia to legitimize its military and political expansion in Central Asia, becoming a striking example of the classical tension between imperial politics and humanitarian rhetoric.
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Smolarz, Elena. "Between Liberation and Recoercion." Journal of Global Slavery 9, no. 1-2 (2024): 74–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00901009.
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Abstract Drawing on official imperial discourses in the Russian Empire and archival documents of the Orenburg Border Commission (1799–1856), the Russian imperial administrative institution subordinated to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, this paper analyzes the ransoming, release, and reintegration of freed Russian subjects and shows how these processes and practices were inextricably linked to the Russian imperial concept of political belonging. In such a context, the concepts of freedom and liberation must be questioned; that is, we must determine the extent to which “freedom” can represent a universal value and is legally defined and thus dependent on sociopolitical situations and frameworks. To contribute to a more precise and multifaceted understanding of “freedom” and “dependency” as well as “freeing” and “enslavement,” this article examines the liberation and repatriation of enslaved Russian subjects in the Central Asian khanates of Khiva and Bukhara in the first half of the nineteenth century.