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Harvey, Mark, Ian Green, and Rachel Nordlinger. "From prefixes to suffixes." Diachronica 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.23.2.04har.
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This article provides a counterexample to the commonly held, if unexamined, proposition that morphemes reconstructed as affixes do not change their position with respect to the root. We do not expect to find that a proto-prefix has suffix reflexes, nor that a proto-suffix has prefix reflexes. In this paper we show, through detailed reconstruction, that paradigms of class/case suffixes in a number of Northern Australian languages derive historically from a paradigm of proto-prefixes, through the encliticization and reduction of prefixed demonstratives to nominals. This process has only left a few traces of the demonstrative stems in the synchronic forms.
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Berg, Thomas. "Locating affixes on the lexicon-grammar continuum." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 2, no. 1 (September 24, 2015): 150–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.2.1.08ber.
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This study seeks to determine the relative position of derivational affixes on the lexicon-grammar continuum in English. Its major claim is that the set of prefixes is rather more lexical and the set of suffixes rather more grammatical in nature. This hypothesis is supported by a battery of ten tests (nine linguistic and one psycholinguistic). All tests converge to the point where we can raise the possibility of a unified explanation. A theoretical account is offered which is grounded in both language structure and processing. It is erected on a temporal asymmetry between prefixes and suffixes and a logical (relational) asymmetry between stems and affixes. In conjunction with the immediacy-of-processing assumption, these asymmetries lead to a temporal precedence of (more) lexical over (more) grammatical material, hence the higher lexicalness of prefixes and the higher grammaticalness of suffixes. An extended focus on inflectional morphology locates inflectional suffixes at the grammatical end of the spectrum. Inflectional prefixes in languages other than English may find a place either between derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes or between derivational and inflectional suffixes.
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Ramscar, Michael. "Suffixing, prefixing, and the functional order of regularities in meaningful strings." Psihologija 46, no. 4 (2013): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1304377r.
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The world?s languages tend to exhibit a suffixing preference, adding inflections to the ends of words, rather than the beginning of them. Previous works has suggested that this apparently universal preference arises out of the constraints imposed by general purpose learning mechanisms in the brain, and specifically, the kinds of information structures that facilitate discrimination learning (St Clair, Monaghan, & Ramscar, 2009). Here I show that learning theory predicts that prefixes and suffixes will tend to promote different kinds of learning: prefixes will facilitate the learning of the probabilities that any following elements in a sequence will follow a label, whereas suffixing will promote the abstraction of common dimensions from a set of preceding elements. The results of the artificial language learning experiment support this analysis: When words are learned with consistent prefixes, participants learned the relationship between the prefixes and the noun labels, and the relationship between the noun labels and the objects associated with them, better than when words were learned with consistent suffixes. When words were learned with consistent suffixes, participants treated similarly suffixed nouns as being more similar than nouns learned with consistent prefixes. It appears that while prefixes tend to make items more predictable and to make veridical discriminations easier, suffixes tended to make items cohere more, increasing the similarities between them.
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Idawati, Idawati, Ahmad Tolla, Kamaruddin Kamaruddin, and Ramly Ramly. "Morphosyntax of Tae’ Language (Morfosintaksis Bahasa Tae’)." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0703.08.
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This research aims to convey themorphosyntax in Tae’ language.Thisis descriptive qualitativeresearchsupported by library and field method. The library and field research method aims to find the detail and complete data. Moreover, the researchanalyzes words, phrases, clauses, and sentences in Tae’ languageas primary data.The results show that there are some features that mark morphosyntax in Tae’ language. They are reduplication process, derivational affixation, and sentence structures that describe the word orders of Tae’ language. Reduplications of Tae’ language are containing of full and partial reduplication. Whereas, thederivational affixations of Tae’ language are containing of prefixes and suffixes. The form of prefixes is ma-, ku-, na- di-, and si-. And, the form of suffixes is –i, - ko, and –mu. Those affixes are derived from derivation process namely the basic construction or sentence structures.
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Baumbach, E. J. M. "Pre-Tsonga noun class prefixes and verb suffixes." South African Journal of African Languages 5, no. 3 (January 1985): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1985.10586594.
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Carden, Julia R., Juan P. Barreyro, Juan Segui, and Virginia Jaichenco. "The fundamental role of position in affix identity." Mental Lexicon 14, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 357–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.19009.car.
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Abstract Previous research suggests that while free morpheme identification during visual word recognition is position-independent, suffixes are activated only when they occur after the stem. Surprisingly, prefix position coding has not yet been assessed. This point is important given that some experimental studies demonstrated clear processing differences between prefixes and suffixes. In this study we examined whether Spanish suffixes and prefixes are recognized independently of their position by adapting the Crepaldi, Rastle, and Davis’s (2010) experimental paradigm. We observed that morphologically structured nonwords in which the affix occurs in its typical position (e.g., curiosura, disgrave) are rejected more slowly and less accurately than their matched orthographic controls (e.g., curiosula, dusgrave). Crucially, such morpheme interference effect is completely absent when the morphemes are inverted (i.e., uracurios and gravedis are rejected as easily as ulacurios and gravedus). Our data provide strong support to the hypothesis that all affix processing is sensitive to position.
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PYE, CLIFTON, and BARBARA PFEILER. "The Comparative Method of language acquisition research: a Mayan case study." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 2 (March 26, 2013): 382–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000912000748.
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ABSTRACTThis article demonstrates how the Comparative Method can be applied to cross-linguistic research on language acquisition. The Comparative Method provides a systematic procedure for organizing and interpreting acquisition data from different languages. The Comparative Method controls for cross-linguistic differences at all levels of the grammar and is especially useful in drawing attention to variation in contexts of use across languages. This article uses the Comparative Method to analyze the acquisition of verb suffixes in two Mayan languages: K'iche' and Yucatec. Mayan status suffixes simultaneously mark distinctions in verb transitivity, verb class, mood, and clause position. Two-year-old children acquiring K'iche' and Yucatec Maya accurately produce the status suffixes on verbs, in marked distinction to the verbal prefixes for aspect and agreement. We find evidence that the contexts of use for the suffixes differentially promote the children's production of cognate status suffixes in K'iche' and Yucatec.
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Hasan Alizadeh, Morteza, and Seyyed Amin Seyyedi. "AUTO STEMMING OF AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGE." Problems of Information Technology 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25045/jpit.v10.i1.06.
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One of important features in natural language processing is to find the root of a word. Stemming means to remove prefixes, suffixes, and infixes for finding the root of the word. Its aims are about to information retrieval, exploring text, machine for translation, and word look up based on its root. Stemming increases document retrieval by 10-50% in most of international languages, it also compresses the size of web-based table indexes documents up to 50%. In this paper, by analyzing stemming approaches, using structural methods, and deterministic finite automaton machine, applying 274 existing prefixes in language (linkage), a stemming system for Azerbaijani language is generated. Experimental result demonstrates that the proposed algorithm performs more than 97% accuracy.
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Marcos Miguel, Nausica. "Analyzing morphology-related strategies in Spanish L2 lexical inferencing: how do suffixes matter?" International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 58, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 351–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iral-2016-0091.
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AbstractIntraword awareness, i. e., of affixes and stems, helps L2 learners in inferring the meaning of unknown words. Learners draw inferences relying on suffixes, prefixes and stems since each element can independently contribute to comprehension. This study analyzes morphology-related strategies in inferencing and focuses on the contribution of suffixes for adult L1 English-speaking learners of Spanish. Differences among suffixes (i. e., transparency, biuniqueness, explicitness of instruction, and cognateness) are taken into account. In a cross-sectional design with learners (n=209) of different proficiency levels (from 2 to 7 semesters of university study), intraword awareness was analyzed by means of two metalinguistic tasks. Participants of all proficiency levels relied on morphology-related strategies, with an increase of proficiency accompanied by an increase in strategy use. As for suffixes, instruction and cognateness mattered more than frequency in guiding students to successful inferencing. Nevertheless, knowledge of suffixes was still limited for the most advanced learners.
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Yurtbaşı, Metin. "Building English vocabulary through roots, prefixes and suffixes." Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 5, no. 1 (November 17, 2015): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v5i0.39.
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Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is the sum of the basic elements of four skills, namely, reading, writing, speaking and listening effectively. The knowledge of vocabulary words in lexico-semantics, on the other hand, is essential in every grade level, subject area and assessment for every student. In order to improve students’ efficiency in the realm of learning and utilizing them in appropriate instances, we must give them means to decode unfamiliar words through such elements called “affixes” and “roots”. Based on theories of Constructivism and Bloom's Taxonomy, and in the context of teaching all components of a language and arts curriculum, teaching such common roots and affixes is an effective strategy that would secure them a rich vocabulary. This presentation will call attention to an alternative dimension to traditional vocabulary teaching based on giving definitions of words or eliciting or deducing meaning from context. According to this methodology, first an awareness is given to students that the English words are essentially borrowings from other languages mostly with Latin or Greek origins (roots) formed by additions to them by parts (affixes) attached to their front and end. So by guessing the meaning of unknown words by such elements, learners are assumed to grasp the idea of the whole word. This presentation will serve as an introduction to the issue of the nature and functions of word etymology with semantics and lexico-semantics in learning English vocabulary items both for learners and teachers alike. Keywords: semantics, lexico-semantics, affix, prefix, suffix, root.
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Фатима, Кадыркулова, and Бейшенова Ж. "СУФФИКСЫ И ПРЕФИКСЫ ОТРИЦАНИЯ В НЕМЕЦКОМ И КЫРГЫЗСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ." Vestnik Bishkek Humanities University, no. 49 (November 29, 2019): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35254/bhu.2019.49.8.
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Аннотация: В данной статье рассматриваются суффиксы и префиксы отрицания как средства выражения отрицательного значения в немецком и кыргызском языках. Отрицательный аффикс -сыз (-суз, -саз) в кыргызском языке сопоставляется с немецкими словообразовательными суффиксами –frei, -los, -leer. В работе также подробно анализируется словообразовательные префиксы в не- мецком и кыргызском языках. В немецком языке префиксы nicht-, nichts-, um-, miss-, участвуют в образовании новых лексических единиц с отрицательным значением. А также в данной работе проанализированы общие заимствованные из других языков отрицательные префиксы a- (an-), de- (des-), in- (ir-, im-, il-). Ключевые слова: отрицательные суффиксы, отрицательные префиксы (приставки), отрицательная частица, словообразовательные средства отрицания, полуфункциональные аффиксы. Аннотация: бул статьяда терс маанисин немец жана кыргыз тилдеринде билдирген каражат катары суффикстер жана префикстер каралат. Терс аффикс -сыз (-суз, -саз) кыргыз тилинде немец сөз жасоочу суффиктер –frei, -los, -leer менен салыштырылат. Ошондой эле кыргыз жана немец тилдериндеги сөздөрдүн калыптануу префикси толук талданат. Анын немис тилиндеги префикси nicht-, nicht-, um-, mich- катышып, билим берүүдө жаңы лексикалык бирдик деп каралат. Ошондой эле бул иште жалпы башка тилдердин терс префикстери a- (an-), de- (deus-), in- (ir-, im-, il-) талданган. Түйүндүү сөздөр: терс суффикстер, терс префиксер (улоочу түзүлүштөр), терс бирдик, сөз жасоочу каражаттары тануу, жарымфункционалдык аффикстер. Abstract: this article discusses suffixes and prefixes of negation as a means of expressing negative meaning in German and Kyrgyz languages. The negative affix -syz (- Suz, - Suz) in the Kyrgyz language is compared with the German word-forming suffixes -frei, -los, -leer. The paper also analyzes in detail the word-formative prefixes in German and Kyrgyz languages. In German, the prefixes nicht-, nicht-, um-, mich -, are involved in the formation of new lexical units with a negative meaning. And also in this work the General negative prefixes borrowed from other languages a- (an-), de- (deus-), in- (ir-, im-, il -) are analyzed. Keywords: negative suffixes, negative prefixes (prefixes), negative particle, word- forming means of negation, semi-functional affixes.
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Li, Wenchao. "Subjectivity in Japanese: A Corpus-Linguistic Study." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 5 (August 26, 2019): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n5p202.
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This paper provides a corpus-linguistic study on subjectivity in Japanese, in an effort to arrive at how subjectivity, transitivity and grammaticalisation are related. 899 lexicons from nine grammatical categories (suffixes and prefixes, adjectives, particles, auxiliaries, nouns, adnominals, adverbs, and transitive/intransitive verb pairs) are examined. The findings reveal that Japanese is a subjective/objective-split language, and that subjectivity in affixes is facilitated by phonology: voiced/voiceless consonant alternation. The data also show that consonant-voiced prefixes and suffixes yield a subjective reading, while consonant-voiceless prefixes and suffixes render an objective meaning. Split subjectivity in adjectives is realised by morphology: しい-ending adjectives tend to be subjective, while い-ending adjectives are mostly objective. The differentiation of subjectivity in adjectives is further tied to the constraints on personal pronoun and verbalisation possibilities. Intriguingly, objective/subjective readings of しい-ending adjectives andい-ending adjectives are switchable. Furthermore, among transitive/intransitive verb pairs, intransitive verbs are likely to get grammaticalised, while transitive verbs are likely to be lexicalised and thus render a subjective reading. This is confirmed by change-of-state verbs and motion verbs. This paper therefore puts forward the hypothesis that the interrelationship of grammaticalisation and lexicalisation is orthogonal.
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Haiman, John. "Possible Origins of Infixation in Khmer." Studies in Language 22, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 597–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.22.3.04hai.
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The existence of infixation in Austroasiatic has always been treated as a given: one of such antiquity that it has been proposed as a possible index of genetic affiliation with Austronesian. Nor does the comparative method allow the reconstruction of a typologically more plausible set of prefixes from which the attested infixes could have been derived via metathesis. Yet a plausible mechanism for the infixation process can be suggested on the basis of internal reconstruction, given the following facts about Khmer: 1. A canonical iambic word structure; 2. An ongoing process of initial syllable erosion whose most consistent effect is the simplification and reduction of the rhyme of the anacrusic syllable. Both facts, although currently attested, are also of great antiquity in Austroasiatic. In Viet-Muong, the process of erosion, unchecked, led to a lexicon of monosyllabic roots. In (Mon-)Khmer, erosion created a perceived gap in the structure of the word. Infixation plugs that gap.
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Enesi, Miranda. "The Effect of Teaching Word Formation Theory to English Students." European Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v7i1.p7-12.
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The word-formation theory is often avoided in English language course books and little research is conducted on the pedagogical status of word-building process. However, many researchers and lecturers have realized the effect of teaching word-formation theory in English languages course books. English language lecturers have noted that vocabulary is very important in various subjects of English language branch curricula. For this reason, we must admit that the processes of word-formation, through which every language vocabulary can be enriched, are very important in English language teaching and learning. Word formation components such as prefixes, suffixes, etymology, history of words and other required materials in composing the vocabulary of English language are tested in Aleksandër Moisiu University. The results have revealed a significant and successful effect of teaching Word formation theory, this way showing the colossal importance of this important language aspect in every English language edition course book. This paper has two aims: first to review types of English word-formation and, second, to discuss the absence and the need for word-formation theory in English language course books. Keywords: Word formation, prefixes, suffixes, words, vocabulary.
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Markovic, Vera. "Ancient Greek in modern language of medicine." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 135, no. 9-10 (2007): 606–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0710606m.
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In order to standardize language of medicine, it is essential to have a good command of ancient Greek and Latin. We cannot deny a huge impact of ancient Greek medicine on medical terminology. Compounds of Greek origin related to terms for organs, illnesses, inflammations, surgical procedures etc. have been listed as examples. They contain Greek prefixes and suffixes transcribed into Latin and they have been analyzed. It may be concluded that the modern language of medicine basically represents the ancient Greek language transcribed into Latin.
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Kazlauskienė, Asta, and Jurgita Cvilikaitė-Mačiulskienė. "The structural patterns of Lithuanian affixes." Studies About Languages, no. 34 (June 3, 2019): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.34.21003.
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The aim of this research is to identify the main structural patterns of affixes of Lithuanian inflective words, their productivity and frequency. We present a survey of the structural diversity and productivity of these morphemes rendered in The Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian and in The Grammar of Modern Lithuanian. The frequency data was collected from The Database of the Morphemics of the Lithuanian Language. The morpheme analysis has revealed the following tendencies: 1) while prefixes are always monosyllabic, suffixes and flexions can vary from non-syllabic to trisyllabic, 2) within these morphemes, consonant clusters are not frequent. Prefixes in Lithuanian can have C0-2VC0-2 structure. The most productive and frequent pattern is C1V. Suffixes have structures C1-2, C0-2V(W)C0-3 and C0-1VC1-2VC0-2. The most productive are VC1 of nominal words and C1, VC0-1 verbal suffixes. In usage, VC1 suffixes of nominal words and V, C1 as well as VC1 verb patterns dominate. Flexions can have the following structures: C1, VC0-2, VC1VC0-1 or VC1VC1VC0-1. The most productive patterns are simple VC0-1, which also dominate the usage. The analysis has revealed the influence of a root on the structure of other morphemes. The most typical root structure C1-2VC1-2 entails a C1V structure prefix on the one side, while on the other - a suffix or a flexion with VC0-1 structure. The result of such combination is quite a consistent a consonant + a vowel + a consonant (+ a consonant) + a vowel + a consonant (+ a consonant) + a vowel (+ a consonant) chain: C1V + C1-2VC1-2 + VC0-1.
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Mulawarman, Widyatmike Gede, and Yeri Iswanto. "Penerapan Teknik Bagi Unsur Langsung (BUL) pada Identifikasi Afiks Bahasa Dayak Benuaq." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v1i1.5.
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This study aims to describe the form, function, and meaning of affix attached to the basic form of Benuaq language in Kampung Jengan Danum, Damai District, West Kutai Regency. This research is qualitative research with the technique of data analysis is BUL (Bagi Unsur Langsung) technique. This study was conducted in Kampung Jengan Danum, Damai District, West Kutai Regency. The research data is the entire word affixed spoken of native speakers Benuaq Kampung Jengan Danum. Data collection techniques used are recording techniques, cakap libat semuka technique, and simak cakap technique. The results showed that the Dayak Benuaq language in Kampung Jengan Danum has three forms affix, that is prefixes, suffixes, and combination of affixes. The prefixes are: {be-}, {pe-}, {peN-}, {te-}, and {N-}. The suffixes are: {tn}. The combination of affixes are: {ke- + N-} and {sek + N-}. The affix converts the categories of adjectives into verbs, verbs into adjectives, nouns into verbs, and nouns into adjectives. The meaning of the affixation of the Benuaq Dayak’s basic word is to declare an action, result of, a job, and to say to do work.
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Ahland, Michael. "Subject marking interrupted: Perturbations from the development of Northern Mao’s future tense suffix." Studies in African Linguistics 43, no. 2 (June 15, 2014): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v43i2.107264.
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Northern Mao, an Omotic-Mao language of Ethiopia, exhibits three partially overlapping but distinct subject-marking paradigms in its verbal system: subject prefixes on realis verbs which correspond closely to free pronouns, subject suffixes on irrealis negative non-future verbs which exhibit regular changes from the realis prefixes, and a third, more divergent, subject suffix system on irrealis future verbs which exhibits an [m] form not attested as a person marker elsewhere in the language or extended family. It is argued (from internal evidence) that the irrealis future verbs developed from a periphrastic subordinate + final verb complexes and that the intrusive [m] was, at an earlier stage, part of a subordinating morpheme.
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Fox, Barbara A., Fay Wouk, Steven Fincke, Wilfredo Hernandez Flores, Makoto Hayashi, Minna Laakso, Yael Maschler, et al. "Morphological self-repair." Studies in Language 41, no. 3 (October 25, 2017): 638–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.3.04fox.
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Abstract In this study we explore patterns of same-turn self-repair within the word, across ten typologically and areally diverse languages. We find universal processes emerging through language-specific resources, namely: recycling is used to delay a next item due, while replacement is used to replace an inappropriate item. For example, most of our languages with prefixes or proclitics recycle those elements to delay production of the root/host, while languages with suffixes tend not to recycle just suffixes without their roots/hosts, since that would not serve to delay the production of the root/host; rather, the whole word is recycled. Replacement of affixes and clitics is rare, regardless of position. We provide several possible explanations for these facts, all based on the nature of replacement.
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Rosés Labrada, Jorge Emilio. "The Piaroa subject marking system and its diachrony." Journal of Historical Linguistics 8, no. 1 (July 20, 2018): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.16023.ros.
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Abstract Piaroa, a member of the Sáliban language family, is spoken on both sides of the Colombian-Venezuelan border. Based on unpublished fieldwork data for Mako and Piaroa and published Piaroa and Sáliba data, this article focuses on the Piaroa subject marking system and its origins. I show that the subject prefixes and inner suffixes used in future tense were inherited from Proto-Sáliban and must therefore have preceded the rise of the right-margin subject markers ‑sæ, -hæ and ‑Ø. Based on comparative Mako data, I propose that these markers are old copular suffixes that entered the verbal domain through a nominal predication construction whose use expanded to encode habitual aspect. This research not only constitutes an important contribution to the description of Piaroa but also expands, within a Diachronic Construction Grammar approach, our understanding of complex systems of person marking, the origins of multiple exponence, and the role of multiple source constructions in paradigm creation.
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Chandra, Yulie Neila. "Morfem Derivasional dalam Bahasa Mandarin." Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v3i1.35.
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<p>Affixation is one of the process of morphological in Mandarin. Affixes are bound morphemes that are added to other morphemes to form larger units such as words, especially to form a compound word (成词 héchéng cí). Mandarin has two types of affixes: prefixes (precedes the morpheme) and suffixes (follows the morpheme). Prefixes are rare in Mandarin, such as {初chū-}, {第dì-}, {非fēi-}, {可kĕ-}, etc;while suffixes are more numerous, such as {儿-er}, {化 –huā}, {家 –jiā}, {们 –men}, {员 –yuán}, {者 –zhĕ}, {子-zi}, etc. In Mandarin, affix morphemes can also be divided into two functional categories, namely inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes, both refers two principal word formation processes: inflection and derivation. Although, Mandarin is not the inflection language, only prefix {初chū-} and suffix {们–men} are inflectional morphemes. Therefore, the derivation process is more productive in Mandarin. Derivational morphemes form new words by changing the meaning of the base (root) and the word class. In consequence, derivation in Mandarin may cause a change of word classes; such as nouns, verbs, and adjective, but generally form nouns.</p>
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Hanafi, Hanafi. "Contrastive Analysis: A Case for Noun Affixes of Indonesia Language and Banten Javanese Language." Journal of English Language Teaching and Cultural Studies 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.48181/jelts.v3i2.9628.
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This study is aiming to discuss the contrastive analysis of noun affixes of Banten Javanese Language and Indonesian Language. The research method used in this research was qualitative. The technique used in data collection is document study from Indonesian Language and Banten Javanese textbooks used in elementary schools. The data analysis technique used was contrastive analysis by comparing these two languages. This result shows that both Banten Javanese and Indonesian Language have their similarities and differences in terms of noun. The similarities are reflected on prefixes, suffixes, and simulfixes; the differences are reflected on infixes. The result also concludes that the differences may hinder the process of teaching and learning Indonesian Language as L2; the similarities, on the contrary, may serve the facilities to learn Indonesian Language as L2.
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Peate, Ian. "Anatomy: learning the language." British Journal of Healthcare Assistants 14, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjha.2020.14.6.273.
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This article is the first in a series that focuses on anatomy and physiology. Human anatomy, just like any other technical subject, has its own vocabulary. When learning anatomy for the first time, it can sometimes feel like you are learning a new language. This article provides the reader with an understanding of the language used when discussing various anatomical concepts. The healthcare assistant and assistant practitioner (HCA and AP) will need to understand anatomical terminology accurately, so as to provide care that is safe and effective. The article addresses roots, prefixes and suffixes, anatomical position, regional terms, directional terms, body planes and body cavities. Each article in the series ends with a glossary of terms helping readers understand some of the terminology that has been used. A series of ‘test yourself’ questions is also provided.
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Güldemann, Tom. "Head-initial meets head-final nominal suffixes in eastern a southern Bantu from a historical perspective." Studies in African Linguistics 28, no. 1 (June 1, 1999): 50–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v28i1.107378.
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Bantu languages in eastern and southern Africa possess nominal suffixes which serve to express locative relations or derive nominal stems. As these grammemes are final to their noun hosts, they are markedly distinct from canonic prefix morphology in Bantu nouns. Moreover, nominal syntagms are head-initial and canonic grammaticalization in this domain can be expected to yield prefixes. The elements under discussion are suffixes, yet they developed in Bantu from inherited nominal lexemes. Thus, they are unusual from a morphotactic viewpoint and cannot easily be accounted for by exclusively language-internal developments. For this reason, it is plausible to investigate the hypothesis that the nominal suffixes emerged due to interference from languages having a different grammatical structure. For this purpose, a sample of non-Bantu languages from the relevant geographic area in Africa is established and analyzed in order to test whether there are languages or entire groups with head-final and suffixing patterns that could have influenced the process of suffix emergence in Bantu.
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Satsyuk, Olga. "USE OF LATIN ORIGINAL PREFIXES AND SUFFICES IN ROMANIAN LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (February 27, 2020): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-215-217.
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The article deals with productive affixes of Latin origin, with the help of which many words of the Romanian language have been formed since the beginning of its formation from the Latin language of the Danube region. Latin suffixes and prefixes that continue to be used in the word formation process of modern Romanian are also analyzed. Some Romanian words were borrowed through other languages (French, German) The ways of penetration of the Latin language into the territory of modern Romania have been established. The process of Romanization began after the wars near the Oresteier Mountains (101-106), as a result of which Dacia was conquered and annexed to the Empire. It is noted that Dacia (modern-day territory of Romania) inherited a rich ancient heritage with the conquest of new provinces by the Empire and, thus, the spread of Roman cultural heritage. However, Latin was the official language in Dacia. Many new cities with introduced Roman civilization were also founded. Latin was spoken in the army and in state institutions. The vocabulary of the Romanian language, which was created with the help of Latin word-forming elements at the beginning of the Romanian language formation, is distinguished, and it is shown that these affixes are used in the modern Romanian language thus distinguishing productive and unproductive affixes.
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Rugaiyah, Rugaiyah. "Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes: A Morphological Analisis." J-SHMIC : Journal of English for Academic 5, no. 2 (August 26, 2018): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jshmic.2018.vol5(2).1887.
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This study was intended to describe the category of inflectional and derivational morphemes found in Reading Texts of 2013 Curriculum English Textbook for the X Grade of Senior High Schools Published by Ministry of Education and Culture. Morpheme is used to refer to the smallest unit that has meaning or serves a grammatical function in a language. The morphemes which can meaningfully stand alone are called free morphemes while the morphemes such as –er and –s, which cannot meaningfully stand alone are called bound morphemes. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative. The results of this study show that Derivational prefixes consist of inter-, eco-, un-, ar-, pre-, re-, pro-, be-, de-, in-, dis-, a-, ex-, auto-, mis-, agri-, em-, ap-, im- and al-. While, Derivational suffixes consist of four categories. Thus are nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial suffixes. First, nominal suffixes, namely –ism, -ation, -al, -ing, -ist, -or, -ity, -er, -ance, -ment, -ion, -ess, -ium, -ature, -ry, -ant, -ce, -ive, -cy, -y, -r, -ge, and -ness. Second, Verbal suffixes, namely –n and –ize. Third, Adjectival suffixes, namely –al, -ly, -ous, -ing, -able, -ic, -ish, -ive, -ian, -ny, -less, -ed, -ary, -nese, -y, and –ful and the last is adverbial suffix –ly. Otherwise, the categories of inflectional morphemes that found in texts consist of Noun suffixes (plural) such as; –s, -ies, and –es, Noun suffixes (possessive) e.g; –s’ and -’s, Verb suffixes (3rd person singular) are –s and –es, Verb suffixes (past tense) are –ed and –d, Verb suffixes (past participle) such as; –n, -d, and -ed, Adjective suffixes (comparative) are –er, - r, and –ier and Adjective suffixes (superlative) are –st and –est. Therefore, based on the result of finding verb suffixes are not found.
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Ramli, NFN, and Novia Erwandi. "ANALISIS KOMPARATIF ANTARA BAHASA JAMEE (ACEH) DAN BAHASA MINANGKABAU (BUKITTINGGI)." Linguistik Indonesia 37, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v37i1.85.
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The problems in this study are the differences in phonology, lexical, morphology, and syntactic structure between Jamee (Aceh) and Minangkabau (Bukittinggi). The aim of this research is to know the difference of phonology, lexical, morphology, and syntactic structure between Jamee language and Minangkabau Bukittinggi language. The method used in this research was descriptive with qualitative approach. Data were collected by observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The data sources in this research were 5 speakers of Jamee language and 5 speakers of Minangkabau Bukittingi language. the data analysis procedures were data selection, data classification, and data presentation. The results of research in this article phonological differences, there were / ɛ / and / ɔ / in vocal system of Jamee, / a / while vocal system of Minangkabau Bukittinggi language and Jamee / ɣ / or / R / language consonant system, while Minangkabau Bukittinggi language / r /, then there were pronunciation differences include single vowels, double vowels, and consonants. These differences consist of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. For affixation, the difference lies in the insertion (infix) -al-, -ar- in Jamee and -am-, -um- in Minangkabau Bukittinggi. The suffixes (suffixes) -en, -ken in Jamee, -in the Minangkabau language of Bukittinggi, and the ends (confix) there were me-ken, me-en, ma-kan, ma-an in Minangkabau language Bukittinggi, except prefixes. The prefixes of the two languages have similarity. The differences was also seen from word classification in verbs, nouns, adjectives, numerelia, and adverbs. In terms of the type of word repetition there was no difference only in the form of words or basic words only, while the sentence structure of the two languages have in similarities.
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Ross, Nigel J. "The -ic and -ical pickle." English Today 14, no. 2 (April 1998): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026607840001018x.
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English – like all languages – has a predilection for ‘rules’, as grammatical patterns are often called. Generally the patterns are fairly straight-forward, though sometimes they become rather complex, perhaps with numerous exceptions or irregular features. To further obscure the picture, language patterns do not stay still, variations occurring in place and time. At first sight, English word-building elements – such as prefixes and suffixes – would appear to be fairly regular, presenting clear morphological patterns with few exceptions. But first appearances can be deceptive.
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Kiros, Atakilti Brhanu, and Petros Ukbagergis Aray. "Tigrigna language spellchecker and correction system for mobile phone devices." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2307-2314.
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This paper presents on the implementation of spellchecker and corrector system in mobile phone devices, such as a smartphone for the low-resourced Tigrigna language. Designing and developing a spell checking for Tigrigna language is a challenging task. Tigrigna script has more than 32 base letters with seven vowels each. Every first letter has six suffixes. Word formation in Tigrigna depends mainly on root-and-pattern morphology and exhibits prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. A few project have been done on Tigrigna spellchecker on desktop application and the nature of Ethiopic characters. However, in this work we have proposed a systems modeling for Tigrigna language spellchecker, detecting and correction: a corpus of 430,379 Tigrigna words has been used. To indication the validity of the spellchecker and corrector model and algorithm designed, a prototype is developed. The experiment is tested and accuracy of the prototype for Tigrigna spellchecker and correction system for mobile phone devices achieved 92%. This experiment result shows clearly that the system model is efficient in spellchecking and correcting relevant suggested correct words and reduces the misspelled input words for writing Tigrigna words on mobile phone devices.
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Bruening, Paul R., Patricia J. Brooks, Louis Alfieri, Vera Kempe, and Ineta Dabašinskienė. "Children’s Tolerance of Word-Form Variation." Child Development Research 2012 (November 14, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/401680.
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How much morphological variation can children tolerate when identifying familiar words? This is an important question in the context of the acquisition of richly inflected languages where identical word forms occur far less frequently than in English. To address this question, we compared children’s (N=96, mean age 4;1, range 2;11–5;1) and adults’ (N=96, mean age 21 years) tolerance of word-onset modifications (e.g., for stug: wug and wastug) and pseudoaffixes (e.g., kostug and stugko) in a label-extension task. Word-form modifications were repeated within each experiment to establish productive inflectional patterns. In two experiments, children and adults exhibited similar strategies: they were more tolerant of prefixes (wastug) than substitutions of initial consonants (wug), and more tolerant of suffixes (stugko) than prefixes (kostug). The findings point to word-learning strategies as being flexible and adaptive to morphological patterns in languages.
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Roger, Coralie. "Derived change-of-state verbs in French: a case of semantic equivalence between prefixes and suffixes." Acta Linguistica Hungarica 50, no. 1-2 (May 2003): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aling.50.2003.1-2.10.
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Kanu, Sullay M., and Benjamin V. Tucker. "Temne." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40, no. 2 (July 8, 2010): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002510031000006x.
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Temne belongs to the South Atlantic Group of Niger-Congo (formerly the Southern Branch of the Atlantic Group of Niger-Congo; Blench 2006, Childs 2010) spoken in the northern part of Sierra Leone. According to Ethnologue (ISO 639–3: tem, Lewis 2009), Temne has a population of about 1.2 million native speakers. Like other South Atlantic languages, Temne is a tonal language with a noun class system, prefixed noun class markers and agreeing prefixes on dependent elements. Features determining class membership include number and animacy. Temne also features extension suffixes which alter the valency or the semantic structure of simple verb stems. The basic word order is Subject–Verb–Object.
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Ying, Yi. "Perbandingan Karakteristik dan Fungsi Kata Keterangan Bahasa Mandarin dan Bahasa Indonesia." Humaniora 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2011): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v2i2.3141.
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Indonesian is an inflective language or functional language. It is a synthetic language, which is differentiated with agglutinative languages based on the inclination of morphemic formation of words. As a result, segmenting the elements is hard to be done. Mandarin as an isolative language is formed by singular morpheme. Synthetic language as the contrary consists of words of many morphemes. Mandarins’ and Indonesian’s grammatical function is as adverbs in most of the language occurrences. The difference between two adverbs is that in Mandarin, nouns and numbers cannot receive prefixes and suffixes. Mandarin’s adverbs in general are put in the beginning and middle of the words, which is different with Indonesian adverbs that can be placed in the end of the words.
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Van Goethem, Kristel. "From adjective to affix in Dutch and French." Studies in Language 35, no. 1 (July 21, 2011): 194–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.1.11van.
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This study, which builds on previous work on the grammaticalization of lexemes into affixes (affixization), is devoted to the evolution from adjective to affix (prefix or suffix) in Dutch and French. By means of several case studies (oud- ‘old’, dol- ‘mad’, nouveau- ‘new’, -vriendelijk ‘friendly’) which are assessed against grammaticalization parameters such as de- or resemanticization and decategorization, I show that the affixization of adjectives is more productive and more advanced in Dutch than in French. To account for these differences, I argue that the affixization process strongly interacts with the different word order patterns of both languages. According to this hypothesis, the Dutch modifier-head structure would favour the grammaticalization of adjectives into prefixes and suffixes, whereas the French head-modifier structure impedes the affixization process.
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Deen, Kamil. "The acquisition of inflectional prefixes in Nairobi Swahili." Annual Review of Language Acquisition 3 (December 31, 2003): 139–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arla.3.06dee.
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This study investigates the acquisition of inflectional prefixes in Swahili, an eastern Bantu language. The order of morphemes in adult Swahili is: Subject Agreement – Tense – (Object Agreement) –Verb Root – (derivational suffixes) –Mood Vowel. I present data from an original corpus of 4 Swahili-speaking children (ages 1;8-3;0) who were recorded in Nairobi, Kenya. An analysis of the children’s verbal utterances reveals that four clause types occur in the speech of all four children: a. Agr–T–Verb StemFull Clause b. Ø–T–Verb Stem[-SA] Clause c. Agr–Ø–Verb Stem[-T] Clause d. ؖؖVerb StemBare Verb Stem Of these four, only full clauses and [-SA] clauses are permitted by adults in this non-standard dialect of Swahili. A review of five influential theories on the acquisition of morphosyntax (the Metrical Omission Model, Gerken, 1991; the Truncation Hypothesis, Rizzi, 1994; the Underspecification of T, Wexler, 1994; the underspecification of Agr, Clahsen et al. , 1996; and the underspecification of Agr and T, Schütze & Wexler, 1996) shows that the data support the Agr-Tense Omission Model (Schütze & Wexler, 1996) in showing that agreement and tense may be optionally and independently underspecified.
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Nurhayati, Iin, and Sutiono Mahdi. "REDUPLICATION IN SUNDANESE LANGUAGE." AICLL: ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 1, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/aicll.v1i1.32.
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Linguistically speaking, Sundanese has a wide range of reduplicated words and as well delivers different meaning in a different words form wherever it be added by suffixes, infixes, or prefixes. This research try to presents and classify kinds of reduplication in Sundanese, in which stage they belong and how they can be different or not semantically and morphologically, and how they can presumably be similiar or different from one another. The data collection will involve correspondence to be asked about some word that can be reduplicated, using semantics and morphology as the approach to see the occurrence. Based on the data that has been investigated and classified, Sundanese reduplication can be applicable to all semantics properties. Thus, if Augmentation can be expressed by Sudanese reduplication, so does Diminution. On the other hand, if intensification can also be expressed by means of reduplication in Sudanese, so attenuation can also be expressed by Sudanese reduplication. Also if Sudanese root word is bound by affixation whether it be in prefix, infix, or suffix, its lexical and grammatical meaning can changed.
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Mat Teh, Kamarul Shukri. "Analisis Kontrastif Hubungan Kata Kerja Transitif dan Objek Dalam Bahasa Arab dan Bahasa Melayu." Ulum Islamiyyah 12 (September 15, 2014): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol12no.209.
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Pengetahuan dan pengalarnan bahasa pertama sering digunakan oleh pelajar semasa mempelajari bahasa asing/kedua. Perbezaan dan persamaan kedua-dua bahasa ibunda dan sasaran memberi implikasi positif dan negatif terhadap pembelajaran bahasa asing/kedua. Artikel ini memerihalkan suatu analisis kontrastif terhadap hubungan kata kerja transitif dan objek dalam bahasa Arab dan Melayu. Struktur dan elemen bagi aspek tatabahasa dalam kedua-dua bahasa tersebut telah dikaji. Analisis kontrastif menunjukkan terdapat beberapa persamaan seperti kata kerja bahasa Arab dan Melayu boleh ditransitifkan melalui penambahan imbuhan; kata kerja transitif yang melampaui kepada dua objek dalam bahasa Arab dan Melayu memerlukan kepada objek tepat dan objek sipi; dan objek di dalam frasa kerja aktif asalnya terletak di akhir ayat. Antara perbezaan yang dikenal pasti adalah pentransitifan kata kerja bahasa Arab kebiasaannya menerima imbuhan awalan atau dalaman sedangkan kata kerja bahasa Melayu menerima imbuhan awalan sahaja, atau awalan dan akhiran sekali gus; kata kerja transitifbahasa Arab boleh melampaui kepada tiga objek dan is tidak berlaku dalam bahasa Melayu; dan alamat i'rab dalam bahasa Arab memainkan peranan penting untuk membezakan objek daripada unsur-unsur bahasa yang lain, sedangkan penentuan objek dalam bahasa Melayu dibuat melalui makna perkamusan dan gaga bahasa. Hasil kajian telah membawa kepada implikasi pedagogikal seperti keperluan perkongsian maklumat analisis dengan pelajar, penyusunan bahan pengajaran, dan pengemaskinian kaedah pengajaran berdasarkan keputusan analisis.Knowledge and experience in the first language are often used by students in learning foreign/second language. The differences and similarities of both native and target languages have resulted in positive and negative implications on learning a foreign/second language. This paper describes a contrastive analysis on the relationship between transitive verbs and objects in Arabic and Malay languages. The structure and element from the grammatical aspect in both languages have been studied. Contrastive analysis showed that there are several similarities such as the verbs for Arabic and Malay languages can be made transitive through the addition of prefixes and suffixes; transitive verbs that require two objects in Arabic and Malay languages need direct object and indirect object; and the object in the original active verb phrase is placed at the end of the sentence. Among the differences identified is that the transitivisation of verbs in the Arabic language usually involves adding prefixes or infixes whereas for the verbs in Malay language it only involves adding the prefixes, or prefixes and suffixes at same time; transitive verbs in the Arabic language could require three objects and this does not happen in Malay language; the i'rab address (flexi) in Arabic language plays an important role in differentiating objects from elements of other languages, while determining objects in Malay language is done through the meaning of lexicography and language style. Findings of the study led to pedagogical implications such as the need for sharing of analysis information with students, compilation of teaching materials, and updating teaching methods based on analysis outcomes.
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Arar, Mahdi. "Morphological Homonymy in the Qur'anic Text: A Semantic Overview." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 11, no. 1 (April 2009): 246–199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1465359109000709.
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This study discusses the presence of two different type of homonyms, al-mushtarak al-ṣarfī and al-mushtarak al-lafẓī, in the Qur'an and distinguishes these from other kinds of homonyms. Al-Mushtarak al-ṣarfī relates to the field of morphology, whereas al-mushtarak al-lafẓī belongs to the lexicographical facet of language. The article then goes on to discuss homonymy in terms of alternative forms, derived forms, and the effect of morphological features such al-iʿlāl (‘defectiveness in verbs and nouns’), al-ibdāl (‘substitution’), al-ḥadhf (‘omission’), and al-jamʿ (‘combination’), as well as the multiplicity in meanings of some prefixes and suffixes.
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KUFLEITNER, MANFRED, and ALEXANDER LAUSER. "AROUND DOT-DEPTH ONE." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 23, no. 06 (September 2012): 1323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054112400552.
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The dot-depth hierarchy is a classification of star-free languages. It is related to the quantifier alternation hierarchy of first-order logic over finite words. We consider subclasses of languages with dot-depth 1/2 and dot-depth 1 obtained by prohibiting the specification of prefixes or suffixes. As it turns out, these language classes are in one-to-one correspondence with fragments of alternation-free first-order logic without min- or max-predicate, respectively. For all fragments, we obtain effective algebraic characterizations. Moreover, we give new proofs for the decidability of the membership problem for dot-depth 1/2 and dot-depth 1.
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Ramadhani, Risky Aswi, I. Ketut Gede Dharma Putra, Made Sudarma, and Ida Ayu Dwi Giriantari. "A new technology on translating Indonesian spoken language into Indonesian sign language system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 3338. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3338-3346.
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People with hearing disabilities are those who are unable to hear, resulted in their disability to communicate using spoken language. The solution offered in this research is by creating a one way translation technology to interpret spoken language to Indonesian sign language system (SIBI). The mechanism applied here is by catching the sentences (audio) spoken by common society to be converted to texts, by using speech recognition. The texts are then processed in text processing to select the input texts. The next stage is stemming the texts into prefixes, basic words, and suffixes. Each words are then being indexed and matched to SIBI. Afterwards, the system will arrange the words into SIBI sentences based on the original sentences, so that the people with hearing disabilities can get the information contained within the spoken language. This technology success rate were tested using Confusion Matrix, which resulted in precision value of 76%, accuracy value of 78%, and recall value of 79%. This technology has been tested in SMP-LB Karya Mulya on the 7th grader students with the total of 9 students. From the test, it is obtained that 86% of students stated that this technology runs very well.
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Grossman, Eitan, and Stéphane Polis. "Swimming against the typological tide or paddling along with language change?" Journal of Historical Linguistics 8, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 388–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.17027.gro.
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AbstractIt has repeatedly been observed that there is a worldwide preference for suffixes over prefixes. In this article, we argue that universally dispreferred – or rare – structures can and do arise as the result of regular processes of language change, given the right background structures. Specifically, we show that Ancient Egyptian-Coptic undergoes a long-term diachronic macro-change from exhibiting mixed suffixing-prefixing to showing an overwhelming preference for prefixing. The empirical basis for this study is a comparison of ten typologically significant parameters in which prefixing or affixing is potentially at stake, based onDryer’s (2013a)969-language sample. With its extremely high prefixing preference, Coptic belongs to the rare 6% or so of languages that are predominantly prefixing. We argue that each of the micro-changes implicated in this macro-change are better understood in terms of changes at the level of individual constructions, rather than in terms of a broad structural “drift.” Crucially, there is nothing unusual about the actual processes of change themselves.
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Martin, Alexander, and Jennifer Culbertson. "Revisiting the Suffixing Preference: Native-Language Affixation Patterns Influence Perception of Sequences." Psychological Science 31, no. 9 (August 13, 2020): 1107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620931108.
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Similarities among the world’s languages may be driven by universal features of human cognition or perception. For example, in many languages, complex words are formed by adding suffixes to the ends of simpler words, but adding prefixes is much less common: Why might this be? Previous research suggests this is due to a domain-general perceptual bias: Sequences differing at their ends are perceived as more similar to each other than sequences differing at their beginnings. However, as is typical in psycholinguistic research, the evidence comes exclusively from one population—English speakers—who have extensive experience with suffixing. Here, we provided a much stronger test of this claim by investigating perceptual-similarity judgments in speakers of Kîîtharaka, a heavily prefixing Bantu language spoken in rural Kenya. We found that Kîîtharaka speakers ( N = 72) showed the opposite judgments to English speakers ( N = 51), which calls into question whether a universal bias in human perception can explain the suffixing preference in the world’s languages.
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Hankamer, Jorge, and Line Mikkelsen. "Structure, Architecture, and Blocking." Linguistic Inquiry 49, no. 1 (January 2018): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00266.
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Embick and Marantz (2008) present an analysis of the Danish definiteness alternation involving a postsyntactic rule of Local Dislocation (an operation sensitive to linear adjacency but not hierarchical structure). Examination of a fuller range of data reveals that the alternation cannot be determined strictly in terms of adjacency; rather, it depends on the structural relation between the D and the N. We propose to treat the alternation as an instance of conditioned allomorphy, the suffixal form appearing when D is sister to a minimal N, and the free article elsewhere. This alternation is, then, a case of “blocking” in the sense accepted by Embick and Marantz: the result of competition between Vocabulary items for the expression of a morpheme. Assuming that the condition for wordhood is being a complex head, we argue that the distinction between free and bound morphemes, and whether bound morphemes are prefixes or suffixes, must be encoded in the Vocabulary items spelling out the morphemes.
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Diagne, Abibatou. "Wolof Terminology: Lexical Morphology and Sociolinguistic Implications." International Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 5 (September 26, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i5.17744.
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In this paper, we study the lexical morphology of Wolof and tools for terminologization. We focus on prefixes and suffixes. We will apply morphological analysis using the NooJ tool for the identification and extraction of terms from a corpus. We will also discuss the modality of corpus constitution and sources.The lexicon and morphology of Wolof are pretexts for terminological work. Beyond the linguistic aspects, we are interested in the sociolinguistic implications of the development of terminological units in this language. This is part of the general framework of language planning which, to be effective, must be taken into account through a clear and accepted language policy. The social impact covers the fields of scientific and general culture, thus contributing to the vitality of the language, to its social consolidation and to a change in the perception of speakers towards Wolof.Terminologie wolof: morphologie lexicale et implications sociolinguistiques
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Palacios Martínez, Ignacio M., and Paloma Núñez Pertejo. "Strategies used by English and Spanish teenagers to intensify language." Spanish in Context 11, no. 2 (September 5, 2014): 175–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.11.2.02pal.
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The aim of the present paper is to investigate some of the strategies used by English and Spanish teenagers to intensify language. For this purpose, we have analysed data from three corpora of teenagers language. Our analysis shows the frequent use of really and so as intensifiers in English, yet a low frequency in Spanish of adverbs ending in -mente. Taboo words, such as bloody and fucking in English, and puto and jodido in Spanish, are quite commonly attested as intensifiers, although the former seem to be more grammaticalised and are much more multifunctional than their Spanish counterparts. Expletives are also a frequent resource to intensify language but while in English they bear religious connotations, in Spanish they are associated with sexuality. Finally, some other devices were considered: prefixes in English (super-, mega-, uber-), suffixes in Spanish (-ón, -azo, -orro), and a series of expressions (e.g. cool in English and a tope in Spanish). From all this, we conclude that there exist common tendencies regarding intensifying strategies used by teenagers although important differences have also been attested in each individual language
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Mutoharoh, Mutoharoh, Agus Sulaeman, and Goziyah Goziyah. "Interferensi Morfologi dalam Karangan Narasi Mahasiswa Thailand Semester IV Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia FKIP Universitas Muhammadiyah Tangerang." Silampari Bisa: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia, Daerah, dan Asing 1, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31540/silamparibisa.v1i1.10.
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The objective of this research was to describe the forms of morphological interference of Thai Malay to Indonesian in the narrative of Thai students of the 4th semester who studied in Strata-1 Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Muhammadiyah Tangerang University. To find morphological interference in narrative essay using Indonesian language, the researcher uses qualitative descriptive method, and with content analysis method. Data collection techniques used documentation techniques in the form of narrative results of seven students of Thailand, from data obtained by researchers analyzing the forms of interference from the form of affixation, reduplication, and compounding in the Indonesian language. Data analysis techniques with steps: content analysis techniques begin by determining research problems, categorization, interpretation, and conclusions. Based on the result of the research, there is interference on student narration of Thailand semester IV PBSI FKIP, Muhammadiyah Tangerang University. In the essay that the students make, it is seen that students still use Malay language in communicating orally and in writing. The findings of this study also show that the number of interferenced words in the form of affixation of categories of prefixes, suffixes, affix combinations, confix, reduplication and compositions whereas in the affix of the infix category there is no interference. Frequently interfered forms are in the form of affiliation categories of prefixes, confixes, and compositions of the six student compositions.
Keywords: morphological interference, narrative essay, Thailand college student
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Gaudinskaitė, Danguolė. "Lietuvių kalbos sinonimiškų bendrašaknių asmenų pavadinimų darybos kategorijos." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 24 (December 2, 2020): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2020.24.064.
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In the Lithuanian language, persons are named by simple words and formations. The latter are divided into the categories of derivation according to their derivational meaning. The categories of derivation involve synonymous formations, i.e., derivative synonyms, and some formations are coherent in variance relation (they are derivative variants). The article aims to analyse the categories of derivation of synonymous conjugate personal names. The methods of derivational and semantic analysis, as well as calculation, were applied in the present research. The article discusses 1179 nominal personal names (out of these formations 338 rows of derivative synonyms and derivative variants were formed) collected from LKŽe, LKŽ, Volumes 1 and 2. After analysis of the empirical material, the following conclusions have been drawn: the formations of conjugate personal names were grouped into five categories of noun derivation: names of possessors of nominal characteristics (baldininkas, -ė – baldžius), names of persons according to profession (akmenininkas, -ė 1 / akmeninykas, -ė / akmeninkas, -ė / akmenykas, -ė – akmenkalis, -ė / akmenkalys, -ė – akmentašys, -ė), names according to origin (names of persons according to their place of origin and place of residence (adutiškėnas – adutiškietis, -ė); names of children according to their parents (antrasūnis – pasūnis – posūnis)), names according to gender differences (bernėnė – bernienė 1), names of collective nouns (bernynė – bernava – bernija). Only derivatives with suffixes and endings belong to the categories of noun derivation, but often persons are named by using derivatives with prefixes and compounds. Therefore, not only derivatives with suffixes and endings but also derivatives with prefixes and/or compounds belong to some rows of derivational synonyms (derivational variants). A big part of synonymous conjugate formations is composed of compounds (atlapaširdis, -ė – atviraširdis, -ė). These derivational synonyms (derivational variants) are not included in other traditional categories of derivation.
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Hyman, Larry. "The Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo Reconstruction." Language Dynamics and Change 1, no. 1 (2011): 3–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058211x570330.
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AbstractBasing himself largely on areal and typological arguments, Güldemann (2010) claims that neither Proto-Niger-Congo nor Proto-Bantu had more than a "moderate" system of derivational verb suffixes ("extensions"), and that both proto-languages lacked inflectional verb prefixes. Although drawing largely on the same materials as Hyman (2004, 2007a, b), he arrives at the opposite conclusion that Niger-Congo languages which have such morphology, in particular Bantu and Atlantic, would have had to innovate multiple suffixation and prefixation. However, such hypotheses are weakened by two serious problems: (i) These proto-languages, which possibly reach back as far as 10,000–12,000 bp, have clearly had enough time for their morphosyntax to have cycled more than once. (ii) The areal properties of Güldemann's Macro-Sudan Belt most likely represent more recent innovations which have diffused after the Niger-Congo break-up. In this paper, I present further evidence that multiple suffixation and prefixation must have existed even in languages which have lost them. The general conclusion is that current areal distributions are largely irrelevant for long-range linguistic reconstruction.
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Jebur MNEHIL, Ban Salih Mahdi AL KHAFAJI, Ibtisam, and Rasheed Ghazwan MAJEED. "THE IMPACT OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL AFFIXES IN THE LINGUISTIC ECONOMY“A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN HEBREW AND ARABIC LANGUAGE”." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (May 1, 2021): 320–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.4-3.32.
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The research paper focuses on the morphological affixes in the two languages, Arabic and Hebrew and the impact of these affixes in the linguistic economy. The study aims at gaining knowledge of what linguistic economy achieved by morphological affixes which contribute in creating the rich meaning by little pronunciation as well as making a comparison between the two languages to know the language that is the most economic than the other and investigating the reasons behind this economy. The research is divided into three sections. The first one focuses on the morphological prefixes; the second one on the internal affixations; and the third one on morphological suffixes. The study concluded that there is a great similarity between the Hebrew and Arabic languages in many of the morphological affixations in addition to the simple differences between the two languages. An aspect of this difference is that the Hebrew language tends to borrow the affixations from the foreign languages more than the Arabic language.
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Siregar, Iskandarsyah. "Analysis of Betawi Language Interference on the Morphology of Adolescent Speech in Jakarta." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 3, no. 8 (September 3, 2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2021.3.8.7.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims to identify the interference of Betawi language elements to the morphological variables of adolescent speech in Jakarta. The present study uses a qualitative method approach using descriptive analysis techniques. The subjects in the current study were adolescents who were in Jakarta. The data analyzed in this study are words in a sentence that interfered with the Betawi language, which contained aspects of affixation, reduplication, composition, and acronyms. The research findings indicate a Betawi language morphological interference to the morphological variables of speech from the aspects of affixation and reduplication. The results of other studies indicate that there is a Betawi language morphological interference to the morphological variables of speech from the affixation aspect, namely, words affixed with prefixes, suffixes, and confixes. The Betawi language morphological interference with the morphology of speech from the reduplication aspect, namely, dwilingga, can also be seen. The researcher did not find any Betawi language morphological interference to the morphology of speech from the aspects of composition and on the acronym teenagers speak in Jakarta.