Journal articles: 'Kidney and liver histopathology'

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DeBowes, Linda J., Derek Mosier, Ellen Logan, Colin E. Harvey, Stephen Lowry, and Daniel C. Richardson. "Association of Periodontal Disease and Histologic Lesions in Multiple Organs from 45 Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 13, no. 2 (June 1996): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875649601300201.

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Forty-five mixed breed dogs were evaluated for the presence and extent of periodontal disease. Histopathology was performed on samples of lung, myocardium, liver, kidney, tonsil, spleen, submandibular lymph node and tracheobronchial lymph node. Mitral valves were evaluated grossly. Statistical analysis was used to determine if there was a relationship between the extent of periodontal disease and histopathologic changes in the tissues examined. In the forty-five dogs studied, an association was found between periodontal disease and histopathologic changes in kidney, myocardium (papillary muscle), and liver.

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Wakawa, A. I., and S. B. Audu. "Histopathological alterations in gills, kidney and liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings exposed to aqueous leaf extract of Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiaca)." Zoologist (The) 18, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v18i1.12.

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One of the many biomarkers for determining the effects of pollutants on fish is changes in organ histopathology. Leaves of Balanites aegyptiaca have been reported to have phytochemicals with fish anaesthetic property. This study sought to determine the effect of graded acute concentrations (200.00, 250.00, 300.00.350.00 and 400.00 mg/L) of B. aegyptiaca on histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of mixed sex of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. A total of 120 O. niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 23±0.03 g and mean total length 12.50±0.39 cm) were exposed to the plant extract. Paraffin wax method and haematoxylin-eosin staining techniques of tissue processing were adopted for the examination of the gills, kidney and liver. Dose-dependent histopathological changes were observed in the three organs (gills, kidney and liver) i.e. histopathological alterations increase with increase in concentration of the plant extract. Gills showed lamellae fusion, haemorrhage, desquamation, atrophy and secondary lamellae erosion while kidney and liver indicated atrophy, necrosis, haemorrhage, hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Structural alterations were evident in the gills, kidney and liver of O. niloticus fingerlings exposed to the concentrations of aqueous crude leaf extract of B. aegyptiaca therefore it should be used with caution during fish anaesthesia. Keywords: Histopathology; Gill; Kidney; Liver; Balanites aegyptiaca; Oreochromis niloticus.

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Sugihartini, Nining, and M. Alif Fajri. "Gambaran Histopatologi Organ Hati dan Ginjal Mencit Balb/c setelah Pemberian Krim Ekstrak Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis L.)." JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA 3, no. 1 (August 4, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v3i1.4092.

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Background:Development of green tea extract formulation with the addition of enhancers to increase the ability of epigallocatechin gallate to penetrate the skin layers has been done. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of green tea extract cream that containing enhancers on the profile of kidney and liver histopathology. Methods: The study used 4 groups which each group was treated with different concentrations of extract (2,0%; 2,5%; 3,0%; 3,5%) and 1 control group. After 24 hours and 14 days of application of the cream, the mice were sacrificed. The liver and kidneys were weighed and made preparations histopathology. Results: The results of the study showed that there similar (p>0,05) of the weight ratio of the liver and kidneys of Balb/c mice after 24 hours and 14 days. As well the histopathological test indicated that there similar (p>0,05) of the liver and kidneys after 24 hours and 14 days of administration of green tea extract cream. Conclusions: The levels concentration of green tea extract in cream (2,0%; 2,5%; 3,0%; 3,5%) that contain enhancers do not affect the liver and kidney histopathological of Balb/c mice.

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Sugihartini, Nining, and M. Alif Fajri. "Gambaran Histopatologi Organ Hati dan Ginjal Mencit Balb/c setelah Pemberian Krim Ekstrak Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis L.)." JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA 3, no. 1 (August 4, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v3i12016.32-38.

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Background:Development of green tea extract formulation with the addition of enhancers to increase the ability of epigallocatechin gallate to penetrate the skin layers has been done. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of green tea extract cream that containing enhancers on the profile of kidney and liver histopathology. Methods: The study used 4 groups which each group was treated with different concentrations of extract (2,0%; 2,5%; 3,0%; 3,5%) and 1 control group. After 24 hours and 14 days of application of the cream, the mice were sacrificed. The liver and kidneys were weighed and made preparations histopathology. Results: The results of the study showed that there similar (p>0,05) of the weight ratio of the liver and kidneys of Balb/c mice after 24 hours and 14 days. As well the histopathological test indicated that there similar (p>0,05) of the liver and kidneys after 24 hours and 14 days of administration of green tea extract cream. Conclusions: The levels concentration of green tea extract in cream (2,0%; 2,5%; 3,0%; 3,5%) that contain enhancers do not affect the liver and kidney histopathological of Balb/c mice.

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Alwelaie, Manar A., Mohsen G. Al-Mutary, Nikhat J. Siddiqi, Maha M. Arafah, Abdullah S. Alhomida, and Haseeb A. Khan. "Time-Course Evaluation of Iminodipropionitrile-Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicities in Rats: A Biochemical, Molecular and Histopathological Study." Dose-Response 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 155932581985223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325819852233.

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Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) is known to produce axonopathy and vestibular hair cell degeneration. Recent histopathological studies have shown IDPN-induced liver and kidney toxicities in rodents; however, the associated mechanisms are not clearly understood. We investigated the role of proinflammatory cytokines in IDPN-induced liver and kidney toxicities in rats. Rats were treated with saline (control) and IDPN (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) daily for 1, 5, and 10 days, respectively. Animals were killed 24 hours after the last dose and liver and kidneys were collected for histopathology and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α messenger RNA expression analysis. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were significantly increased after 10 doses of IDPN. The level of serum creatinine was initially increased after the first dose of IDPN but subsided on days 5 and 10. Blood urea nitrogen levels were significantly increased on days 5 and 10 following IDPN exposure. Histopathology showed dose-dependent hepatotoxicity in IDPN-treated rats. Iminodipropionitrile-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines peaked after day 1 in liver and after day 5 in kidneys. In conclusion, repeated exposure of IDPN for 10 days produced significant structural and functional damages in rat liver whereas kidneys showed gradual recovery with time. These findings point toward the role of inflammatory mediators in IDPN-induced toxicity in rats.

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Camargo, Marina M. P., and Cláudia B. R. Martinez. "Histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of a Neotropical fish caged in an urban stream." Neotropical Ichthyology 5, no. 3 (September 2007): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252007000300013.

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Histological changes in gills, kidney and liver were used to evaluate the health of the Neotropical fish species Prochilodus lineatus, subjected to in situ tests for 7 days in a disturbed urban stream and in a reference site, during winter and summer. In fish caged in the urban stream the most common lesions were epithelial lifting, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the respiratory epithelium, lamellar fusion, and aneurysms in the gills; enlargement of the glomerulus, reduction of Bowman's space, occlusion of the tubular lumen, cloudy swelling and hyaline droplet degeneration in the kidneys; hepatocytes with hypertrophy, cytoplasmic and nuclear degeneration, melanomacrophage aggregates, bile stagnation and one case of focal necrosis in the liver. The lesions were comparatively most severe in the liver. Histopathology showed to be a very suitable biomarker for use in conjugation with the in situ test, because the seasonal variation did not interfere in the results and it was possible to differentiate the sites in the urban stream from the reference site.

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El-Shenawy, Nahla S., Rasha A. Al-Eisa, Fawzia El-Salmy, and Omema Salah. "Prophylactic effect of vitamin E against hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, haematological indices and histopathology induced by diazinon insecticide in mice." Current Zoology 55, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/55.3.219.

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Abstract Considering that the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the toxicity of various pesticides, this study was designed to study the ameliorative effect of Vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight) on mice (25 - 30 mg) treated with diazinon (32.5 or 16.25 mg/kg body weight) organophosphate insecticide for 14 days. Subchronic DZN exposure and the protective effects of vitamins E (vitE) were evaluated for their effects on haematological indices, the enzymes concerning liver damage [plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotaransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatise (AIP), and some parameters of kidney function (urea and creatinine) in mice. Additionally, the histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissue were examined. The high dose of diazinon (DZNH) decreased the body weight significantly at the end of experiment. Additionally, the liver and kidney were examines for histopathological changes. The high dose of diazinon decreased body weight significantly. Moreover, there was a statistically significant decrease in haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and hematocrit (Hct) in diazinon-treated mice compared to controls. This decrease was partially remedied in the diazinon-treated group that also received vitE. Damage in the liver and kidney tissues was also evident as elevated plasma ALT, AST, ALP, urea and creatinine. VitE partially counteracts the toxic effect of DZN and repairs tissue damage in the liver and kidney, especially when supplemented to 1/4 LD50 intoxicated animals. Histopathological changes in liver and kidney were observed only in 32.5 mg/kg DZN given group. These results suggest that the effects of DZN are dose dependent. No pathological findings were observed in vitE + DZN treated groups. According to the present study, we conclude that vitE can reduce the detrimental impacts of diazinon on haematological indicies, as well as liver and kidney function.

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Lutfiyah, Lailatul. "Sublethal Toxicity of Organophosphate Pesticides and its Effect on Hematology Parameter, Histopatology Hematopoietic Organ of Silver Rasbora (Rasbora argyrotaenia)." Journal of Aquaculture Science 5, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31093/joas.v5i2.94.

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Pesticides are pollutants that are found in rice fields and rivers. Pesticides that are often used by farmers in Indonesia in eradicating insects are organophosphate insecticides, where they can eradicate insects that are very toxic to fish due to strong neurotoxic substances that inhibit AchE (Acetylcholinesterase) activity. The research aims to examine the effect of organophosphate pesticides on hematology and histopathology of hematopoietic organs in silver rasbora fish. The research method used is an experimental method with a CRD. The parameters observed were hematology and histopathology hematopoietic organ (liver and kidney). The results of this study showed a hematological change in silver rasbora fish where there was a decrease in total erythrocytes (0,59±0,004) and hemoglobin (2,5±0,1) while total leukocytes increased (245,35±15,78). Also, there are differential changes in leukocytes, namely an increased in the number of monocytes (5±1) and neutrophils (24±3), but lymphocytes have decreased in number (72±1). The Histopathology of the fish liver also can found in this research, those damages that are found are erythrocyte infiltration, necrosis picnosis, and karyolysis. Histopathology of fish kidney also can found cloudy sweling, necrosis karyolysis and tubular necrosis.

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& et al., Mustafa. "HISTOPATHOLOGYANDLEVELOF BIOACCUMULATION OFSOME HEAVY METALS IN FISH, CARASOBARBUSLUTEUS AND CYPRINUSCARPIOTISSUES CAUGHTFROM TIGRIS RIVER, BAGHDAD." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 51, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i2.997.

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This study was undertaken to detect the histopathology and level of bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium in water and in some freshwater fish (Carasobarbus luteus and Cyprinus carpio) tissues caught from Tigers River. A total of 100 water samples and 100 fish specimens (kidney, gills, liver and muscle) were collected from three sites of Tigris River. These samples were used to detect Pb and Cd via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.Results exhibited high concentrations of Pb and Cd in water samples (>0.03 for both metals) and insome organs of the selected fish. It was observed that the levels of Pb and Cd accumulated in most organs (kidneys being most influenced) followed by gills, livers and muscles at three sites. The levels of these heavy metals were much above the maximum acceptable limit recommended by FAO and WHO. Histopathology was also conducted where heavy damages were noticed in both livers and gills in both fish species. The current study present data about increasing pollution in the Tigris River and it approves that it is having strong impact on fish health and on human beings.

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Demetris, Anthony J., John G. Lunz III, Parmjeet Randhawa, Tong Wu, Michael Nalesnik, and Angus W. Thomson. "Monitoring of human liver and kidney allograft tolerance: a tissue/histopathology perspective." Transplant International 22, no. 1 (January 2009): 120–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00765.x.

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Ibrahim, Khalid, Mohsen Al-Mutary, Amel Bakhiet, and Haseeb Khan. "Histopathology of the Liver, Kidney, and Spleen of Mice Exposed to Gold Nanoparticles." Molecules 23, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081848.

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Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are biocompatible nanomaterials that are currently researched for biomedical applications such as imaging and targeted drug delivery. In this investigation, we studied the effects of a single dose (injected on day 1) as well as a priming dose (two injections with a gap of one week) of 5 nm, 20 nm, and 50 nm diameter GNPs on the structural and biochemical changes in the liver, kidney, and spleen of mice. The results showed that small sized GNPs (5 nm) produced significant pathological changes in the liver on day 2 that gradually reduced on day 8. The medium (20 nm) and large (50 nm) sized GNPs preferentially targeted the spleen and caused significant pathological changes to the spleen architecture on day 2 that persisted on day 8 as well. There were minimal and insignificant pathological changes to the kidneys irrespective of the GNPs size. The animals that were primed with the pre-exposure of GNPs did not show any aggravation of histological changes after the second dose of the same GNPs. None of the dose regimens of the GNPs were able to significantly affect the markers of oxidative stress including glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in all of the organs that were studied. In conclusion, the size of GNPs plays an important role in their pathological effects on different organs of mice. Moreover, the primed animals become refractory to further pathological changes after the second dose of GNPs, suggesting the importance of a priming dose in medical applications of GNPs.

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Branco, Vasco, Paula Ramos, João Canário, Jun Lu, Arne Holmgren, and Cristina Carvalho. "Biomarkers of Adverse Response to Mercury: Histopathology versus Thioredoxin Reductase Activity." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/359879.

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Exposure to mercury is normally assessed by measuring its accumulation in hair, blood or urine. Currently, the biomarkers of effect that have been proposed for mercurials, such as coproporphyrines or oxidative stress markers, are not sensitive enough and lack specificity. Selenium and selenoproteins are important targets for mercury and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in particular was shown to be very sensitive to mercury compounds bothin vitroandin vivo. In this study we looked into the relation between the inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity and histopathological changes caused by exposure to mercurials. Juvenile zeabra-seabreams were exposed to Hg2+or MeHg for 28 days and histopathological changes were analyzed in the liver and kidney as well as TrxR activity. Both mercurials caused histopathological changes in liver and kidney, albeit Hg2+caused more extensive and severe lesions. Likewise, both mercurials decreased TrxR activity, being Hg2+a stronger inhibitor. Co-exposure to Hg2+and Se fully prevented TrxR inhibition in the liver and reduced the severity of lesions in the organ. These results show that upon exposure to mercurials, histopathological alterations correlate with the level of TrxR activity and point to the potential use of this enzyme as a biomarker of mercury toxicity.

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Moniruzzaman, M., MM Khan, MK Rahman, and MS Islam. "Effects of profenofos induced histopathology and recovery patterns in silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus)." Progressive Agriculture 28, no. 3 (November 24, 2017): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v28i3.34661.

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Histopathology is promising field for research in aquatic toxicology as it provides the real picture of the toxic effects of xenobiotics in vital functions of a living organism. The present study aims to evaluate the toxic effect of pesticide namely profenofos on silver barb. Liver and kidney of silver barb were examined histologically after exposure to sublethal concentrations (0.01 ppm, 10% of LC50 and 0.05 ppm, 50% of LC50) of profenofos for 0, 7, 15 and 30 days. Histological recovery was also studied by maintaining the pesticide‐exposed fish in a freshwater system for an additional 7, 15 and 30 day. Kidney and liver of exposed individuals exhibited some remarkable changes in their histology in comparison to control and recovery group. Hepatic lesions in the liver tissues of fish were characterized by cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, lipoid vacuoles, pycnotic nuclei and focal necrosis. Epithelial hypertrophy, narrowing of the tubular lumen, atrophy of the glomerulus, broader Bowman's capsule, necrosis in the epithelial cells and pycnosis in the hematopoietic tissue were observed in kidney tissues of experimental fish. These lesions grew with increasing concentration. Although some of the changes were reversible, the rest were less pronounced after a recovery period.Progressive Agriculture 28 (3): 240-248, 2017

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Orr, James P., and Barry R. Blakley. "Investigation of the Selenium Status of Aborted Calves with Cardiac Failure and Myocardial Necrosis." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 9, no. 2 (April 1997): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879700900211.

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Lesions of heart failure, specifically cardiac dilation or hypertrophy along with a nodular liver (chronic passive congestion) and ascites, have been found in 4-5% of aborted bovine fetuses. In this study, a group of 22 such fetuses was compared with groups of aborted fetuses without lesions of heart failure and with nonaborted fetuses obtained from a slaughterhouse. The fetuses were necropsied, tissues were taken for histopathology, and samples were collected for routine bacteriologic and virologic examinations. Liver and kidney tissue was saved for selenium analysis. Histopathologic examinations of myocardium of fetuses with cardiac failure revealed myocardial necrosis and mineralization in 7 fetuses, lymphocytic myocarditis in 5 fetuses, myocardial fibrosis in 5 fetuses, or no microscopic lesions in 5 fetuses. Mean liver selenium levels were 5.5 (μmol/kg in the fetuses with heart lesions, 6.5 μmol/kg in the fetuses without heart lesions and 7.5 μmol/kg in fetuses from the slaughterhouse; these differences were statistically significant. The results suggest that selenium deficiency in bovine fetuses may cause myocardial necrosis and heart failure. This study also provides data on normal liver and kidney selenium levels in bovine fetuses from the analyses of 19 nonaborted fetuses.

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N.K., Sushanth, Vijayaraghavan R., Vijayalakshmi S, Senthilkumar Sivanesan, Madhan Kumar Swaminathan, and Praveen Kumar P. "Comparison of Protective Effect of Apium graveolens and Aloe vera Supplemented with Zinc on Cadmium Induced Hepato and Nephro-Toxicity in Wistar Rats." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 28 (July 12, 2021): 2083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/426.

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BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant that accumulates in various organs such as liver, kidney, and other organs. It generates reactive oxygen species, thereby resulting in pathological changes in the organs it accumulates in by depleting antioxidants. Apium graveolens (AG) and Aloe vera (AV) are rich sources of antioxidants. Zinc (Zn) is an important antioxidant trace element present in various tissues and this protects the organs from the toxic effects of cadmium. We wanted to compare the protective effect of AG and AV with and without Zn supplementation in Cd exposed liver and kidneys of Wistar rats. METHODS Male Wistar albino rats were divided into 11 groups. The control group received only vehicle, the experimental groups were administered with 10 mg / Kg bw of CdCl2, 40mg / Kg bw of ZnCl2, 200 mg / Kg bw of AG and AV, 400mg / K bw AG and AV separately and in combination. After 56 days, the animals were sacrificed and histopathology was done. RESULTS Cd resulted in significant tissue damage of liver and kidney. AG, AV and Zn were able to offer protection to these tissues. CONCLUSIONS AG, AV and Zn by virtue of their antioxidant properties, protect the liver and kidney from damages due to Cd more effectively in rats. KEY WORDS Cadmium, Zinc, Kidney, Liver, Apium graveolens, Aloe vera

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Gardner, David S., Simone De Brot, Louise J. Dunford, Llorenc Grau-Roma, Simon J. M. Welham, Rebecca Fallman, Saoirse E. O'Sullivan, Weng Oh, and Mark A. J. Devonald. "Remote effects of acute kidney injury in a porcine model." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 310, no. 4 (February 15, 2016): F259—F271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00389.2015.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious condition with no specific treatment. An episode of AKI may affect organs distant from the kidney, further increasing the morbidity associated with AKI. The mechanism of organ cross talk after AKI is unclear. The renal and immune systems of pigs and humans are alike. Using a preclinical animal (porcine) model, we tested the hypothesis that early effects of AKI on distant organs is by immune cell infiltration, leading to inflammatory cytokine production, extravasation, and edema. In 29 pigs exposed to either sham surgery or renal ischemia-reperfusion (control, n = 12; AKI, n = 17), we assessed remote organ (liver, lung, brain) effects in the short (from 2- to 48-h reperfusion) and longer term (5 wk later) using immunofluorescence (for leukocyte infiltration, apoptosis), a cytokine array, tissue elemental analysis (e.g., electrolytes), blood hematology and chemistry (e.g., liver enzymes), and PCR (for inflammatory markers). AKI elicited significant, short-term (∼24 h) increments in enzymes indicative of acute liver damage (e.g., AST:ALT ratio; P = 0.02) and influenced tissue biochemistry in some remote organs (e.g., lung tissue [Ca2+] increased; P = 0.04). These effects largely resolved after 48 h, and no further histopathology, edema, apoptosis, or immune cell infiltration was noted in the liver, lung, or hippocampus in the short and longer term. AKI has subtle biochemical effects on remote organs in the short term, including a transient increment in markers of acute liver damage. These effects resolved by 48 h, and no further remote organ histopathology, apoptosis, edema, or immune cell infiltration was noted.

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Shira, M., P. Chowdhury, MS Rahman, SM Haque, and M. Shahjahan. "Effects of organophosphate insecticide, sumithion on histopathology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the natural pond condition." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v10i2.51579.

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Sumithion is an organophosphorus insecticide, which is widely used in aquaculture ponds for eradication of aquatic insect (mainly tiger bug) prior to release of larvae. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an organophosphorus pesticide, sumithion on histoarchitecture of liver and kidney in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during the period from July to December 2016. It was carried out with four treatments, each with two replications. i.e., ponds with no sumithion (T0), with 0.025ppm sumithion (T1), 0.050 ppm sumithion (T2) and 0.100 ppm sumithion (T3). The water quality parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, free CO2, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P) were not affected by sub lethal doses of sumithion but the values were fluctuated significantly in most of the cases between the ponds throughout the study period. In case of histoarchitecture of liver and kidney, normal structure of liver and kidney cells were observed in the controlled and treated fish. Through the histological analysis of liver, small vacuole, enlarge lumen space of hepatopancreas and disrupted hepatopancreas were found in T1. Disrupted hepatopancreas, increasement intracellular space, regeneration of hepatic cell and hemorrhage were observed in T2. Moreover, enlarge lumen space of hepatopancreas, degenerated hepatic cell, disrupted hepatopancreas were observed in T3. After the histological analysis of kidney, degenerated renal corpuscle, enlargement of blood vessel, disrupted hematopoetic cell were observed in T1. Ruptured collecting duct, large vacuole, enlarge intracellular space were observed in T2. Furthermore, enlarge bowman’s space, degenerated hematopoetic cell hemorrhage and ruptured distal tubule disrupted, enlarge intracellular space and necrosis were observed in T3. The present investigation sufficiently emphasizes that sumithion has adverse effects on the major organs like liver and kidney. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 66-75, December 2020

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Nunes, Annelise C. B. T., Elise M. Yamasaki, Pomy C. P. Kim, Renata P. B. Melo, Müller Ribeiro-Andrade, Wagnner J. N. Porto, and Rinaldo A. Mota. "Transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in naturally infected small ruminants from northeastern Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 9 (September 2017): 921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000900004.

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ABSTRACT: Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are causative agents of abortion in sheep and goats. Thus, the present study aimed to describe the transplacental transmission of these protozoans in small ruminants of northeastern Brazil. Seventeen fetuses (6 goats and 11 sheep) from farms with history of abortion were necropsied and samples were collected from different tissues (brain, liver, lung, kidney and heart). The samples were analyzed by PCR, histopathology (HP) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to evaluate whether T. gondii and/or N. caninum infection were the cause of abortion. None of the samples was positive for T. gondii according to PCR and IHC results. Some brain, liver, lung, kidney and heart samples of goat fetuses were positive for N. caninum by PCR. In the histopathology, mild mononuclear infiltration and necrosis with calcification were observed in the liver and brain of one goat fetus, respectively, that also was positive for N. caninum by PCR and IHC. The results confirmed vertical transmission of N. caninum in naturally infected goats of northeastern, Brazil.

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Pathan, T. S., S. E. Shinde, P. B. Thete, and D. L. Sonawane. "Histopathology of Liver and Kidney of Rasbora daniconius Exposed to Study Mill Effluent." Research Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjbsci.2010.389.394.

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Sonne, Christian, Hans Wolkers, Pall S. Leifsson, Bjørn Munro Jenssen, Eva Fuglei, Øystein Ahlstrøm, Rune Dietz, Maja Kirkegaard, Derek C. G. Muir, and Even Jørgensen. "Organochlorine-induced histopathology in kidney and liver tissue from Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)." Chemosphere 71, no. 7 (April 2008): 1214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.12.028.

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Iwalaye, OA, VO Ekundina, and A. Oni. "Haematological Parameters and Histomorphological Effect of Varied Parts of Citrullus Lanatus Juice Fed to Adult Female Mice." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 11 (January 11, 2021): 1955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i11.16.

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Plants basically will continue to be the starting materials in making modern drugs. As a result of this, many believe in using herbal products than convectional drugs because of their easy accessibility, low side effects and affordability. Citrulluslanatus (popularly known as watermelon) is a citrus fruit known to contain among others, citrulline and lycopene with hepatoprotective actions on organs such as liver and kidney because of it bioactive and antioxidant properties. This study investigates the haemathological parameters and histopathological effects of crude C. lanatus juice on the liver and kidney of mice. Twenty five female mice weighing between 72 - 99g were randomly divided into five groups (A - E) of five mice each. Group A, were given water (control); group B, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh juice; group C, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh and seed juice, group D, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh and rind juice; and group E were given 2ml ofwatermelon flesh, seed and rind juice once daily for four weeks. At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed and dissected. Blood sample were taken through cardiac puncture, liver and kidney tissue were excised also to determine the haematological and histopathological effects using routine diagnostic techniques. Highest blood and differential counts except WBC were obtained in groups exposed to crude C. lanatus juice when compared with the control.The liver of animals in all groups appears normal with no remarkable differences from the control. Also, no remarkable differences were recorded in the kidney of animals in all groups except group E which showed interstitial edema with some renal tubules within the cortex undergoing degeneration. From this study and at the dose and duration of study, every part of C. lanatushad no negative impact on the histopathology of the liver and kidney and also had the potential to boost the immune system. Keywords: Citrullus lanatus, haematology, histopathology, kidney, liver, mice

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Contreras-Salinas, Homero, Alejandra Meza-Rios, Jesús García-Bañuelos, Ana Sandoval-Rodriguez, Laura Sanchez-Orozco, Leonel García-Benavides, Ricardo De la Rosa-Bibiano, et al. "Fibrosis regression is induced by AdhMMP8 in a murine model of chronic kidney injury." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): e0243307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243307.

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Adenoviral vector AdhMMP8 (human Metalloproteinase-8 cDNA) administration has been proven beneficial in various experimental models of liver injury improving liver function and decreasing fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the potential therapeutic AdhMMP8 effect in a chronic kidney damage experimental model. Chronic injury was induced by orogastric adenine administration (100mg/kg/day) to Wistar rats for 4 weeks. AdhMMP8 (3x1011vp/kg) was administrated in renal vein during an induced-ligation-ischemic period to facilitate kidney transduction causing no-additional kidney injury as determined by histology and serum creatinine. Animals were sacrificed at 7- and 14-days post-Ad injection. Fibrosis, histopathological features, serum creatinine (sCr), BUN, and renal mRNA expression of αSMA, Col-1α, TGF-β1, CTGF, BMP7, IL-1, TNFα, VEGF and PAX2 were analyzed. Interestingly, AdhMMP8 administration resulted in cognate human MMP8 protein detection in both kidneys, whereas hMMP8 mRNA was detected only in the left kidney. AdhMMP8 significantly reduced kidney tubule-interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis. Also, tubular atrophy and interstitial inflammation were clearly decreased rendering improved histopathology, and down regulation of profibrogenic genes expression. Functionally, sCr and BUN were positively modified. The results showed that AdhMMP8 decreased renal fibrosis, suggesting that MMP8 could be a possible therapeutic candidate for kidney fibrosis treatment.

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Rodrigues, Célia, Alexandra Correia, Manuel Vilanova, and Mariana Henriques. "Inflammatory Cell Recruitment in Candida glabrata Biofilm Cell-Infected Mice Receiving Antifungal Chemotherapy." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 2 (January 26, 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020142.

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(1) Background: Due to a high rate of antifungal resistance, Candida glabrata is one of the most prevalent Candida spp. linked to systemic candidiasis, which is particularly critical in catheterized patients. The goal of this work was to simulate a systemic infection exclusively derived from C. glabrata biofilm cells and to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment of two echinocandins—caspofungin (Csf) and micafungin (Mcf). (2) Methods: CD1 mice were infected with 48 h-biofilm cells of C. glabrata and then treated with Csf or Mcf. After 72 h, the efficacy of each drug was evaluated to assess the organ fungal burden through colony forming units (CFU) counting. The immune cell recruitment into target organs was evaluated by flow cytometry or histopathology analysis. (3) Results: Fungal burden was found to be higher in the liver than in the kidneys. However, none of the drugs was effective in completely eradicating C. glabrata biofilm cells. At the evaluated time point, flow cytometry analysis showed a predominant mononuclear response in the spleen, which was also evident in the liver and kidneys of the infected mice, as observed by histopathology analysis. (4) Conclusions: Echinocandins do not have a significant impact on liver and kidney fungal burden, or recruited inflammatory infiltrate, when mice are intravenously (i.v.) infected with C. glabrata biofilm-grown cells.

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Suh, Han Na, Young Kyu Kim, Ju Young Lee, Goo-Hwa Kang, and Jeong Ho Hwang. "Dissect the immunity using cytokine profiling and NF-kB target gene analysis in systemic inflammatory minipig model." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): e0252947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252947.

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Minipigs have remarkably similar physiology to humans, therefore, they it can be a good animal model for inflammation study. Thus, the conventional (serum chemistry, histopathology) and novel analytic tools [immune cell identification in tissue, cytokine level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and serum, NF-kB target gene analysis in tissue] were applied to determine inflammation in Chicago Miniature Swine (CMS) minipig. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute systemic inflammation caused liver and kidney damage in serum chemistry and histopathology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) also showed an increase of immune cell distribution in spleen and lung during inflammation. Moreover, NF-kB-target gene expression was upregulated in lung and kidney in acute inflammation and in heart, liver, and intestine in chronic inflammation. Cytokine mRNA was elevated in PBMC under acute inflammation along with elevated absolute cytokine levels in serum. Overall, LPS-mediated systemic inflammation affects the various organs, and can be detected by IHC of immune cells, gene analysis in PBMC, and measuring the absolute cytokine in serum along with conventional inflammation analytic tools.

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Odendaal, Lieza, Sarah J. Clift, Geoffrey T. Fosgate, and A. Sally Davis. "Lesions and Cellular Tropism of Natural Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection in Adult Sheep." Veterinary Pathology 56, no. 1 (October 21, 2018): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985818806049.

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne disease that affects both ruminants and humans, with epidemics occurring more frequently in recent years in Africa and the Middle East, probably as a result of climate change and intensified livestock trade. Sheep necropsied during the 2010 RVF outbreak in South Africa were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). A total of 124 sheep were available for study, of which 99 cases were positive for RVF. Multifocal-random, necrotizing hepatitis was confirmed as the most distinctive lesion of RVF cases in adult sheep. Of cases where liver, spleen, and kidney tissues were available, 45 of 70 had foci of acute renal tubular epithelial injury in addition to necrosis in both the liver and spleen. In some cases, acute renal injury was the most significant RVF lesion. Immunolabeling for RVFV was most consistent and unequivocal in liver, followed by spleen, kidney, lung, and skin. RVFV antigen-positive cells included hepatocytes, adrenocortical epithelial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils, epidermal keratinocytes, microvascular endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle. The minimum set of specimens to be submitted for histopathology and IHC to confirm or exclude a diagnosis of RVFV are liver, spleen, and kidney. Skin from areas with visible crusts and lung could be useful additional samples. In endemic areas, cases of acute renal tubular injury should be investigated further if other more common causes of renal lesions have already been excluded. RVFV can also cause an acute infection in the testis, which requires further investigation.

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Chattopadhyay, Ansuman, Santosh Podder, Soumik Agarwal, and Shelley Bhattacharya. "Fluoride-induced histopathology and synthesis of stress protein in liver and kidney of mice." Archives of Toxicology 85, no. 4 (September 22, 2010): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0588-7.

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Velmurugan, Babu, Mariadoss Selvanayagam, Elif Ipek Cengiz, and Erhan Unlu. "Histopathology of lambda-cyhalothrin on tissues (gill, kidney, liver and intestine) of Cirrhinus mrigala." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 24, no. 3 (November 2007): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2007.07.001.

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Jimoh, A. A., B. B. Maiha, B. A. Chindo, and J. I. Ejiofor. "EFFECT OF SUB-CHRONIC ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF HYDROMETHANOLIC STEM EXTRACT OF COSTUS AFER KER GAWL. (COSTACEAE) ON LIVER AND KIDNEY FUNCTIONS IN WISTAR RATS." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-233.

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The liver and the kidneys are two very important organs in the body and they are responsible for the metabolism and excretion of drugs respectively amongst several other functions. Severe adverse effects on these organs can lead to organ dysfunction or failure and a consequential effect on wellbeing and can even be life-threatening. This study investigated the effects of hydromethanolic stem extract of Costus afer Ker Gawl. (Costaceae) on liver and kidney function indices and the histopathology of the organs in Wistar rats. Serum liver enzymes which include: alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein and albumin as well as serum urea, creatinine, sodium ions, potassium ions, chloride ions, bicarbonate ions were evaluated in biochemical studies. Sections of the liver and kidneys appropriately treated were examined microscopically for pathological lesions.There were decreased serum levels of ALT and ALP, but serum levels of AST increased at 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses. Serum levels of total protein (TP) and albumin concentration as well as urea and creatinine serum levels were not significantly (p>0.05) affected. However, histological examination of the liver and kidneys revealed slight to moderate hepatic necrosis and slight tubular necrosis respectively especially at 500 and 100 mg/kg doses of the extract. The results showed that the extract may be harmful to the liver and to a lesser extent the kidneys on prolonged administration and therefore it should be used with caution in such instances.

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Johnson, Kamin J., Scott S. Auerbach, and Eduardo Costa. "A Rat Liver Transcriptomic Point of Departure Predicts a Prospective Liver or Non-liver Apical Point of Departure." Toxicological Sciences 176, no. 1 (May 8, 2020): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfaa062.

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Abstract Identifying a toxicity point of departure (POD) is a required step in human health risk characterization of crop protection molecules, and this POD has historically been derived from apical endpoints across a battery of animal-based toxicology studies. Using rat transcriptome and apical data for 79 molecules obtained from Open TG-GATES (Toxicogenomics Project-Genomics Assisted Toxicity Evaluation System) (632 datasets), the hypothesis was tested that a short-term exposure, transcriptome-based liver biological effect POD (BEPOD) could estimate a longer-term exposure “systemic” apical endpoint POD. Apical endpoints considered were body weight, clinical observation, kidney weight and histopathology and liver weight and histopathology. A BMDExpress algorithm using Gene Ontology Biological Process gene sets was optimized to derive a liver BEPOD most predictive of a systemic apical POD. Liver BEPODs were stable from 3 h to 29 days of exposure; the median fold difference of the 29-day BEPOD to BEPODs from earlier time points was approximately 1 (range: 0.7–1.1). Strong positive correlation (Pearson R = 0.86) and predictive accuracy (root mean square difference = 0.41) were observed between a concurrent (29 days) liver BEPOD and the systemic apical POD. Similar Pearson R and root mean square difference values were observed for comparisons between a 29-day systemic apical POD and liver BEPODs derived from 3 h to 15 days of exposure. These data across 79 molecules suggest that a longer-term exposure study apical POD from liver and non-liver compartments can be estimated using a liver BEPOD derived from an acute or subacute exposure study.

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Sharif, H. B., M. D. Mukhtar, Y. Mustapha, Gabi Baba, and A. O. Lawal. "Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Profile of Euphorbia pulcherrima Methanol Extract on Wistar Albino Rats." Advances in Pharmaceutics 2015 (February 19, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/539646.

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This work was designed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of E. pulcherrima methanol extract. Mean lethal dose (LD50) and subchronic toxicity were determined using Lorke’s method to assess the effect of the extract on kidney and liver functions along histopathology assessment of the liver and kidney, respectively. The LD50 determined was 3807.89 mg/kg both orally and intraperitoneally. The kidney function parameters indicated elevation of the serum urea above the normal value in both control and the group treated with 10 mg/kg of the extract with mean values of 7.92 ± 1.19 and 7.86 ± 1.14 mMol/L, respectively. The creatinine and electrolytes were within the normal values. The results of ALAT, ASAT, ALP, T protein albumin, and bilirubin in all cases were within the normal values. Kidney, liver function parameters, and relative organ weight were statistically insignificant across all groups. This shows that various concentrations of E. pulcherrima extract did not influence negatively the liver and kidney function parameters. Further studies are required to rule out the observed mild hepatic histological changes among a few members of the groups treated with 100 and 1000 mg/kg/day and any possible hepatoprotective and nephron-protective potential the extract may possess.

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Lionaki, Sophia, Eystratios Tsakonas, Athina Androulaki, George Liapis, Panagiotis Panayiotidis, George Zavos, and John N. Boletis. "Primary Hepatic Burkitt Lymphoma in a Kidney Transplant Recipient." Case Reports in Nephrology 2018 (2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7425785.

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This is a case of a renal transplant recipient who developed a primary hepatic Burkitt lymphoma a few years after kidney transplantation. The past medical history of the patient was significant for anti-HCV positivity with liver histopathology showing minimal changes of grades 0 and 1, stage 0. She received a graft from a deceased donor, with rabbit antithymocyte globulin and methyl-prednisolone, as induction therapy, and was maintained on azathioprine, cyclosporine, and low dose methyl-prednisolone with normal renal function. Four years after KTx she presented with fatigue, hepatomegaly, and impaired liver function and the workup revealed multiple, variable-sized, low density nodules in the liver, due to diffuse monotonous infiltration of highly malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma of B-cells, which turned out to be a Burkitt lymphoma. Bone marrow biopsy and spinal fluid exam were free of lymphoma cells. At time of lymphoma diagnosis she was shown to be positive for Epstein-Barr virus polymerase chain reaction. She received aggressive chemotherapy but died due to sepsis, as a result of toxicity of therapy.

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Mineiro, Ana Lys Bezerra Barrradas, Rômulo José Vieira, Érica Azevedo Costa, Renato Lima Santos, Larissa Maria Feitosa Gonçalves, Sônia Maria Carvalho, Maria Rosa Quaresma Bomfim, and Francisco Assis Lima Costa. "Serology, polymerase chain reaction and histopathology for leptospirosis in samples collected at slaughter from dairy cows of Parnaiba region, state of Piauí, Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31, no. 10 (October 2011): 859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2011001000005.

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The presence of anti leptospiral agglutinins (microscopic agglutination test - MAT) and DNA of leptospires was investigated in the kidney and urine (Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR) in samples collected at the time of slaughter of cattle originating from the dairy basin of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil, as also the lesions in kidney, lung, liver, uterus, ovary and placenta (histopathology and immunohistochemistry). In the MAT, Hardjo was the predominant serovar with the highest number of reagent animals for the strain Hardjobovis/Sponselee. Anti-leptospiral antigens were scored in epithelial cells, interstitial vascular endothelium, endothelium of glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule of 20 positive animals. Inflammatory cells were more common in the kidney. PCR was positive in urine and kidney tissue

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Dodd, Darol E., Debra K. Layko, Katherine E. Cantwell, Gabrielle A. Willson, and Russell S. Thomas. "Subchronic Toxicity Evaluation of Anthraquinone in Fischer 344 Rats." International Journal of Toxicology 32, no. 5 (August 21, 2013): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581813501701.

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Female F344 rats were exposed to anthraquinone (AQ) by dietary feed at concentrations of 0, 50, 150, 469, 938, 1875, or 3750 ppm for 2 or 13 weeks. End points evaluated included clinical observations, body weights, serum chemistry, blood AQ, gross pathology, organ weights, and select tissue histopathology. Mean body weight and food consumption were 5% to 10% lower than control values in rats of the ≥938 ppm group during study weeks 2 through 13. Occasional decreases in body weight means were also observed in rats of the 150 and 469 ppm groups. Increases in liver, kidney, and spleen weights were observed in rats exposed to AQ diet concentrations ≥150 ppm for 13 weeks. Urinary bladder weights were increased at ≥469 ppm. Liver and spleen weights were also increased following 2 weeks of exposure. Liver weight increases were clearly dependent on AQ concentration. At 2 weeks, decreases in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine concentrations were observed in higher AQ exposure groups, and AST was decreased at 13 weeks (≥1875 ppm). Microscopic alterations were observed in the liver (mild centrilobular hypertrophy), spleen (mild hematopoietic cell proliferation and pigmentation), and kidneys (minimal hyaline droplets) of rats exposed to AQ for 13 weeks. Blood AQ concentrations ranged from 0.75 to 14.8 µg/mL in rats of the 150 to 3750 ppm groups, respectively, and were similar in value following either 2 weeks or 13 weeks of exposure. A no observed adverse effect level of 469 ppm AQ (31.3 mg/kg/d) was selected based on the absence of liver histopathology.

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Te, Jerez A., Mohamed Diwan M. AbdulHameed, and Anders Wallqvist. "Systems toxicology of chemically induced liver and kidney injuries: histopathology‐associated gene co‐expression modules." Journal of Applied Toxicology 36, no. 9 (January 4, 2016): 1137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.3278.

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Roy, Sonali, and Shelley Bhattacharya. "Arsenic-induced histopathology and synthesis of stress proteins in liver and kidney of Channa punctatus." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 65, no. 2 (October 2006): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.07.005.

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Baroroh, Hanif Nasiatul, and Eka Prasasti Nur Rachmani. "Ketoksikan Akut dari Ekstrak Etanolik Daun Jarak Pagar (Jatropa curcas) pada Mencit Jantan Galur Balb/C." Jurnal Natur Indonesia 15, no. 1 (July 14, 2014): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.15.1.52-56.

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The acute toxicity of Jatropa curcas leaves on Balb/C male mice was studied in rats. This research aimed to determine acute toxicity, evaluate spectrum of toxic effect and mechanism that caused the death of animal test after administration of ethanolic extract of J. curcas leaves, single dosage orally on 24 hours observation. The research used male mice, which are divided into 5 groups. Group I was negative control with CMC-Na. Group II, III, IV, and V were given extract with dose of 1400 mg/kgBW, 2240 mg/kgBW, 3584 mg/kgBW and 5734 mg/kgBW, respectively. Evaluation of the toxic symptoms and death of animal test was done for 24 hours. If the animal test was died before 24 hours then it underwent surgery to take the heart, liver, lung, and kidney. In the end of the evaluation, all mice were killed to take the vital organs for histopathologic examination. No mortality was observed during study. The test resulted LD50 of ethanolic extract from J. curcas leaves using Balb/C male mice was 5734 mg/kg of BW. It was categorized as practically not toxic. Administration of the extract did not cause alterations of animal behaviours. Histopathology examination shows inflammation in lung, liver, and kidney after administration of the extract.

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Nguyen, Julia, Fuad Abdulla, Chunsheng Chen, Phong Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Benjamin Tittle, Gerard O'Sullivan, John D. Belcher, and Gregory M. Vercellotti. "Phenotypic Characterization the Townes Sickle Mice." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 4916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.4916.4916.

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Abstract The HbSS-Townes mouse model, developed in Dr. Tim Townes laboratory, University of Alabama, Birmingham (and kindly provided by him to our laboratory) were created on a mixed genetic background in which the murine adult α-globin genes were replaced with the human α-globin gene (genotype: Hba hα/hα) and the murine adult β-globin genes were replaced with human sickle βS- and fetal Aγ-globin gene fragments linked together (genotype: Hbb hAγβS/hAγβS) (Wu LC et al. Blood 2006;108: 1183-1188). HbSS-Townes mice have anemia, a shortened RBC half-life of 2.5 days and a severe disease phenotype. Control HbAA-Townes mice were created by replacing the murine globin genes with human α-globin gene (genotype: Hba hα/hα) and linked human βA- and fetal Aγ-globins (genotype: Hbb hAγβA/hAγβA), while HbAS-Townes heterozygous mice were developed by breeding HbAA and HbSS mice. Many laboratories are utilizing these mice but complete phenotypic description of these three models has not been described including: hematology, kidney and liver function, inflammatory markers, haptoglobin and hemopexin levels, red cell half-lives, organ histopathology and vascular responses to vaso-occlusive stimuli. Table 1 summarizes our findings. There was a clear difference in histopathology between the HbSS and other groups (HbAA and HbAS). HbSS mice had hepatic necrosis, increased erythropoiesis and increased hemosiderin within the liver and some subtle lesions involving the glomeruli in the kidneys. Additional findings were a marked increase in size of spleen (7.0-7.6 x by % body weights) attributed to severe congestion and increased erythropoiesis. No lesions were observed in the lungs and other tissues. The tissues evaluated in the HbAS and HbAA groups were essentially normal. In contrast, HbSS mice had multifocal irregular areas of necrosis within the liver, with reactive leukocyte infiltrates (mainly neutrophils in the more acute lesions with a greater proportion of mononuclear cells (macrophages etc.) in more chronic lesions. MPO immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of neutrophils in the liver. There was a substantial increase in iron (and hemosiderin) in the livers of HbSS mice, confirmed by a Prussian Perls stain and low, but detectable, levels of iron in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. This is consistent with increased red cell turnover in the HbSS mice. Total iron mass in the markedly enlarged spleen is very high. There is a somewhat subtle glomerulopathy present in the kidney, with enlarged glomeruli with variable ectasia of vessels, and mesangial derangement. In conclusion the Townes mouse models provide a spectrum of severe hemolytic disease that in many ways mimic the human disease albeit imperfectly. TableTable 1 HbAAHbASHbSSHb (g/dL)12.0 ± 0.610.6 ± 0.59.5 ± 1.4*Hematocrit (%)49.6 ± 2.345.0 ± 4.2*29.2 ± 0.9*#WBC (K/µL)10.8 ± 1.213.2 ± 4.038.2 ± 4.9*#Platelet Counts (K/uL)854 ± 78889 ± 1421004 ± 179Monocytes (%)8.0 ± 1.17.6 ± 1.77.4 ± 1.0Lymphocytes (%)60 ± 3.063.8 ± 5.667.5 ± 9.1Neutrophils (%)28.6 ± 5.926.1 ± 8.727.8 ± 2.2Reticulocytes (%)7.8 ± 1.78.6 ± 4.556.8 ± 2.6*#RBC Half-Life (days)15.710.62.4Expired CO (nmoles/h/g)0.92 ± 0.241.27 ± 0.236.33 ± 1.08*Serum Bilirubin (mg/dl)3.5 ± 0.94.3 ± 0.65.6 ± 0.4*Urine Creatinine (mg/dL)44.1 ± 3.845.9 ± 3.856.2 ± 7.0*Urine Osmolality (mOsm/kg H2O)2147 ± 761707 ± 2651361 ± 32*Serum Haptoglobin (µg/ml)39.3 ± 3.80.5 ± 0.2*2.3 ± 1.4*Serum Hemopexin (µg/ml)802 ± 266169 ± 51*124 ± 35*Serum SAP (µg/ml)20.9 ± 7.214.1 ± 12.086.7 ± 20.2*#Stasis at 1h in Response to Hb (%)10.0 ± 3.219.8 ± 2.7*30.0 ± 3.4*#Mortality at 24h in Response to Heme (%)00100*#Liver % of Body Weight4.95 ± 0.484.39 ± 0.356.22 ± 0.21*#Spleen % of Body Weight0.79 ± 0.140.87 ± 0.396.61 ± 0.75*#Kidney % of Body Weight0.65 ± 0.270.72 ± 0.190.73 ± 0.24Liver Necrosis Score0.0 ± 0.00.25 ± 0.502.38 ± 0.25*Liver Fe Score0.0 ± 0.00.25 ± 0.53.0 ± 0.0*Lung Fe Score0.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.0*1.0 ± 0.0*#Spleen Fe Score3.0 ± 0.03.0 ± 0.02.0 ± 0.0*#Kidney Fe Score0.0 ± 0.00.25 ± 0.51.75 ± 0.5*#Liver Gr1 Score1.0 ± 0.01.25 ± 0.52.25 ± 0.5*Lung Gr1 Score1.0 ± 0.01.0 ± 0.01.25 ± 0.5Spleen Gr1 Score1.5 ± 0.62.0 ± 0.02.0 ± 0.0Kidney Gr1 Score0.25 ± 0.50.25 ± 0.50.75 ± 0.5* p<0.05 vs HbAA; # p<0.05 vs HbAS Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Audu, Bala S., Idi A. Wakawa, Jamiu O. Omirinde, Usman Garba, and Margaret Damshit. "Histopathological Alterations In Organs of Nile Tilapia Fingerlings Exposed To Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Aqueous Crude Leaves Extract of Desert Date." Pan African Journal of Life Sciences 4, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/pajols/0202/40(0240).

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Background: Histopathological changes have been widely used as biomarkers in determining the effects of pollutants on fish. Leaves of Balanites aegyptiaca, a deep-rooted, evergreen or semi-deciduous, multi-branched, spiny tree have been reported to have pesticidal, anaesthetic and ichthyotoxic effects. This study sought to find out the effect of sub-lethal concentrations (5.00, 11.00, 21.00, 43.00, and 86.00 mg/L) of B. aegyptiaca on histopathology of gills, kidney, and liver of mixed-sex Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings Methods: A total of 120 O. niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 23±0.03 g and mean total length 12.50±0.39 cm) were exposed to aqueous crude leaves extract of B. aegyptiaca. The gills, kidney, and liver were excised and processed routinely for the elucidation of histopathological changes Results: Dose-dependent histopathological changes were observed in the three organs (gills, kidney and liver) of O. niloticus exposed to graded concentrations of B. aegyptiaca. Gills showed moderate to severe secondary lamellae fusion, desquamation, and primary lamellae congestion while the kidney displayed mild to severe renal tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis as well as pigmentation of renal tissues. The liver showed varying degrees of histo-architectural alterations such as hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, cellular infiltrations, kupffer cell proliferation, portal, and sinusoidal congestions Conclusion: Owing to these histological alterations in the gills, kidney, and liver observed in this study, prolonged exposure of fish to B. aegyptiaca should be discouraged to preserve fish diversity

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Adebiyi, Olubodun A., Danladi A. Ameh, Elewechi Onyike, and Dorcas B. James. "Hepatotoxic and Nephrotoxic Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Scoparia Dulcis (Linn) in Wistar Rats." European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2, no. 4 (August 5, 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.4.234.

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Scoparia dulcis (Linn) is a widespread herbal medicine; it bears an enormous number of pharmacological activities. The present study was undertaken to find out the chronic toxicity profile of oral administration of Scoparia dulcis ethanol leaf extract (SDELE) on the liver and the kidney of wistar rats. The animals were grouped into four and administered varying doses of SDELE (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg body weight and 0.2 ml distilled water respectively) for a period of fourteen weeks (100 days). The acute toxicity, body weight, relative organ weight, hematological parameters, biochemical markers for liver and kidney damage were monitored and histopathology of the liver and kidney of the rat were carried out. The LD50 of SDELE was found to be 1131 mg/kg body weight. There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in weight of the rat administered 400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg when compared with the control though there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the relative weight of the organs. There was also a significant increase (p<0.05) in the lymphocytes, serum level of aspartate amino transferase (ASP), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkali phosphatase (ALP), total protein, A/G ratio, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and potassium ions while there was a significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol and sodium ions in the animal group administered 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Histopathology of the liver and kidney revealed haemorrhage and vascular congestion at 200 mg/kg doses and renal damage at 400 mg/kg body weight doses respectively. However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in any of the parameters studied in the group administered 100 mg/kg body weight dose when compared with the controlled group. Ethanol leaf extracts of Scoparia dulcis showed hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic tendencies and should be used with caution especially when employed in the treatment of chronic diseases

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Utomo, Astika Widy, Neni Susilaningsih, and Desy Armalina. "Acute Toxicity Test of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata) on Liver and Kidney of Switzerland Mice." Sains Medika 6, no. 2 (January 4, 2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/sainsmed.v6i2.600.

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Introduction: The soursoup leaves extract (Annona muricata) has widely been used as traditional medicine for cancer. No studies have been conduct to investigate the safety of the extract. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute oral toxicity test of soursoup leaves extract (Annona muricata) on Swiss mice’s liver and kidney.Methods: Twenty four mice were divided into 4 groups. Group I was control group, while group II-IV was given soursoup leaves extract as single dose orally via sonde. The mice were obsereved until day 7 to determine the LD50 and at the end were terminated to collect the liver and kidney. The organs later were made into histopathology slides. The slides read with light microscope. The data analyzed with ANOVA and was considered significant at p<0.05.Results: All mice were alive during the 7 days observation and no mice showing the toxic spectrum after the dosing. Microscopically, no damage on the liver and kidney organ among the groups.Conclusion: The LD50 of soursoup leaves extract is more than 2000 mg/kgBW. This result indicate that the extract is practically non toxic and do not damage the liver and kidney.

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Hoseini, Seyyed Morteza, Behrooz Gharavi, and Yousef Iri. "Assessment of vital organ histopathology and plasma oxidative conditions of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in earthen saltwater pond." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 14, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2019-14-3-255-265.

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The aim of this study was to compare gill, kidney, liver and gut histopathology, and plasma antioxidant markers of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in saltwater earthen ponds in Gomishan, Iran. To this, 10000 fish were distributed in a three-ha earthen pond and 150 fish in three fiberglass tanks (2000L). Blood samples were taken after 3 months rearing with same commercial feed. The source of fish and feed was similar between the saltwater pond and fiberglass tanks. After the 3-month rearing, gill, kidney, liver and gut samples were taken from the pond fish; whereas, blood samples were taken from both the pond and tank fish. There was no significant difference in water temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH between the pond and tanks; however, water salinity and ammonia was higher in the pond compared to the tanks. Plasma superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity of the fish in earthen ponds were significantly higher than those fish reared in fiberglass tanks; however, there was no significant in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances between the pond and tanks. The fish had various histopathological symptoms including primary and lamella hyperplasia, lamellar fusion and epithelial lifting. In the kidney section, the fish showed glomerulus shrinkage and/or disappearance, melanomacrophage aggregates and hematopoietic tissue necrosis. These fish showed necrosis and melanomacrophage aggregates in liver and goblet cell hypertrophy in gut. The results suggest that the fish in the earthen pond faced stressful conditions, which might be due to water salinity and ammonia; however, other possible factors, such as pollutants and different feeding regimen must be considered.

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Santos, Rudã F. B., Henrique M. Dias, and Rodrigo Y. Fujimoto. "Acute toxicity and histopathology in ornamental fish amazon bluespotted corydora (Corydoras melanistius) exposed to formalin." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 84, no. 4 (December 2012): 1001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652012000400014.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the acute toxicity of formalin and histopathological effects on the Amazon ornamental fish, bluespotted coridora (Corydoras melanistius). A randomized design was used, with ten concentrations of formalin (40%) (0, 3, 6, 12, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250mg.L-1) with four replicates and five fish per container (3L) in static system for 96 hours. The moribund fish were killed and fixed in 10% formalin to proceed the histopathological analysis of gill, liver and kidney. At the end of this experiment the following mortality rates (%) were obtained in increasing order of exposure: 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 65, 85, 100, 100 and 100%. The lethal concentration 50% (LC50-96h (I)) estimated was 50.76 mg.L-1 with regression of y = 0.51x, and r² = 0.80. Further, in higher concentrations morphological changes as gill hyperplasia, with filling of interlamellar spaces, disorganization of liver arrangement, and necrosis in kidney were observed. In this study, the formalin can be considered slightly toxic to bluespotted corydora, and cause morphological changes when exposed to high concentrations. The use of formalin to treat of ornamental fish in the inner river of capture with wrong concentration can provoke negative environmental and biological effects.

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Mbatha, K. R., C. T. Downs, and I. V. Nsahlai. "The effects of graded levels of dietary tannin on the epithelial tissue of the gastro-intestinal tract and liver and kidney masses of Boer goats." Animal Science 74, no. 3 (June 2002): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800052735.

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AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of dietary tannin on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) histology and on liver and kidney masses. Five groups of Boer goats were given diets containing 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg of tannin for 6 weeks before data collection. Differences in the histopathology of the oesophagus, reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum and duodenum were evaluated. Increased dietary tannin levels induced thickening and/or keratinization of epithelial tissue in the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum. Increased tannin levels also resulted in a loss of epithelial cells, erosion of microvilli and shortened villi height in the duodenum, which could impair the absorption of nutrients. Consequently, condensed tannins had a negative effect on the histopathology of the Boer goats.

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Motshakeri, Mahsa, Mahdi Ebrahimi, Yong Meng Goh, Hemn Hassan Othman, Mohd Hair-Bejo, and Suhaila Mohamed. "Effects of Brown Seaweed (Sargassum polycystum) Extracts on Kidney, Liver, and Pancreas of Type 2 Diabetic Rat Model." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/379407.

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The edible seaweedSargassum polycystum(SP) is traditionally used against several human diseases. This investigation evaluated the effects of two dietary doses of SP ethanolic and aqueous extracts on the pancreatic, hepatic, and renal morphology of type 2 diabetic rats (T2DM). T2DM was induced by feeding rats on high calorie diet followed by a low dose streptozotocin. Changes in the diabetic rat organs in SP treated groups with different doses of extracts were compared with normal rats, diabetic control rats, and metformin treated rats. After 22 days of treatment, the pathological lesions of the livers and kidneys in the diabetic rats were quantitatively and qualitatively alleviated (P<0.05) by both the SP extracts at 150 mg/kg body weight and by metformin. All the treated diabetic groups revealed marked improvement in the histopathology of the pancreas compared with the control diabetic group. Oral administration of 300 mg/kg body weight of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of SP and metformin revealed pancreas protective or restorative effects. The seaweed extracts at 150 mg/kg body weight reduced the liver and kidney damages in the diabetic rats and may exert tissue repair or restoration of the pancreatic islets in experimentally induced diabetes to produce the beneficial homeostatic effects.

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Arjadi, Fitranto, Dhadhang Wahyu Kurniawan, Yudhi Wibowo, Wahyu Siswandari, and Lantip Rujito. "No Acute Toxicity Tests of Purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molk.) Ethanolic Extract on Male Albino Rat by Determined Hepatorenal Function Test and Histopathology." Molekul 14, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2019.14.2.542.

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Pimpinella pruatjan Molkis a local indegineuos plant speciescommonly used aphrodisiac.This studywas performed to analyze the effect of acute administration of purwoceng (Pimpinella pruatjan Molk.) roots ethanol extract to liver and kidney histological damagein rats. The study used an experimental approachusing post test only with control group design. Rats were randomly divided into five groups; 3 rats in each group. Group A as a control group received aquadest, group B, C, D, and E were given purwoceng roots ethanol extract dose of 5 mg/kgBW, 50 mg/kgBW, 300 mg/kgBW, and 2000 mg/kgBW respectively.Liver histological damage was assessed by a modification of the Roenigk score, whereaskidney damage was by the semiquantitative scoring of proximal tubular necrosis. UV test was used to quantify the AST and ALT levels, the measurement of blood urea levels was using the Urease-GLDH method, and Jaffe methodwas used to access the creatinine levels.Kruskal-Wallis test showed that liver and kidney histologicalparameterswere not significantly affected, as well as theblood urea and creatinine levels (p>0.05).Meanwhile,ALT level wasonly parameters which showed the significant test (p <0.05)among groups. Study concluded that the liver and kidney histological appearance, AST, blood urea, and creatinine levels in the male albino rat were not significantly affected by acute administration of Purwoceng roots in various dosesbut the ALT level was significantly affected

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Ahmed, Danish, Mohd Ibrahim Khan, Manju Sharma, and Mohd Faiyaz Khan. "Novel pentacyclic triterpene isolated from seeds of Euryale Ferox Salisb. ameliorates diabetes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0027.

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Abstract The present research was carried out to study the effect of 2β-hydroxybetulinic acid 3β-oleiate (HBAO), a novel compound isolated from the seeds of Euryale ferox salisb. on glycemic control, antioxidant status and histopathological morphological alterations in the liver, pancreas, kidney and heart in streptozotocin induced type-2 diabetes in rats. HBAO was isolated from the seeds of Euryale ferox salisb. according to Lee. Isolation of the active principle HBAO was performed for the first time. To date there are no reports on the isolation and evaluation of 2β-hydroxybetulinic acid 3β-oleiate (HBAO) from Euryale ferox salisb. Assessment of different biochemical parameters like the effect of HBAO on glycemic control, plasma insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1-6-biphosphatase, hepatic hexokinase, lipid profile, antioxidant marker and histopathology of pancreas, liver and kidney examination was done at the end of the experimentation, i.e. on day 45. HBAO exhibited remarkable improvement in glycemic control, lipid levels, plasma insulin, glycogenic liver enzymes and antioxidant activity in diabetic rats, along with progressive enhancement of distortive histopathological morphology of liver, pancreas and kidney. The results strongly suggest that HBAO could be a potential therapeutic agent in diabetes.

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Naas, Turaya, Masoud Ghorbani, Ikuri Alvarez-Maya, Michael Lapner, Rashmi Kothary, Yves De Repentigny, Susantha Gomes, et al. "Characterization of liver histopathology in a transgenic mouse model expressing genotype 1a hepatitis C virus core and envelope proteins 1 and 2." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 2185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80969-0.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine how the HCV structural proteins affect the dynamic structural and functional properties of hepatocytes and measure the extra-hepatic manifestations induced by these viral proteins. A transgenic mouse model was established by expressing core, E1 and E2 proteins downstream of a CMV promoter. HCV RNA was detected using RT-PCR in transgenic mouse model tissues, such as liver, kidney, spleen and heart. Expression of the transgene was analysed by real-time PCR to quantify viral RNA in different tissues at different ages. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed the expression of core, E1 and E2 proteins predominantly in hepatocytes. Lower levels of protein expression were detected in spleen and kidneys. HCV RNA and viral protein expression increased in the liver with age. Histological analysis of liver cells demonstrated steatosis in transgenic mice older than 3 months, which was more progressed with age. Electron microscopy analysis revealed alterations in nuclei, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. HCV structural proteins induce a severe hepatopathy in the transgenic mouse model. These mice became more prone to liver and lymphoid tumour development and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this model, the extra-hepatic effects of HCV, which included swelling of renal tubular cells, were mild. It is likely that the HCV structural proteins mediate some of the histological alterations in hepatocytes by interfering with lipid transport and liver metabolism.

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Maftuch, Maftuch, Ellana Sanoesi, Ichfat Farichin, Bagus Amin Saputra, Luqman Ramdhani, Sarifa Hidayati, Nurul Fitriyah, and Asep A. Prihanto. "Histopathology of gill, muscle, intestine, kidney, and liver on Myxobolus sp.-infected Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Journal of Parasitic Diseases 42, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-017-0955-x.

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Karimi, Hamid, Noor-Ahmad Latifi, Ali Zare Mehrjerdi, Babak Jafarnejad, and Ali-Mohammad Karimi. "Histopathological Changes of Organs (Lungs, Liver, Kidney, and Brain) After Using Two Types of AgiCoat and Acticoat Nanosilver Dressings on Deep Second-Degree Burn in Rat." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, no. 1 (August 11, 2019): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irz137.

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Abstract Prevention of infections is a very important issue in treating the burn wounds. The nanosilver dressings have many promising advantages, but absorption of silver ions and its adverse effects to the body were always a question. The aim of this study was to compare Silver serum levels and acute toxic effects of nanosilver on histopathology of organs (lungs, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain) in two types of AgiCoat and Acticoat (nanosilver) dressings on second-degree deep burn in rat. This is an experimental study conducted in our animal laboratory. We divided 24 Sprague–Dawley male rats weighing 300 to 350 randomly into two groups. After anesthesia, a second deep-degree burn was made over dorsal skins of rats by standard method. For group A, Agicoat and, for group B, Acticoat dressings were used. The dressings were changed every 3 days with AgiCoat and Acticoat, respectively. After 14 days, we got blood samples and tissue samples taken from heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, and brain and a sample from dorsal skin of the rat for histopathological examinations. The results showed that the levels of serum silver in both groups were significantly higher than the standard level (1.22 part per million (PM); AgiCoat, P = .017; Acticoat, P = .000), but there was no significant difference between the groups (P = .551). Examination of the relationship between the level of serum silver and histopathological changes in liver showed that hepatotoxicity of AgiCoat was higher compared with Acticoat and the difference was significant (P = .002). There were no pathological changes in brain, kidneys, spleen, heart, and lungs. Wound healing was faster in Acticoat group. The nanosilver dressings can cause toxicity in liver but not in kidney, brain, spleen, heart, and lungs. Liver pathology and hepatotoxicity were more prominent in AgiCoat group. Wound healing was faster in Acticoat group.

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STARR, LISA M., MAURICE R. ODIERE, KRISTINE G. KOSKI, and MARILYN E. SCOTT. "Protein deficiency alters impact of intestinal nematode infection on intestinal, visceral and lymphoid organ histopathology in lactating mice." Parasitology 141, no. 6 (February 5, 2014): 801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002308.

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SUMMARYProtein deficiency impairs local and systemic immune responses toHeligmosomoides bakeriinfection but little is known about their individual and interactive impacts on tissue architecture of maternal lymphoid (thymus, spleen) and visceral (small intestine, kidney, liver, pancreas) organs during the demanding period of lactation. Using a 2×2 factorial design, pregnant CD1 mice were fed a 24% protein sufficient (PS) or a 6% protein deficient (PD) isoenergetic diet beginning on day 14 of pregnancy and were infected with 100H. bakerilarvae four times or exposed to four sham infections. On day 20 of lactation, maternal organs were examined histologically and serum analytes were assayed as indicators of organ function. The absence of villus atrophy in response to infection was associated with increased crypt depth and infiltration of mast cells and eosinophils but only in lactating dams fed adequate protein. Infection-induced lobular liver inflammation was reduced in PD dams, however, abnormalities in the kidney caused by protein deficiency were absent in infected dams. Bilirubin and creatinine were highest in PD infected mice. Infection-induced splenomegaly was not due to an increase in the lymphoid compartment of the spleen. During lactation, infection and protein deficiency have interactive effects on extra-intestinal pathologies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Kidney and liver histopathology'

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