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1
Harris, D. C., L. Chan, and R. W. Schrier. "Remnant kidney hypermetabolism and progression of chronic renal failure." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 254, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): F267—F276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1988.254.2.f267.
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To investigate the mechanisms whereby verapamil and dietary phosphate restriction slow progression of nephron loss after renal ablation, the effects of these maneuvers on inulin clearance (CIn), net sodium reabsorption (TNa+), oxygen consumption (QO2), and net glucose production (GP) were examined in isolated perfused normal and remnant kidneys. Preliminary studies characterized the isolated perfused remnant kidney perfusion. Adaptation to renal ablation was greater for QO2 (102% of normal), GP (138%), and kidney weight (79%) than CIn (51%) or TNa+ (40%). Verapamil (50 microM) lowered QO2 in remnant kidneys (1.64 +/- 0.24 vs. control 2.86 +/- 0.16 mumol.min-1.g-1, P less than 0.005), as did phosphate restriction (1.81 +/- 0.22 vs. control 3.05 +/- 0.40 mumol.min-1.g-1, P less than 0.05). These effects could not be accounted for by changes in CIn, TNa+, or GP and were not observed in normal kidneys. In summary 1) remnant kidneys are hypermetabolic compared with normal kidneys when assessed by QO2 and GP; 2) verapamil and phosphate restriction diminish the enhanced metabolic activity of remnant kidneys, an effect that is independent of TNa+; and thus 3) verapamil and phosphate restriction may slow progression of renal disease, at least in part by reducing renal metabolic demands.
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Kelly, Katherine J., Jizhong Zhang, Mingsheng Wang, Shaobo Zhang, and Jesus H. Dominguez. "Intravenous renal cell transplantation for rats with acute and chronic renal failure." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 303, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): F357—F365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00680.2011.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic renal failure (CKD) are the most challenging problems in nephrology. Multiple therapies have been attempted but these interventions have minimal effects on the eventual outcomes, and all too often the result is end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The only effective therapy for ESRD is renal transplantation but only a small fraction of patients receive transplants. In this work we introduce a novel approach to transplantation designed to regenerate kidneys afflicted by severe AKI or CKD: intravenous renal cell transplantation (IRCT) with adult rat primary renal cells reprogrammed to express the SAA gene localized and engrafted in kidneys of rat recipients that had severe AKI or CKD. IRCT significantly resolved renal dysfunction and limited kidney damage, inflammation, and fibrosis. Severe CKD was successfully improved by IRCT using kidney cells from donor rats or by renal cell self-donation in a form of autotransplantation. We propose that IRCT with adult primary renal cells reprogrammed to express the SAA gene can be used to effectively treat AKI and CKD.
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Rahmawati, Wiwit, Heru Muryawan, and Farah Prabowo. "Renal imaging in children with chronic kidney disease." Paediatrica Indonesiana 53, no. 4 (August 31, 2013): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi53.4.2013.193-9.
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Background Chronic kidney failure is a cause of death inchildren. Diagnosing chronic kidney disease is often made byclinical manifestations, laboratory findings and ultrasonographyor other imaging tests. Early detection of chronic kidney diseaseis needed for education and management of the disease.Objective To describe renal imaging findings and mortality inchildren with chronic kidney disease .Methods This was a cross-sectional study on children with kidneydiseases who were inpatients at Dr. Kariadi Hospital from January2008 to June 2011. Data were taken from medical records. Chronickidney disease was confirmed by clinical manifestations, laboratoryfindings, and radiologic imaging. Renal ultrasound findings weredetermined by the radiologist responsible at that time. Resultswere presented as ft:equency distributions.Results Of 37 chronic kidney disease cases, 27 were males and 10were females. Subjects' most common complaints were dyspnea (7out of 3 7) and edema (30 out of 3 7) . Renal ultrasound imaging ofsubjects with chronic kidney disease yielded the following findings:reduced cortico-medullary differentiation (30 out of 3 7), bilateralechogenic kidneys (21 out of 3 7), reduced renal cortex thickness(4 out of 37) and small-sized kidneys (4 out of 37) . Eight of the37 children died. These 8 subjects had the following radiologicimaging findin gs: both kidneys appeared small in size (4 out ofS),reduced 'renal cortex' thickness (4 out of 8), echogenic kidneys(6 out of 8), and reduced cortico-medullary differentiation (8out of8).Conclusion Renal ultrasound imaging of pediatric subjects withchronic kidney disease revealed findings of reduced corticomedullarydifferentiation, bilateral echogenic kidneys, reducedrenal cortex thickness, and small kidneys bilaterally.
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Chen, C. F. "Renal Functional Response to Ischaemic Renal Failure in Chronic Hypoxic Rats." Clinical Science 85, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0850123.
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1. Chronic hypoxic rats are always polycythaemic. It is possible that an increase in packed cell volume may enhance erythrocyte trapping with a consequent increase in renal damage after renal ischaemia. These experiments were designed to assess renal functional changes after renal arterial occlusion in chronic hypoxic rats. 2. Chronic hypoxic rats were prepared by exposure (15h/day) to an altitude chamber (5486 m) for 4 weeks. 3. After 45 min of left renal arterial occlusion, there were significant decreases in the excretion of potassium, p-aminohippurate and inulin and in the p-aminohippurate extraction ratio in 12 sea level ischaemic insulted kidneys. In 12 chronic hypoxic rats, the same parameters were changed after left renal ischaemia but only the p-aminohippurate ratio was significantly altered. 4. Administrations of 1 or 5 mg/kg phosphoramidon did not cause any significant improvement in the measured renal parameters in both kidneys and in both groups of rats after ischaemia. 5. In the second experiment, the rats were challenged by rapid infusion of 10 ml of saline intravenously, and urine was collected for 90 min from each ureter. Four hours after left renal arterial occlusion, the insulted kidney showed increased water and sodium excretion in both sea level and chronic hypoxic rats. However, 24 h after left renal ischaemia, the responses of sea level and chronic hypoxic rats were different. Urinary excretion was significantly reduced in sea level rats, but was almost normal in chronic hypoxic rats. 6. This report suggests that some beneficial factors after chronic hypoxia might play important roles in reducing the damage after renal ischaemia.
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Balázs, Endre, Andrea Ruszwurm, Miklós Székely, István Wittmann, and Judit Nagy. "Old age and kidneys." Orvosi Hetilap 149, no. 17 (April 2008): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2008.28362.
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Age-related changes in renal morphology and function cannot be regarded physiological. The number of glomeruli falls, sclerotic glomeruli and aglomerular arterioles develop. Besides tubular atrophy interstitial fibrosis is often seen, and the age-related vascular changes strongly affect the kidneys. Renal blood flow and GFR decrease, without concomitant changes in se-creatinine. Disorders of tubular transport manifest mainly in salt- and water-excretion and lead to hyposthenuria. The pathogenesis of these age-related changes is not fully understood. Nevertheless, such changes impair the excretory functions and the pharmacokinetics of drugs. In real chronic renal failure other functions (erythropoietin production, vitamin-D, Ca and P metabolism) are also impaired. Due to more frequent occurrence of systemic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, etc.) in the elderly, real chronic renal failure is also more common, and various forms of acute renal failure develop more easily.
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Lee, SW, AK Elfadl, MJ Chung, HM Arif Ullah, DK Yuh, SH Lee, KS Jeong, and JK Park. "Urocystitis, pyelonephritis, renal papillary necrosis and chronic tubulointerstitial disease causing chronic renal insufficiency in a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica): a case report." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 10 (October 16, 2018): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/132/2017-vetmed.
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The present case report describes a case of chronic renal failure characterised by renal medullary fibrosis and renal papillary necrosis in a male Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). A 12-year-old male Siberian tiger presented with depression, anorexia and weight loss. Blood urea nitrogen (> 50.4 mmol/l) and ammonia (71.7 µmol/l) were increased, suggesting chronic renal failure and uraemia. The tiger died secondary to gastric haemorrhage. At necropsy, the kidneys had yellow lesions in the medulla and renal papillae and petechiae in the cortex. The stomach had multiple mucosal ulcers and haemorrhage. Microscopically, marked renal medullary fibrosis and renal papillary necrosis were observed with tubular atrophy, degeneration, coagulative necrosis, calcification and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration. The renal cortex showed moderate interstitial inflammation. The urinary bladder exhibited epithelial desquamation and submucosal fibrosis. The tiger was diagnosed with chronic renal failure secondary to renal papillary necrosis and medullary fibrosis.
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Akhmadeeva, Ksenia, Alisa Belova, and Rufiia Karimova. "Biochemical parameters of rat blood in the models of chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease at the administration of nitric oxide donor." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700071.
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In modern veterinary medicine, the simultaneous occurrence of chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease is often found. However, the cause and effect often exchange places, which creates great difficulties in the animals’ treatment. Chlofusan acts on both systems. It improves cardiac and renal functions by means of providing cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects. Models of chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease in rats provide important information on the pathophysiology of these diseases in other animal species, and the assessment of changes in the biochemical analysis of blood makes it possible to assess the state of the heart and kidneys in the study. In the course of research, the results of rat biochemical analysis were studied on models of chronic heart and kidney failure with the introduction of an exogenous nitric oxide donor. Chlofuzan contributes to a partial balance restoration of biochemical blood parameters in rats, which indicates the restoration of the mutual work of the heart and kidneys.
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Suh, Guk-Hee, and Lina Gega. "Understanding delirium trajectory and its importance in care provision for older people." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610216001988.
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Delirium significantly increases morbidity and mortality in older people, especially those affected by other organic disorders, notably dementia (Siddiqi et al., 2006; Davis et al., 2012; Martins and Fernandes, 2012). Both delirium and dementia are characterized by cognitive decline through disintegration of brain functions, i.e. a “brain failure.” Delirium has been described as an acute brain failure, in contrast to dementia being a chronic brain failure (Berrios, 1981). If we consider any other organ failure, for example that of kidneys, delirium superimposed on dementia resembles acute renal exacerbation superimposed on chronic renal failure. The timely recognition and treatment of acute renal failure can reverse its damaging effects, whereas chronic renal failure necessitates long-term and invasive or costly interventions (i.e. dialysis, kidney transplantation). Similarly, recognizing delirium and providing timely interventions can improve its symptoms to recover brain functions, delay cognitive decline, and alleviate distress and disability.
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Cruzado, Josep M., Joan Torras, Marta Riera, Immaculada Herrero, Miguel Hueso, Luís Espinosa, Enric Condom, et al. "Influence of nephron mass in development of chronic renal failure after prolonged warm renal ischemia." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 279, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): F259—F269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.2.f259.
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The present study examined the long-term consequences of warm renal ischemia (WRI) with or without renal ablation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–300 g) were subjected to 60 min of complete WRI by pedicle clamping and then followed for 52 wk. Animals were organized into four groups: rats in which both kidneys were subjected to warm ischemia (2WIK); rats with left WRI and right nephrectomy (1WIK); uninephrectomized rats with a left nonischemic kidney (1NK); and sham-operated rats (2NK). Additional animals were studied at 24 h, 7 days, and 16 and 32 wk. In the first week after WRI, rats from the 2WIK and 1WIK groups displayed a similar degree of acute renal damage. After recovering from acute renal failure, 1WIK rats developed progressive and severe proteinuria, whereas it was mild in the 2WIK group, as well as in the 1NK and 2NK groups. Only animals from the 1WIK group developed severe chronic renal failure, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and upregulation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene, which was associated with increased TGF-β1 protein expression in tubular epithelial cells, arterioles, and in areas of mononuclear interstitial cell infiltrate. On the contrary, long-term renal TGF-β1 expression, function, and histology were similar in 2WIK and 2NK rats. The present study shows that prolonged bilateral WRI, when both kidneys are retained in place, induces very mild long-term renal lesions as opposed to the severe renal scarring observed when WRI is combined with contralateral nephrectomy.
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Stoian, Irina, Bogdan Manolescu, Valeriu Atanasiu, and Olivera Lupescu. "New alternatives for erythropoietin therapy in chronic renal failure." Open Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-007-0038-y.
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AbstractErythropoietin (EPO) is one of the main cytokines involved in the regulation of erythropoiesis. The main site of EPO production are the kidneys. An altered EPO production leads to pathological conditions such as anemia and polycythaemia. Due to the progressive loss of renal peritubular cells, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have low EPO plasma levels. This decreases erythron stimulation with the direct consequence of developing anemia. Before the introduction in the clinical practice of rHuEpo, in the late 1980s, the only solution for treating this type of anemia were blood transfusions and anabolic steroids. Even rHuEpo has proven to be safe and effective for treatment of anemias, there are some concerns about its cost, the need for frequent parenteral administration, and development of anti-EPO antibodies. These inconveniences prompted the search for novel erythropoiesis stimulating agents. Different strategies lead to isolation or chemical synthesis of such agents as darbepoetin alfa and EPO mimetics. In this review, we present some general aspects of EPO biology, with emphasis on chronic renal failure, and expose some of the alternatives to EPO used for anemia correction.
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Zaric, Radica Zivkovic, Jasmina Milovanovic, Nikola Rosic, Dragan Milovanovic, Dejana Ruzic Zecevic, Marko Folic, and Slobodan Jankovic. "Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients with different renal function levels." Open Medicine 13, no. 1 (October 22, 2018): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/med-2018-0068.
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AbstractThere are many determinants of vancomycin clearance, but these have not been analyzed separately in populations with different levels of renal function, which could be why some important factors have been missed. The aim of our study was to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters and factors that may affect vancomycin pharmacokinetics in groups of patients with normal renal function and in those with chronic kidney failure. The study used a population pharmacokinetic modeling approach, based on plasma vancomycin concentrations and other data from 78 patients with chronic kidney failure and 32 patients with normal renal function. The model was developed using NONMEM software and validated by bootstrapping. The final model for patients with impaired kidney function was described by the following equation: CL (L/h) = 0.284 + 0.000596 x DD + 0.00194 x AST, and that for the patients with normal kidney function by: CL (L/h) = 0.0727 + 0.205 x FIB. If our results are confirmed by new studies on two similar populations, these factors could be considered when dosing vancomycin in patients with chronically damaged kidneys, as well as in patients with normal kidneys who frequently require high doses of vancomycin.
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Yamaguchi, Satoshi, Hiromitsu Fujii, Shigeo Kaneko, Sunao Yachiku, Tsutomu Anzai, Fumie Inada, Takeshi Kobayashi, Keiji Furuta, and Hatsuichi Ishida. "ULTRASONOGRAPHIC STUDY ON KIDNEYS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE." Japanese Journal of Urology 81, no. 8 (1990): 1175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1989.81.1175.
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Yamaguchi, Satoshi, Hiromitsu Fujii, Shigeo Kaneko, Sunao Yachiku, Tsutomu Anzai, Fumie Inada, Takeshi Kobayashi, Keiji Furuta, and Hatsuichi Ishida. "ULTRASONOGRAPHIC STUDY ON KIDNEYS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE." Japanese Journal of Urology 81, no. 8 (1990): 1183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1989.81.1183.
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González Celedón, Claudia, María Bitsori, and Kjell Tullus. "Progression of chronic renal failure in children with dysplastic kidneys." Pediatric Nephrology 22, no. 7 (July 2007): 1014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-007-0459-5.
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Shormanov, Igor S., and Marina S. Los. "Approaches to kidney anti-ischemic protection in organ-preserving surgical treatment of patients with renal cell cancer." Urologicheskie vedomosti 9, no. 3 (November 11, 2019): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/uroved9339-47.
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The advantages of organ-preserving kidney operations are the improvement of functional results, the reduction in the number of patients with end-stage chronic renal failure in long-term follow up and related cardiovascular complications along with overall patients quality of life improvement. On the one hand, a dry surgical field is necessary for visualizing the resection margin and on the other hand, its creation starts the process of acute ischemic damage to the tissue of the operated kidney. Each minute of kidney ischemia proportionally increases the risk of developing renal failure in the long-term postoperative period. It is especially important to consider the duration of ischemia during operations on a single kidney, with bilateral tumor lesions of the kidneys, as well as in the presence of chronic renal failure. After resection of the kidney, its residual function depends on the preoperative level of glomerular filtration, the amount of parenchyma retained during surgery, and the duration of renal ischemia. The predicted functional insufficiency of the healthy contralateral kidney in the postoperative period is 18%. The possibility of the chronic renal failure onset or worsening of the existing one due to the progression of nephrosclerosis reaches almost 80%. The development of chronic renal failure stage III and above in the long term after renal resection is more than 30%. Thus, there is a need for the development of precision surgery, as well as the search for anti-ischemic kidney protection, aimed at maintaining the maximum volume of functioning renal parenchyma.
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Topchii, I. I., I. K. Kondakov, and O. M. Kirienko. "EFFECT OF CRYO PLACENTA EXTRACT ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEYS RATS WITH ACUTE OR CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE." Ukrainian Journal of Nephrology and Dialysis, no. 3(43) (July 27, 2014): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31450/ukrjnd.3(43).2014.11.
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Summary. Material and methods. On an experimental material at modelling of acute and chronic nephritic insufficiency at 75 white not purebred rats action research a crioextract ofplacenta (CEP) on morphology and functional indicators of kidneys is carried out.
Results and discussion. Introduction CEP in early terms of damage of kidneys leads to fast elimination of changes of an epithelium of the tubular device and prevents development a CKI. The effect from introduction CEP remains about 16 weeks.
Conclusions. Under the influence ofCEP in the beginning of development of acute kidney insufficiency function of kidneys remains. At the generated chronic insufficiency function of kidneys improves for short term and introduction ofCEP does not influence on development CKI.
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Throssell, D., J. Brown, K. P. G. Harris, and J. Walls. "Metabolic Acidosis Does Not Contribute to Chronic Renal Injury in the Rat." Clinical Science 89, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0890643.
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1. Metabolic acidosis invariably accompanies chronic renal failure, and short periods of metabolic acidosis cause renal growth and proteinuria in normal rats. Rates of ammoniagenesis are increased in chronic renal failure, and it has been suggested that this contributes to disease progression. This study assessed (i) whether prolonged acidosis causes chronic renal injury in the normal kidney and (ii) whether abrogation of acidosis slows disease progression in the remnant kidney. 2. Metabolic acidosis was induced in normal rats by dietary hydrochloric acid. Urinary excretion of total protein, lysozyme and albumin increased, peaking at week 8 but returning to baseline by week 14. At killing after 14 weeks, kidney weights, glomerular filtration rates and serum creatinine were the same in both groups, but kidney/body weight and kidney/heart weight ratios were greater in the acidotic group. All kidneys were normal by light microscopy. 3. Rats subjected to five-sixths nephrectomy were given sufficient dietary bicarbonate to abolish uraemic acidosis, and their outcome was compared with that of non-alkalinized remnants (controls). Proteinuria, glomerular filtration rates, blood pressure, histological injury and time to the development of terminal uraemia were no better in bicarbonate-supplemented animals than in controls. 4. These data demonstrate that metabolic acidosis neither causes nor exacerbates chronic renal injury. We conclude that the treatment of uraemic acidosis is unlikely to influence disease progression in patients with chronic renal failure.
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Díaz-Delgado, Oscar Bautista, and Briony Alderson. "Anaesthesia of the patient with chronic kidney disease." Companion Animal 25, no. 11 (December 2, 2020): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2020.0045.
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Chronic kidney disease is common, particularly in geriatric animals. General anaesthesia is usually required for routine procedures (dental prophylaxis, ovariohysterectomy or castration) and emergency procedures, which may have profound effects on the body, especially on cardiac output, subsequent blood pressure and on the perfusion of different vital organs. It is essential to understand the effects of renal dysfunction on the patient, as well as the effects that anaesthesia and surgery may have on the kidneys. The understanding of renal physiology, along with the effect of drug choices, is key to successful management of chronic renal failure.
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Polzin, D. J., C. A. Osborne, S. Ross, and F. Jacob. "Dietary Management of Feline Chronic Renal Failure: Where are We Now? In What Direction are We Headed?" Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2, no. 2 (June 2000): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jfms.2000.0077.
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Dietary modification is of primary importance in managing cats with chronic renal failure. Diets designed for cats with chronic renal failure are typically formulated to be pH neutral and contain reduced quantities of protein, phosphorus and sodium and an increased quantity of potassium. These changes in diet formulation are designed to ameliorate clinical signs of renal failure by adapting dietary intakes to meet the limited ability of failing kidneys to adapt to the normal range of dietary intakes. Important recent clinical trials support the therapeutic value of dietary therapy in cats with chronic renal failure.
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Mohsin Jamal Buzdar, Alam Mengal, Talha Shahid Amin, Tahir Hameed, Furqan Ahmed, Farhat Abbas, Farhat Abbas, Hafiza Mehreen Tahir, and Maryum Yousaf. "Impacts of renal insufficiency on hepatic profile among different chronic Lower Urinary tract; patients in Quetta." Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences 2, no. 3 (January 11, 2020): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v2i3.1118.
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Primary functions of kidneys to filter the blood by its cells called nephrons, products after metabolism and toxics produced by kidneys upper Urinary tract; and stored in Lower Urinary tract; this helps the body for balance of, electrolytes, water, RBCs, leukocytes, ca and blood pressure. If the renal system not work properly it may cause some complications like kidney stones, electrolytes imbalance, which leads to different complications some time may leads to kidney failure .it also effects on blood cells, if kidneys not work properly our body retains water and toxics not excreted form blood steam, so patient may leads to death. The prevalence of kidney diseases is significantly increasing in pediatric population, that is may be due to life style changes i.e. diet changes, environmental changes.
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Bereczki, Dániel. "Stroke in chronic renal failure." Orvosi Hetilap 149, no. 15 (April 2008): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2008.28292.
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Chronic kidney diseases and cardiovascular diseases have several common risk factors like hypertension and diabetes. In chronic renal disease stroke risk is several times higher than in the average population. The combination of classical risk factors and those characteristic of chronic kidney disease might explain this increased risk. Among acute cerebrovascular diseases intracerebral hemorrhages are more frequent than in those with normal kidney function. The outcome of stroke is worse in chronic kidney disease. The treatment of stroke (thrombolysis, antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment, statins, etc.) is an area of clinical research in this patient group. There are no reliable data on the application of thrombolysis in acute stroke in patients with chronic renal disease. Aspirin might be administered. Carefulness, individual considerations and lower doses might be appropriate when using other treatments. The condition of the kidney as well as other associated diseases should be considered during administration of antihypertensive and lipid lowering medications.
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Kumar, Vijay, Adarsh Kumar, and A. C. Varshney. "Ultrasonographic Imaging for Structural Characterization of Renal Affections and Diagnosis of Associated Chronic Renal Failure in 10 Dogs." ISRN Veterinary Science 2011 (December 25, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/901713.
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The present study comprises of 10 dogs of either sex with primary indication of azotaemia. All the dogs were subjected to detailed clinical, haematobiochemical, urinalysis, and microbiological examination along with radiographical and ultrasonographical examination. Based on the ultrasonographic structural abnormalities, the different renal affections associated with CRF in majority of dogs were diagnosed. The different affections included “end-stage” kidneys (n=4), hydronephrosis (n=1), renomegaly (n=1), nephritis (n=1), nephrolithiasis (n=1), nephrocalcinosis (n=1), and renal cyst (n=1). The significant ultrasonographic features in these affections included small kidneys with loss of corticomedullary demarcation (“end-stage” kidneys); increased cortical echogenicity (nephritis); dilation of the renal pelvis, separation of the central renal sinus with anechoic space, atrophy of renal medulla, (hydronephrosis); enlarged kidneys with increased overall echogenicity of renal cortex (renomegaly and associated nephritis); hyperechoic-mineralized structure with shadowing (nephrolithiasis); diffuse, small, multiple hyperechoic structures in the renal parenchyma with distal acoustic shadowing (nephrocalcinosis); small spherical intercortical anechoic structures fluid (renal cysts). In the present study, ultrasound proved to be a quick, convenient, and sensitive modality in detecting alterations in renal size and parenchymal architecture. All the dogs so diagnosed with CRF were rendered conservative medical treatment to control clinical signs of uraemia; maintain adequate fluid, electrolyte, and acid/base balance; provide adequate nutrition; minimize progression of renal failure.
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Murkamilov, I. T., I. S. Sabirov, Zh A. Murkamilova, V. V. Fomin, A. I. Sabirova, K. A. Aitbaev, B. Zh Imanov, N. A. Redzhapova, and F. A. Yusupov. "STRATIFICATION OF NEPHROCEREBRAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (LITERATURE REVIEW)." Russian Archives of Internal Medicine 8, no. 6 (December 3, 2018): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20514/2226-6704-2018-8-6-418-423.
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This article analyzes the literature data concerning the origin and progression of cerebrovascular and cardiac diseases in renal dysfunction. Cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease have common “traditional” risk factors, while the population growth in patients with renal impairment is currently mainly due to secondary renal damage in socially important diseases such as obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease and chronic heart failure. The presented data of scientific researches testify to the direct correlation correlation between the decrease of the renal function and the increased risk of cardioand cerebrovascular diseases and death, irrespective of other risk factors. Obesity and associated biological substrates are independent risk factors for persistent impairment of kidney function and an increase in the body mass index causes direct damage to the kidneys, due to the disrupted synthesis of fat cytokines by various cytokines with nephrotoxic action, and also mediated — by inducing the development of diabetes mellitus 2 type and arterial hypertension, which are the most frequent risk factors for chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular diseases. The presented data on the role of endothelial dysfunction in impaired renal function, which contributes to the formation of atherosclerosis, and the increase in the severity of the atherosclerotic process contributes to an increase in the sever ity of renal failure. Literature data on the value of the heart rate are also presented. The increase in the heart rate can lead to atherosclerotic densification of the arteries, which is associated with an increase in the rate of spread of the pulse wave with a violation of the mechanisms of autoregulation of the blood flow in the brain and kidneys.
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Tomasello, Sarah. "Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 21, no. 3 (June 2008): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190008315906.
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Chronic kidney disease may result in complete kidney failure and contribute to many other health issues. Anemia is a logical consequence of the disease because the kidneys are the primary source of erythropoietin, the hormone that acts to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow. All patients with chronic kidney disease are at risk for anemia, and treating anemia is extremely important to their health and well-being. Preventing or reversing the effects of anemia on the heart may decrease morbidity and mortality and improve quality of life. Many patients fail to receive treatment for anemia before requiring renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease. Pharmacists can play a vital role in screening, evaluating, designing proper treatment regimens, and monitoring patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease. Current recommendations regarding anemia are reviewed, including evaluation, pharmacotherapeutic agents, monitoring parameters, and goals of therapy.
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Mizelle, H. L., J. E. Hall, and J. P. Montani. "Role of renal nerves in control of sodium excretion in chronic congestive heart failure." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 256, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): F1084—F1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.256.6.f1084.
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The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of the renal nerves to the sodium retention in chronic congestive heart failure produced by rapid ventricular pacing. In 10 female dogs the left kidney was denervated and the urinary bladder was split to allow separate 24-h urine collection from an innervated and a denervated kidney in the same dog. The dogs were placed on an 80-meq/day sodium intake and permitted to recover for at least 2 wk. Control measurements were made for 5 days followed by ventricular pacing at 270-300 beats/min for 6 days. Cardiac output (CO), measured with an electromagnetic flow probe around the ascending aorta, fell from a control of 2.4 +/- 0.3 to 1.4 +/- 0.2 l/min (6 day average) during pacing while mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell from 91 +/- 4 to 71 +/- 3 mmHg. In six dogs, sodium excretion fell to an average of less than 2 meq/day (80 meq/day intake) during the 6-day pacing period in both the innervated and denervated kidneys. In four dogs, sodium excretion returned back toward control on days 3-6 of pacing despite sustained reductions in CO and MAP. However, there were no differences in renal hemodynamics or electrolyte excretion between innervated and denervated kidneys in either the compensated or decompensated dogs. These results suggest that other control mechanisms, besides the renal nerves, are primarily responsible for the sodium retention in this model of chronic congestive heart failure.
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Uppara, Sreenivasulu, Rama Kishore Akula Venkata, Bhagya Shree K. Bhuyar, Jayaprakash Kumar, and Shyam Prasad B.R. "Study of Levels of Serum Malondialdehyde and Serum High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Chronic Renal Failure Patients - A Hospital-Based Study." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 7, no. 49 (December 7, 2020): 2913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2020/596.
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BACKGROUND Kidneys are vital organs for excretory and many other biochemical functions in the human body. Most chronic diseases end up damaging the kidneys, acute to chronic, based on the cause and duration. Chronic kidney disease is a sequence of damages to the renal cells and parenchyma leading to progressive deterioration of kidney function, which eventually develops into terminal stage of chronic kidney failure. Chronic renal failure leads to a pro-oxidant state, which leads to damage to the renal cells and parenchyma and the amount of intracellular oxidative stress or extracellular oxidative stress has a relation to the severity of renal failure either directly or indirectly. The study aimed to find the correlation between high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) to lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA). METHODS This prospective study was designed and conducted from January 2018 to December 2019 in the Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Ananthapuramu. The study comprised a total of 70 subjects in the age group of 35 - 65 years. The subjects of the approved study plan were divided into two groups; 35 subjects were healthy controls (group-1), and 35 subjects were chronic renal failure (CRF) patients. A blood sample was collected in Government General Hospital, Anantapuramu. RESULTS The sample was analysed for estimation of blood urea, plasma glucose, serum creatinine, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The mean value of blood urea, serum creatinine, serum hs-CRP, serum MDA was higher in CRF (group-2) patients when compared to healthy controls (group-1) (p < 0.0001). We observed a positive correlation between serum MDA and serum creatinine (r = 0.46832), hs-CRP (r = 0.0234). CONCLUSIONS In CRF, oxidative stress is obviously evident, but the inflammation induced oxidative stress which can be corrected if detected early will reduce oxidative damage. Our study shows that there is an elevation in hs-CRP and MDA which confirms the presence of oxidative damage, inflammation and probably inflammation induced oxidative damage. KEYWORDS CRF, Oxidative Stress, MDA, Serum Creatinine, hs-CRP
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François, Karlien, Claudio Ronco, and Joanne M. Bargman. "Peritoneal Dialysis for Chronic Congestive Heart Failure." Blood Purification 40, no. 1 (2015): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000430084.
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Maladaptive responses between a failing heart and the kidneys ultimately lead to permanent chronic kidney disease, referred to as cardiorenal syndrome type 2. In this narrative review, we discuss the pathophysiological pathways in the progression of cardiorenal failure and review the current evidence on peritoneal dialysis as a treatment strategy in cardiorenal syndrome type 2. A patient with heart failure can present with clinical symptoms related to venous congestion even in the absence of end-stage renal disease. Diuretics remain the cornerstone for the treatment of fluid overload related to heart failure. However, with chronic use, diuretic resistance can supervene. When medical therapy is no longer able to relieve congestive symptoms, ultrafiltration might be needed. Patients with heart failure tolerate well the gentle rate of fluid removal through peritoneal dialysis. Recent publications suggest a positive impact of starting peritoneal dialysis in patients with cardiorenal syndrome type 2 on the hospitalisation rate, functional status and quality of life.
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Мкртчян, А., A. Mkrtchyan, А. Козьменко, and A. Kozmenko. "TREATMENT OF A CHRONIC PERIODONTAL DISEASE AT A CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE." Actual problems in dentistry 11, no. 1 (February 25, 2015): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2015-0-1-8-10.
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<p>Now it is tended constant increase in the patients having diseases of kidneys. The periodontal disease is risk factor of development of a chronic renal failure. To the contrary, existence of a chronic generalized periodontal disease complicates the course of a chronic renal failure. We offered medicinal composition of «Silativit» with a collagen hydrolyzate, vitamin C and a hydroxyapatite of calcium which contains optimum structure for application in an oral cavity at treatment of a chronic generalized periodontal disease at patients with the chronic renal failure (CRF). In nephrological office and office of a hemodialysis of city hospital No. 2 Kamensk-Ural treatment to 50 patients with the diagnosis a chronic generalized periodontal disease of moderate severity is carried out. Efficiency of treatment was defined on the basis of dynamics of an index of hygiene of OHI-S and KPI. Results of treatment and change of indicators of quality of life estimated in one month and in six months. The obtained data speak about positive influence of complex therapy of a periodontal disease, both on a condition of fabrics of a parodont, and on quality of life of patients of CRF.</p>
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Stockelman, Michael G., John N. Lorenz, Frost N. Smith, Gregory P. Boivin, Amrik Sahota, Jay A. Tischfield, and Peter J. Stambrook. "Chronic renal failure in a mouse model of human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 275, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): F154—F163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1998.275.1.f154.
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In humans, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT, EC 2.4.2.7 ) deficiency can manifest as nephrolithiasis, interstitial nephritis, and chronic renal failure. APRT catalyzes synthesis of AMP from adenine and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. In the absence of APRT, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) is produced from adenine by xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and can precipitate in the renal interstitium, resulting in kidney disease. Treatment with allopurinol controls formation of DHA stones by inhibiting XDH activity. Kidney disease in APRT-deficient mice resembles that seen in humans. By age 12 wk, APRT-deficient male mice are, on average, mildly anemic and smaller than normal males. They have extensive renal interstitial damage (assessed by image analysis) and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and their creatinine clearance rates, which measure excretion of infused creatinine as an estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), are about half that of wild-type males. APRT-deficient males treated with allopurinol in the drinking water had normal BUN and less extensive visible renal damage, but creatinine clearance remained low. Throughout their lifespans, homozygous null female mice manifested significantly less renal damage than homozygous null males of the same age. APRT-deficient females showed no significant impairment of GFR at age 12 wk. Consequences of APRT deficiency in male mice are more pronounced than in females, possibly due to differences in rates of adenine or DHA synthesis or to sex-determined responses of the kidneys.
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Yanuartono, Yanuartono, Alfarisa Nururrozi, and Soedarmanto Indarjulianto. "Penyakit Ginjal Kronis pada Anjing dan Kucing: Manajemen Terapi dan Diet." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 35, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.29284.
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Chronic kidney disease is a progressive impairment of renal function and irreversible. The kidneys fail to maintain metabolism and fluid and electrolyte balance, causing uremia. This disease is a common problem in old cats and dogs that not detected by the owners up to 75 % of kidney function is damaged. Clinical signs vary as polyuria, polidipsi, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, pale mucous membranes, mouth ulceration, halitosis and acute blindness. Chronic renal failure is not curable so that the necessary medication management and proper diet in orderto improve the quality of life and prolong the life of the animal.
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Ghosh, Suchi Anindita, Jean Patrick, and Kyaw Zin Maw. "Acute kidney injury and nephrotic syndrome associated with eltrombopag therapy in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 4 (April 2021): e241462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-241462.
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A 77-year-old man was admitted with severe acute kidney injury and nephrotic syndrome. He was started on eltrombopag for chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 6 weeks earlier. An ultrasound of the kidneys was normal and an auto-antibody screen was negative. The use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a probable relationship (score of 5) between the patient’s development of acute renal failure and eltrombopag therapy. Literature review identified only one other case of nephrotic syndrome and acute kidney injury associated with eltrombopag therapy in which a kidney biopsy revealed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Due to the challenges faced during the prevailing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and persistent low platelet counts a renal biopsy was not undertaken. On stopping eltrombopag, the patients renal function stabilised and he successfully went into remission following treatment with high dose corticosteroids and diuretics. This report of a serious case of reversible renal failure and nephrotic syndrome after treatment with eltrombopag may serve to inform clinicians about the possible severe renal adverse effects of eltrombopag before its commencement for future use.
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Khubutiya, B. Z., O. N. Rzhevskaya, and A. A. Lisenok. "Current possibilities of improving the results of kidney transplantation in patients of the older age group, including those with an aggravated urological history." Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation 13, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.23873/2074-0506-2021-13-2-165-178.
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Introduction. All over the world and in Russia, the number of patients requiring dialysis therapy and kidney transplantation for chronic renal failure in the end-stage of the renal disease is increasing. In many countries of the world, the number of dialysis patients over 60 years of age accounts for 30 to 45% of all patients with chronic renal failure. Meantime, taking into account the improved methods for early diagnosis of chronic renal failure and the treatment methods for chronic kidney disease, including the renal replacement therapy, we can expect an increase in the number of elderly potential kidney transplant recipients. The likelihood of receiving a renal graft in elderly patients is significantly lower than in young recipients. Elderly patients are known to have a higher risk of death while waiting for a kidney transplant due to higher morbidity and lethality on dialysis. For this reason, the urgency of increasing the availability of kidney transplantation in elderly patients is growing over time. One of the solutions can be the use of kidneys from suboptimal donors with a far from ideal graft quality, but which could meet the needs for transplant care of the older age group of patients. The older age of a recipient entails a certain risk of developing a graft dysfunction due to the presence of concomitant diseases, and the potential risk increases even more with kidney transplants from expanded criteria donors. If a reduced functional reserve of kidneys removed from donors with extended criteria is identified, two-kidney transplantation is possible, which provides fairly good long-term results. To reduce the risk of a kidney graft loss, a careful selection of recipients is necessary, taking into account their co-morbidities, including the presence of urological diseases that impair the function of the upper and lower urinary tract. Their timely identification and correction makes it possible to raise the availability of kidney transplantation for elderly patients and improve its results. This review presents the results of the studies conducted in various world transplant centers, covers the mortality rates, kidney graft and recipient survival rates.The study purpose was to summarize the actual data and the results of the study on kidney transplantation in elderly patients with urological pathology.
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Stavniichuk, A., O. Savchuk, Abdul Hye Khan, Wojciech K. Jankiewicz, John D. Imig, and Daniel Merk. "The effect of compound DM509 on kidney fibrosis in the conditions of the experimental model." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 80, no. 1 (2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2020.80.10-15.
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Kidney fibrosis is a key event in the development of chronic kidney disease, leading to end-stage renal failure. Unfortunately, there are now few drugs capable of preventing fibrosis in the kidneys, which is accompanied by the progression of chronic kidney disease in the terminal stage of renal failure. The results show the effectiveness of the use of a new dual-acting agent DM509 in the prevention of renal fibrosis using a model of unilateral obstruction of the ureter in mice. DM509 is both a farnesoid X-receptor agonist and a soluble epoxyhydrolase inhibitor. In this study, there were 8-12 week old C57BL/6J males undergoing surgery, which led to the development of unilateral ureteral obstruction and a control group. Mice received DM509 (10 mg/kg/day) or DM509-free solution together with drinking water for 10 days the day before surgery. Samples of kidney and blood tissues were collected at the end of the experiment. In the unilateral ureteral obstruction group, kidney dysfunction was detected, which was accompanied by increased urea nitrogen content in the blood compared to the control group (63 ± 7 vs. 34 ± 6 mg/d). The reduction of urea nitrogen in the blood by 36 % in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction treated with DM509 is shown compared to mice with this pathology without treatment, which in turn proved the effectiveness of DM509 in preventing renal dysfunction. In mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction, which did not receive DM509, the development of kidney fibrosis with a high content of hydroxyproline in the kidneys and also increased collagen content in histological sections of the kidneys were detected. In the DM509 group, the renal and collagen hydroxyproline content was 34-66 % lower, indicating the effectiveness of this agent in the treatment of renal fibrosis. Thus, we have shown that the new DM509 is effective in preventing renal dysfunction and renal fibrosis using a murine model of unilateral ureteral obstruction.
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Basile, David P., Katherine Fredrich, Dorothee Weihrauch, Naoichiro Hattan, and William M. Chilian. "Angiostatin and matrix metalloprotease expression following ischemic acute renal failure." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 286, no. 5 (May 2004): F893—F902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00328.2003.
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Ischemic injury to the kidney results in blood vessel loss and predisposition to chronic renal disease. Angiostatin is a proteolytic cleavage product of plasminogen that inhibits angiogenesis, promotes apoptosis of endothelial cells, and disrupts capillary integrity. A combination of lysine-Sepharose enrichment followed by Western blotting was used to study the expression of angiostatin in response to the induction of ischemic renal injury. No angiostatin products were readily detectable in kidneys of sham-operated control rats. In contrast, both 38- and 50-kDa forms of angiostatin were dramatically enhanced in the first 3 days following 45-min ischemia-reperfusion injury. Renal angiostatin levels declined but remained detectable at late time points postrecovery (8–35 days postischemia). Angiostatin-like immunoreactivity was also elevated in the plasma and in urine for up to 35 days following injury. Lysine-Sepharose extracts of either kidney or urine inhibited vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced proliferation of human aortic endothelial cells in vitro; an effect that was blocked by coincubation with an angiostatin antibody. RT-PCR verified that mRNA of the parent protein plasminogen was produced in the liver, but it was not present in either sham-operated or postischemic kidney. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, which may mediate angiostatin generation, were enhanced in postischemic kidney tissue and were localized to the renal tubules, interstitial cells, and the tubulo-interstitial space. These data indicate the possible local synthesis of angiostatin following acute renal failure (ARF) and suggest a possible role for MMPs in this activity. Renal angiostatin generation following ARF may modulate renal capillary density postischemia and thereby influence chronic renal function.
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Costa, Jonathan, Robert S. Crausman, and Marc S. Weinberg. "Acute and Chronic Renal Failure." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 94, no. 2 (March 1, 2004): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-94-2-168.
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Renal failure is defined as a deterioration of kidney function that results in the retention of nitrogenous waste products. It is increasingly prevalent in older populations, individuals with diabetes or hypertension, and postoperative patients. Therefore, podiatric physicians caring for these populations can expect to encounter this condition frequently. This article describes the epidemiology, causes, complications, and appropriate evaluation of renal failure relevant to a practicing podiatric physician. Also highlighted are treatment considerations, renal dosing of medications, and prevention of contrast nephropathy. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 168-176, 2004)
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Sapin, Carolina Da Fonseca, Luísa Cerqueira Silva-Mariano, Andressa Dutra Piovesan, Cristina Gevehr Fernandes, Josaine Cristina da Silva Rappeti, Fabrício De Vargas Arigony Braga, Guilherme Albuquerque Cavalcante, Bruna Müller Rosenthal, and Fabiane Borelli Grecco. "Anatomopathologic Study of Kidneys parasitized by Dioctophyme renale in Dogs." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (June 9, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.79788.
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Background: Dioctophymiasis is a disease caused by the nematode Dioctophyme renale and is a relatively common condition in dogs. The parasite affects the kidney, especially the right, enters the kidney capsule and causes destruction and atrophy of the parenchyma. The lesion severity depends on the amount of parasites affecting the kidney, the duration of the infection, number of kidneys involved and concurrent occurrence of kidney disease. The disease’s clinical presentation may be asymptomatic or with nonspecific clinical signs. The diagnosis is based on ultrasound examination and the detection of eggs in urine, however, diagnosis is often reached only through necropsy or histopathology. This study aimed to analyze the dog kidney anatomical and pathological changes when parasitized by Dioctophyme renale.Materials, Methods & Results: The kidneys of 21 dogs diagnosed with dioctophymiasis were nephrectomized, analyzed by ultrasound and forwarded to macro and microscopic analysis. Macroscopically, the kidney size was measured as well as its renal capsule thicknes. The presences of dilatation of the renal pelvis and ureter, as well as changes of the capsule, were also observed. These fragments were collected and submitted for routine analysis and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathological examination was performed blindly by three evaluators. The intensity of fibrosis was evaluated by the presence or absence of infiltration, the absence or presence of parasite eggs and when present whether there was inflammatory tissue response, among other changes. All received organs were right kidneys and showed clear atrophy or absence of the parenchyma. The kidney size ranged from 3,8x2,5x1,3 cm to 8,4x8,2x4,0 cm and the capsule thickness between 0.1 and 3.6cm. In renal capsule were observed whitish, irregular and firm plates (10 out of 21 cases) and papilliform projections (4 out of 21). In two specimens were identified cases of hydroureter and hydronephrosis. Microscopically, all specimens had some degree of fibrosis which replaced the renal parenchyma, six classified as mild, ten were moderate and five intense. In 13 cases there was intense deposition of parasite eggs and 18 cases showed inflammatory infiltrate of which one was pyogranulomatous and one granulomatous. Papilliform projections were observed in six out of 21 cases (composed of connective tissue proliferation and neovascularization), there was also hyperplasia of the pelvis transition epithelial (6 out of 21) and osseous metaplasia of the renal capsule (4 out of 21). The vessels walls were hypertrophic in nine out of 21 cases.Discussion: The diagnosis of dioctophymiasis was performed by ultrasonography. All 21 kidneys analyzed were rights; this is related to the parasite penetration in the duodenal wall, which tends to migrate by anatomic proximity to the right kidneys. Dioctophyme renale feeds through digestion and ingestion of the renal parenchyma by the action of parasite’s oesophageal enzymes causing progressive destruction of the cortical and medullar layers and consequently the proliferation of fibrous tissue. In this study, different intensities of fibrosis were observed. Bone metaplasia characterizes the chronicity of the process and the connective tissue’s attempt to adapt. Animals affected by dioctophymiasis often develop chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure is characterized by continuous and irreversible morphologic changes in the renal parenchyma with loss of nephron components and the formation of a vicious cycle of replacement by fibrous connective tissue. The hypertrophy of vascular epithelium observed in six cases of this study may be associated with fibrous connective tissue proliferation stimulus. The injuries described here may be related to the parasitosis late diagnosis.
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Wakhid, Abdul, and Gipta Galih Widodo. "KONSEP DIRI PASIEN GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK YANG MENJALANI HEMODIALISIS." Jurnal Ilmiah Permas: Jurnal Ilmiah STIKES Kendal 9, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32583/pskm.9.1.2019.7-11.
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Pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis sebagian besar ketergantungan terhadap mesin hemodialisis yang mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan seperti masalah finansial, kesulitan dalam mempertahankan pekerjaan, dorongan seksual yang menghilang, impotensi, dan pasien sering kali mengalami gangguan konsep diri serta gangguan citra tubuh karena kesulitan menerima perubahan yang terjadi akibat gagal ginjal yang dialaminya sehinggamengakibatkan pasien mengalami depresi. Desain penelitian yaitu deskriptif dengan pendekatansurvei. Populasi penelitian 85 pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani hemodialisis.Teknik sampling menggunakan quota samplingsehinggajumlah sampel penelitian yaitu 85 pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani hemodialisis.Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner tingkat depresi dan kuesioner konsep diri. Hasil penelitian diperoleh sebagian besar pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani hemodialisismemiliki konsep diri yang negatifsejumlah 52 orang (61,2%), sebagian besar pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani hemodialisis mengalami depresi ringan sejumlah 41 orang (48,2%). Ada hubungan secara signifikan antara konsep diri terhadap tingkat depresi pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani hemodialisis dengan nilai p-value 0,000 < α (0,05). Saran bagi rumah sakit, untuk memberikan pelayanan keperawatan yang holistik pada pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang sedang menjalani hemodialisis.
Kata kunci : Konsep diri, gagal ginjal kronik, hemodialisis
SELF-CONCEPT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE WHO UNDERWENT HEMODIALYSIS
ABSTRACT
Patients under going hemodialysis are mostly dependent on hemodialysis machines which result in changes such as financial problems, difficulty maintaining work, sex drive that disappears, impotence, and patients often experience self-concept disorder sand body image disturbances dueto difficulties receiving changes that occur dueto failure the kidneys they experiences that the patient experiences depression. The research design is descriptive with a survey approach. The study population was 85 patients with chronic renal failure who under went hemodialysis. The sampling techniqueuse squota sampling so that the number of study samples is 85 patients with chronic renal failur eunder going hemodialysis. Data collection using depression level questionnaire sand self-concept questionnaires. The results showed that most patients with chronic kidney failure who under went hemodialysis had a negative self-conceptof 52 people (61.2%), the majority of patients with chronic renal failure who under went mild depression experienced 41 people (48.2%). There is a significant relationship between self-concept and depression level of patients with chronic renal failure under going hemodialysis with a p-value of 0,000 <α (0,05). Advice for hospitals, to provide holistic nursing services for patients with chronic kidney failure who are under going hemodialysis.
Keywords: Self-concept, chronic kidney failure, hemodialysis
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Seravalle, Gino, Fosca Quarti-Trevano, Jennifer Vanoli, Chiara Lovati, and Guido Grassi. "Autonomic cardiovascular alterations as therapeutic targets in chronic kidney disease." Clinical Autonomic Research 31, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10286-021-00786-6.
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Abstract Purpose The present paper will review the impact of different therapeutic interventions on the autonomic dysfunction characterizing chronic renal failure. Methods We reviewed the results of the studies carried out in the last few years examining the effects of standard pharmacologic treatment, hemodialysis, kidney transplantation, renal nerve ablation and carotid baroreceptor stimulation on parasympathetic and sympathetic control of the cardiovascular system in patients with renal failure. Results Drugs acting on the renin–angiotensin system as well as central sympatholytic agents have been documented to improve autonomic cardiovascular control. This has also been shown for hemodialysis, although with more heterogeneous results related to the type of dialytic procedure adopted. Kidney transplantation, in contrast, particularly when performed together with the surgical removal of the native diseased kidneys, has been shown to cause profound sympathoinhibitory effects. Finally, a small amount of promising data are available on the potential favorable autonomic effects (particularly the sympathetic ones) of renal nerve ablation and carotid baroreceptor stimulation in chronic kidney disease. Conclusions Further studies are needed to clarify several aspects of the autonomic responses to therapeutic interventions in chronic renal disease. These include (1) the potential to normalize sympathetic activity in uremic patients by the various therapeutic approaches and (2) the definition of the degree of sympathetic deactivation to be achieved during treatment.
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Nunes, Camilla Magnoni Moretto, Camila Lopes Ferreira, Daniella Vicensotto Bernardo, Andréa Carvalho De Marco, Mauro Pedrine Santamaria, and Maria Aparecida Neves Jardini. "Chronic kidney disease and periodontal disease. Case report." Brazilian Dental Science 21, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2018.v21i1.1498.
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<p>Chronic renal disease promotes a decrease on kidneys filterability and nitrogen products accumulation on blood, electrolyte and system endocrine functions imbalance. Among the many clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure (CRF) in the oral cavity, there are: dry mouth, uremic stomatitis, radiographic changes in maxillary and jaw bones and accumulation of calculus on the teeth that increases levels of periodonto pathogenic microorganisms able to lead a periodontal tissue destruction and also have the potential to act from a distance on other organs, e.g. the kidneys. Thus, it becomes evident that a periodontal treatment of patients suffering from chronic renal failure is crucial for maintaining their general health conditions and a subsequent successful organ transplant.Thus, the objectives of this case report were to highlight how important the periodontal treatment is for chronic renal failure patients and to demonstrate improvements in their clinical condition through the treatment plan proposed herein. A patient with 43 years old carrier generalized moderate chronic periodontitis and CRF was submitted to scaling and root planning sessions, and later surgical access for scaling where the basic treatment not resulted in a resolution of the inflammatory periodontal process. The results obtained from a well-developed periodontal treatment and an effective cooperation of patient showed satisfactory results with periodontal disease process resolution or stabilization.Thus, periodontal treatment and patient compliance were crucial for the improvement of periodontal clinical conditions enabling a future successful renal transplantation.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Dental care; Periodontal diseases; Renal insufficiency.</p>
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Shapiro, J. I., D. C. Harris, R. W. Schrier, and L. Chan. "Attenuation of hypermetabolism in the remnant kidney by dietary phosphate restriction in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 258, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): F183—F188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1990.258.1.f183.
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In vivo energy metabolism in remnant and normal kidney nephrons and the effect of dietary phosphate restriction on energy metabolism were studied. Tissue concentrations of ATP did not differ between remnant and normal kidneys; however, the tissue concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) was higher in remnant kidneys (1.17 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.82 +/- 0.09 mumol/g, P less than 0.05) as assessed by 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Intracellular pH was also higher in remnant kidneys (7.48 +/- 0.04 vs. 7.20 +/- 0.05, P less than 0.01), as was oxygen consumption (QO2) when normalized for rate of net tubular sodium reabsorption (Tna; 0.032 +/- 0.005 vs. 0.018 +/- 0.002 mumol.min-1.g-1, P less than 0.01). Compared with glycine supplemented controls, dietary phosphate restriction induced by the phosphate binder diaminodihydroacetoacetate, a maneuver which independently of protein restriction has been shown to ameliorate the progression of chronic renal failure, resulted in no major change in tissue levels of ATP, intracellular pH, or TNa+ but decreased Pi (0.62 +/- 0.07 vs. 1.40 +/- 0.11 mumol/g, P less than 0.01) and QO2 (4.0 +/- 0.4 vs. 7.7 +/- 1.0 mumol.min-1.g-1, P less than 0.01) in remnant kidneys. For the amount of sodium reabsorption performed, remnant kidneys are hypermetabolic, and this hypermetabolism is attenuated by dietary phosphate restriction. These data suggest that hypermetabolism may be involved in the tubulointerstitial mechanisms operant in the progression of chronic renal failure that occurs in the rat remnant kidney, and that attenuation of this abnormality may be the mechanism by which dietary phosphate restriction ameliorates this process.
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Patel, K. P., P. L. Zhang, and P. K. Carmines. "Neural influences on renal responses to acute volume expansion in rats with heart failure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 271, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): H1441—H1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.4.h1441.
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Experiments were performed to test the postulate that neural influences underlie the suppressed excretory response to acute volume expansion (VE) typically observed 3-4 wk after myocardial infarction to induce chronic heart failure (CHF). Responses to VE were assessed in innervated (intact) and denervated (DNX) kidneys of anesthetized CHF rats and sham-operated controls. CHF rats exhibited blunted natriuretic responses to VE in both intact kidneys (35% of sham response) and DNX kidneys (55% of sham DNX response). CHF rats also displayed suppressed excretory responses to atrial natriuretic factor (0.25 microgram.kg-1.min-1 iv) in both intact kidneys (74% of sham response) and DNX kidneys (63% of sham DNX response). Additional experiments confirmed that the compliance of the venoatrial junction did not differ between sham rats (52 +/- 2 mmHg/microliter) and CHF rats (54-2 mmHg/microliter). The observations support the contention that both tonic renal sympathetic renal nerve activity and suppressed renal atrial natriuretic factor responsiveness likely contribute to the blunted excretory response to VE during CHF.
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Thalib, Abdul Herman Syah. "Gambaran Perubahan Tekanan Darah Pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Yang Menjalani Terapi Hemodialisis Di Ruang Hemodialisa Rumah Sakit TK. II Pelamonia Makassar." (JKG) JURNAL KEPERAWATAN GLOBAL 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37341/jkg.v4i2.71.
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Background: The kidneys have a very important role in maintaining a healthy body. The kidneys experience acute renal failure when the kidney cannot function suddenly. Without kidney replacement therapy, deaths from metabolic disorders can occur quickly. One kidney replacement therapy can be done is hemodialysis. Although hemodialysis is safe and beneficial for patients, it does not mean without side effects. Various complications can occur when patients undergo hemodialysis one of which is intradialisis hypertension. This complication can lead to new, more complex problems, including discomfort, increasing stress affecting the quality of life, worsening the patient's condition and even causing death. Objective To determine the description of blood pressure changes in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis therapy in the Hemodialysis room at TK II Pelamonia Hospital Makassar. Methods: This study used a descriptive survey method with a case study approach. Results: Research shows that patients undergoing hemodialysis therapy experience changes in blood pressure in pre and post hemodialysis. Conclusion: There is an effect of hemodialysis on changes in blood pressure in patients with kidney failure in the Hemodialysis Room of TK. II Pelamonia Hospital Makassar.
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Gordge, M. P., R. W. Faint, P. B. Rylance, H. Ireland, D. A. Lane, and G. H. Neild. "Plasma D Dimer: A Useful Marker of Fibrin Breakdown in Renal Failure." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 61, no. 03 (1989): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1646627.
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SummaryD dimer and other large fragments produced during the breakdown of crosslinked fibrin may be measured by enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies. In 91 patients with renal disease and varying degrees of renal dysfunction, plasma D dimer showed no correlation with renal function, whereas FgE antigen, a fibrinogen derivative which is known to be cleared in part by the kidney, showed a significant negative correlation with creatinine clearance. Plasma concentrations of D dimer were, however, increased in patients with chronic renal failure (244 ± 3l ng/ml) (mean ± SEM) and diabetic nephropathy (308 ± 74 ng/ml), when compared with healthy controls (96 ± 13 ng/ml), and grossly elevated in patients with acute renal failure (2,451 ± 1,007 ng/ml). The results indicate an increase in fibrin formation and lysis, and not simply reduced elimination of D dimer by the kidneys, and are further evidence of activated coagulation in renal disease. D dimer appears to be a useful marker of fibrin breakdown in renal failure.
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Sata, Yusuke, and Markus P. Schlaich. "The Potential Role of Catheter-Based Renal Sympathetic Denervation in Chronic and End-Stage Kidney Disease." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 21, no. 4 (January 6, 2016): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1074248415624156.
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Sympathetic activation is a hallmark of chronic and end-stage renal disease and adversely affects cardiovascular prognosis. Hypertension is present in the vast majority of these patients and plays a key role in the progressive deterioration of renal function and the high rate of cardiovascular events in this patient cohort. Augmentation of renin release, tubular sodium reabsorption, and renal vascular resistance are direct consequences of efferent renal sympathetic nerve stimulation and the major components of neural regulation of renal function. Renal afferent nerve activity directly influences sympathetic outflow to the kidneys and other highly innervated organs involved in blood pressure control via hypothalamic integration. Renal denervation of the kidney has been shown to reduce blood pressure in many experimental models of hypertension. Targeting the renal nerves directly may therefore be specifically useful in patients with chronic and end-stage renal disease. In this review, we will discuss the potential role of catheter-based renal denervation in patients with impaired kidney function and also reflect on the potential impact on other cardiovascular conditions commonly associated with chronic kidney disease such as heart failure and arrhythmias.
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Reis, Renata Cristina Canuto, João Armando Brancher, Tatiana Miranda Deliberador, Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães, Allan Fernando Giovanini, and João Cézar Zielak. "Oral manifestations in chronic kidney failure patients." Revista Odonto Ciência 31, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6523.2016.1.19521.
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Objective: Chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a progressive deterioration of the kidneys. The goal of this study was to analyze the oral manifestation of CKF in a sample of hemodialysis and transplanted patients.Methods: Eighty-three records of patients treated in the Pro-Renal Foundation in Curitiba, Brazil were used. The records were separated in four groups: Transplanted Men (TM = 14), Transplanted Women (TW = 18), Men in Hemodialysis (MHD = 28) and Women in Hemodialysis (WHD = 23). Information about oral and systemic health condition were collected. Data from each group were submitted to correspondence analysis and quantitative variables were compared by Kruskal-Wallisand Dunn’s test. Significance level was 0.05.Results: Gingival inflammation, loss of periodontal support tissue, dental calculus and increase in periodontal probing depth were common findings in all patients, but significant association was found in following groups: TM presented dental calculus; TW presented a high prevalence of cardiovascular problems and saburral tongue; MHD presented poor oral hygiene, gingivitis associated with smoking; WHD presented a high prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction.Conclusions: The most prevalent findings were increase in the periodontal probing depth and gingival recession. Unexpectedly, WHD group presented a high prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction.
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Reis, Renata Cristina Canuto, João Armando Brancher, Tatiana Miranda Deliberador, Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães, Allan Fernando Giovanini, and João Cézar Zielak. "Oral manifestations in chronic kidney failure patients." Revista Odonto Ciência 31, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6523.2016.1.19521.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: Chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a progressive deterioration of the kidneys. The goal of this study was to analyze the oral manifestation of CKF in a sample of hemodialysis and transplanted patients.Methods: Eighty-three records of patients treated in the Pro-Renal Foundation in Curitiba, Brazil were used. The records were separated in four groups: Transplanted Men (TM = 14), Transplanted Women (TW = 18), Men in Hemodialysis (MHD = 28) and Women in Hemodialysis (WHD = 23). Information about oral and systemic health condition were collected. Data from each group were submitted to correspondence analysis and quantitative variables were compared by Kruskal-Wallisand Dunn’s test. Significance level was 0.05.Results: Gingival inflammation, loss of periodontal support tissue, dental calculus and increase in periodontal probing depth were common findings in all patients, but significant association was found in following groups: TM presented dental calculus; TW presented a high prevalence of cardiovascular problems and saburral tongue; MHD presented poor oral hygiene, gingivitis associated with smoking; WHD presented a high prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction.Conclusions: The most prevalent findings were increase in the periodontal probing depth and gingival recession. Unexpectedly, WHD group presented a high prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction.
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Fujita, Kiyoshi. "A STUDY OF THE NATIVE KIDNEYS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE." Japanese Journal of Urology 81, no. 8 (1990): 1140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1989.81.1140.
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Fujita, Kiyoshi. "A STUDY OF THE NATIVE KIDNEYS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE." Japanese Journal of Urology 81, no. 8 (1990): 1148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1989.81.1148.
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Kazama, Itsuro, Yoshio Maruyama, Yasuhiro Endo, Hiroaki Toyama, Yutaka Ejima, Mitsunobu Matsubara, and Shin Kurosawa. "Overexpression of Delayed RectifierK+Channels PromotesIn situProliferation of Leukocytes in Rat Kidneys with Advanced Chronic Renal Failure." International Journal of Nephrology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/581581.
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Leukocytes, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, predominantly express delayed rectifier K+channels (Kv1.3), and the channels play crucial roles in the activation and proliferation of the cells. Since lymphocytes are activated in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the channels expressed in those cells would contribute to the progression of renal fibrosis in advanced-stage chronic renal failure (CRF). In the present study, using a rat model with advanced CRF that underwent 5/6 nephrectomy followed by a 14-week recovery period, we examined the histopathological features of the kidneys and the leukocyte expression of Kv1.3-channels and cell cycle markers. Age-matched sham-operated rats were used as controls. In the cortical interstitium of advanced CRF rat kidneys, leukocytes proliferatedin situand overexpressed Kv1.3 channel protein in their cytoplasm. Treatment with margatoxin, a selective Kv1.3-channel inhibitor, significantly suppressed the number of leukocytes and the progression of renal fibrosis with a significant decrease in the cortical cell cycle marker expression. This study demonstrated for the first time that the number of leukocytes was dramatically increased in rat kidneys with advanced CRF. The overexpression of Kv1.3 channels in the leukocytes was thought to contribute to the progression of renal fibrosis by stimulating cell cycling and promoting cellular proliferation.
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Vilkhova, I. V. "Acute and Chronic Kidney Injury due to the Influence of Opioids. Literature Review." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.03.014.
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Acute kidney injury is the cause of death for about 2 million people a year worldwide and often leads to the development of chronic renal failure. Use of opioids is one of the reasons of acute and chronic kidney injuries. Most drugs or their metabolites are excreted by the kidneys and lead to the changes of the structure and functions of this organ. Drug abuse is a social problem in the modern world and the use of opioids in treatment of chronic pain syndrome is common in medical practice, because of this, knowledge of the mechanisms of kidney injury under the influence of opioids is important in medical practice. Compliance of morphological changes in kidneys to the severity of clinical syndrome of decreased glomerular filtration rate and the level of biochemical markers due to acute kidney injury and chronic renal disease remains relevant. Causes of acute kidney injury while using opioids may be renal ischemia as a result of decreased glomerular filtration rate, hypotension, dehydration and also rhabdomyolysis and acute urinary retention. It is shown that one of the causes of renal ischemia while using the opioids is increased influence of parasympathetic nervous system and decreased influence of sympathetic nervous system. Usage of opioids indirectly inhibits renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system through the changes of catecholamines. The influence of opioids on synthesis of antidiuretic hormone was established, namely – usage of opioids leads to the decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone, and as a result – to increased diuresis. Presented review of literature was used for analysis of pathogenic factors, biochemical changes and morphological forms of kidney ingury due to the usage of opioids. Sources which were used include studies of morphofunctional changes of kidneys of those who had drug addiction and those who used opioids for a long time because of medical reasons. The results of experimental studies of the structure and function of the kidneys under the opioid influence are also presented. The morphological forms of kidney injury under the action of the most commonly used opioids, in particular morphine, cocaine, heroin, were analyzed. The data of investigation of pathogenetic links of acute and chronic kidney injuries and biochemical deviations that are common for disturbance of functions of kidneys under the influence of opioids are presented. This review can be used for experimental works related to the study of the mechanisms of kidney damage under the influence of opioids, as well as in the treatment of kidney pathology of drug addicts and people who used opioids for a long time due to medical reasons