Dissertations / Theses: 'Kigali'

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Nsengimana, Simon. "Challenges to women entrepreneurship in Kigali, Rwanda." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2589.

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Thesis (MTech (Business Administration (Entrepreneurship))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
Given good conditions, women can run businesses, support their families and the community, and contribute to economic growth. The lack of women’s involvement in entrepreneurship is a huge loss to the nation and society. Women make up 51.83% of the population in Rwanda, but are underrepresented in business – largely due to social customs, religion, and cultural beliefs. Society perceives women as too weak to conduct business, and prefers them to be confined to housekeeping activities and dependency on men. Interestingly, literature indicates that involving women in entrepreneurial activities help. Despite this, women in Rwanda have broken the barrier and started up business. However, they face many challenges; their businesses remain small scale compared to their counterparts. The aim of this study is to determine the challenges experienced by women entrepreneurs in Kigali. This research is significant because it attempts to identify the challenges to entrepreneurship in Kigali, by allowing the voices of women entrepreneurs to be heard. The study uses a quantitative descriptive approach. The target population was women in formal and informal business in the districts of Gasabo, Kicukiro, and Nyarugenge in the city of Kigali. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from 398 women entrepreneurs after obtaining their informed written consent. The data was analysed using recent Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Findings were interpreted and discussed in a numerical narrative featuring frequency, percent, valid percent, cumulative percent, mean, and standard deviation. The results show that women entrepreneurs in Kigali experience more challenges, among others including: High shop rentals, lack of start-up capital, lack of collateral to obtain a loan, high taxes, high interest rate and high transport, and a lack of information technology skills. This study has uncovered that women entrepreneurs face a lot of challenges while running their business in Kigali. Fortunately, the solution is within reach. For instance, women entrepreneurs themselves, family, society, government, stakeholder, and researchers should work together to eradicate these challenges. Women entrepreneurs should work together in cooperatives to minimise shop rentals, possible access to capital and so forth. In addition, they can leverage their experience and know-how.

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Mukandoli, Euphrosine. "Évaluation de la satisfaction des bénéficiaires des mutuelles de santé de la Mairie de la Ville de Kigali (MVK) au Rwanda." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26812/26812.pdf.

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Fronk, Alexander T. "Kigali Charity School Analyzed Through an Implementation Science Framework." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3905.

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Implementation science is a relatively new field focused on ensuring that programs are planned well and then delivered as planned. This thesis describes the implementation process for a nursery-level charity school in Kigali, Rwanda, focusing on the facilitators and difficulties encountered in establishing this school. The research process consisted of interviewing 13 individuals that are a part of the school in question. The researcher transcribed the interviews using an implementation science framework and found trends in their statements that shed light on the establishment of the school. With the help of three coders, the researcher assessed their comments for evidence of helps and hindrances through the implementation process. This thesis presents the results and the implications for implementation science. It will provide valuable information for those wishing to start and maintain grassroots, charitable programs for children in the developing world.

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D’Amour, Habagusenga Jean. "Job satisfaction of health professionals in Kigali University Teaching Hospital." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3370.

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Magister Public Health - MPH
Job satisfaction is important for the delivery of quality health care and health worker retention. This study aimed to identify the extent of job satisfaction among University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (UTHK) health workers and to describe the variables related to job satisfaction. These included working conditions, remuneration, patient care, development opportunities, supervision, time pressure and staff relations. A cross- sectional survey of UTHK health workers was conducted using a standardized instrument to identify health worker job satisfaction with related key work factors. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 274 health workers selected using a proportional stratified random sampling method and which included 21 medical doctors, 159 nurses, 19 midwives, 37 paramedic and 37 administrative staff. Respondents provided written consent to participate in the study. Analysis consisted of both descriptive statistics of overall satisfaction and various satisfactionrelated factors. For determining whether there is a significant relationship between job satisfaction and its independent variables, data were categorized and Chi-square or Fisher Exact test performed. Results showed a moderate overall job satisfaction level with 79.1% of respondents rating their satisfaction between 6 and 8 (mean: 6.7) on a scale of 1-10. A majority of respondents (82.6%) reported being dissatisfied with work income and 85.6% believed that their pay was not comparable to the work done. Over four fifths of the respondents (83.3%) reported feeling overwhelmed by responsibilities at work while a big percentage (96.5%) reported their job to be demanding physically, emotionally as well as mentally. However, respondents reported strong satisfaction (between 80% and 95%) with respect to work meaning, professionalization, training and orientation variables. Factors significantly associated with job satisfaction were adequate training to fulfill responsibilities (p value<0.001), feeling unvalued by the hospital (p=0.037) and dissatisfaction with supervisor care for patients and employees (p=0.034). In conclusion, improvement of remuneration, working conditions and hospital management in Kigali University Teaching Hospital would be expected to increase the level of job satisfaction of hospital health workforce.

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Gatsinzi, Josephine. "The impact of the Hotel Sector on tourism development in Kigali." University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7791.

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Magister Artium - MA
The potential of tourism to contribute to economic growth in terms of increasing foreign exchange, creating employment opportunities, generation of government revenues, creating incomes, contribution to poverty reduction, acting as a catalyst of economic development and stimulation of investments have been advanced as the reasons for government support for tourism. It is against this background that countries in Africa such as Rwanda have implemented economic reforms such as privatisation and liberalisation in order to improve the investment climate. The main purpose of this study was to provide a detailed literature account of the tourism investment environment in developing countries, to examine opportunities, constraints and challenges of the hotel investors in Kigali, examine the role of government in providing a conducive investment climate for hotel investors in Kigali and to investigate the impact of the hotel sector on tourism development in Kigali, Rwanda. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to collect the data. Data were collected through questionnaires to hotel investors and interviews to government policy makers. Findings suggest that tourism can contribute to economic development of developing countries through its benefits. Much as investing in tourism has positive developmental aspects to developing countries, tourism investment environment in developing countries has been constrained by various reasons such as inadequate financial institutions, constant political instabilities, lack of adequate tourism infrastructure, lack of human resource, small market size, poor tourism planning to mention but a few. Various investment opportunities are available in Rwanda. Progress in economic performance, political stability, recognition of tourism as an engine of Rwanda's economic growth, the geographical location (in the centre) and the fact that tourism is still a virgin industry present important opportunities for potential investors in Rwanda's hotel sector. Despite the existence of investment opportunities, investors in Rwanda's hotel sector have faced problems such as the continued poor image of the country, lack of tourism infrastructure, the nature of the position of the country (land locked) lack of skilled personnel and lack of proper tourism information. The challenge for Rwanda is therefore to improve her image abroad that was formerly tarnished by the 1994 war and . genocide. Improvement in infrastructure, human resource and proper methods of tourism information can also lead to improved investments in the tourism sector. Findings have further suggested that hotels in Kigali have indeed contributed to tourism development. Effects of the hotel sector have been noticed in urban tourism development, development of the tourism infrastructure in Kigali, creation of employment opportunities for the communities, generation of government revenues and contribution to poverty alleviation.

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Bucagu, Maurice. "HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission: incidence & socio-economic, clinical and biological risk factors in Muhima health centre (Kigali/Rwanda)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209293.

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Background. This dissertation focuses on HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) as a major global public health issue. It consists of three papers that were published in international peer review journals. We initiated the study to answer the following research question: what was the impact of socioeconomic, clinical and biological risk factors on HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission incidence at Muhima health centre, in the specific context of Rwanda health sector reforms?

Methods. A prospective cohort study in Muhima health centre (Rwanda) was used to address the study objectives, with a follow up of 700 mother-infants pairs (2007-2010).

Results. The observed overall transmission rate was 3.2% (CI 1.9% – 4.5%) at age 6 weeks of life and 3.7% (CI 2.3% – 5.1%) at 6 months of age. Among the 679 exposed and followed-up infants, a higher risk of HIV-1 MTCT was significantly associated with the following factors: non-disclosure of HIV status to partner; high viral load (HIV-1 RNA); infant mixed feeding before 6 months of age; low mother’s CD4 count and low hemoglobin level during pregnancy.

Conclusions. The health sector reforms were found to have led to a conducive environment that was favorable to scaling up of maternal health services in Rwanda (2000-2010).

The observed overall MTCT rate of 3.2% (CI 1.9% – 4.5%) at age 6 – weeks postnatal in the Muhima cohort is a significant reduction of MTCT incidence towards achieving the elimination target of < 5% for breastfeeding populations in developing setting.

The most relevant factors independently associated with increased risk of mother – to – child transmission of HIV-1 included non-disclosure of HIV status to partner and high HIV-1 RNA. Members of this cohort also showed socioeconomic inequalities, with unmarried status carrying higher risk of undisclosed HIV status.

Integrated service delivery for PMTCT/MCH interventions, including community-based approach, task shifting and subsidized membership fees for people living with HIV, were the key national policies implemented to support optimal access to and delivery of evidence – based interventions for prevention of mother – to – child transmission of HIV in Muhima.

Résumé:

Contexte

Cette thèse porte sur la transmission mère-enfant du VIH-1 comme un problème majeur de santé publique au niveau mondial. Il est composé de 3 publications dans des revues internationales à comité de lecture. Nous avons initié l’étude pour pouvoir répondre à la question de recherche suivante :quel a été l’impact des facteurs de risque socio-économiques, cliniques et biologiques sur l’incidence de la transmission du VIH-1de la mère à l’enfant au centre de santé de Muhima, dans le contexte spécifique des réformes du secteur de la santé au Rwanda.

Cadre méthodologique

Une étude cohorte prospective a été menée au centre de santé de Muhima pour pouvoir répondre aux objectifs de l’étude, avec un suivi de 700 couples mères-enfants éligibles (2007-2010).

Résultats

L’incidence cumulée de transmission mère-enfant du VIH-1 a été de 3,2% (IC 1,9% – 4,5%) à 6 semaines et 3,7% (IC 2,3% – 5,1%) à 6 mois de vie. Parmi les 679 nourrissons exposés et suivis, un risque plus élevé de transmission mère-enfant du VIH-1 était significativement associé aux facteurs suivants :non divulgation du statut séropositif au VIH-1 entre partenaires ;charge virale élevée (ARN-VIH-1) ;allaitement mixte de l’enfant avant 6 mois d’âge ;CD4 bas et taux d’hémoglobine bas pendant la grossesse.

Conclusions

Les réformes du secteur ont pu créer un environnement favorable à l’extension des services de santé maternelle (2007-2010).

Le taux global 3,2% (IC 1,9 – 4,5) à 6 semaines de vie représente une réduction significative de l’incidence de transmission mère-enfant du VIH-1 pour atteindre le niveau de <5% comme indicateur relatif au plan d’élimination des nouvelles infections VIH chez l’enfant au sein des populations avec allaitement maternel comme pratique universelle.

Les facteurs les plus pertinents indépendamment associés à un risque élevé de transmission mère-enfant du VIH-1sont représentés par la non-divulgation du statut séropositif au VIH-1 entre partenaires et la charge virale élevée (ARN-VIH-1). Au sein de cette cohorte, l’on a également pu identifier l’existence d’inégalités socio-économiques, avec le statut de femme seule associé au risque plus élevé de non-divulgation du statut séropositif au VIH-1 entre partenaires.

Le service intégré de PTME / interventions de santé de la mère et de l’enfant, y compris l'approche communautaire, l’approche de délégation des tâches et la subvention des frais d'adhésion à la mutuelle de santé pour les personnes vivant avec le VIH, ont été les principales politiques nationales mises en œuvre pour favoriser l'accès optimal et la prestation des interventions basées sur les preuves pour la prévention de la transmission du VIH-1 de la mère à l’enfant au centre de santé de Muhima.

Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Kahigana, Innocent. "Selection and Implementation of an Optimal System to Handle Garbage in Kigali, Rwanda." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-159683.

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Reports from various institutions claim that garbage management in Rwanda has had diverse effects on both the natural environment and human society. Such claims prompted for an exploratory study to find out an optimal system to handle solid waste in Kigali City. The study considered a literature review and primary data from 400 randomly selected citizens. They were surveyed about their opinions on which system they perceived to be the optimal to handle garbage in Kigali City. The computer software Web-Hipre was used to analyze data on the three systems considered to handle solid waste in Rwanda: briquetting, composting, and incineration.The results indicate briquetting as the optimal alternative to handle solid waste from homesteads and workplaces of Kigali City. Briquetting considers production of solid fuels that may reduce destruction of forests for fuel. Other major reasons for briquetting, highlighted by respondents, include improved kitchen hygiene and sanitation and replacement of charcoal for a less dusty fuel. Economic factors governed surveyed participants to prioritise briquetting system to handle solid waste in Kigali. Composting may be considered for transforming organic materials into mulch to support farming activities in rural areas as well as gardening in the towns. However, a centralised incineration system is presently not suitable. The private sector has so far not fully been engaged in the transformation of solid waste into bioenergy in Rwanda.

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Innocent, Kahigana. "Selection and implementation of an optimal system to handle garbage in Kigali, Rwanda." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160842.

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Reports from various institutions claim that garbage management in Rwanda has had diverse effectson both the natural environment and human society. Such claims prompted for an exploratory study to find outan optimal system to handle solid waste in Kigali City.The study considered a literature review and primary data from 400 randomly selected citizens. They weresurveyed about their opinions on which system they perceived to be the optimal to handle garbage in KigaliCity. The computer software Web-Hipre was used to analyze data on the three systems considered to handlesolid waste in Rwanda: briquetting, composting, and incineration.The results indicate briquetting as the optimal alternative to handle solid waste from homesteads and workplacesof Kigali City. Briquetting considers production of solid fuels that may reduce destruction of forests for fuel.Other major reasons for briquetting, highlighted by respondents, include improved kitchen hygiene andsanitation and replacement of charcoal for a less dusty fuel.Economic factors governed surveyed participants to prioritise briquetting system to handle solid waste in Kigali.Composting may be considered for transforming organic materials into mulch to support farming activities inrural areas as well as gardening in the towns. However, a centralised incineration system is presently notsuitable. The private sector has so far not fully been engaged in the transformation of solid waste into bioenergyin Rwanda.

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Bachofer, Felix, Sheetal D. Marathe, Ludger Eltrop, and Volker Hochschild. "Satellitengestützte Charakterisierung der Stadtmorphologie in Kigali (Ruanda) und Verknüpfung mit einer transsektoralen Verbrauchsanalyse." Rhombos-Verlag, 2017. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21276.

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Basisdaten zur Stadtmorphologie sowie Daten über die spezifischen Bedarfe und Verbräuche der Sektoren wie Energie, Wasser und Abwasser, sind für die Stadtplanung und die Planung von Infrastruktur wichtig. Gerade in sich dynamisch entwickelnden urbanen Regionen des Globalen Südens liegen diese Daten zumeist nicht vor. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass mittels Satelliten-Fernerkundung und Haushaltsbefragungen diese Informationslücken geschlossen werden können. Mittels Pléiades- und RapidEye-Aufnahmen konnten für die Stadt Kigali die Stadtmorphologie und die Anzahl von Gebäuden erhoben sowie eine Typisierung der Gebäude durchgeführt werden. Die Haushaltsbefragung zeigt einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen Stadtstruktur/Gebäudetyp und nutzerspezifischen Verbrauchs- und Bedarfswerten.

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Gashugi, Phophina Muhimpundu. "Prevalence and impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life among adult Kigali women." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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Urinary incontinence has already been identified worldwide for years as a health problem affecting essentially women, which can interfere with their overall quality of life. However in Rwanda, this problem has yet not been addressed adequately either because of lack of expertise, or because of cultural traditions associated with taboos among women. Social conditions of women facing this problem hinder them from seeking possibly adequate medical assistance. It is important that this problem be addressed because it may lead to disability, social seclusion, psychological stress and economic burdens. This study was a pioneer one, intended to diagnose the extent of the problem through determining the prevalence of urinary incontinence as well as its impact on the quality of life among women. The study will hopefully be followed by the promotion of physiotherapy to tackle the problem and therefore reduce the number of people suffering from urinary incontinence.

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Bernardin, Umuvandimwe. "Factors associated with participation in physical activity among adults with hypertension in Kigali, Rwanda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4088_1363779226.

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Hypertension is one of the most common non-communicable diseases, and it is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, death and disability worldwide, especially in developing countries. Physical activity has been regarded as a commonly accepted modality for preventing and treating hypertension. However, despite its known benefits, this modality of treatment and prevention of
hypertension continues to be underused. The present study aimed to determine the demographic, social and health-related factors that are associated with levels of physical activity participation among adults with hypertension in Kigali, Rwanda. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 252 adults with hypertension and 87 healthcare professionals through the Godin Leisure-Time
Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) and Physical Activity Exit Interview (PAEI). Two thirds of the participants (69.44%) were classified as sedentary. The following factors were found to be significantly
(P<
0.05) associated with the levels of physical activity: age, marital status, and level of education, residence, tobacco
past and current users, alcohol
current user, diabetes mellitus, BMI, perceived health status, self-efficacy, and blood pressure. None of the healthcare professionals were considered good physical activity counsellor. The findings of the present study highlight the need for the implementation of health promotion strategies aimed at promoting physical activity lifestyle among individuals with hypertension in Rwanda. Efforts should be made in educating people with hypertension on the benefits of integrating regular physical
activity in their daily lives. Furthermore, healthcare professionals should be educated concerning how to promote physical
activity to all patients especially those with hypertension.

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Apollo, Munanura. "Impact assessment of the local governmant reforms in Rwanda : the case study of Kigali City." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/918.

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The local governance system has undergone positive changes since 1994 when the Government of National Unity took over power in Rwanda. The government has instituted democratic changes in the structure and functioning of local government through decentralisation. Since 2000 when the decentralisation policy was launched, Rwanda has evolved a model of local governance that has come to be emulated by its neighbouring countries. Since 2000, when the Local Government Act affected the decentralised structures of local government, some changes have occurred, challenges have emerged and constraints have been experienced in the implementation of the policy of decentralisation. Methodology used in the impact assessment study The researcher administered questionnaires, conducted interviews and documentary analysis. The assessment covered (3) three districts which were purposively selected on the basis of criteria that were considered sufficiently representative and based on the rationale of the study. Key findings of the study The study established that the restructuring exercise streamlined the structures of local governments, aligned mandates to the structures, and graded jobs in line with responsibilities. These reforms have improved the performance of the local governments. Despite notable improvements, the study established that there were still gaps in the local government system that needed to be addressed. These included: i. There is a big skills gap in most local governments. Some positions in local government are not filled due to inadequate resources. ii. Some local governments are finding it difficult to attract qualified and competent personnel to take up jobs at technical and managerial levels. iii. Local government lack attractive working environments. iv. There are limited career growth opportunities in local government service. xiv v. There is low local revenue. This has imposed limitations to accountability, supervision and monitoring of local government programmes. vi. Professional staff in local government is not adequately facilitated to do their work efficiently and effectively. vii. The existing capacity building programmes contribute marginally to career growth of individual staff members. viii. New reform programmes for improving service delivery such as results oriented management (ROM) and fiscal decentralisation strategy (FDS) have been rolled out but are not yet utilised in some of the local governments.

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Karugarama, Marvin Kiiza. "Mitiiation of Blackout in Kigali Using a Microgrid with Advanced Energy Storage and Solar Photovoltaics." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64470.

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A blackout is defined as the loss of electric power for a given period in a particular area. With increasing dependence on reliable electric power, the social and economic ramifications of blackouts are dire, negatively impacting the productivity, safety, and security of communities. To reduce blackout occurrence, power system planners incorporate redundancy and advanced controls to the grid to make it more adaptable to disturbances. However, adding redundant transmission lines is not only expensive, it is suboptimal in some contexts. While it is unattainable to have no blackout, it is possible and necessary to implement measures that minimize the likelihood and scale of these outages. This work proposes a solution that uses a microgrid with advanced energy storage and solar PV to mitigate blackouts in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. A description and steady state analysis of major weaknesses in the Rwandan electric grid is presented. A microgrid application capable of islanding from the system is simulated in the steady state and shown to strengthen the system and decrease the likelihood of blackouts in Kigali. The composition of the microgrid is then designed, simulated, and optimized for technical and financial feasibility using the HOMER model. A microgrid that uses energy storage and solar PV is shown to not only be feasible, but also competitive with current costs of electricity in Rwanda. For comparison, different combinations that include diesel generation are also simulated.
Master of Science

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Persson, Zandra. "Socially engaged art in Rwanda: A case study of the Inema Art Center in Kigali." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21884.

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The degree project explores how artists can contribute to social change processes in the contemporary Rwandan context. The general aim is to put light on the new Rwandan art scene and the actors involved in it. The study searches to understand how these artists perceive their role as actors for social change and the possibilities of art in Rwanda today. The Inema Art Center in the Rwandan capital Kigali serves as a case study for this purpose. The study is guided by the following two key research questions: 1. How does the Inema Art Center perceive its role as an actor for social change in contemporary Rwanda? 2. How does the Inema Art Center use art to fuel development? In order to respond to these questions, the study applies a combination of methodological approaches. The primary approach includes the conduction of interviews with six artists at the Inema Art Center. The interviews are analyzed from a critical discursive perspective. The narratives from the artists reveal how the artists talk about art and see their role as actors for social change. This approach focus is on language use as an indicator of social change. The secondary approach comprises the conduction of a visual analysis of the Inema Art Center’s promotion video. The video is analyzed from a mainstream semiotic perspective. The aim of this approach is to conduct a detailed analysis of the meanings the video is communicating in relation to art and social change. Whereas the first approach explores the personal and individual perspectives of the art activities at Inema, the second approach explores rather the institutional perspective, i.e. how Inema through social media presents itself to the public. The main conclusions of the study can be summarized as follows: Inema uses art to improve livelihood at different levels: individual, family, community and national. Inema is a homegrown initiative addressing development issues, but has not the ambition to become a subversive political movement. Hence, Inema refrains from addressing politically sensitive issues and prefers to remain in the politically accepted ―comfort zone‖. My research suggests however that artists such as at Inema are forerunners of the creation of a new innovative cultural discourse that is changing the cultural landscape in contemporary Rwanda. Inema sees its role in educating people allowing them to see things differently. Inema’s mission is to communicate the role and potential of art as an income generating activity to the community, but also as a contributor to the productive means to the wider Rwandan society. This is how artists can contribute to social change processes in contemporary Rwanda and help building up the country.

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Sundqvist, Johan. "Of Tree Planting, Salvation and Urbanization : The Role of Evangelical Movements in Adaptive Capacity. Kigali, Rwanda." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-63369.

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Evangelical churches are growing rapidly in Sub-Sahara Africa, in sheer numbers as well asin societal importance. At the same time urbanization and its associated negativeenvironmental and social consequences are putting pressure on many urban social-ecologicalsystems in the global south. The question that this paper raises is how the growing religioussocial movements frame these change processes and their role in them? With its rapidurbanization and high church involvement in civil society Kigali, Rwanda serves as the casestudyThe study, conducted through semi-structured interviews with church leaders from fivechurches in Kigali conveyed that the evangelical religious movements offer a world viewsalient with many of its' supporters belief systems and experiences of everyday life. There isno doubt of the potential for mobilizing collective action, inherent in the evangelical churchesin Kigali. While currently lacking a clear and coherent agenda on its role in the adaptivecapacity of the social-ecological system of Kigali, an awareness is awakening. Yet manyactions, such as tree planting, infra-structure improvements and education, are taken toimprove the biophysical environment. These are based in the movement supporters' holisticworldview, where physical and spiritual health goes hand in hand. With increasedunderstanding within the movements, of complex social-ecological relations possibly throughthe ambitious projects set up by some of the churches involved, this study shows themovements potential of becoming important actors on environmental issues. This study addsto the growing body of work challenging the assumption that a focus on key individuals issufficient to explain the human processes within a social-ecological system. The empiricalfindings serve as good examples of how the intangible processes occurring inside individualsin a system have the potential of inducing far reaching consequences for that system, whenamplified through a social movement. Further research, emphasizing on participatoryobservations could increase this papers contribution to theory development on adaptivecapacity.

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Sundberg, Molly. "Training for Model Citizenship : An Ethnography of Civic Education and State-Making in Rwanda." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-233331.

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This thesis addresses how government in Rwanda plays out in practice and how it affects lived experiences of state power and citizenship. Two decades after the genocide, Rwanda has come to be associated both with security, development, and stability, on the one hand, and with state repression and coercion, on the other. In 2007, a nationwide programme was launched to teach all Rwandans about the politically dominant vision of the model Rwandan citizen – an ideal that is today pursued through remote trainings camps, local village trainings, and everyday forms of government. The thesis is based on ten months of anthropological research in Rwanda, oriented around three ethnographic spaces: the life and workings of the Itorero training sites, the voices of two dozen Rwandans living in Kigali, and the daily government of a local neighbourhood in Kigali. The findings highlight how certain government practices in Rwanda engender in people experiences of being exposed to the state’s power and violent potential. As such, they represent an authoritarian mode of rule, reproduced through the way experiences of exposure guide everyday actions and behaviour vis-à-vis the state. The thesis starts from the Foucauldian assumption that all relations of power depend on the acceptance and agency of both those holding power and those who relate to themselves as their subjects. In Rwanda, the terms of acceptance are partly grounded in local social realities. Personal memories of mass violence, for example, justify for many the state’s tight social control. Such memories are also actively nurtured by the government itself, by associating the loosening of state control with the risk of renewed violence. Furthermore, in light of Rwanda’s attraction of foreign aid, authoritarian rule needs to be understood in relation to international terms of acceptance, which are embedded in liberal understandings of good, or at least good enough, governance.

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Paul, Semasaka Sengoma Jean. "Predictors of burnout amongst nurses in paediatric and maternity wards of district hospitals of Kigali City, Rwanda." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4626.

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Magister Public Health - MPH
Burnout is a condition of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and a reduced sense of personal accomplishment (PA) that can occur among individuals who work with people in some capacity. Burnout is more prevalent in the helping professions, and high levels of burnout have been documented in all categories of nurses. A descriptive and analytical quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted to measure the level of burnout and its possible associated factors among nurses of two district hospitals in Kigali City. All 126 nurses working in the maternity and paediatric sections of Muhima and Kibagabaga District Hospitals were included in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and workplace information as well as responses to 22 questions in the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which assesses burnout along its three dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishment. Descriptive statistics such as percentage, mean score, and standard deviation were computed for each burnout category and Chi-square test statistic was performed to test the relationship between burnout (dependent variable) and personal factors, workplace demands, and access to resources (independent variables); and between burnout and hospital and service (paediatric or maternity). Of the 126 questionnaires distributed, 102 (81%) were returned and useable for analysis. The average age of respondents was 29.7 years and female nurses represented the majority (88.2%) of our sample. Just over half (52.9%) were married and 53.9% had at least on child. The average years of experience as a nurse was 5.6 years, while the average years of experience in the hospital was 4 years. High burnout was found with high levels of EE in 43.1% of respondents, high levels of DP in 48.0%, and low level of PA in 34.3%. Burnout was associated with being young and inexperienced, having less training, having at least one child, working longer hours, experiencing workloads as demanding, poor perceived control of the work, perceived staff shortages and workplace conflicts. However, good communication, job satisfaction and trust in colleagues and in hospital management, appeared to be protective for all three dimensions of burnout. In conclusion, burnout was found to be associated with personal, workplace demands and environmental factors. Improvement of nursing work conditions, conflict prevention and improved communication between hospital managers and staff would be expected to prevent burnout among nurses working in paediatric and maternity wards of Muhima and Kibagabaga District Hospitals.

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Msellati, Philippe. "Infection par le VIH chez l'enfant et vaccinations de routine : une étude de cohorte menée à Kigali, Rwanda." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23104.

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Hahirwa, Gumira Joseph. "The working and living conditions of child domestic workers: A qualitative case study in Kigali City and its periphery." University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7792.

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Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW)
The researcher's concern for the topic was founded on the fact that previous research on child labour in Rwanda did not qualitatively explore the working and living conditions of child domestic workers in this specific contextual setting. The aim of the study therefore, was to explore the living and working conditions of child domestic workers in a contextual setting of Kigali city and its periphery. To achieve the objectives of this study, a qualitative approach was envisaged, utilizing a case study strategy. The population was selected among child domestic workers in four districts of Kigali city and its periphery. The criteria of selection and reaching participants were snowball sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Data was collected by means of a semi-structured interview with open-ended questions. The collected data was analyzed through a model that is presented as a spiral image including: Collecting and recording data; managing data; reading and writing memos; describing, classifying and interpreting; representing and visualizing (Creswell, 1998: 142-165). In order to increase trustworthiness, triangulation as a process that uses multiple perceptions to clarify meaning, was used through child workers themselves, their employers, neighbours and local authorities. Colleagues helped to verify translations from mother tongue into English. Participants, especially child domestic workers revealed that the main factors pushing them into the job market was poverty and family and socio-political conflicts. Findings concerning working and living conditions also indicate experiences of exploitation and maltreatment. It has also been revealed that most participants were ignorant about children's rights. Finally discussions allowed the researcher to discover what participants and especially child domestic participants were expecting in their future and suggestions of how child domestic work would be abolished.

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Remera, Jeanne Manywa. "Perceptions among caregivers and physiotherapists on the importance of chest physiotherapy in asthmatic children attending hospitals in Kigali, Rwanda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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Childhood asthma is one of the commonest chronic respiratory conditions in developed communities. Chest physiotherapy has traditionally been one of the interventions used mainly after an attack and for a relatively short-period on an outpatient basis. The purpose of the study was to determine the perceptions of physiotherapists and caregivers about the importance of chest physiotheraphy in asthmatic children in Kigali. To achieve this aim the author attempted to identify the perceived benefits of chest physiotherapy for asthmatic children among caregivers
to determine the perception of physiotherapists about the importance of chest physiotherapy for asthmatic children and
to identify the physiotherapists experiences with doctors referrals and the caregivers compliance in the management of asthmatic children.

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Van, Eyen Wilfred. "Urban culture and the rise of the 'Basilimu' : a social history of Kigali and Butare in Rwanda, 1966-1976." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316006.

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22

Ndengeyingoma, Billy. "The balance of local culture and global economic development : the case of the Nyarugenge Heritage Village in Kigali, Rwanda." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111430.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 52-54).
As the fastest urbanizing continent in the next three decades, Africa is projected to play a major role in the global economy. The upward trend in the influx of foreign direct investments is set to continue thanks to an overall stable political and macroeconomic climate on the continent and microeconomic reforms in many countries. The country of Rwanda stands out for its reforms to ease business and for its attention to spatial planning as they relate to global competitiveness. The extensive master planning process for its capital Kigali exemplifies the city's aims to integrate its economy in the global market through strategic physical developments including heritage preservation. This thesis interrogates the references to and the inclusion of heritage preservation in the planning priorities of a post-colonial, post-conflict and developing city like Kigali aiming to operate as a global city. The plans for the Nyarugenge Heritage Village, currently an active wholesale trading center, will serve as a case study to assess Kigali's intentions to balance its local culture with its participation in the global economy. The case study is discussed through a content analysis of city master plans and interviews with planning stakeholders as well as with store owners in the trading center. The analysis reveals heritage preservation is primarily meant as a tourism attraction and an economic development strategy. In light of this conclusion, the thesis ends on a discussion of a holistic planning process which could achieve a better balance between local culture and global economic development.
by Billy Ndengeyingoma.
M.C.P.

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Sabey, Courtney. "Implementation of Mental Health Reform and Policy in Post-Conflict Countries: The Case of Post-Genocide Rwanda." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39940.

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Mental health has been receiving increasing amounts of attention in recent years. Despite this, there are still many barriers to receiving mental health care in all parts of the world. Post-conflict countries have the dual challenge of increased mental health problems among their populations and trying to respond to these problems with low resources as their economies are often destroyed by the effects of war. This research studies the implementation of Rwanda’s post-genocide mental health policy to assess the challenges and best practises of implementing mental health reform in a low-resource, post-conflict country. The thesis found that the implementation of Rwanda’s mental health policy has relied on policies of rapid decentralization and integration to increase accessibility to mental health care. Decentralization has ensured that mental health services are available at every level and relies on a referral system. Mental health care is integrated into the general healthcare system by training generalists in hospitals and health centres to respond to mental health issues, therefore making these services available at nearly all health institutions. These policies were viewed positively by stakeholders, but there were still many gaps and challenges in the implementation of Rwanda’s mental health policy. One of the major challenges was stigma acting as a barrier to accessing services while one of the largest gaps was that the implementation relies too much on institutionalized, individualized, and Westernized care, which participants pointed out is not always suitable in the Rwandan context. Recommendations included an increase in sensitization campaigns, shifting towards community-based mental health care, expanding personnel and services, as well as increasing funding. The analysis, relying on complexity theory, found that many of the gaps are missed by the government because of a lack of collaboration with local organizations and service providers working in the domain.

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Blanche, Philippe. "Rhumatologie et v. I. H. : a propos d'une etude prospective des cas d'arthrite menee en afrique noire, a kigali (rwanda)." Paris, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05C094.

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Nshimiyimana, J. Bosco. "The epidemiology of, and risk factors to soccer related injuries among male high school student soccer players in Kigali, Rwanda." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5291.

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Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio)
Soccer is the most popular sport in the world with 270 million active soccer players. Among all sports, soccer causes many injuries in high school players. Soccer injuries are due to the influence of intrinsic risk factors like age, the immature musculoskeletal system, previous injuries, overuse injuries, inadequate rehabilitation, aerobic fitness, body size, limb dominance, flexibility, muscle strength, muscle imbalance and reaction time, level of competition, skill level and extrinsic risk factors like use of protective equipment, playing surface and shoes type. Information on soccer injuries can help in preparing proper preventing programs in high schools. Despite the importance in providing enough information, no study has been done on soccer related injuries in Rwandan high schools. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of, and risk factors to soccer related injuries among male high school student soccer players in Kigali, Rwanda. A cross-sectional retrospective quantitative study design using quantitative method is used. Among 30 high schools identified in Kigali only 12 had male soccer teams. All 12 teams participated in this study with 336 soccer players. A self-administered questionnaire using closed-ended questions was used. SPSS software program 19.0 version was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Inferential statistics such as cross-tabulations were used to test for significant risk factors contributing to injuries. Chi-square test was used to test for significant relationship between risk factors and injuries at level of significance p-value<0.05. Permission and ethical clearance was requested from Senate Research Grant and Study Leave Committee (UWC) and the Ministry of Education. Informed consent were signed by participants and the parents of those who were under 18 years. Participation was voluntary and participants could withdraw from the study at any time. The injury prevalence was high during matches (77.5%) compared to training (32.5%).The ankle was the most affected joint (26.6%). Defenders were the most affected players (22.6%). The majority of injuries were the result of collision (24.2%). The majority of participants did not perform warming-up and cooling-down exercise during training (71.2%) and during matches (56.3%). Most of participants did not wear protective equipment (61.6%). Of those who did, only 7% wore it always. A significant number of injuries occurred because no protective equipment was worn. Only 33.7% soccer players received professional injury management. Of the 33.7% that received professional management, only 39% were medically cleared to return to play. The results of the study confirm that many Rwandan high school soccer players sustain more injuries during match sessions. The poor performance of warm-up and cooling-down, starting age, surface condition and not using protective equipment are significant risk factors for injury in male soccer players in high school. The study highlighted the need to start prevention efforts at club level in order to curtail the high injury prevalence at provincial and national levels.

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Ladner, Joël. "Infection par le VIH au cours de la grossesse en Afrique, à propos d'une étude de cohorte à Kigali (Rwanda), 1992-1994." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28485.

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27

Msellati, Philippe. "Aspects épidémiologiques de l'infection pédiatrique par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 en Afrique : une étude de cohorte prospective à Kigali, Rwanda." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28200.

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Thach, Thida. "La représentation de la violence faite aux femmes dans 'Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali' de Gil Courtemanche et 'Je m’appelle Bosnia' de Madeleine Gagnon." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31460.

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La violence faite aux femmes est une réalité encore très présente, surtout dans les sociétés patriarcales, même après des décennies de lutte féministe. C’est aussi un thème privilégié en littérature. La présente thèse propose justement une analyse de ce thème à travers deux romans assez récents qui mettent tous deux de l’avant des aspects particuliers de la question : Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali de Gil Courtemanche et Je m’appelle Bosnia de Madeleine Gagnon. Nous tenterons de cerner les différentes formes de violences à l’œuvre dans les deux narrations : la violence faite aux filles, celle faite aux femmes, et enfin la violence spécifique qu’engendrent les conflits armés avec le viol comme arme de guerre. Nous proposerons une analyse intersectionnelle de ces formes de violences afin de mesurer les représentations et les répercussions des notions de classe et de race eu égard aux toiles de fond différentes des deux romans : le génocide chez Courtemanche, le nettoyage ethnique chez Gagnon. Nous aborderons aussi les narrations sous l’angle de l’agentivité. Dans des sociétés fondamentalement patriarcales, quel pouvoir peuvent espérer avoir les personnages féminins sur leur destin personnel et collectif? Y a-t-il pour ces femmes fictives des stratégies possibles pour atteindre une liberté d’action, si mince soit-elle?

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Mucyo, Sylvie. "Analysis of key requirements for effective implementation of biogas technology for municipal solid waste management in sub-Saharan Africa : a case study of Kigali City, Rwanda." Thesis, Abertay University, 2013. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/f1b19ecf-9003-40ca-b174-db4c866fe799.

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Effective management of municipal solid wastes continues to be a major challenge in rapidly growing cities of developing countries. Inadequate waste disposal remains rampant thus posing a serious threat to the environment and public health. The use of biogas technology in the management of municipal solid wastes has become a major focus of interest in developed countries due to its economic value in the generation of energy from biodegradable waste and its ability to divert waste from landfill. The application of the technology in developing countries, in particular sub-Saharan African countries has been a challenge. A major barrier to its implementation in these countries has been attributed to the lack of substantial specific information required in the design of appropriate strategies. This study investigated key factors affecting the application of biogas technology in Kigali City (the capital of Rwanda) with the aim of proffering suitable strategies for effective implementation. The study used an integrated methodological approach interrelating social, technical and economic spheres tools. The study was carried out in three stages. The first stage investigated the availability of suitable feedstock for Anaerobic Digestion (AD) from both domestic and non-domestic sources, household waste management practices and public awareness and attitude towards waste separation at source. Results showed that household food waste was the largest category of waste produced in Kigali City from September 2010 to March 2011, comprising about 74% of total municipal waste produced during this period. This was taken as the average for the City. Socio-economic levels existing in Kigali were found to impact on total waste production with higher production rates occurring in high income households. It was found that households with higher income are more likely to separate waste at source and more willing to pay for waste management services. Incentives, such as free garbage bags, reduced waste charges and economic benefits, with greater focus on poor income communities were found capable of promoting waste separation practice which could effectively enhance the recovery of suitable feedstock. The second stage examined the digestibility and potential energy production from available household food waste and industrial biodegradable feedstocks such as banana and passion fruit wastes. The study also studied the potential effect of operating an AD system under the ambient temperature in Kigali City. Results obtained showed that Kigali ambient temperature of 25oC achieved half methane yields in comparison with the optimum mesophilic operational temperature of 37oC commonly used for large scale AD systems around the world. Results also showed that co-digestion of domestic waste with industrial feedstock can substantially increase biogas yields. The third stage investigated technical requirements and economic viability of operating a biogas plant at 37oC with the available feedstock for the generation of electricity to export to grid and digestate for spreading on land. The annual net energy expected to be generated using the available feedstock was estimated to be 182 kWh/tonne of source-separated waste. Risk analysis revealed that socio-economic needs of communities need to be appropriately integrated to secure the reliability of suitable feedstock in order to ensure project’s viability and profitability. It was also found that the development of biogas technology in Kigali could benefit both technically and economically from current Rwandan National key policy objectives related to municipal waste management. All the above mentioned outcome of the research was used to develop a strategic policy-based operational and investment framework for the application of biogas technology in Rwanda.

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Pätsch, Carolin Verfasser], and Silke [Gutachter] [Weidner. "The capacity of institutional innovation following the diffusion of urban plans. Explorations of impacts of an urban master plan in Kigali, Rwanda. / Carolin Pätsch ; Gutachter: Silke Weidner." Cottbus : BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1150705515/34.

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31

Emitslöf, Emma. "‘The way we are speechless doesn’t mean our heads are empty’ - an analysis of Rwandan hip-hop and its ambivalences as a youth cultural expression tool in Kigali." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturantropologiska avdelningen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-232741.

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Anthropologists have frequently used music in general and popular music in particular as a means to gain a perspective into everyday realities of young Africans lives. Attempting to place myself amongst this range of researchers, I use the position of Rwandan hip-hop as a point of departure to examine how young men in Kigali relate to and shape their realities in terms of politics, freedom of expression, and the creation of space and opportunities in the Rwandan society. My study is based on two and a half months of fieldwork in Kigali during the period between August and October of 2013. The empirical material upon which my arguments rely consists of interviews with young hip-hop Rwandans located in Kigali, who were almost exclusively male. It is also drawn from classical anthropological methods of participant observations and daily partaking in the lives of my informants. My analytical understanding of this material is mainly based upon notions of agency and structure, and contextualized within contemporary Africanist scholars’ research on modern music and youth. By looking at the historical context of Rwanda, the current state of youth in Kigali, and the contemporary atmosphere of politics and hip-hop music, I seek to understand the contradictive role of music as an arena for youth to express themselves. Through the stories of young hip-hop men, I describe and communicate their perceptions of constrains related to historical and socio-political sensitivities, feelings of fear connected to outspokenness, and alternative means to voice their opinions. I illustrate how these young men use innovative strategies and metaphorical language as a way to negotiate with some of these constrains as well as to influence each other and embody senses of oppositional opinions and collective empowerment. I also examine how national politics and governmental initiatives have increasingly become intertwined with the music and how it is trying to take advantage of its attractiveness as a youth medium. Ultimately, I discuss how the impact of Rwandan hip-hop can be seen as double-ended, serving the interests of both governmental policies and the youth who in different ways are trying to liberate themselves from political constrains, and how this affect the empowering potential of the music.

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Leroy, Valériane. "Infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine type 1 chez des femmes enceintes en Afrique : mise en place d'une étude de cohorte prospective à Kigali, Rwanda, 1992-1993." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR23120.

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33

Mukankunzi, Pélagie. "L'impact du surpeuplement des classes sur le rendement scolaire des élèves des écoles primaires publiques du système éducatif du Rwanda : le cas de la ville de Kigali (1997-2002) /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Thèse (M.Ed.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006.
La p. de t. porte en outre: Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en éducation. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. [116]-123. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

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34

Castetbon, Katia. "Nutrition et infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine en Afrique sub-Saharienne: aspects anthropométriques chez l'adulte (Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 1995-1997) et la femme enceinte (Kigali, Rwanda, 1992-1994)." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28588.

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35

Uwayezu, Ernest [Verfasser], Walter Timo de [Akademischer Betreuer] Vries, Walter Timo de [Gutachter] Vries, Jaap [Gutachter] Zevenbergen, and Winrich [Gutachter] Voß. "Spatial justice and land tenure security. Insights from urban re-development in Kigali, Rwanda / Ernest Uwayezu ; Gutachter: Walter Timo de Vries, Jaap Zevenbergen, Winrich Voß ; Betreuer: Walter Timo de Vries." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121662643X/34.

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36

Augustin, Murenzi. "Physical activity levels among people living with HIV/AIDS treated with high active antiretroviral therapy in Rwanda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5415_1319109146.

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The current study aims to determine physical activity levels among people living with HIV treated with high active antiretroviral therapy in Kigali, Rwanda. A cross-sectional design using quantitative method was used. The participantâs levels of physical activity participation and their association with anthropometric profiles were measured, using a structured selfadministered questionnaire adapted from the Sub-Saharan Africa Activity Questionnaire. Based on a scientific calculation, 407 clients passing through the clinics were included in the study. A convenient sample of people attending the clinics approached to participate voluntarily in the study. The findings of the current study highlighted the lack of motivation, lack of time and fear of worsening the disease amongst the strong barriers to physical activity participation. The current study recommends education about the benefits of physical activity participation and encouragement of patient treated with high active antiretroviral therapy in Rwanda to be emphasized on to improve their lives.

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Musafili, Aimable. "Child survival in Rwanda: Challenges and potential for improvement : Population- and hospital-based studies." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-259476.

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After the 1994 genocide and collapse of the health system, Rwanda initiated major social and health reforms in order to reduce child mortality and health inequities in accordance with the Millennium Development Goals. The aim of this thesis was to assess trends in under-five mortality (U5M) and equity in child survival, to study social barriers for improved perinatal and neonatal survival, and to evaluate Helping Babies Breathe (HBB), a newborn resuscitation program. In paper I we analysed trends and social inequities in child mortality 1990−2010, using data from national Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2000, 2005, and 2010. The following papers were based on hospital studies in the capital of Rwanda. In paper II we explored social inequities in perinatal mortality. Using a perinatal audit approach, paper III assessed factors related to the three delays, which preceded perinatal deaths, and estimates were made of potentially avoidable deaths. Paper IV evaluated knowledge and skills gained and retained by health workers after training in HBB. Under-five mortality declined from the peak of 238 deaths per 1000 live births (95% CI 226 to 251) in 1994 to 65 deaths per 1000 live births (95% CI 61 to 70) in 2010 and concurred with decreased social gaps in child and neonatal survival between rural and urban areas and household wealth groups. Children born to women with no education still had significantly higher under-five mortality. Neonatal mortality also decreased but at a slower rate as compared to infant and U5M. Maternal rural residence or having no health insurance were linked to increased risk of perinatal death. Neither maternal education nor household wealth was associated with perinatal mortality risks. Lack of recognition of pregnancy danger signs and intrapartum-related suboptimal care were major contributors to perinatal deaths, whereof one half was estimated to be potentially avoidable. Knowledge significantly improved after training in HBB. This knowledge was sustained for at least 3 months following training whereas practical skills had declined. These results highlight the need for strengthening coverage of lifesaving interventions giving priority to underserved groups for improved child survival at community as well as at hospital levels.

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Birungi, Francine Mwayuma. "An evaluation of Isoniazid prophylaxis treatment and the role of Xpert MTB/RIF test in improving the diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis in children exposed to index cases with pulmonary tuberculosis in Kigali, Rwanda." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6880.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children (<15 years) in resource-limited countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified active contact screening and isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) as essential actions for detecting and preventing childhood TB. Despite their benefits and inclusion in the policy of most National TB Programme (NTP) guidelines of the resource-limited countries, there is still a wide gap between policy and implementation. The implementation of contact screening for active case finding might be improved by the decentralised use of the Xpert MTB/RIF test in gastric lavage (GL) specimens, but this has not been previously assessed. Furthermore, although the provision of IPT to eligible child contacts has been a focus for implementation by the NTP of Rwanda since 2005, implementation has not previously been evaluated. The assessment of IPT uptake and adherence as well as associated factors could be informative for the programme. Therefore, we aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF in GL among child contacts with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and the uptake of and adherence to IPT by eligible child contacts to make recommendations towards strengthening TB diagnostic and prevention in children in Kigali, Rwanda. Methods: The proposed study setting Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda, was the location for 30% of the national PTB case notifications in 2013-14.A conceptual framework based on ecological theory was used in this study. Quantitative, qualitative and mixed (using both quantitative and qualitative research methods in one study) research methods were applied, and various research designs were used depending on the research questions. The study involved a cross-sectional analysis of the diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF in GL among all child contacts with suspected TB. Across-sectional and prospective cohort study design was used to assess the uptake and adherence of IPT among eligible child contacts.

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Magambo, Joseph. "Investigating perceptions of students' language needs at a Rwandan institution of higher learning." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007268.

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The site of this research is the Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST). The research was undertaken to investigate first year students' perceived English language needs in order to study successfully at KIST. The research was intended to pave the way for differentiated English language syllabuses for students of varying English proficiency. It sought to answer the following questions: (1) what are students' perceived language needs in order to study through the medium of English at KIST? (2) To what extent does the current English language programme address these perceived needs? And (3) what are the differences in students' perceived language needs at different levels of proficiency? The research was carried out in an interpretive paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods. It took the form of a case study utilising questionnaires to collect data. Questionnaires were administered to students, mainstream subject lecturers and English lecturers. The student sample consisted of 212 students chosen from the four previously identified levels of proficiency (beginner, elementary, intermediate and advanced). The lecturer samples consisted of seven subject lecturers and eleven lecturers in English. The research tools used to collect data were administered questionnaires and document analysis. The chi-square statistical test was used to analyse quantitative data especially in establishing differences that appeared between dissimilar proficiency levels. Findings have shown that, although English is no longer a credit-bearing course, students are still interested in learning it. Students expressed a high positive perception for learning language structures, listening and speaking, and a need for reading and writing. However, although it was possible to establish stakeholders' (students, subject lecturers and lecturers in English) perceptions of students' needs, it was not easy to establish what students' real needs and difficulties in English are. Attempts to get valid answers to my questions were not conclusive. Although this research has implications for the future of English language teaching/learning at KIST there is a need for further investigation of students' needs. An important starting point would be to begin a debate at KIST about the whole issue of students' needs. Such research would exploit research tools/methods not used in this research (e.g focus group interviews and observations).

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Kamagaju, Léocadie. "Problem of skin depigmentation in Rwanda: modulators of tyrosinase extracted from plants used in traditional medicine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209316.

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Abstract:

La dépigmentation volontaire est une pratique bien connue en Afrique sub-saharienne. Elle se définit comme une pratique par laquelle une personne, de sa propre initiative, tente de diminuer la pigmentation mélanique physiologique de sa propre peau. Les utilisateurs appliquent sur le corps, généralement sans surveillance médicale, de manière soutenue et prolongée, des produits ou des mélanges chimiques composés d’actifs dépigmentants souvent d’une grande nocivité.

Cette pratique est documentée dans plusieurs pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne (Sénégal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Nigéria, ….), et sur d’autres continents. Face à l’absence de données chiffrées pour le Rwanda, nous avons réalisé une étude des pratiques de la dépigmentation volontaire dans la capitale du pays, Kigali.

Au Rwanda, certaines plantes étaient utilisées lors des grandes cérémonies comme le mariage, spécialement par les femmes et les jeunes filles, pour éclaircir la peau. Une peau claire semble en fait un critère de beauté dans certaines traditions africaines. Nous avons donc réalisé une enquête ethnobotanique auprès de 61 tradipraticiens rwandais, afin de connaître les plantes qui, avant l’arrivée de la cosmétique moderne, étaient utilisées pour « embellir » (éclaircir) la peau, afin de vérifier si ces plantes pourraient interférer avec la production de la mélanine.

Notre enquête nous a permis de documenter 28 espèces, dont cinq [Brillantaisia cicatricosa LINDAU; Chenopodium ugandae (Aellen) Aellen ;Dolichopentas longiflora Oliv. Protea madiensis Oliv. subsp. Madiensis et Sesamum angolense Welw.] se sont distinguées par leur pourcentage de citation par les tradipraticiens. Ces dernières ont fait objet de notre étude de laboratoire.

Des extraits de polarité croissante, préparés à partir de ces cinq plantes, ont été testés pour leur modulation de la mélanogénèse et de la tyrosinase (enzyme clé de la mélanogenèse) sur une série de modèles: (i) sur la tyrosinase humaine dans les extraits totaux de mélanocytes normaux; (ii) sur des mélanocytes malins en culture (pour évaluer l’effet global des extraits de plante sur la mélanogenèse); (iii) sur la tyrosinase de champignon en solution et sur chromatoplaque de silice; et enfin (iv) sur l’activité tyrosine hydroxylase de l'enzyme.

Deux extraits à l’acétate d’éthyle de Protea madiensis Oliv. et de Sesamum angolense Welw. ont été sélectionnés pour leur activité, respectivement inhibitrice et activatrice de la tyrosinase de champignon. Ces deux extraits ont été soumis à une série de fractionnements dans le but d’isoler et d’identifier des composés actifs. Trois composés ont été isolés de Protea madiensis (2-tridécanone, acide oléique et β-sitostérol). La 2-tridécanone et l’acide oléique ont montré une inhibition de la tyrosinase de champignon sur chromatoplaque et de la tyrosinase humaine dans les extraits cellulaires. De plus, la 2-tridécanone a montré une inhibition de l’activité tyrosine hydroxylase. Le β-sitostérol n’a pas montré d’effet sur nos modèles mais il a déjà été isolé dans d’autres études en tant qu'inhibiteur de la tyrosinase. De l’extrait à l’acétate d’éthyle de Sesamum angolense Welw. nous avons isolé l’acide ursolique qui a montré une augmentation de l’activité de la tyrosinase de champignon sur chromatoplaque.

L’enquête ethnobotanique nous a permis de constater que la flore rwandaise regorge de plantes aux vertus cosmétiques intéressantes; celles-ci pourraient représenter une alternative aux actifs dépigmentants connus pour leurs nombreux effets secondaires mais néanmoins largement disponibles sur le marché rwandais.

L’enquête réalisée dans la ville de Kigali, nous a permis de constater que 27 % de notre population d’étude sont des utilisateurs conscients de produits dépigmentants. Ce pourcentage nous semble fort élevé et des mesures devraient être prises pour la sensibilisation et la conscientisation de la population quant aux risques encourus et à l’existence de médecines traditionnelles à visée dépigmentante. Ces mesures devraient être combinées avec la recherche de composés naturels dans l'espoir d'identifier des molécules actives et faiblement toxiques, voire atoxiques.

L’étude de la modulation de la pigmentation par les extraits des cinq plantes sélectionnées, nous a permis de confirmer l’information reçue des tradipraticiens. Cette étude nous a également montré que ces extraits de plantes renferment des activateurs de la mélanogenèse, qui pourraient être exploités pour le bronzage recherché par les sujets de peau claire.

L’isolement et identification de molécules à partir des extraits de deux plantes, nous a permis de constater que notre méthode de bioguidage fonctionne correctement; des mesures de déréplications devraient cependant être prises pour éviter autant que possible de retomber sur des molécules déjà connues./

Voluntary depigmentation, well-known in sub-Saharan Africa, is defined as a practice by which a person, by his/her own initiative, attempts to reduce his/her skin physiological melanin pigmentation. Users apply on the body, usually without medical supervision, in a sustained and prolonged manner, depigmenting compounds, single or in mixtures.

This quite harmful practice is documented in several sub-Saharan African countries (Senegal, Mali, Togo, Nigeria…) and in other continents. The absence of Rwandese data prompted us to conduct a study of the practices of voluntary depigmentation in the capital, Kigali.

In Rwanda, some plants were used during important ceremonies like wedding (marriage) especially by women and girls to lighten their skin. Fair skin is actually considered as a beauty criterion in some African traditions.

We conducted an ethnobotanical survey of 61 Rwandan traditional healers to identify the plants that were used before the introduction of modern cosmetics to "beautify" (lighten) the skin in order to check wether these plants could interfere with the production of melanin.

Our survey allowed us to identify and collect 28 species, of which 5 were selected (retained) for their higher percentage of citation by traditional healers [Brillantaisia cicatricosa LINDAU; Chenopodium ugandae (Aellen) Aellen ;Dolichopentas longiflora Oliv. Protea madiensis Oliv. subsp. madiensis and Sesamum angolense Welw.]. These five species have been used for our laboratory study.

Extracts of increasing polarities were prepared from the five plants and tested for their ability to modulate melanogenesis and tyrosinase (the key enzyme of melanogenesis) in a series of models: (i) human tyrosinase in total extracts from normal melanocytes; (ii) malignant melanocytes in culture (in order to assess the global effect of plant extracts on melanogenesis); (iii) mushroom tyrosinase in solution and on TLC plate; and finally (iv) tyrosine hydroxylase activity of the enzyme.

Two ethyl acetate extracts of Protea madiensis Oliv. and of Sesamum angolense Welw have been selected according to their respective inhibitory and activating effect on mushroom tyrosinase. These two extracts were fractionated to isolate and identify active compounds. Three compounds have been isolated from Protea madiensis (2-tridecanone, oleic acid and β-sitosterol). The 2-tridecanone and the oleic acid showed an inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase on TLC and human tyrosinase in cellular extracts. In addition, 2-tridecanone showed an inhibition of the tyrosine hydroxylase activity. β-sitostérol showed no effect on our models but has been identified, in other studies, as a tyrosinase inhibitor. From the ethyl acetate extract of Sesamum angolense, we isolated ursolic acid which increases the mushroom tyrosinase activity on TLC.

The ethnobotanical survey allowed us to (state) notice that Rwandan flora contains plants that have interesting cosmetic properties and could be an alternative to the use of harmful depigmenting products which are sold on Rwandese markets.

The survey conducted in Kigali city indicates that 27 % of surveyed persons are conscious users of depigmenting products. This percentage seems very high so that measures should be taken to raise awareness about the involved risks and of the existence of traditional medicines with such depigmenting effects. These measures should be accompanied (combined) with the search for natural compounds with depigmenting effect in the hope to identify actives that would be weakly or even non toxic at all.

The study of the pigmentation modulation by five selected plant extracts allowed to confirm the information obtained from traditional healers. It also indicates that, apart from an inhibitory effect, some of our plant extracts also contain melanogenesis activators that could be further exploited for tanning, an aspiration of fair-skinned individuals.

The isolation and identification of molecules from two plants extracts led us to conclude that our “bioguidance” method performs adequately. Nevertheless, some dereplication measures should be implemented to avoid spending time on isolating already known molecules.

Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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41

Bosworth, Joanne L. "Land and society in South Kigezi, Uganda." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338762.

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42

Lu, Junxia. "Solid-state NMR studies of phospholipid model membranes and membrane-associated macromolecules." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1184090235.

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43

Shatry, Alwi M. "Tamaduni na fasihi za kienyeji kwa lugha za kigeni." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-98624.

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Uhusiano baina ya lugha na utamaduni, mila na mirathi ya jamii kwa jumla huenda ukafahamika angalau kwa wepesi, iwapo tutazingatia mambo mawili: kwanza, lugha na matumizi yake ni chombo cha kujieleleza thamani tafauti zilizofungamana na maumbile ya kimila, fikira, maarifa, imani, adabu na utamaduni wa jamii yenyewe kwa jumla. Pili, matumizi ya lugha aghlabu husadifu kuwa ndio msingi wa kuendeleza na kukuza, na hata pia kubuni, uzushi mpya katika mirathi ya utamaduni, mila na khulka za kijamii. Kwa hivyo si rahisi kwa lugha kutengamana na taswira za jamii: utu, utamaduni, mila, mitindo na mengineo. Tungependa kuandaa madhumuni yetu ya kuonesha athari na hatari zinazokabili hali ile ya kutumia lugha geni katika kuendeleza shughuli za jamii au taifa la kienyeji. Muhimu pia, tutashughulika na athari za mtindo huo katika fasihi za kienyeji, hasa tunapozingatia kuwa fasihi ya maandishi ni mfano wa kioo cha hakika ya jamii.

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44

Moi, Giulia. "Chemistry and biological activity of Kigelia pinnata relevant to skin conditions." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601502.

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45

Jackson, Simon James. "Cytotoxic activity of Kigelia pinnata against melanoma and other neoplastic cell lines." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243809.

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46

Carswell, Grace margaret. "African farmers in Colonial Kigezi, Uganda, 1930-1962 : opportunity, constraint and sustainability." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.655206.

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47

Musali, Paul Kijobo. "Rethinking Participatory Natural Resource Management in the Kigezi Highlands, Western Uganda : A Resilience-Building Approach." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502567.

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Changing ecological and socio-economic conditions have resulted into increasing environmental stress, natural resource degradation and threats to peoples' livelihoods. This can only be reversed by understanding how coupled social and ecological systems operate. Managing natural resources has to be seen as a process of building resilience in coupled systems amidst escalating stress. The challenge is to identify, examine and manage processes that build resilience in households. This thesis uses the socio-ecological systems approach to examine resilience building in households. The study assesses land, human and social capital capacities in different types of households and constructs household trajectories or resilience paths. Through a careful analysis the different resilience paths, the processes that build or erode resilience are identified. The study then examines the level of application of various conservation technologies in the identified paths to establish when such technologies initiate or enhance the resilience building processes. Household data was collected from five sites in Kabale district, western Uganda using a case study design. Household data was supplemented by data obtained from extension officers working for Kabale district local Government and five NGOs. Primary data has been supplemented by secondary data obtained from national data bases and local reports. The results reveal that selective diversification, flexibility with internalisation of stress, constant re-organisation and progressive building of experience are important resilience building processes. Depending on the nature of the resilience path being followed by the household, conservation technologies can strengthen these processes and promote resilience building. However in some paths conservation technologies increase sensitivity of assets and household structures leading to erosion of resilience. The study concludes that the resilience building approach can guide participatory natural resource management by providing a set of principles around which managers can resolve issues including the nature of stress, heterogeneity in communities, scale and thus effectively link social and ecological systems.

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48

Kigele, Lisa [Verfasser]. "Auswirkungen von Nikotinkarenz auf die exekutiven Leistungen in neuropsychologischen Testungen bei schizophrenen und gesunden Raucherinnen und Rauchern / Lisa Kigele." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234983885/34.

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49

Agostini, Philippe. "Etre artiste : (Gérard Gasiorowski, 1964-1986)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H031.

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Gérard Gasiorowski, artiste français dont l'opus polymorphe, mais essentiellement pictural, s'est déroulé sur deux décennies seulement, a oscillé d'un photoréalisme austère et raffiné à un expressionnisme tourmenté et parfois lyrique. Mais si cette œuvre use indéniablement des moyens de la peinture, elle se veut avant tout, par son dispositif global, une réflexion critique sur la production esthétique de son temps et les différentes instances de l'art. Après une ascension fulgurante de peintre distingué, ayant épuisé les vertus de l'image, cet enfant terrible brise ses jouets pour se retrancher en un long cycle de travaux dit régressifs, avant de revenir à une interprétation grave et majestueuse de son histoire intime de l'art. Si ces trois temps de l'œuvre peuvent être lus comme des phases, ils peuvent être également considérés comme les chapitres d'un récit où l'auteur serait aussi le ou les personnages. Car, et de façon délibérée, c'est sur le registre de la fiction que l'ouvrage pictural s'est élaboré. Dérision et autodérision auront conduit Gasiorowski, pour échapper aux classifications d'usage, aux académismes, à inventer l'artiste qui saurait au mieux servir la peinture sans se servir. Car «Peinture» était pour lui corps et langage, soit une entité complexe et non un simple produit. S'appuyant sur une documentation augmentée et en partie inédite (exhumations des archives et de certaines œuvres) ainsi que sur une enquête portant sur les sources iconographiques utilisées par l'auteur, ce travail a, entre autres, permis d'établir que cette stratégie était présente, à l'œuvre, dès le début
Gérard Gasiorowski was a French artist whose polymorphic, though essentially pictorial work, was developed over two decades only, and oscillated from an austere and sophisticated photorealism to a tormented and occasionally lyrical expressionism. But if his work undeniably uses the painting medium, it claims to be, before everything and as a whole, a critical thought of the aesthetic production of his time and the different art authorities. After a dazzling ascension as a eminent painter, this terrible child, having exhausted all the properties of the image, breaks his toys to take refuge in a long cycle of so-called regressive works, before returning to a serious and majestic interpretation of his persona! history of art. If these three moments can be seen as phases of his work, they can be considered as chapters of a novel as well, in which the author would also be the character(s), for his pictorial work has been based on fiction, in a deliberate way. Mockery and self-mockery finally led Gasiorowski to invent the artist who would know how to serve painting without serving himself, in order to escape usual classifications and academicism. Because « Painting » was a body, a language, i complex entity to him, and not just a product. Based on an extended and partly new documentation (exhumation of archives and some previously unseen works) and a survey on the iconographic sources used by the artist, this dissertation has, among other things, enabled to establish that this strategy was present in Gasiorowski's work since the beginning

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Engels, Dörthe. "„Anders denken“ - Die Onlineplattform für Antisemitismuskritik und Bildungsarbeit der Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Antisemitismus e. V." HATiKVA e.V. – Die Hoffnung Bildungs- und Begegnungsstätte für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur Sachsen, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34484.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Kigali'

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