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Journal articles on the topic 'Kilimanjaro Region (Tanzania)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Mdoe, N. "Returns to smallholder dairying in the Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania." Agricultural Economics 17, no. 1 (October 1997): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5150(97)00006-6.

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Hertz, Julian T., Lucille J. Lyaruu, Eng Eong Ooi, Franklin W. Mosha, and John A. Crump. "Distribution ofAedesmosquitoes in the Kilimanjaro Region of northern Tanzania." Pathogens and Global Health 110, no. 3 (April 2, 2016): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2016.1182719.

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Mdoe, Ntengua, and Steve Wiggins. "Returns to smallholder dairying in the Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania." Agricultural Economics 17, no. 1 (October 1997): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1997.tb00465.x.

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4

WILKINSON, P., J. G. MITCHELL, P. J. CATTERMOLE, and C. DOWNIE. "Volcanic chronology of the Men–Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania." Journal of the Geological Society 143, no. 4 (July 1986): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.143.4.0601.

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5

Mdoe, Ntengua, and Steve Wiggins. "Dairy products demand and marketing in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." Food Policy 21, no. 3 (July 1996): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(96)00003-6.

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6

Henke, A., O. Henke, and F. Serventi. "Cancer Awareness Among Adults in the Kilimanjaro Region." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 195s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.78502.

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Background: Approximately 14 million new cases were diagnosed with cancer internationally and 8 million of these new cases were diagnosed in low-resource regions according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). For Tanzania, it is estimated that the cancer incidence will double in the year 2030, from 37,000 new cases in 2015 to more than 61,000 cases. In Tanzania is a high prevalence of Burkitt´s lymphoma in children, cervical and breast cancer in women, and prostate and esophagus/stomach cancer in men. Many types of cancer could be prevented by modifying lifestyle choices (e.g., reduce of alcohol consumption and HPV-vaccinations etc). In Tanzania very few studies were published about cancer awareness. A Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC) based-registry shows that the majority of patients come in the late stages of cancer to the hospital. In 2017 came in total 760 patient and 85% of them showed up in stage III and IV. Reasons why patients come so late is a lack of knowledge about the cancer symptoms and risk factors and the people in the Kilimanjaro Region are not aware of the new Cancer Care Centre at KCMC which opened in December 2016. Aim: A cross-section study want to gain a deep understanding of the cancer knowledge in the community for future focus programs. This survey want to identify the knowledge of cancer, awareness of cancer risk factors and treatment options among adults in the Kilimanjaro Region. Methods: In collaboration with Berlin Charité in 2017 started a cross-section study about prevention and awareness among adults in the Kilimanjaro Region. In total over 5000 people will be interviewed in all 7 districts in the Kilimanjaro Region from October 2017 until April 2019. The study use will a valid questionnaire with 46 items about cancer awareness, cancer knowledge, risk factors and treatment options. First preliminary results: Since October 2017 over 2000 people were interviewed in Siha, Moshi Urban and Moshi Rural district. First preliminary results give already a overview about the demographic characteristics in the Kilimanjaro Region and the knowledge about cancer and the awareness about cancer risk factors in the community. 52% of the community members consider cancer as a problem in the community. 12% of this people have currently somebody with cancer in the household. Most known cancer types are cervical cancer and breast cancer. 14% of the people have never heard about cancer. Only (35.0%) knew ≥1 risk of cancer. Majority were not even able to justify their specific aspects in related to cancer. Results: About 2 cancer risk factors: 28% of the community members drink 2 times per week and more alcohol, only 3% smoke cigarettes currently and 31% eat more than 3 times a week red meat. Conclusion: Overall about cancer in the community is very poor. Especially in the rural areas is a strong need for more education and awareness.
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Mkiramweni, L. L. N. "The Impact of Biogas Conversion Technology for Economic Development: A Case Study in Kilimanjaro Region." ISRN Renewable Energy 2012 (June 27, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/424105.

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In Tanzania the overall performance of the country’s social and economic development requires the minimization of the existing energy challenges. Currently, about 80% of Tanzanians live in rural areas, and 90% percent of the populations have no access to grid electricity but rely on fuel wood and charcoal, causing annual deforestation rates of about 500,000 hectares. This problem can be minimised, especially where there is potential, like Kilimanjaro region. However, the level of development of biogas in the region is low and no reliable data to show this effect quantitatively. The author here, therefore, attempts to fill the gap. He realizes that up to 0.5 giga m3 of biogas could be produced daily, exceeding by far the 0.72 million m3 required for cooking in the region. It was further observed that the energy required for small economic activity in the region is about 3.0 MWh, about 0.1% of the total energy that can be generated from agrowaste materials. The application of biogas in Kilimanjaro region is therefore technically feasible, socially acceptable, and economically viable, so sensitisation should therefore be enhanced and research conducted.
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TARIMO, IRENE AURELIA. "Removal of wastes and Re-use of Treated water from Maturation Waste Stabilization Ponds (MWSPs)." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 4, no. 11 (November 30, 2016): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol4.iss11.5.

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This paper presents the results from a study conducted in Tanzania to develop a dynamic mathematical model, tool for the environmental pollution control. This led to Modelling Nitrogen Transformation, Removal and Re-use of Treated water from Maturation Ponds for agriculture and agriculture. The study was conducted at the wastewater treatment system located in Mabogini Moshi in Kilimanjaro Region, North Eastern Tanzania.
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Petro, Revocatus, Francis Laswai, Mohammed Mijai, Geofrey Nyaradani, and Chelestino Balama. "Factors Affecting Tree Husbandry and Woodlots Establishment in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." Open Journal of Soil Science 05, no. 08 (2015): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2015.58017.

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Mgongo, Melina, Tamara H. Hussein, Babill Stray-Pedersen, Siri Vangen, Sia E. Msuya, and Margareta Wandel. "Facilitators and Barriers to Breastfeeding and Exclusive Breastfeeding in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania: A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Pediatrics 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8651010.

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Background. Breastfeeding is the best way to feed infants. It is a simple intervention to improve child health and development. Despite its advantages, there is a low global rate of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and, in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania, EBF is rarely practiced. The aim of this paper is to explore social and cultural factors that might influence the practice of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in Kilimanjaro region.Methods. A qualitative design was used. Three districts in Kilimanjaro region, namely, Same, Moshi Municipal Council, and Rombo, were selected. In each district three focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with mothers with infants aged 0-12 months.Results. A total of 78 mothers participated in the focus group discussions. A majority of the mothers were positive towards breastfeeding. They believed that it prevents child sickness, creates happiness, and is good for family economy. Despite the positive attitudes, the mothers revealed many perceptions that interfered with breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding. These included the following: breast milk is very light and has bad odor, breastfeeding may affect mothers appearance,chango(abdominal pain) has to be treated, there is fear of the evil eye when breastfeeding in public places, breast milk may become unclean, and there is a need of pauses in breastfeeding after the child has burped on the breast.Conclusion. There are beliefs that promote the practice of breastfeeding in this setting; these local beliefs could be used to develop breastfeeding messages to improve breastfeeding practices. However, there is also a need to address beliefs that interfere with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in this setting.
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de Bont, Chris, Hans C. Komakech, and Gert Jan Veldwisch. "Neither modern nor traditional: Farmer-led irrigation development in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." World Development 116 (April 2019): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.11.018.

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Habiyakire, Celestin, George Kabona, Paul Courtright, and Susan Lewallen. "Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness and Cataract Surgical Services in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." Ophthalmic Epidemiology 17, no. 2 (February 5, 2010): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09286580903453514.

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13

Larsen, Ulla, and Marida Hollos. "Women's empowerment and fertility decline among the Pare of Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania." Social Science & Medicine 57, no. 6 (September 2003): 1099–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00488-4.

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Zullig, Leah, Sky Vanderburg, Charles Muiruri, Amy Abernethy, Bryan Weiner, and John Bartlett. "Sustainability of Cancer Registration in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania - A Qualitative Assessment." World Health & Population 15, no. 1 (January 30, 2014): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12927/whp.2014.23721.

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15

Muro, F. J., S. P. Fiorillo, P. Sakasaka, C. Odhiambo, E. A. Reddy, C. K. Cunningham, and A. M. Buchanan. "Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Viruses Among Children in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 2, no. 4 (April 12, 2013): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/pit018.

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16

Ngocho, James Samwel, Melissa H. Watt, Linda Minja, Brandon A. Knettel, Blandina T. Mmbaga, Petal P. Williams, and Katherine Sorsdahl. "Depression and anxiety among pregnant women living with HIV in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania." PLOS ONE 14, no. 10 (October 31, 2019): e0224515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224515.

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17

Nicholaus, C., H. D. Martin, A. Matemu, J. Kimiywe, and N. Kassim. "Risks of aflatoxin exposure among adolescents in boarding schools in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania." World Mycotoxin Journal 14, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2020.2570.

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School feeding in low-income countries is dominated by cereals and legumes, which are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination but are usually not assessed for aflatoxins. A cross sectional study was conducted to assess aflatoxin exposure among adolescents through consumption of school meals in Kilimanjaro region. Food frequency questionnaires and 24 h dietary recalls were used to collect information on food consumption. At least four samples of common food used in school meals were collected. A deterministic approach was used to estimate the dietary aflatoxin exposure. High Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse presence of aflatoxin contamination. Results showed that, maize based food and beans were consumed on daily basis. The intake of maize flour and dehulled maize ranged from 17.5 to 738.2 g and 28.2 to 272 g per person per day respectively. Furthermore, consumption of beans and rice were in the range of 121.1 to 595.2 g and 15.7 to 42.2 g per person per day respectively. Total aflatoxins ranged 0.20-438.53 μg/kg (median 2.30 μg/kg). The highest contamination range (0.59-438.53 μg/kg) was in maize while the lowest (0.20-3.41 μg/kg) was found in rice. Similarly, the highest aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) concentration (35.88 μg/kg) was in dehulled maize while the lowest (0.44 μg/kg) was in rice. The highest dietary exposure to total aflatoxins and AFB1 due to consumption of maize ranged from 0.70 to 973.45 ng/kg/bodyweight (bw)/day, and from 0.05-81.06 ng/kg/bw/day, respectively. This pronounced risk of exposure to aflatoxins might have been contributed by a monotonous maize based diet in boarding schools. These findings call for institutions immediate interventions, such as the use of appropriate storage technologies, sorting, cleaning and winnowing in order to remove damaged grains, thereby reducing the risk of dietary exposure to aflatoxins. Likewise, the relevant ministries should consider food diversification and routine risk assessments of the susceptible crops throughout the value chain as a long-term intervention plan at policy level.
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18

Ndé-Tchoupé, Arnaud, Raoul Tepong-Tsindé, Mesia Lufingo, Zuleikha Pembe-Ali, Innocent Lugodisha, Risala Mureth, Mihayo Nkinda, et al. "White Teeth and Healthy Skeletons for All: The Path to Universal Fluoride-Free Drinking Water in Tanzania." Water 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010131.

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Fluorosis has been prevalent in the great East African Rift Valley (EARV) since before this region was given a name. In the Tanganyika days, Germans reported elevated fluoride concentrations in natural waters. In the 1930s, the clear relationship between high fluoride level and mottling of teeth was established. Since then, the global research community has engaged in the battle to provide fluoride-free drinking water, and the battle is not yet won for low-income communities. An applicable concept for fluoride-free drinking water in the EARV was recently presented, using the Kilimanjaro as a rainwater harvesting park. The Kilimanjaro concept implies that rainwater is harvested, stored on the Kilimanjaro mountains, gravity-transported to the point of use, eventually blended with natural water and treated for distribution. This article provides a roadmap for the implementation of the Kilimanjaro concept in Tanzania. Specifically, the current paper addresses the following: (i) presents updated nationwide information on fluoride contaminated areas, (ii) discusses the quality and quantity of rainwater, and current rainwater harvesting practices in Tanzania, (iii) highlights how low-cost water filters based on Fe0/biochar can be integrating into rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems to provide clean drinking water, and (iv) discusses the need for strict regulation of RWH practices to optimize water collection and storage, while simplifying the water treatment chain, and recommends strict analytical monitoring of water quality and public education to sustain public health in the EARV. In summary, it is demonstrated that, by combining rainwater harvesting and low-cots water treatment methods, the Kilimanjaro concept has the potential to provide clean drinking water, and overcome fluorosis on a long-term basis. However, a detailed design process is required to determine: (i) institutional roles, and community contributions and participation, (ii) optimal location and sizing of conveyance and storage facilities to avoid excessive pumping costs, and (iii) project funding mechanisms, including prospects for government subsidy. By drawing attention to the Kilimanjaro concept, the article calls for African engineers and scientists to take the lead in translating this concept into reality for the benefit of public health, while simultaneously increasing their self-confidence to address other developmental challenges pervasive in Africa.
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VAVRUS, FRANCES. "Adjusting Inequality: Education and Structural Adjustment Policies in Tanzania." Harvard Educational Review 75, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 174–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.75.2.565v0213145413t5.

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International economic forces increasingly affect policy at multiple levels and in multiple domains. The interplay of three levels — international, national, and local — are underresearched in the social and educational policy fields, which includes educational policy studies. In this article, Frances Vavrus employs ethnography to investigate how these interactions play out in a Chagga community in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. She examines how the lives of secondary students in Tanzanian schools are affected by structural adjustment policies, adopted by Tanzania at the advice of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, in three domains: access to schooling, opportunities for employment, and the risk of HIV/AIDS infection. She makes a convincing case for the importance of understanding the local setting in the development of international and national policy, and for investigating the impact policy change in noneducational sectors has on educational realities. Vavrus's research also provides a glimpse into the multiple local consequences of the policy of user fees for school access that were implemented over the last fifteen years in Tanzania and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. She concludes with a call for the research community to consider the benefits of ethnography in the development and evaluation of policy.
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Kibona, Shadrack E., and Christopher H. Mbotwa. "Comparison of Mortality by Gender and Regions in Tanzania using Direct Standardized Death Rates (DSDR) Method." Tanzania Journal of Health Research 21, no. 1 (July 24, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v21i1.1.

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Background: Comparison of mortality is very useful in assessing population health. Crude rates can easily be computed from the mortality but they are not good for comparison across groups of the population. The aim of this paper was to compare mortality in Tanzania by region and gender using the 2012 Tanzania Population and Housing Census. Methods: Age-specific death rates for regions, Tanzania Mainland, Tanzania Zanzibar and entire Tanzania were obtained from Mortality and Health monograph data downloadable from the National Bureau of Statistics website. The direct standardization method was used to compare the mortality for male and female populations across all regions of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar. Results: Findings show that the mortality is low in Arusha, Manyara, and Kilimanjaro compared to other regions in Tanzania mainland implying that health status for both male and female population in those regions is better than the other regions while it is the worst in Njombe, Iringa, and Kagera implying the poor health status for those regions as compared to the rest regions in Tanzania Mainland. In Tanzania Zanzibar, high mortality was observed in Kusini Unguja and the lowest in Kaskazini Unguja for both male and female populations. By national wise and for almost all regions, the mortality for the male population is higher than that for the female population. Conclusion: Direct standardization methods can save as the best way for comparing mortality because it takes into consideration both the population at risk and the age structure. However, in estimating mortality, crude death rates should be used to give the magnitude while direct standardized death rates should be used for comparison purposes.
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I Moshi, Haleluya, Gunnevi G Sundelin, Klas G Sahlen, and Ann VM Sörlin. "A one-year prospective study on the occurrence of traumatic spinal cord injury and clinical complications during hospitalisation in North-East Tanzania." African Health Sciences 21, no. 2 (August 2, 2021): 788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i2.39.

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Background: Clinical complications following spinal cord injury are a big concern as they account for increased cost of rehabilitation, poor outcomes and mortality. Objective: To describe the occurrence of traumatic spinal cord injury and associated clinical complications during hospi- talisation in North-East Tanzania. Method: Prospective data were collected from all persons with traumatic spinal cord injury from North-East Tanzania from their admission to discharge from the hospital. Neurological progress and complications were assessed routinely. Data were captured using a form that incorporated the components of the core data set of the International Spinal Cord Society and were analysed descriptively. Results: A total of 87 persons with traumatic spinal cord injury were admitted at the hospital with a mean age of 40.2 ± 15.8 years. There were 69 (79.3%) males, and 58 (66.6%) of the injuries resulted from falls. Spasms (41 patients, 47.1%), neuropathic pain (40 patients, 46%), and constipation (35 patients, 40.2%) were the most commonly reported complications. The annual incidence rate in the Kilimanjaro region was at least 38 cases per million. Conclusion: The incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury in the Kilimanjaro region is relatively high. In-hospital compli- cations are prevalent and are worth addressing for successful rehabilitation. Keywords: Rehabilitation; pressure ulcer; spasm; urinary tract infections; low income countries.
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Fujo, Mwapashua H., and Mussa Ally Dida. "Web-based admission system for advanced level, private schools: case of Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania." International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration 5, no. 47 (October 21, 2018): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19101/ijatee.2018.546020.

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Våje, Per Ivar, Bal Ram Singh, and Rattan Lal. "Soil Erosion and Nutrient Losses from a Volcanic Ash Soil in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 26, no. 4 (October 5, 2005): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v26n04_07.

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Lema, Anza A., Linus K. Munishi, and Patrick A. Ndakidemi. "Assessing Vulnerability of Food Availability to Climate Change in Hai District, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." American Journal of Climate Change 03, no. 03 (2014): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2014.33025.

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Iselin Ertzgaard, Solvang, Naalsund Kristin, Tønder Sofie, Hansen Giske Sindberg, Hagan Tobias Bang, Mnyanyi Cosmas, Tronstad Tron Vedul, Nkya Aslam, and Øygarden Jon. "Prevalence of hearing impairment among primary school children in the Kilimanjaro region within Tanzania." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 130 (March 2020): 109797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109797.

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Otte, Insa, Florian Detsch, Ephraim Mwangomo, Andreas Hemp, Tim Appelhans, and Thomas Nauss. "Multidecadal Trends and Interannual Variability of Rainfall as Observed from Five Lowland Stations at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 2 (January 19, 2017): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0062.1.

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Abstract Future rainfall dynamics in the Kilimanjaro region will mainly be influenced by both global climate and local land-cover change. An increase in rainfall is expected, but rising temperatures are also predicted for the ecosystem. In situ rainfall of five stations is analyzed to determine seasonal variability and multidecadal trends in the lowlands and lower elevations of the Kilimanjaro region. Monthly rainfall totals are obtained from the Tanzanian Meteorological Agency, from two mission stations, and from a sugar cane plantation. The datasets of the two mission stations cover time spans of 64 and 62 years, starting in 1940 and 1942, while rainfall data obtained from the Tanzanian Meteorological Agency and from the sugar cane plantation start in 1973 and 1974 and thus cover 40–41 years. In one out of five stations, a significant weak negative linear long-term trend in rainfall is observable, which is also evident in the other locations but is not significant. However, humid and dry decades are evident and seasonality has changed, especially during the long rains between March and May. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in combination with positive Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) leads to enhanced rainfall during the year of ENSO onset and the following year. During La Niña years, rainfall increases in the following year, while during the onset year rainfall patterns are more diverse. Positive IOD leads to enhanced rainfall amounts.
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Kangalawe, Richard Y. M., Christine Noe, Felician S. K. Tungaraza, Godwin Naimani, and Martin Mlele. "Understanding of Traditional Knowledge and Indigenous Institutions on Sustainable Land Management in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." Open Journal of Soil Science 04, no. 13 (2014): 469–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2014.413046.

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Våje, Per Ivar, Bal Ram Singh, and Rattan Lal. "Leaching and Plant Uptake of Nitrogen from a Volcanic Ash Soil in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 16, no. 4 (September 12, 2000): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v16n04_08.

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Mwendo, Emanuel M., Tara B. Mtuy, Jenny Renju, George W. Rutherford, Joseph Nondi, Aifello W. Sichalwe, and Jim Todd. "Effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programmes in Kilimanjaro region, northern Tanzania." Tropical Medicine & International Health 19, no. 3 (January 6, 2014): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12255.

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Kumalija, Medard S., Jaffu O. Chilongola, Rule M. Budodo, Pius G. Horumpende, Sixbert I. Mkumbaye, John-Mary Vianney, Richard S. Mwakapuja, and Blandina T. Mmbaga. "Detection of Rift Valley Fever virus inter-epidemic activity in Kilimanjaro Region, North Eastern Tanzania." Global Health Action 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1957554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1957554.

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Leonard, Msaki Juda, Kelvin Mwita, and Cesilia Ruoja. "Ecological and Economic Dissonance Debate on Kilimanjaro Region: Reflecting on 2-Basic Questions Case to Establish E1/E2." American Journal of Trade and Policy 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v2i1.380.

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Studying an interaction between more than one variable, both in influence and action is never an easy task, but establishing a key functional observation and question is even extremely difficult to an academician. The current literature therefore tries to re-establish an empirical debate between bi-polar ends, taking the influence of human destructive-constructive ends on both variables ecosystem (E1) and economic needs (E2). Kilimanjaro has been taken to represent a case in Tanzania reflecting African 4 – zones on economic agriculture, as it represents among sectors of economy, 47 percent of GDP and employs 85 percent of Tanzanian population. The current literature refers to Global perspective as Global warming covers not only Africa but the whole world reforms platforms. Institutional suggestions therefore cover solutions in terms of theoretical and empirical reflections for both. Where economic parameters and statistical dimensions cover the most dynamic era of plans, actions and the way forward (1990s -2000s). The evils of poverty has been linked to the impacts of unbalanced Dr. Msaki’s ratio (GE1/GE2=ɼ˚), where question A and B articulate further platforms for future researched. The literature concludes by re-establishing an implementation cycle of root I and II focused on balancing criterion of ɼ˚- establishment in terms of culture, strategies, focus and policies. JEL Classifications Code: E6
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Munishi, Linus K., Anza A. Lema, and Patrick A. Ndakidemi. "Decline in maize and beans production in the face of climate change at Hai District in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 7, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-07-2013-0094.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how climatic change in Africa is expected to lead to a higher occurrence of severe droughts in semiarid and arid ecosystems. Understanding how crop productions react to such events is, thus, crucial for addressing future challenges for food security and poverty alleviation. Design/methodology/approach – The authors explored how temperature and rainfall patterns determined maize and beans production in Hai District in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Findings – Annual food crops were particularly sensitive to the drought and maize and beans yields were lower than perennial crops during the years of drought. The authors also report strong and significant association between maize and beans production with temperature and rainfall patterns. Practical implications – This study highlights how severe droughts can dramatically affect yields of annual crops and suggests that extreme climatic events might act as a major factor affecting agriculture production and food security, delaying or preventing the realization of the Millennium Development Goals. Originality/value – This is the first study that highlights how severe droughts can dramatically affect yields of annual crops in Hai District contributing to other climate studies done elsewhere in Tanzania and the world at large.
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Emmanuel, Patroba Mhache. "The contribution of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) on food security in Mbokomu ward, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajest2017.2435.

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Mgongo, Melina, Nikolas Chotta, Tamara Hashim, Jacqueline Uriyo, Damian Damian, Babill Stray-Pedersen, Sia Msuya, Margareta Wandel, and Siri Vangen. "Underweight, Stunting and Wasting among Children in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania; a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 5 (May 10, 2017): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050509.

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Ndosi, Rogate, Jaffu Chilongola, and Edith Kwigizile. "Anemia during Pregnancy; How much is Known? A Case of Moshi Town in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 7, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2017/29972.

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Abubakar, Amina, Jacqueline Uriyo, Sia Msuya, Mark Swai, and Babill Stray-Pedersen. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Poor Nutritional Status among Children in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 10 (October 5, 2012): 3506–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9103506.

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Mushi, D., E. Hunter, C. Mtuya, G. Mshana, E. Aris, and R. Walker. "Social–cultural aspects of epilepsy in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania: Knowledge and experience among patients and carers." Epilepsy & Behavior 20, no. 2 (February 2011): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.11.016.

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Geneau, R. "The social and family dynamics behind the uptake of cataract surgery: findings from Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." British Journal of Ophthalmology 89, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 1399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.075572.

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Cunningham, M. S., E. Skrastins, R. Fitzpatrick, P. Jindal, O. Oneko, K. Yeates, C. M. Booth, J. Carpenter, and K. J. Aronson. "Cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccine acceptability among rural and urban women in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." BMJ Open 5, no. 3 (March 10, 2015): e005828-e005828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005828.

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Kitinya, J. N., P. A. Lauren, and A. H. Kajembe. "Differential rates of carcinoma of cervix uteri among the Chagga and Pares of Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 27, no. 3 (December 1988): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(88)90120-8.

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Ngowi, Kennedy M., Eusibious Maro, Pythia T. Nieuwkerk, Rob E. Aarnoutse, Blandina T. Mmbaga, and I. Marion Sumari-De Boer. "PO 8480 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF SENDING SMS TO REMIND TAKING MEDICATION AMONG PREGNANT AND BREASTFEEDING WOMEN LIVING WITH HIV IN KILIMANJARO, TANZANIA." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A43.3—A44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.114.

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BackgroundPregnant women living with HIV have difficulties in reaching adequate levels of adherence to treatment. One way to intervene is sending reminder cues using short message service (SMS) texts. We conducted a pilot study on the use of SMS among pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. One objective was to investigate technical feasibility of sending SMS reminders.MethodsWe enrolled adult (age 18–45) pregnant or breastfeeding women living with HIV from Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Women received a reminder SMS 30 min before usual time of intake. One hour after usual time of intake, they received an SMS asking whether she took medication. The women had to reply with ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. SMSes were sent less-than-daily and randomly distributed over the week. We did descriptive analyses of sent messages, delivered messages and estimation of adherence based on messages.ResultsWe enrolled 25 women. In total, 4963 messages were sent of which 40 failed to be delivered (1%). 1664 SMS were sent with a question if medication was taken, wich received an answer 1580 times (91%). The answer was ‘Yes’ in 1137 cases (65%), ‘No’ in 10 cases (0.6%) and indefinable in 433 cases (26%). The median adherence based on ‘Yes’-answers was 74% [range 24–99]. If also counting the indefinable answers, the mean adherence was 100% [range 95–100].ConclusionDespite a few technical issues, we believe using SMS for reminder cues in Tanzania works well. The number of failed deliveries is nearly zero and women have replied to the majority of SMS. Efforts are needed to instruct women better on replying and on detecting the right answer in case of typing errors. We conclude that using SMS has potential to improve adherence and should be further investigated in clinical trials to determine the effect on adherence to treatment.
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Manongi, Rachel, Jane Rogathi, Geofrey Sigalla, Declare Mushi, Vibeke Rasch, Tine Gammeltoft, and Dan W. Meyrowitsch. "The Association Between Intimate Partner Violence and Signs of Depression During Pregnancy in Kilimanjaro Region, Northern Tanzania." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (August 11, 2017): 5797–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517724256.

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women is common with severe health consequences to women and their babies. The aim of the present study is to measure the association between IPV and signs of depression among pregnant women attending antenatal care in a semi-urban setting in northern Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1, 2014, to May 30, 2015, among pregnant women attending routine antenatal care in Moshi Municipality, Tanzania. During their third trimester, self-reported exposure to IPV was assessed using a validated structured questionnaire adopted from the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence. Signs of depression were assessed using Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale. A total of 1,116 pregnant women were included in the analysis. A total number of 433 (38.8%) reported to be exposed to at least one type of violence during their pregnancy, and 128 (11.5%) presented with signs of depression. The most common type of violence experienced was emotional violence (30.7%), followed by sexual violence (19.0%) and physical violence (10.0%). Exposure to at least one type of violence was the strongest predictor for depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [3.25, 7.86]), followed by women who reported their primary source of emotional support was individuals not related to their family as compared with support obtained from their male partner/husband (AOR = 2.25; 95% CI = [1.26, 4.02]). Positive HIV/AIDS status (AOR = 2.27; 95% CI = [1.01, 5.14]) and previous history of depression (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI = [1.00, 2.64]). After adjusting for other predictors and types of violence, physical violence was the strongest predictor for signs of depression (AOR = 4.42; 95% CI = [2.65, 7.37]). Signs of depression were commonly observed among pregnant women and strongly associated with exposure to any type of IPV. The present findings indicate an urgent need for screening depression and IPV to mitigate the adverse health outcomes related to both IPV and depression during pregnancy.
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Stanifer, John W., Charles R. Cleland, Gerald Jamberi Makuka, Joseph R. Egger, Venance Maro, Honest Maro, Francis Karia, Uptal D. Patel, Matthew J. Burton, and Heiko Philippin. "Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Complications of Diabetes in the Kilimanjaro Region: A Population-Based Study from Tanzania." PLOS ONE 11, no. 10 (October 6, 2016): e0164428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164428.

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Våje, Per Ivar, B. R. Singh, and R. Lal. "Erosional Effects on Soil Properties and Maize Yield on a Volcanic Ash Soil in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 12, no. 4 (November 24, 1998): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v12n04_05.

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Uriyo, Jacqueline G., Amina Abubakar, Mark Swai, Sia E. Msuya, and Babill Stray-Pedersen. "Prevalence and Correlates of Common Mental Disorders among Mothers of Young Children in Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania." PLoS ONE 8, no. 7 (July 3, 2013): e69088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069088.

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46

Chotta, Nikolas A. S., Sia E. Msuya, Melina Mgongo, Tamara H. Hashim, and Arne Stray-Pedersen. "Mother’s Knowledge on HIV, Syphilis, Rubella, and Associated Factors in Northern Tanzania: Implications for MTCT Elimination Strategies." International Journal of Pediatrics 2020 (July 9, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7546954.

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Background. Infections transmitted from mother to child (MTCT) during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding contribute significantly to the high infant and childhood morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan African countries. The most significant and preventable of these include HIV, syphilis, and rubella. To achieve elimination, mothers need to be aware of and to understand effective preventive measures against these infections. Lack of comprehensive knowledge on transmission and prevention of MTCT infections is one of the factors hindering achievement of the elimination goals for these infections. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of HIV, syphilis, rubella, and associated factors among mothers in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. Methods. We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in three districts of the Kilimanjaro region from September to October 2016. The study involved mothers with children up to five years of age. Data collection involved the use of a questionnaire, administered by face-to-face interviews. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess predictors of mothers’ knowledge on MTCT infections. Results. A total of 618 mothers were recruited, with a mean age of 29.6 (SD 7.6) years. The overall knowledge on MTCT infections was low. The highest level of knowledge on MTCT infections was regarding HIV (89.2%). Fewer mothers had knowledge of syphilis (27.8%). Rubella was the least known; only 12% of mothers were aware of rubella infection. District of residence and having knowledge of syphilis were predictors for rubella knowledge, while for syphilis knowledge, significant predictors were age group, occupation, and those having knowledge on HIV and rubella. Predictors for HIV knowledge were residential district, having a mobile phone, and those having knowledge of syphilis and rubella. Conclusions. This study confirmed that mothers have low overall knowledge on MTCT infections. To achieve the MTCT elimination goals, targeted interventions to improve knowledge among women of childbearing age are recommended.
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Nissen, Karina Holm, Benjamin C. Shayo, Vibeke Rasch, Gileard G. Masenga, and Ditte Søndergaard Linde. "“I just wear it and I become normal”: a qualitative study of Tanzanian women’s experiences with long-term vaginal pessary use for stress urinary incontinence." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e040009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040009.

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IntroductionPrevious research has shown that vaginal pessaries are a cost-effective treatment for women worldwide suffering from stress urinary incontinence. However, little is known about African women’s experiences with vaginal pessary use. The aim of this study was to understand the experiences of vaginal pessary use among Tanzanian women who had received long-term pessary treatment for stress urinary incontinence.Methods15 semi-structured, individual interviews were conducted over a 2-month period in 2019 with Tanzanian women living in the Kilimanjaro Region who suffered from stress urinary incontinence and who had been using a pessary for at least 18 months. The interview transcripts were analysed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsThe primary motivation for seeking treatment were discomfort from symptoms, social consequences and low quality of life. Perceived benefits from pessary use included improved quality of life with reacquired abilities to perform daily activities, participate in social gatherings, feeling symptom relief and improved sexual relations. Further, some women saw pessary treatment as superior to other locally available treatment options. Perceived barriers for pessary use included shame, husband’s disapproval, limited access to treatment and lack of knowledge among the women as well as healthcare personnel.ConclusionVaginal pessaries are well-perceived as a long-term treatment method among Tanzanian women suffering from stress urinary incontinence. This method may have potential to be implemented large scale in Tanzania if combined with basic health education.
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Mbwele, B., NL Ide, JG Mrema, AP Ward Sarah, JA Melnick, and R. Manongi. "Learning from health care workers′ opinions for improving quality of neonatal health care in Kilimanjaro region, northeast Tanzania." Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research 4, no. 1 (2014): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.126614.

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Kullaya, I. K., M. Kilasara, and J. B. Aune. "The potential of marejea (Crotalaria ochroleuca) as green manure in maize production in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania." Soil Use and Management 14, no. 2 (June 1998): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00627.x.

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Carugati, Manuela, Holly M. Biggs, Michael J. Maze, Robyn A. Stoddard, Shama Cash-Goldwasser, Julian T. Hertz, Jo E. B. Halliday, et al. "Incidence of human brucellosis in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania in the periods 2007–2008 and 2012–2014." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 112, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/try033.

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