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Journal articles on the topic 'Kilometer-scale model'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Schär, Christoph, Oliver Fuhrer, Andrea Arteaga, et al. "Kilometer-Scale Climate Models: Prospects and Challenges." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 5 (2020): E567—E587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0167.1.

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Abstract Currently major efforts are underway toward refining the horizontal resolution (or grid spacing) of climate models to about 1 km, using both global and regional climate models (GCMs and RCMs). Several groups have succeeded in conducting kilometer-scale multiweek GCM simulations and decadelong continental-scale RCM simulations. There is the well-founded hope that this increase in resolution represents a quantum jump in climate modeling, as it enables replacing the parameterization of moist convection by an explicit treatment. It is expected that this will improve the simulation of the

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Mittermaier, M. P., and G. Csima. "Ensemble versus Deterministic Performance at the Kilometer Scale." Weather and Forecasting 32, no. 5 (2017): 1697–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-16-0164.1.

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Abstract What is the benefit of a near-convection-resolving ensemble over a near-convection-resolving deterministic forecast? In this paper, a way in which ensemble and deterministic numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems can be compared is demonstrated using a probabilistic verification framework. Three years’ worth of raw forecasts from the Met Office Unified Model (UM) 12-member 2.2-km Met Office Global and Regional Ensemble Prediction System (MOGREPS-UK) ensemble and 1.5-km Met Office U.K. variable resolution (UKV) deterministic configuration were compared, utilizing a range of forecas

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Ban, Nikolina, Cécile Caillaud, Erika Coppola, et al. "The first multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations at kilometer-scale resolution, part I: evaluation of precipitation." Climate Dynamics 57, no. 1-2 (2021): 275–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05708-w.

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AbstractHere we present the first multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations at kilometer-scale horizontal grid spacing over a decade long period. A total of 23 simulations run with a horizontal grid spacing of $$\sim $$ ∼ 3 km, driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis, and performed by 22 European research groups are analysed. Six different regional climate models (RCMs) are represented in the ensemble. The simulations are compared against available high-resolution precipitation observations and coarse resolution ($$\sim $$ ∼ 12 km) RCMs with parameterized convection. The model simulations

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Valcheva, Rilka, Ivan Popov, and Nikola Gerganov. "Convection-Permitting Future Climate Simulations for Bulgaria under the RCP8.5 Scenario." Atmosphere 15, no. 1 (2024): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15010091.

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In recent decades, climate change has become a critical global issue with far-reaching consequences for regional climates and ecosystems. While regional climate models provide valuable information, there is a growing need for high-resolution simulations to assess local impacts. This paper addresses this gap by presenting the first simulation of a 3 km convection-permitting (CP) scenario simulation for Bulgaria. The main aim of this study is to assess different precipitation indices and their future changes for Bulgaria under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario follow

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Pay, M. T., F. Martínez, M. Guevara, and J. M. Baldasano. "Air quality forecasts at kilometer scale grid over Spanish complex terrains." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 7, no. 2 (2014): 2293–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-2293-2014.

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Abstract. CALIOPE-AQFS represents the current state-of-the-art in air quality forecasting systems running at high resolution over high performance computing platforms. It provides 48 h forecast of main pollutants over Spain at 4 km horizontal resolution, and over the most populated areas with complex terrains in Spain (Barcelona, Madrid and Andalucia domains) at 1 km. Increased horizontal resolution from 4 km to 1 km over the aforementioned domains leads to finer texture and more realistic concentration maps, justified by the increase of NO2/O3 spatial correlation coefficients from 0.79/0.69 (

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Zeman, Christian, Nils P. Wedi, Peter D. Dueben, Nikolina Ban, and Christoph Schär. "Model intercomparison of COSMO 5.0 and IFS 45r1 at kilometer-scale grid spacing." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 7 (2021): 4617–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4617-2021.

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Abstract. The increase in computing power and recent model developments allow for the use of global kilometer-scale weather and climate models for routine forecasts. At these scales, deep convective processes can be partially resolved explicitly by the model dynamics. Next to horizontal resolution, other aspects such as the applied numerical methods, the use of the hydrostatic approximation, and time step size are factors that might influence a model's ability to resolve deep convective processes. In order to improve our understanding of the role of these factors, a model intercomparison betwe

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Bauville, Arthur, and Stefan M. Schmalholz. "Thermo-mechanical model for the finite strain gradient in kilometer-scale shear zones." Geology 41, no. 5 (2013): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g33953.1.

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Valcheva, Rilka, and Ivan Popov. "Kilometer-Scale Regional Modeling of Precipitation Projections for Bulgaria Using HPC Discoverer." Atmosphere 16, no. 7 (2025): 814. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070814.

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The main goal of this study is to present future changes in various precipitation indices at a kilometer-scale resolution for Bulgaria on an annual and seasonal basis. Numerical simulations were conducted using the Non-Hydrostatic Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4-NH) following the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment Flagship Pilot Study protocol for three 10-year periods (1995–2004, 2041–2050, and 2090–2099), with horizontal grid resolutions of 15 km and 3 km, on the petascale supercomputer HPC Discoverer at Sofia Tech Park. Data from the Hadley Centre Global Environmen

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Valcheva, Rilka, Ivan Popov, and Nikola Gerganov. "Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Simulation over Bulgaria: Assessment of Precipitation Statistics." Atmosphere 14, no. 8 (2023): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081249.

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With increasing computational power, the regional climate modeling community is moving to higher resolutions of a few kilometers, named convection-permitting (CP) simulations. This study aims to present an assessment of precipitation metrics simulated with the non-hydrostatic regional climate model RegCM-4.7.1 at CP scale for a decade-long period (2001–2010) for Bulgaria. The regional climate simulation at 15 km grid spacing uses ERA-Interim (0.75° × 0.75°) re-analysis as the driving data and parametrized deep convection. The kilometer-scale simulation at 3 km horizontal grid spacing is nested

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Pay, M. T., F. Martínez, M. Guevara, and J. M. Baldasano. "Air quality forecasts on a kilometer-scale grid over complex Spanish terrains." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 5 (2014): 1979–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1979-2014.

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Abstract. The CALIOPE Air Quality Forecast System (CALIOPE-AQFS) represents the current state of the art in air quality forecasting systems of high-resolution running on high-performance computing platforms. It provides a 48 h forecast of NO2, O3, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, CO, and C6H6 at a 4 km horizontal resolution over all of Spain, and at a 1 km horizontal resolution over the most populated areas in Spain with complex terrains (the Barcelona (BCN), Madrid (MAD) and Andalusia (AND) domains). Increased horizontal resolution from 4 to 1 km over the aforementioned domains leads to finer textures and m

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Idier, Déborah, Albert Falqués, Jérémy Rohmer, and Jaime Arriaga. "Self-organized kilometer-scale shoreline sand wave generation: Sensitivity to model and physical parameters." Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 122, no. 9 (2017): 1678–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jf004197.

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Goldshtein, Aya, Xing Chen, Eran Amichai, et al. "Acoustic cognitive map–based navigation in echolocating bats." Science 386, no. 6721 (2024): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adn6269.

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Bats are known for their ability to use echolocation for obstacle avoidance and orientation. However, the extent to which bats utilize their highly local and directional echolocation for kilometer-scale navigation is unknown. In this study, we translocated wild Kuhl’s pipistrelle bats and tracked their homing abilities while manipulating their visual, magnetic, and olfactory sensing and accurately tracked them using a new reverse GPS system. We show that bats can identify their location after translocation and conduct several-kilometer map-based navigation using solely echolocation. This propo

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Segall, Paul, and Kyle Anderson. "Repeating caldera collapse events constrain fault friction at the kilometer scale." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 30 (2021): e2101469118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101469118.

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Fault friction is central to understanding earthquakes, yet laboratory rock mechanics experiments are restricted to, at most, meter scale. Questions thus remain as to the applicability of measured frictional properties to faulting in situ. In particular, the slip-weakening distance dc strongly influences precursory slip during earthquake nucleation, but scales with fault roughness and is challenging to extrapolate to nature. The 2018 eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, caused 62 repeatable collapse events in which the summit caldera dropped several meters, accompanied by MW 4.7 to 5.4 very lo

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Xia, Ming. "An upscale theory of thermal-mechanical coupling particle simulation for non-isothermal problems in two-dimensional quasi-static system." Engineering Computations 32, no. 7 (2015): 2136–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-04-2014-0076.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an upscale theory of the thermal-mechanical coupling particle simulation for non-isothermal problems in two-dimensional quasi-static system, under which a small length-scale particle model can exactly reproduce the same mechanical and thermal results with that of a large length-scale one. Design/methodology/approach – The objective is achieved by extending the upscale theory of particle simulation for two-dimensional quasi-static problems from an isothermal system to a non-isothermal one. Findings – Five similarity criteria, namely geometric, m

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Rojas-Munoz, Oscar, Jean-Christophe Calvet, Bertrand Bonan, et al. "Soil Moisture Monitoring at Kilometer Scale: Assimilation of Sentinel-1 Products in ISBA." Remote Sensing 15, no. 17 (2023): 4329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15174329.

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Observed by satellites for more than a decade, surface soil moisture (SSM) is an essential component of the Earth system. Today, with the Sentinel missions, SSM can be derived at a sub-kilometer spatial resolution. In this work, aggregated 1 km × 1 km SSM observations combining Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) data are assimilated for the first time into the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model using the global Land Data Assimilation System (LDAS-Monde) tool of Meteo-France. The ISBA simulations are driven by atmospheric variables from the Applicati

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Li, Hongqi, Yanran Li, Qiuhong Zhao, Yue Lu, and Qiang Song. "The Tractor and Semitrailer Routing Considering Carbon Dioxide Emissions." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/509160.

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The incorporation of the minimization of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the VRP is important to logistics companies. The paper deals with the tractor and semitrailer routing problem with full truckload between any two depots of the network; an integer programming model with the objective of minimizing CO2emissions per ton-kilometer is proposed. A two-stage approach with the same core steps of the simulated annealing (SA) in both stages is designed. The number of tractors is provided in the first stage and the CO2emissions per ton-kilometer are then optimized in the second stage. Computation

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Barszcz, Agnieszka, Jason A. Milbrandt, and Julie M. Thériault. "Improving the Explicit Prediction of Freezing Rain in a Kilometer-Scale Numerical Weather Prediction Model." Weather and Forecasting 33, no. 3 (2018): 767–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-17-0136.1.

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Abstract A freezing rain event, in which the Meteorological Centre of Canada’s 2.5-km numerical weather prediction system significantly underpredicted the quantity of freezing rain, is examined. The prediction system models precipitation types explicitly, directly from the Milbrandt–Yau microphysics scheme. It was determined that the freezing rain underprediction for this case was due primarily to excessive refreezing of rain, originating from melting snow and graupel, in and under the temperature inversion of the advancing warm front ultimately depleting the supply of rain reaching the surfac

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Muñoz-Esparza, Domingo, Robert D. Sharman, and Stanley B. Trier. "On the Consequences of PBL Scheme Diffusion on UTLS Wave and Turbulence Representation in High-Resolution NWP Models." Monthly Weather Review 148, no. 10 (2020): 4247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-20-0102.1.

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AbstractMesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are routinely exercised at kilometer-scale horizontal grid spacings (Δx). Such fine grids will usually allow at least partial resolution of small-scale gravity waves and turbulence in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). However, planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes used with these NWP model simulations typically apply explicit subgrid-scale vertical diffusion throughout the entire vertical extent of the domain, an effect that cannot be ignored. By way of an example case of observed widespread turbul

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Langhans, Wolfgang, Juerg Schmidli, and Christoph Schär. "Bulk Convergence of Cloud-Resolving Simulations of Moist Convection over Complex Terrain." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 7 (2012): 2207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0252.1.

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Abstract The explicit treatment of moist convection in cloud-resolving models with kilometer-scale horizontal resolution is increasingly used for atmospheric research and numerical weather prediction purposes. However, several previous studies have implicitly questioned the physical validity of this approach, as the accurate representation of the structure and evolution of moist convective phenomena requires considerably higher resolution. Unlike these studies, which focused on single convective systems, here the convergence of bulk properties of an ensemble of moist convective cells in kilome

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Li, Lingcheng, Gautam Bisht, Dalei Hao, and L. Ruby Leung. "Global 1 km land surface parameters for kilometer-scale Earth system modeling." Earth System Science Data 16, no. 4 (2024): 2007–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2007-2024.

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Abstract. Earth system models (ESMs) are progressively advancing towards the kilometer scale (“k-scale”). However, the surface parameters for land surface models (LSMs) within ESMs running at the k-scale are typically derived from coarse-resolution and outdated datasets. This study aims to develop a new set of global land surface parameters with a resolution of 1 km for multiple years from 2001 to 2020, utilizing the latest and most accurate available datasets. Specifically, the datasets consist of parameters related to land use and land cover, vegetation, soil, and topography. Differences bet

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Poujol, Basile, Andreas F. Prein, and Andrew J. Newman. "Kilometer-scale modeling projects a tripling of Alaskan convective storms in future climate." Climate Dynamics 55, no. 11-12 (2020): 3543–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05466-1.

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Abstract Convective storms produce heavier downpours and become more intense with climate change. Such changes could be even amplified in high-latitudes since the Arctic is warming faster than any other region in the world and subsequently moistening. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of global warming on intense thunderstorms in high latitude continental regions, where they can produce flash flooding or ignite wildfires. We use a model with kilometer-scale grid spacing to simulate Alaska’s climate under present and end of the century high emission scenario conditions. The

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Liu, Hengxi, Yongzhi Wang, Shibo Wen, Sheng Zhang, Kai Zhu, and Jianzhong Liu. "Comprehensive Evaluation of the Lunar South Pole Landing Sites Using Self-Organizing Maps for Scientific and Engineering Purposes." Remote Sensing 17, no. 9 (2025): 1579. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091579.

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The permanently shadowed regions of the lunar South Pole have become a key target for international lunar exploration due to their unique scientific value and engineering challenges. In order to effectively screen suitable landing zones near the lunar South Pole, this research proposes a comprehensive evaluation method based on a self-organizing map (SOM). Using multi-source remote sensing data, the method classifies and analyzes candidate landing zones by combining scientific purposes (such as hydrogen abundance, iron oxide abundance, gravity anomalies, water ice distance analysis, and geolog

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Adhikari, Surendra, Erik R. Ivins, and Eric Larour. "ISSM-SESAW v1.0: mesh-based computation of gravitationally consistent sea-level and geodetic signatures caused by cryosphere and climate driven mass change." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 3 (2016): 1087–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1087-2016.

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Abstract. A classical Green's function approach for computing gravitationally consistent sea-level variations associated with mass redistribution on the earth's surface employed in contemporary sea-level models naturally suits the spectral methods for numerical evaluation. The capability of these methods to resolve high wave number features such as small glaciers is limited by the need for large numbers of pixels and high-degree (associated Legendre) series truncation. Incorporating a spectral model into (components of) earth system models that generally operate on a mesh system also requires

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Lambert, Marc-André, Erik H. Saenger, Beatriz Quintal, and Stefan M. Schmalholz. "Numerical simulation of ambient seismic wavefield modification caused by pore-fluid effects in an oil reservoir." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 1 (2013): T41—T52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0513.1.

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We have modeled numerically the seismic response of a poroelastic inclusion with properties applicable to an oil reservoir that interacts with an ambient wavefield. The model includes wave-induced fluid flow caused by pressure differences between mesoscopic-scale (i.e., in the order of centimeters to meters) heterogeneities. We used a viscoelastic approximation on the macroscopic scale to implement the attenuation and dispersion resulting from this mesoscopic-scale theory in numerical simulations of wave propagation on the kilometer scale. This upscaling method includes finite-element modeling

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Luo, Yali, Steven K. Krueger, and Kuan-Man Xu. "Cloud Properties Simulated by a Single-Column Model. Part II: Evaluation of Cumulus Detrainment and Ice-Phase Microphysics Using a Cloud-Resolving Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, no. 11 (2006): 2831–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3785.1.

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Abstract This paper is the second in a series in which kilometer-scale-resolving observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program and output from the University of California, Los Angeles/Colorado State University cloud-resolving model (CRM) are used to evaluate the single-column model (SCM) version of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System model. Part I demonstrated that kilometer-scale cirrus properties analyzed by applying the SCM’s assumptions about cloud vertical overlap and horizontal homogeneity to its profiles of cloud water/ice mixing r

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Schiavone, James A., Kun Gao, David A. Robinson, Peter J. Johnsen, and Mathieu R. Gerbush. "Large Roll Vortices Exhibited by Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy during Landfall." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020259.

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Roll vortices are frequent features of a hurricane’s boundary layer, with kilometer or sub-kilometer horizontal scale. In this study, we found that large roll vortices with O (10 km) horizontal wavelength occurred over land in Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy (2012) during landfall on New Jersey. Various characteristics of roll vortices were corroborated by analyses of Doppler radar observations, a 500 m resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulation, and an idealized roll vortex model. The roll vortices were always linear-shaped, and their wavelengths of 5–14 km were generally larger

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Ito, Junshi, Syugo Hayashi, Akihiro Hashimoto, et al. "Stalled Improvement in a Numerical Weather Prediction Model as Horizontal Resolution Increases to the Sub-Kilometer Scale." SOLA 13 (2017): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/sola.2017-028.

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Cai, Ninghao, Hongchuan Sun, and Pengcheng Yan. "Kilometer-Scale Precipitation Forecasting Utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks: A Case Study of Jiangsu’s Coastal Regions." Hydrology 11, no. 10 (2024): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11100173.

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High-resolution precipitation forecasts play a pivotal role in formulating comprehensive disaster prevention and mitigation plans. As spatial resolution enhances, striking a balance between computation, storage, and simulation accuracy becomes imperative to ensure optimal cost-effectiveness. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a cornerstone of deep learning, are examined in this study for their downscaling capabilities in precipitation simulation. During a precipitation event on 23 June 2022, in Jiangsu Province, China, distinct rain belts emerged in both southern and northern Jiangsu, preci

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You, Jiang, Jingliang Gu, Yinglei Du, Min Wan, Chuanlin Xie, and Zhenjiao Xiang. "Atmospheric Turbulence Aberration Correction Based on Deep Learning Wavefront Sensing." Sensors 23, no. 22 (2023): 9159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23229159.

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In this paper, research was conducted on Deep Learning Wavefront Sensing (DLWS) neural networks using simulated atmospheric turbulence datasets, and a novel DLWS was proposed based on attention mechanisms and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The study encompassed both indoor experiments and kilometer-range laser transmission experiments employing DLWS. In terms of indoor experiments, data were collected and training was performed on the platform built by us. Subsequent comparative experiments with the Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensing (SHWS) method revealed that our DLWS model achieved acc

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Herbert, Ross J., Andrew I. L. Williams, Philipp Weiss, et al. "Regional variability of aerosol impacts on clouds and radiation in global kilometer-scale simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 25, no. 14 (2025): 7789–814. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7789-2025.

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Abstract. Anthropogenic aerosols are a primary source of uncertainty in future climate projections. Changes to aerosol concentrations modify cloud radiative properties, radiative fluxes, and precipitation from the microphysical to the global scale. Due to computational constraints, we have been unable to explicitly simulate cloud dynamics in global-scale simulations, leaving key processes, such as convective updrafts, parameterized. This has significantly limited our understanding of aerosol impacts on convective clouds and climate. However, new state-of-the-art climate models are capable of r

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Huang, Huaguo. "Accelerated RAPID Model Using Heterogeneous Porous Objects." Remote Sensing 10, no. 8 (2018): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081264.

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To enhance the capability of three-dimensional (3D) radiative transfer models at the kilometer scale (km-scale), the radiosity applicable to porous individual objects (RAPID) model has been upgraded to RAPID3. The major innovation is that the homogeneous porous object concept (HOMOBJ) used for a tree crown scale is extended to a heterogeneous porous object (HETOBJ) for a forest plot scale. Correspondingly, the radiosity-graphics-combined method has been extended from HOMOBJ to HETOBJ, including the random dynamic projection algorithm, the updated modules of view factors, the single scattering

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Luo, Yali, Steven K. Krueger, and Shrinivas Moorthi. "Cloud Properties Simulated by a Single-Column Model. Part I: Comparison to Cloud Radar Observations of Cirrus Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 5 (2005): 1428–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3425.1.

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Abstract This study describes and demonstrates a new method for identifying deficiencies in how cloud processes are represented in large-scale models. Kilometer-scale-resolving cloud radar observations and cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations were used to evaluate the representation of cirrus clouds in the single-column model (SCM) version of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System model for a 29-day period during June and July 1997 at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program site in Oklahoma. To produce kilometer-scale cirrus statistics from the SCM re

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Weiss, Philipp, Ross Herbert, and Philip Stier. "ICON-HAM-lite 1.0: simulating the Earth system with interactive aerosols at kilometer scales." Geoscientific Model Development 18, no. 12 (2025): 3877–94. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3877-2025.

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Abstract. Aerosols strongly influence Earth's climate as they scatter and absorb radiation and serve as nuclei for cloud droplets and ice crystals. New Earth system models that run at kilometer resolutions allow us to examine long-standing questions related to these interactions. To perform kilometer-scale simulations with the Earth system model ICON-MPIM, we developed the one-moment aerosol module HAM-lite. HAM-lite was derived from the two-moment module HAM. Like in HAM, aerosols are represented as an ensemble of lognormal modes. Unlike in HAM, aerosol sizes and compositions are prescribed,

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Damiani, Alessandro, Noriko N. Ishizaki, Sarah Feron, and Raul R. Cordero. "Projecting future snow changes at kilometer scale for adaptation using machine learning and a CMIP6 multi-model ensemble." Science of The Total Environment 964 (February 2025): 178606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178606.

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Tomasi, Elena, Gabriele Franch, and Marco Cristoforetti. "Can AI be enabled to perform dynamical downscaling? A latent diffusion model to mimic kilometer-scale COSMO5.0_CLM9 simulations." Geoscientific Model Development 18, no. 6 (2025): 2051–78. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2051-2025.

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Abstract. Downscaling based on deep learning (DL) is a key application in Earth system modeling, enabling the generation of high-resolution fields from coarse numerical simulations at reduced computational costs compared to traditional regional models. Additionally, generative DL models can potentially provide uncertainty quantification through ensemble-like scenario generation, a task prohibitive for conventional numerical approaches. In this study, we apply a latent diffusion model (LDM) to demonstrate that recent advancements in generative modeling enable DL to deliver results comparable to

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Rosolem, R., T. Hoar, A. Arellano, et al. "Translating aboveground cosmic-ray neutron intensity to high-frequency soil moisture profiles at sub-kilometer scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 11 (2014): 4363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4363-2014.

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Abstract. Above-ground cosmic-ray neutron measurements provide an opportunity to infer soil moisture at the sub-kilometer scale. Initial efforts to assimilate those measurements have shown promise. This study expands such analysis by investigating (1) how the information from aboveground cosmic-ray neutrons can constrain the soil moisture at distinct depths simulated by a land surface model, and (2) how changes in data availability (in terms of retrieval frequency) impact the dynamics of simulated soil moisture profiles. We employ ensemble data assimilation techniques in a "nearly-identical tw

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Zheng, Kaiwen, and Maxim Nikurashin. "Downstream Propagation and Remote Dissipation of Internal Waves in the Southern Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 7 (2019): 1873–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0134.1.

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AbstractRecent microstructure observations in the Southern Ocean report enhanced internal gravity waves and turbulence in the frontal regions of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current extending a kilometer above rough bottom topography. Idealized numerical simulations and linear theory show that geostrophic flows impinging on rough small-scale topography are very effective generators of internal waves and estimate vigorous wave radiation, breaking, and turbulence within a kilometer above bottom. However, both idealized simulations and linear theory assume periodic and spatially uniform topography a

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Naumann, Ann Kristin, and Christoph Kiemle. "The vertical structure and spatial variability of lower-tropospheric water vapor and clouds in the trades." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 10 (2020): 6129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6129-2020.

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Abstract. Horizontal and vertical variability of water vapor is omnipresent in the tropics, but its interaction with cloudiness poses challenges for weather and climate models. In this study we compare airborne lidar measurements from a summer and a winter field campaign in the tropical Atlantic with high-resolution simulations to analyze the water vapor distributions in the trade wind regime, its covariation with cloudiness, and their representation in simulations. Across model grid spacing from 300 m to 2.5 km, the simulations show good skill in reproducing the water vapor distribution in th

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Paoli, R., O. Thouron, J. Escobar, J. Picot, and D. Cariolle. "High-resolution large-eddy simulations of sub-kilometer-scale turbulence in the upper troposphere lower stratosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 12 (2013): 31891–932. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-31891-2013.

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Abstract. Large-eddy simulations of sub-kilometer-scale turbulence in the upper troposphere lower stratosphere (UTLS) are carried out and analyzed using the mesoscale atmospheric model Méso-NH. Different levels of turbulence are generated using a large-scale stochastic forcing technique that was especially devised to treat atmospheric stratified flows. The study focuses on the analysis of turbulence statistics, including mean quantities and energy spectra, as well as on a detailed description of flow topology. The impact of resolution is also discussed by decreasing the grid spacing to 2 m and

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Fuhrer, Oliver, Tarun Chadha, Torsten Hoefler, et al. "Near-global climate simulation at 1 km resolution: establishing a performance baseline on 4888 GPUs with COSMO 5.0." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 4 (2018): 1665–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1665-2018.

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Abstract. The best hope for reducing long-standing global climate model biases is by increasing resolution to the kilometer scale. Here we present results from an ultrahigh-resolution non-hydrostatic climate model for a near-global setup running on the full Piz Daint supercomputer on 4888 GPUs (graphics processing units). The dynamical core of the model has been completely rewritten using a domain-specific language (DSL) for performance portability across different hardware architectures. Physical parameterizations and diagnostics have been ported using compiler directives. To our knowledge th

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Tonttila, J., E. J. O'Connor, S. Niemelä, P. Räisänen, and H. Järvinen. "Cloud-base vertical velocity statistics: a comparison between an atmospheric mesoscale model and remote sensing observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 3 (2011): 9607–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-9607-2011.

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Abstract. The statistics of cloud-base vertical velocity simulated by the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model AROME are compared with Cloudnet remote sensing observations at two locations: the ARM SGP site in Central Oklahoma, and the DWD observatory at Lindenberg, Germany. The results show that, as expected, AROME significantly underestimates the variability of vertical velocity at cloud-base compared to observations at their nominal resolution; the standard deviation of vertical velocity in the model is typically 4–6 times smaller than observed, and even more during the winter at Lindenberg. Ave

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Vionnet, Vincent, Ingrid Dombrowski-Etchevers, Matthieu Lafaysse, Louis Quéno, Yann Seity, and Eric Bazile. "Numerical Weather Forecasts at Kilometer Scale in the French Alps: Evaluation and Application for Snowpack Modeling." Journal of Hydrometeorology 17, no. 10 (2016): 2591–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0241.1.

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Abstract Numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems operating at kilometer scale in mountainous terrain offer appealing prospects for forecasting the state of snowpack in support of avalanche hazard warning, water resources assessment, and flood forecasting. In this study, daily forecasts of the NWP system Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME) at 2.5-km grid spacing over the French Alps were considered for four consecutive winters (from 2010/11 to 2013/14). AROME forecasts were first evaluated against ground-based measurements of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, inc

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Rüdisühli, Stefan, Michael Sprenger, David Leutwyler, Christoph Schär, and Heini Wernli. "Attribution of precipitation to cyclones and fronts over Europe in a kilometer-scale regional climate simulation." Weather and Climate Dynamics 1, no. 2 (2020): 675–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-675-2020.

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Abstract. This study presents a detailed analysis of the climatological distribution of precipitation in relation to cyclones and fronts over Europe for the 9-year period 2000–2008. The analysis uses hourly output of a COSMO (Consortium for Small-scale Modeling) model simulation with 2.2 km grid spacing and resolved deep convection. Cyclones and fronts are identified as two-dimensional features in 850 hPa geopotential, equivalent potential temperature, and wind fields and subsequently tracked over time based on feature overlap and size. Thermal heat lows and local thermal fronts are removed ba

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RAZZAQUE, SOEBUR, PETER MÉSZÁROS, and ELI WAXMAN. "HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINOS FROM A SLOW JET MODEL OF CORE COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE." Modern Physics Letters A 20, no. 31 (2005): 2351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732305018414.

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It has been hypothesized recently that core collapse supernovae are triggered by mildly relativistic jets following observations of radio properties of these explosions. Association of a jet, similar to a gamma-ray burst jet but only slower, allows shock acceleration of particles to high energy and non-thermal neutrino emission from a supernova. Detection of these high energy neutrinos in upcoming kilometer scale Cherenkov detectors may be the only direct way to probe inside these astrophysical phenomena as electromagnetic radiation is thermal and contains little information. Calculation of hi

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VLASOV, M. V., and A. A. SIDOROV. "DIGITAL TRANSPORT COMPANY MONITORING: CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MODEL DEVELOPMENT." Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University 494, no. 12 (2024): 57–66. https://doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2024-494-12-57-66.

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Digitalization is becoming an important trend in logistics, ensuring process transparency and determining the efficiency of business management. At the same time, digital products are usually developed for large companies, taking scale and volume as a constant, and are rarely suitable for small businesses that play a key role in the supply chain “at the last kilometer”. The purpose of this article is to describe the conceptual framework and present a practical model developed on its basis, which allows to increase the efficiency of fleet monitoring, optimize routes, improve inventory managemen

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Kretzschmar, Jan, Johannes Stapf, Daniel Klocke, Manfred Wendisch, and Johannes Quaas. "Employing airborne radiation and cloud microphysics observations to improve cloud representation in ICON at kilometer-scale resolution in the Arctic." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 21 (2020): 13145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13145-2020.

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Abstract. Clouds play a potentially important role in Arctic climate change but are poorly represented in current atmospheric models across scales. To improve the representation of Arctic clouds in models, it is necessary to compare models to observations to consequently reduce this uncertainty. This study compares aircraft observations from the Arctic CLoud Observations Using airborne measurements during polar Day (ACLOUD) campaign around Svalbard, Norway, in May–June 2017 and simulations using the ICON (ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic) model in its numerical weather prediction (NWP) setup at 1.2

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Qian, Sitian, Zhe Guan, Sen Deng, et al. "Boosted Tau Lepton as a Microscope and Macroscope." Advances in High Energy Physics 2022 (September 7, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4931241.

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Anomalies from the LHCb lepton flavour universality and Fermilab muon anomalous magnetic moment show tantalizing hints of possible new physics from the lepton sectors. Due to its large mass and shorter lifetime than muon, the tau lepton is believed to couple more to possible new physics beyond the Standard Model. Traditionally, tau leptons are probed through their decay products due to tau’s short lifetime. On the other hand, at a high energy scale, a large fraction of tau leptons could be boosted to a much longer lifetime and fly a visible distance from several centimetres up to kilometer len

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Massano, Laura T., Giorgia Fosser, Marco Gaetani, and Cécile Caillaud. "Using a convection-permitting climate model to assess wine grape productivity: two case studies in Italy." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 12 (2024): 4293–315. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-4293-2024.

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Abstract. The article explores the potential use of climate models to reproduce wine grape productivity at a local scale in Italy. To this end, both single and multiple regression approaches are used to link productivity data provided by two Italian wine consortia with bioclimatic indices. Temperature- and precipitation-based bioclimatic indices are computed using the observational dataset E-OBS, the high-resolution climate reanalysis product SPHERA, the regional climate model CNRM-ALADIN, and the kilometer-scale convection-permitting climate model CNRM-AROME. The multiple regression method ou

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Kirmse, Andrew, and Jonathan de Ferranti. "Calculating the prominence and isolation of every mountain in the world." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41, no. 6 (2017): 788–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133317738163.

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A global-scale calculation identifies peaks in a digital elevation model (DEM) and computes their isolation and topographic prominence. A new DEM is presented that covers the entire globe at 90 meter resolution with no substantial voids or artifacts. All peaks with at least 1 kilometer of isolation are found, and the closest higher ground is identified. For prominence, all peaks with at least ∼30 meters are found, and the key saddle is identified. The prominence algorithm uses results from Morse–Smale topology to run in parallel on standard, freely available elevation data. Thirteen previously

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Sauvage, César, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, and Marie-Noëlle Bouin. "Towards kilometer-scale ocean–atmosphere–wave coupled forecast: a case study on a Mediterranean heavy precipitation event." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 15 (2021): 11857–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11857-2021.

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Abstract. The western Mediterranean Sea area is frequently affected in autumn by heavy precipitation events (HPEs). These severe meteorological episodes, characterized by strong offshore low-level winds and heavy rain in a short period of time, can lead to severe flooding and wave-submersion events. This study aims to progress towards an integrated short-range forecast system via coupled modeling for a better representation of the processes at the air–sea interface. In order to identify and quantify the coupling impacts, coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave simulations were performed for a HPE that o

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