Relevant bibliographies by topics / Kimberlite pipes

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Academic literature on the topic 'Kimberlite pipes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Kimberlite pipes"

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Kargin, Alexey Vladimirovich, Anna Andreevna Nosova, Ludmila Vyacheslavovna Sazonova, Vladimir Vasilievich Tretyachenko, Yulia Olegovna Larionova, and Elena Vladimirovna Kovalchuk. "Ultramafic Alkaline Rocks of Kepino Cluster, Arkhangelsk, Russia: Different Evolution of Kimberlite Melts in Sills and Pipes." Minerals 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050540.

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To provide new insights into the evolution of kimberlitic magmas, we have undertaken a detailed petrographic and mineralogical investigation of highly evolved carbonate–phlogopite-bearing kimberlites of the Kepino cluster, Arkhangelsk kimberlite province, Russia. The Kepino kimberlites are represented by volcanoclastic breccias and massive macrocrystic units within pipes as well as coherent porphyritic kimberlites within sills. The volcanoclastic units from pipes are similar in petrography and mineral composition to archetypal (Group 1) kimberlite, whereas the sills represent evolved kimberlites that exhibit a wide variation in amounts of carbonate and phlogopite. The late-stage evolution of kimberlitic melts involves increasing oxygen fugacity and fluid-phase evolution (forming carbonate segregations by exsolution, etc.). These processes are accompanied by the transformation of primary Al- and Ti-bearing phlogopite toward tetraferriphlogopite and the transition of spinel compositions from magmatic chromite to magnesian ulvöspinel and titanomagnetite. Similar primary kimberlitic melts emplaced as sills and pipes may be transitional to carbonatite melts in the shallow crust. The kimberlitic pipes are characterised by low carbonate amounts that may reflect the fluid degassing process during an explosive emplacement of the pipes. The Kepino kimberlite age, determined as 397.3 ± 1.2 Ma, indicates two episodes of ultramafic alkaline magmatism in the Arkhangelsk province, the first producing non-economic evolved kimberlites of the Kepino cluster and the second producing economic-grade diamondiferous kimberlites.
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Kopylova, Maya G., and Patrick Hayman. "Petrology and textural classification of the Jericho kimberlite, northern Slave Province, Nunavut, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45, no. 6 (June 2008): 701–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e08-011.

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The paper presents data on petrology, bulk rock and mineral compositions, and textural classification of the Middle Jurassic Jericho kimberlite (Slave craton, Canada). The kimberlite was emplaced as three steep-sided pipes in granite that was overlain by limestones and minor soft sediments. The pipes are infilled with hypabyssal and pyroclastic kimberlites and connected to a satellite pipe by a dyke. The Jericho kimberlite is classified as a Group Ia, lacking groundmass tetraferriphlogopite and containing monticellite pseudomorphs. The kimberlite formed during several consecutive emplacement events of compositionally different batches of kimberlite magma. Core-logging and thin-section observations identified at least two phases of hypabyssal kimberlites and three phases of pyroclastic kimberlites. Hypabyssal kimberlites intruded as a main dyke (HK1) and as late small-volume aphanitic and vesicular dykes. Massive pyroclastic kimberlite (MPK1) predominantly filled the northern and southern lobes of the pipe and formed from magma different from the HK1 magma. The MPK1 magma crystallized Ti-, Fe-, and Cr-rich phlogopite without rims of barian phlogopite, and clinopyroxene and spinel without atoll structures. MPK1 textures, superficially reminiscent of tuffisitic kimberlite, are caused by pervasive contamination by granite xenoliths. The next explosive events filled the central lobe with two varieties of pyroclastic kimberlite: (1) massive and (2) weakly bedded, normally graded pyroclastic kimberlite. The geology of the Jericho pipe differs from the geology of South African or the Prairie kimberlites, but may resemble Lac de Gras pipes, in which deeper erosion removed upper facies of resedimented kimberlites.
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Newton, David E., Amy G. Ryan, and Luke J. Hilchie. "Competence and lithostratigraphy of host rocks govern kimberlite pipe morphology." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 2 (February 2018): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0019.

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We use analogue experimentation to test the hypothesis that host rock competence primarily determines the morphology of kimberlite pipes. Natural occurrences of kimberlite pipes are subdivided into three classes: class 1 pipes are steep-sided diatremes emplaced into crystalline rock; class 2 pipes have a wide, shallow crater emplaced into sedimentary rock overlain by unconsolidated sediments; class 3 pipes comprise a steep-sided diatreme with a shallow-angled crater emplaced into competent crystalline rock overlain by unconsolidated sediments. We use different configurations of three analogue materials with varying cohesions to model the contrasting geological settings observed in nature. Pulses of compressed air, representing the energy of the gas-rich head of a kimberlitic magma, are used to disrupt the experimental substrate. In our experiments, the competence and configuration of the analogue materials control the excavation processes as well as the final shape of the analogue pipes: eruption through competent analogue strata results in steep-sided analogue pipes; eruption through weak analogue strata results in wide, shallow analogue pipes; eruption through intermediate strength analogue strata results in analogue pipes with a shallow crater and a steep-sided diatreme. These experimental results correspond with the shapes of natural kimberlite pipes, and demonstrate that variations in the lithology of the host rock are sufficient to generate classic kimberlite pipe shapes. These findings are consistent with models that ascribe the pipe morphologies of natural kimberlites to the competence of the host rocks in which they are emplaced.
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Yakovlev, Evgeny Yu. "Features of radioactive element distribution within the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province: possible directions for development of isotope–radiogeochemical methods for kimberlite prospecting in complex landscape–geology and climate conditions of the subarctic zone." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 20, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/geochem2019-023.

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The effectiveness of traditional methods of searching for kimberlite pipes in the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province (in the subarctic zone of Russia) has decreased greatly in recent years, and new methods of kimberlite exploration must therefore be developed. This study discusses new patterns of the distribution of natural radioactive isotopes within the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province (Zolotitskoe kimberlite field), and the uranium isotopes 234U and 238U in particular. A variety of isotope radiogeochemical studies has shown that the kimberlite pipes are characterized by local radioisotope anomalies, on the surface and in exploration drill cores. These irregularities are clearly manifested in the formation of a non-equilibrium anomalous uranium isotope composition in the surrounding rocks and groundwater of the near-contact zone of the pipes. These uranium isotopes can be used to explore for kimberlites in other areas with similar complex landscape–geology and climate conditions of the subarctic zone.
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Azarova, N. S., A. V. Bovkun, V. K. Garanin, D. A. Varlamov, and H. L. Hong. "Oxide minerals of Kaavi kimberlites (Finland)." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 5 (November 28, 2019): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2019-5-36-49.

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The mineralogical and petrogeochemical features of the Neoproterozoic kimberlite rocks of the Lahtojoki and Niilonsuo pipes of the Kaavi cluster (Kaavi-Kuopio, Finland) have been studied, differences in their petrogeochemical composition, quantitative and chemical composition of oxide minerals of deep (mantle) and kimberlite genesis have been revealed. The kimberlites of the pipes are moderately titanic, but the TiO2 content in the kimberlites of Niilonsuo is higher (2.11 wt.%) than in the kimberlites from the breccia of the Lahtojoki pipe (1.07 wt.%). The kimberlites of the Niilonsuo pipe also differ in higher concentrations of Fe2 O3 , Ca, P, K, Rb, V, Nb, Ba, Th, U, Ta and REE. In the Lahtojoki kimberlite breccias the main TiO2 concentrator mineral is magnesian ilmenite (13,3—15,2 wt.% MgO; 0,5—4,4 wt.% Cr2 O3 ), (macrocrysts up to 4 mm); the fine-grained matrix of rocks contains small grains of rutile, chromespinelides, Mn-ilmenite and sometimes titanomagnetite. Macrocrystals of magnesian ilmenite have been not found in the kimberlites of the Niilonsuo pipe, perovskite acts as the main mineral of titanium, and chromespinelids and titanomagnetite are less common. Long-term crystallization of relatively large (up to 200 μm) perovskite grains proceeded according to estimates using an Nb-Fe-perovskite oxybarometer under a wide range of oxygen fugacity (fо2 ) of the kimberlite melt (NNO from -3,8 to 5,1). Chromespinelids from the groundmass of kimberlite pipe rocks differ in composition, but have the same specific zonality — enrichment of Al and Mg in the edge zones of crystals, which is possibly due to the dissolution of phlogopite phenocrysts in the rising kimberlite melt. In addition to oxide minerals, djerfisherite is widely distributed in the groundmass of kimberlites of the Niilonsuo pipe, the composition of which for the rocks of the body has been described for the first time. The combination of features of oxide mineralization indicates unfavorable conditions for the preservation of diamonds during their transportation by kimberlite melt.
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Russell, J. Kelly, R. Stephen J. Sparks, and Janine L. Kavanagh. "Kimberlite Volcanology: Transport, Ascent, and Eruption." Elements 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.6.405.

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Kimberlite rocks and deposits are the eruption products of volatile-rich, silica-poor ultrabasic magmas that originate as small-degree mantle melts at depths in excess of 200 km. Many kimberlites are emplaced as subsurface cylindrical-to-conical pipes and associated sills and dykes. Surficial volcanic deposits of kimberlite are rare. Although kimberlite magmas have distinctive chemical and physical properties, their eruption styles, intensities and durations are similar to conventional volcanoes. Rates of magma ascent and transport through the cratonic lithosphere are informed by mantle cargo entrained by kimberlite, by the geometries of kimberlite dykes exposed in diamond mines, and by laboratory-based studies of dyke mechanics. Outstanding questions concern the mechanisms that trigger and control the rates of kimberlite magmatism.
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Yakovlev, Evgeny, and Andrey Puchkov. "Radon over Kimberlite Pipes: Estimation of the Emanation Properties of Rocks (Lomonosov Diamond Deposit, NW Russia)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 6065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136065.

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In this paper, using the example of the Lomonosov diamond deposit, experimental studies of rocks were carried out to assess the main radiation and physical factors affecting the formation of the radon field over the kimberlite pipes of the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province. For various types of rocks, represented by vent kimberlites, tuffaceous-sedimentary rocks of the crater and enclosing and overlying sediments, the following were studied: porosity, density, activity of radium-226, activity of radon in a free state, level of radon production, and emanation coefficient. The research results showed that the greatest amount of radon in a free state is produced by rocks of the near-pipe space, represented by the enclosing Vendian V2 deposits and characterized by high values of the emanation coefficient, radium activity, radon production level and porosity. This fact is associated with the structural and geological features of the near-pipe space, which was exposed to the impact of kimberlite magma on the host rocks. The lowest values of these parameters are characteristic of the kimberlites of the vent facies, which limits the formation of free radon in the body of the pipe. The results of the experimental studies create prospects for the development of emanation methods for searching for kimberlite pipes in the conditions of the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province.
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Serebryakov, E. V., A. S. Gladkov, and D. A. Koshkarev. "Three‐dimensional structural‐material models of the formation of the Nyurbinskaya and Botuobinskaya kimberlite pipes (Yakutian Diamondiferous Province, Russia)." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 10, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 899–920. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2019-10-4-0448.

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The Nyurbinskaya and Botuobinskaya kimberlitic pipes were in the focus of a comprehensive study aimed to investigate their structural and material positions as the main deposits in the Nakyn field (Yakutian Diamondife‐ rous Province, Russia). This paper present the study results and 3D structural‐material models showing the formation of these deposits. In application to geological studies, the 3D modeling technologies allow taking into account the ani‐ sotropy of material complexes comprising kimberlite pipes, as well as inconsistencies in the structural and morpho‐ logical properties of ore‐bearing structures. In order to discover the structural positions and features of the fault‐ block structures of the deposits, tectonophysical methods were used in combination with tacheometric surveys. Based on this more comprehensive and integrated approach, the existing fault patterns were clarified in detail; elements of the internal fault structure were mapped; fault azimuths and dip angles were estimated; and thickness values were obtained. Computer processed data were used to construct 3D models showing the fault‐block structures of the Nyurbinskaya and Botuobinskaya pipes. The mineralogical, petrographic and diamond‐bearing features of various kimberlite generations comprising these pipes were investigated in order to reconstruct the morphology and spatial positions of each of the selected complexes in the current cross‐section and in accordance with intrusion phases. The 3D frame models of geological bodies were constructed for all the magmatic phases, including porphyry kimberlite and eruptive and autolithic kimberlite breccia. The structural‐material models for the Nyurbinskaya and Botuobin‐ skaya pipes were based on a synthesis of their material and structural features discovered in the previous stages of the study. The models presented in this paper are used to discuss temporal relationships between faults in the kim‐ berlitic structure and material complexes comprising the pipes. The models show that the pipes occurred in the near‐ surface structures of shear tension, which developed in the areas where the NNE‐striking fault was conjugated with the ENE‐ and NE‐striking faults in the fault zone resulting from several stage of the tectono‐magmatic activity. In this case, the kimberlite melt material was transported in discrete portions from the source through deep‐seated faults, and the faults acted as channels characterized by an increased permeability. Disjunctive elements identified in this study facilitated magma movements and localization of kimberlite bodies.
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Smith, Richard S., A. Peter Annan, Jean Lemieux, and Rolf N. Pedersen. "Application of a modified GEOTEM® system to reconnaissance exploration for kimberlites in the Point Lake area, NWT, Canada." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 1 (January 1996): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443959.

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Airborne geophysical surveying with electromagnetic (EM) and magnetic methods is an effective reconnaissance exploration tool for kimberlite pipes because the target can have an associated EM and magnetic anomaly. The EM response of kimberlite pipes is most often attributed to weathering alteration in a near‐surface layer, whereas the magnetic response is attributed to magnetite and ilmenite within the deeper unweathered kimberlite pipe. The discrete shape of kimberlite diatremes results in an easily identifiable anomaly pattern. Diamondiferous kimberlites have recently been found in the Northwest Territories (NWT) of Canada, an area glaciated in the Pleistocene and therefore devoid of a strongly weathered zone. By configuring the GEOTEM® airborne EM system to operate at high frequencies (270 Hz) and to take measurements while the transmitter is switched on, weakly conductive bodies may be detected because there is an adequate contrast with the surrounding highly resistive country rock. System modifications also allow the magnetic field to be sampled at an altitude of only 73 m instead of 120 m and ten times per second instead of once a second. This allows much better definition of weak, small magnetic anomalies. Data sets from two test areas (Point Lake and Willy Nilly, near Lac de Gras, NWT) demonstrate the effectiveness of the airborne system for reconnaissance surveying.
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Afanasiev, V. P., E. I. Nikolenko, N. V. Glushkova, and I. D. Zolnikov. "The new Massadou diamondiferous kimberlite field in Guinea." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-777061492-100.

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A new kimberlite field, called Massadou, has been discovered in southeastern Guinea near Macenta city. The field consists of numerous ~1 m thick kimberlite dikes with low diamond contents; altogether 16 dikes have been found so far. Mineralization occurs along a 600 m wide zone distinct in satellite images, which is oriented in the same way as the K4 kimberlite reported by Huggerty. The Massadou kimberlite is covered by a thick laterite weathering profile. Main kimberlite indicator minerals found in the area are pyrope, chromite, and ilmenite. The latter occurs as zoned grains with a high-Fe core (hemoilmenite) surrounded by a parallel-columnar aggregate in the rim. The aggregate has a composition of ordinary kimberlitic Mg ilmenite and results from interaction of hemoilmenite with the kimberlite melt. The kimberlite age is estimated as 140—145 Ma by analogy with the surrounding fields. The dikes independent products of kimberlite magmatism in the Guinea-Liberia shield rather than being roots of pipes as interpreted by Skinner (2004). Therefore, the erosion cutout is moderate, and there are no reasons to expect the presence of large and rich diamond placers.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Kimberlite pipes"

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van, Straaten Bram Ivo. "The eruption of kimberlite : insights from the Victor North kimberlite pipes, Northern Ontario, Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29569.

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This dissertation describes the volcanic facies, petrology and economic aspects of the diamondiferous Victor North kimberlite complex (Northern Ontario, Canada) using detailed drill core logging, petrographic observations, electron microprobe analysis, and physical volcanological calculations. This research project is aimed at improving our understanding of kimberlite emplacement models, as fragmentation and eruption mechanisms for these deposits are controversial. The results of this study show that the youngest kimberlite pipe (Victor Northwest) is filled by two similar eruption cycles. Each cycle starts with explosive crater-excavation forming predominantly pyroclastic deposits, followed by crater-filling with dark and competent rocks, and ends with volcanic quiescence resulting in formation of pipe wall collapse breccias and minor resedimented volcaniclastic kimberlite. Textural observations and eruption duration calculations suggest that the second crater-excavating eruption is phreatomagmatic in nature. This is based on the presence of fine-grained, well-mixed country rock fragment-rich, broken olivine-rich pyroclastic deposits containing small variably vesicular irregularly shaped juvenile pyroclasts as well as clastic pyroclasts. The crater-excavation stage is followed by formation of spatter-fed dark and competent clastogenic rocks. Evidence for a clastogenic origin includes the deposit morphology, presence of remnant pyroclasts, angular broken olivines, as well as the gradational nature of contacts with the enveloping pyroclastic units. Estimated eruption durations for each cycle range from days to months. The cross-cutting kimberlite pipe (Victor Main) comprises two macroscopically similar country rock fragment-poor pyroclastic kimberlites that have contrasting macro diamond sample grades. This study explains the variation in diamond grade within Victor Main by differential sampling of mantle material (incl. diamond) by two different magma batches that formed the high- and low-grade domains. Victor Main lacks textures indicative of phreatomagmatism, and the relatively long calculated phreatomagmatic eruption duration suggests that magmatic eruptions are most likely responsible for the formation of these deposits. This study concludes that, despite the generally more extreme range of physical properties of kimberlite melt, kimberlites erupt in a similar fashion as common basaltic-rhyolitic volcanoes and display a similarly diverse range of fragmentation processes and deposition styles. The geological and emplacement models presented here have broad economic implications for kimberlite exploration and mining.
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Stiefenhofer, Johann. "The petrography, mineral chemistry and isotope geochemistry of a mantle xenolith suite from the Letlhakane DK 1 and DK 2 kimberlite pipes, Botswana." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005600.

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Hamman, Jurgens Petrus Eden. "Geotechnical assessment of a kimberlite pipe in Greenstone belt granites." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24842.

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The potentially hazardous nature of open pit mining requires the application of sound geotechnical engineering practice to mine design, for the purpose of permitting safe and economic mining of any commodity within any rock mass. The Lerala Diamond Project is situated in the south west of Botswana near the Martin’s Drift Border Post. A 2m-soil cover made surface mapping of geological features impossible, so a number of geotechnical holes were drilled to evaluate the characteristics of the kimberlite pipes and the Granite/gneiss host rock. The Lerala Diamond Project is a typical example of the geotechnical assessment of a kimberlite pipe in Greenstone belt granites. The explosive nature of the formation of these pipes was seen in the various types of joint and fracture pattern identified during this study that could have an influence on the stability of the open pit. Estimating the stability of rock slopes is required by the mining engineering industry for a wide variety of projects. Of importance in this regard is the preliminary evaluation of slope stability at the feasibility stage, excavation stage, and operating stage. The Lerala Diamond Project is currently undertaking a preliminary evaluation as part of a feasibility study. The aim of the geotechnical assessment was to divide the local rock into easily identifiable types that could be geotechnically evaluated. Two classification systems were used during the quantification of the rock mass types. These are the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system of Bieniawski (1976) and the Mining Rock Mass Rating (MRMR) system of Laubscher (1990). Observations and recordings of the drill core were carried out and these, in conjunction with laboratory results, enabled the determining of the characteristics of the rock mass that will be exposed in the slopes. Computer modelling programmes such as ROCKPAK III were used to test the designs against potential failures. The various potential failures were identified for the different highwalls. Recommendations including the continuous logging of geotechnical features were proposed for the purpose of developing a sound geotechnical model for identifying potential unstable areas within the pit.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Mining Engineering
unrestricted
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Ramokgaba, Lesego. "Geochemistry and petrogenesis of kimberlite intrusions from the eastern lobe the Du Toitspan kimberlite pipe, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32534.

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The Du Toitspan kimberlite pipe located on the outskirts of Kimberley South Africa, is one four Cretaceous aged major kimberlite pipes from the well-known Kimberley cluster, the type locality for archetypal group I kimberlites. Twenty-seven samples representative of various kimberlite intrusions from the eastern lobe of the Du Toitspan kimberlite pipe have been analysed for their whole-rock geochemistry and mineral chemistry (olivine and phlogopite) with the aim of developing semi-quantitative models that constrain their petrogenesis and characterise their respective source region(s). Investigated intrusions include; D13-phlogopite kimberlite, D14-monticellite kimberlite, D17-serpentinized phlogopite kimberlite, and several narrow (<1m) calcite kimberlite dykes ranging in texture from aphanitic to macrocrystic. The aphanitic calcite dykes were further sub-divided into; a phlogopite-rich calcite kimberlite, a perovskite-rich calcite kimberlite, opaque-rich calcite kimberlites and serpentine calcit e kimberlites.
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Hops, Jennifer Jane. "Some aspects of the geochemistry of high-temperature peridotites and megacrysts from the Jagersfontein kimberlite pipe, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22415.

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Bibliography: pages 188-203.
The Jagersfontein kimberlite contains an abundance of both deformed high-temperature peridotites and Cr-poor megacrysts. The Cr-poor megacryst suite is represented by olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and garnet. The megacrysts show features which are unique to Jagersfontein, a particularly notable feature being the absence of ilmenite and ilmenite-silicate intergrowths. Major element and REE compositions of the Cr-poor megacryst suite are consistent with a magmatic fractionation sequence. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios of the Cr-poor clinopyroxene megacrysts indicate a source similar to that of non-DUPAL ocean island basalts. Deformed peridotites at Jagersfontein have high calculated temperatures of equilibration (1132-1361°C), which are slightly lower but which overlap with those of the Cr-poor megacryst suite. Both the high-temperature peridotites and the Cr-poor megacrysts yield similar pressures of equilibration (51±2 kbar), indicating their association with a thermal perturbation and supporting a close spatial association between them. Olivine and pyroxenes in the high-temperature peridotites appear homogeneous, but compositional gradients were observed in several garnet porphyroclasts. These garnets show rim enrichments in TiO₂ and Na₂O. This zonation in the garnets is evidence for enrichment of the deformed peridotites shortly before kimberlite eruption. This enrichment is likely to be due to interaction with the megacryst magma. In addition, the high-temperature peridotites show a general enrichment in Fe, Ti, Na and Al with decreasing Ca/(Ca+Mg). Such features support a magmatic aureole model, in that temperature and degree of enrichment might be expected to increase with proximity to the megacryst magma body. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios of clinopyroxene separates from the high-temperature peridotites are similar to those from oceanic peridotites. Modal abundances and olivine forsterite contents of the high-temperature peridotites are consistent with an origin as residues of partial melting events involving basalt formation. It is suggested that partial melting events, in the upper mantle beneath Jagersfontein, resulted in the formation of a depleted protolith which underplated the base of the Archaean lithosphere. This depleted protolith was subsequently enriched by interaction with the Cr-poor megacryst magma just prior to kimberlite eruption. The high-temperature peridotites therefore represent samples from the base of the lithosphere rather than from the convecting asthenosphere.
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Muusha, Miracle. "A geological study of the River Ranch kimberlite pipe and associated diamonds and mantle minerals : Limpopo Mobile Belt, Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20191.

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Bibliography: pages 52-56.
The River Ranch kimberlite is a 5.2 hectare diatreme from which the original surficial crater facies material has been removed by erosion. Proof of the prior existence of such a feature is provided by down rafted blocks of epiclastic and pyroclastic rocks exposed in the diatreme during open pit mining operations. Six intrusive kimberlite phases have been recognised in the diatreme by careful mapping and confirmed by petrographic observations, particularly variations in groundmass mineralogy. Subsequent to emplacement, the diatreme has been cut by intrusive tholeitic dolerites of apparently Karoo age. The River Ranch occurrence is classified as a Group I kimberlite although the definitive isotopic evidence is lacking due to pervasive alteration of the exposed rocks. The absence of megacrystic and groundmass ilmenite and the presence of groundmass diopside are unusual for the group of rocks. However the presence of monticellite and the low abundance of phlogopite argue against a Group II classification. The overwhelmingly peridotitic nature of the mantle mineral macrocrysts in the kimberlite is consistent with the observations of Kopylova et al (1995) that the diamonds at River Ranch are predominantly peridotitic and are likely to have formed in a single process. The approximate equilibration temperature for a small suite of coarse grained lherzolite from the kimberlites is 1200°C, suggesting a geothermal gradient rather higher than seen in the Kaap-Vaal craton. The diamonds at River Ranch are predominantly brown, strongly resorbed and have less than average value. It is predicted that a combination of kimberlite petrography, micro-diamond measurements and mantle macrocryst studies should be a valuable aid to grade control and mine planning.
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Trickett, Susannah Kay. "Mapping lithofacies within the D/K1 kimberlite pipe at Letlhakane, Botswana : an assessment of petrographic, geochemical and mineralogical indicators." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445971/.

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Mapping and characterisation of the Letlhakane D/Kl kimberlite pipe has allowed a detailed reconstruction of rock forming events and petro- genetic processes during near-surface emplacement of this kimberlite. This study combines different disciplines within geology, petrogra phy, mineral chemistry and bulk rock geochemistry to delineate sep arate mappable lithofacies, and uses these groupings to understand the petrological processes responsible for forming each deposit and how these relate to physical emplacement conditions, chemical com positions of the parental magmas and sub-volcanic intrusion and em placement processes. The primary geological field data was acquired by extended mine visits to examine drill cores through detailed logging and quarry face mapping, and describing variations in petrographic textures between lithofacies. Groundmass spinel compositions were used to establish mineralogical variations within discrete lithofacies and show that some lithofacies were derived from separate batches of magma and that mixing had taken place between lithofacies. Analy sis of perovskite, abundant at Letlhakane, was used with spinel com positions to estimate the crystallisation sequence of the kimberlite groundmass inferred changes in oxygen fugacity in the magma may have been particularly important. Multivariate statistical analysis of the bulk rock geochemistry provided confirmation of the lithofacies groupings which appear to represent discrete units of kimberlite. This also demonstrated a grainsize relationship with the geochemistry. The major conclusions from this thesis show that the D/Kl kimberlite pipe was produced by dynamic and energetic eruptive processes which took place over sufficient time to allow crystallisation of one phase of deposits before the eruption of another. The final chapter combines all the field observations and analytical results into a hypothetical phase diagram for kimberlite magma, extrapolated from high to low pressures and temperatures, and a new emplacement model. This model is specific to the Letlhakane D/Kl pipe, but it may prove to be applicable to other kimberlite bodies.
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Robles-Stefoni, Lucia. "Critical analysis of multiple-points statistics methods in the stochastic simulation of geology at Fox Kimberlitic Diamond Pipe located on the Ekati Property, North West Territories." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66953.

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Multiple-point simulation (MPS) methods have been developed over the past decade as a mean to generate stochastic simulations while reproducing complex geological patterns, such as high-grade depositional veins, groups of high-grade lentil shaped orebodies, or the spatial geometries and patterns of diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes. This thesis compares two MPS methods by modelling the geology of a diamond pipe located at the Ekati mine, NWT, Canada. The single normal equation simulation algorithm SNESIM, which captures different patterns from a training image (TI), and the filter simulation algorithm FILTERSIM, which classifies the patterns founded on the TI, are considered in this study. Both methods are used to generate stochastic simulations of a four-category geology model containing crater, diatreme, xenoliths and host rocks. Soft information about the location of the host rock is also used. Both MPS methods reasonably reproduced the geometry of the pipe, as per the TI used (crater and diatreme rock units); however, the methods differed in the proportion and location of the xenolith bodies within the pipe. The validation of the simulated results provided by the above methods shows a reasonable reproduction of the data proportions for all geological units considered; the validation of spatial statistics, however, shows that although simulated realizations from both methods reasonably reproduce the fourth order spatial statistics of the TI, they do not reproduce well the same spatial statistics of the available data (when these differ from the TI). An interesting observation is that SNESIM better imitates the shape of the pipe, whereas FILTERSIM reaches a better reproduction of the xenolith bodies.
Les méthodes de simulation multi-points ont été développées au cours de la dernière décennie afin de générer des simulations stochastiques reproduisant des structures géologiques complexes, comme par exemple des dépôts en veines à hautes teneurs, des groupes de formations lenticulaires à hautes teneurs, ou les géométries spatiales et structures de gisements diamantifères de kimberlite.Cette thèse compare deux méthodes multi-points pour modéliser la géologie d'un gisement diamantifère situé dans la mine Ekati, dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest du Canada. Les algorithmes de simulation SNESIM, capturant les structures d'une image d'entraînement, et FILTERSIM, classant les structures trouvées sur une image d'entraînement, sont considérés dans cette étude et utilisés pour générer des simulations stochastiques d'un modèle à quatre catégories : cratère, diatrème, xénolites et roches hôtes. On utilise aussi des informations qualitatives sur la position de la roche hôte. Les deux méthodes reproduisent la géométrie du gisement de manière satisfaisante, conformément à l'image d'entraînement utilisée (le cratère et les diatrèmes); cependant, les méthodes donnent des résultats différents quant à la proportion et la position des corps de xénolite dans le gisement. La validation des résultats des simulations par les méthodes mentionnées ci-dessus montre une reproduction raisonnable des proportions pour chaque catégorie considérée, mais la validation des statistiques spatiales montre que, même si les simulations produites par les deux méthodes reproduisent les statistiques d'ordre quatre de l'image d'entraînement, elles ne reproduisent pas celles des données disponibles (lorsque ces statistiques diffèrent de celles de l'image d'entraînement). Il est intéressant de noter que SNESIM reproduit mieux la forme du gisement, tandis que FILTERSIM permet une me
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Mjimba, Nqangi. "Geostatistical modelling and simulation of uncertainty of a kimberlite pipe." Thesis, 2014.

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Understanding uncertainty associated with grades in resource models is an essential requirement for mineral resource evaluation. One of the most important considerations in diamond estimation is the use of an appropriate variable that represents the true variability of grades in the kimberlite. The Spm3 variable used in the Murowa pipes expresses true the variability of the grades in the kimberlite pipes. Kriging in the Normal Scores (NS) approach and conditional geostatistical simulations were used to investigate and quantify uncertainty of the grade in the KIMB4 unit of the K1 pipe. The kriging in NS approach did not perform well in demarcating areas that are truly high and those that are truly low in the estimates. Point realisations were then generated using the sequential gaussian simulation algorithm. The resultant conditional means and variances highlighted areas of high and low uncertainty in the grade estimates. The point scale realisations were then averaged to the blocks size used at Murowa (25m x 25m x 15m) to obtain the block conditional simulation model. Zones of high and low uncertainties in the grade estimates of KIMB4 of the Murowa K1 kimberlite were delineated and additional drilling was proposed to reduce the uncertainty in the grade estimates. The uncertainty in grade was also investigated down the pipe and this further identified the need for additional sampling at depth.
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Sheng, Ankar Rockwell. "Petrography, mineralogy, geochemistry and geochronology of the diamondiferous Drybones Bay kimberlite Pipe and Mud lake kimberlite dyke, Northwest Territories." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31856.

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The Drybones Bay and Mud Lake kimberlites are Ordovician kimberlites located in the Slave Geological Province. The Drybones Bay pipe formed by multiple discrete eruptions, producing several texturally distinct phases of kimberlite, including hypabyssal kimberlite (HK) autoliths, tuffisitic kimberlite (TK), pyroclastic kimberlite (PK) and resedimented volcaniclastic kimberlite (RVK). The recognition of TK suggests this pipe represents a Class 1 kimberlite. The nearby Mud Lake kimberlite is a dolomite-rich HK dyke characterized by macrocrystic and segregation textures. Although the kimberlites are proximal, U-Pb zircon dates indicate they were not emplaced contemporaneously, and geochemical discrepancies that cannot be explained by known magma evolution processes indicate that these rocks formed from distinct parental magmas. Mineralogical and geochemical data is used to evaluate crystallization conditions and diamond potential. New geochemical modeling of compatible trace elements reveals convincing evidence of magma evolution by olivine fractionation, adding substantially to the published research on kimberlite geochemistry.
October 2016
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Books on the topic "Kimberlite pipes"

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Explosion pipes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Kimberlite pipes"

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Milashev, Vladimir A. "Kimberlite Magma Chambers." In Explosion Pipes, 98–110. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73258-4_10.

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Milashev, Vladimir A. "Morphology of Kimberlite Bodies." In Explosion Pipes, 3–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73258-4_1.

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Milashev, Vladimir A. "Contact Effects of Kimberlite." In Explosion Pipes, 41–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73258-4_4.

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Milashev, Vladimir A. "Chronology of Kimberlite Formation." In Explosion Pipes, 66–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73258-4_7.

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Milashev, Vladimir A. "Internal Structure of Kimberlite Bodies." In Explosion Pipes, 12–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73258-4_2.

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Milashev, Vladimir A. "Distribution of Xenoliths and Minerals in Kimberlite Pipes." In Explosion Pipes, 27–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73258-4_3.

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Milashev, Vladimir A. "Structural Control of Kimberlite Occurrence and Factors of its Localization." In Explosion Pipes, 77–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73258-4_8.

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Milashev, Vladimir A. "Temporal and Spatial Rules in the Magmatic History of Kimberlite Fields." In Explosion Pipes, 92–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73258-4_9.

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Milashev, Vladimir A. "Size of Diatremes and Distribution of Bodies of Variable Sizes in Kimberlite Fields." In Explosion Pipes, 47–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73258-4_5.

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Moss, Stephen, Kimberley Webb, Casey Hetman, and Ammiel Manyumbu. "Geology of the K1 and K2 Kimberlite Pipes at Murowa, Zimbabwe." In Proceedings of 10th International Kimberlite Conference, 35–50. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1173-0_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Kimberlite pipes"

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Tyler, Duncan, and S. Godden. "Geotechnical Modelling for Kimberlite Pipes." In First Southern Hemisphere International Rock Mechanics Symposium. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/808_159.

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Oparin, Nikolay. "CHROMOSPINELLIDES FROM KIMBERLITE PIPES FROM THE CENTRAL YAKUTIA." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/1.1/s01.011.

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FitzGerald, D., and T. Meyer. "Improvements in Search Techniques to Detect Kimberlite Pipes." In 81st EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2019. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201900964.

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Oparin, Nikolay. "BARIUM PHLOGOPITE FROM KIMBERLITE PIPES OF CENTRAL YAKUTIA." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/1.1/s01.003.

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Hamilton, M. P., and S. J. Webb. "Delineation of kimberlite pipes using ground geophysical techniques: A Case Study of two kimberlites near Kimberley, South Africa." In 8th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.144.37.

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Saraev, A. K., M. I. Pertel, and YU G. Podmogov. "Possibilities of the AMTS when searches of kimberlite pipes in complicated geological conditions." In Geophysics of the 21st Century - The Leap into the Future. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.38.f268.

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Morris, Bill, George Leblanc, and Lud Prevec. "An alternative simple procedure to identify magnetic and other geophysical anomalies due to kimberlite pipes." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2002. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1817355.

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Nielsen, Holger Bech, and C. Froggatt. "Kimberlite Pipes from Impacts of Dark Matter being (Ordinary) Matter Compactified into Bubles before BBN." In Proceedings of the Corfu Summer Institute 2015. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.263.0021.

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Davidenko, Y. A., M. G. Persova, A. V. Novopashina, D. V. Bogdanovich, and P. A. Popkov. "The Use of 3D Approach for EMS-IP Technology Data Processing in Search of Kimberlite Pipes." In Near Surface Geoscience 2016 - First Conference on Geophysics for Mineral Exploration and Mining. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602105.

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Yakymchuk, N. A., S. P. Levashov, and I. N. Korchagin. "Studying the deep structure of kimberlite pipes by the results of remote sensing data frequency-resonance processing." In 18th International Conference on Geoinformatics - Theoretical and Applied Aspects. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902016.

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Reports on the topic "Kimberlite pipes"

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Averill, S. A., and M. B. McClenaghan. Distribution and character of kimberlite indicator minerals in glacial sediments, C14 and Diamond Lake kimberlite pipes, Kirkland Lake, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/193980.

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Stasiuk, L. D., and W. W. Nassichuk. Thermal data from petrographic analysis of organic matter in kimberlite pipes, Lac de Gras, N.W.T. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211726.

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Stasiuk, L. D., and W. W. Nassichuk. Thermal history and petrology of wood and other organic inclusions in kimberlite pipes at Lac de Gras, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/202804.

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