Journal articles: 'Kinematics and Kinetics'

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Janssen, Ina, Jeremy M. Sheppard, Andrew A. Dingley, Dale W. Chapman, and Wayne Spratford. "Lower Extremity Kinematics and Kinetics When Landing From Unloaded and Loaded Jumps." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 28, no. 6 (December 2012): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.6.687.

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Countermovement jumps loaded with a weighted vest are often used for the training of lower body power to improve jump performance. However, it is currently unknown how this added load affects the lower extremity kinematics and kinetics, in particular whether this results in an increased injury risk. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine how lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during landing are affected by loaded jumps as demonstrated in a volleyball block jump landing. Ten elite male volleyball players performed block jump landings in an unloaded and loaded (9.89 kg) condition. Kinematic and kinetic landing data from the three highest jumps were collected and assessed. Paired samplesttest was used to establish whether load condition had a significant effect on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics. Hip flexion was significantly greater in the unloaded condition compared with the loaded condition (p= .004). There was no significant difference in any other kinematic or kinetic variables measures between the unloaded and loaded conditions. These results suggest that landing from loaded volleyball block jumps does not increase injury risk compared with unloaded jumps in elite male volleyball players.

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Smith, Andrew W. "A Biomechanical Analysis of Amputee Athlete Gait." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 6, no. 3 (August 1990): 262–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.6.3.262.

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The aims of the present study were to quantify lower limb kinetics and kinematics during walking and slow jogging of below-knee amputee athletes and to demonstrate the usefulness of the additional information provided by kinetic analyses as compared to that of kinematic assessments alone. Kinematic and force platform data from three amputee subjects were collected while the subjects walked and jogged in the laboratory. Results indicated that neither prosthesis (SACH and an energy-storing carbon fiber or ESCF) emulated the kinetics or the kinematics of so-called normal gait during walking. While the knee joint on the prosthetic side clearly tended to be biased toward extension during stance, the knee flexors were dominant and acted concentrically during this phase of the gait cycle. An examination of prosthetic limb hip and knee joint kinetics at both cadences revealed the functional role played by the hamstrings early in stance. The results indicated that with increasing cadence, less variability, measured by coefficients of variation, was evident in the kinematic data while the opposite was true for the kinetics.

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Kono, Yoshifumi, Masataka Deie, Naoto Fujita, Kazuhiko Hirata, Noboru Shimada, Naoya Orita, Daisuke Iwaki, et al. "The Relationship between Knee Biomechanics and Clinical Assessments in ACl Deficient Patients." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 07 (June 12, 2019): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0809-5366.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between knee biomechanics and clinical assessments in ACL deficient patients. Subjects included 22 patients with unilateral ACL rupture and 22 healthy controls. Knee kinematics and kinetics during walking and running were examined using a 3-dimensional motion analysis system. The passive knee joint laxity, range of motion of knee joint, and knee muscle strength were also measured. Correlations between the knee kinematic and kinetic data and clinical assessments were evaluated. In the ACL deficient patients, there were no significant relationships between tibial translation during walking and running and passive knee joint laxity. The correlations between knee kinematics and kinetics and range of motion of knee joint were also not significant. Additionally, there were no significant correlations between knee kinematics during walking and knee muscle strength. However, there were several significant correlations between knee kinematics during running and knee muscle strength. The results demonstrate the importance of knee muscle strength for knee kinematics and kinetics during running in ACL deficient patients. Patients with stronger knee muscle strength may demonstrate more nearly normal knee joint movement during dynamic activities such as running.

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Barfield, Jeff, Adam Anz, Catherine Osterman, James Andrews, and Gretchen Oliver. "The Influence of an Active Glove Arm in Softball Pitching: A Biomechanical Evaluation." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 03 (January 17, 2019): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0810-8637.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether glove arm kinematics during a windmill softball pitch impact pelvic and trunk kinematics as well as pitching arm shoulder kinetics. Thirty-Nine college softball pitchers (20.0±1.4 yrs.; 174.7±6.1 cm; 82.0±13.0 kg; 10.7±2.7 yrs. of experience) threw 3 pitches to a catcher while kinematic and kinetic data were collected. Pearson product moment correlations were run, and significant correlations found with glove arm kinematics, occurring before pelvis kinematics, trunk kinematics, and shoulder kinetics, were then put through a linear regression to identify whether there was any potential cause and effect. Results revealed that glove arm elbow flexion during phase 1 significantly predicted normalized shoulder rotation moment during phase 4 (t=2.60, p=0.013). Additionally, glove arm shoulder horizontal abduction during phase 1 significantly predicted normalized shoulder moment in phase 3 (t=− 2.40, p=0.021) and pelvic angular velocity during phase 3 (t=− 3.20, p=0.003). In conclusion, an active glove arm was predictive of a more efficient kinetic chain later in the windmill pitching motion and could possibly play a role in preventing injury by lessening pitching shoulder joint loads.

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Rossi, Stephen J., Thomas W. Buford, Douglas B. Smith, Robin Kennel, Erin E. Haff, and G. Gregory Haff. "Bilateral Comparison of Barbell Kinetics and Kinematics During a Weightlifting Competition." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2, no. 2 (June 2007): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.2.150.

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Purpose:The primary purpose of this study was to simultaneously analyze both ends of the barbell with 19 weightlifters (age 18.0 ± 3.2 years, body mass 84.0 ± 14.2 kg, height 167.3 ± 8.7 cm) participating in a weightlifting competition to determine whether there were asymmetries in barbell kinematics and kinetics between the right and left sides of the barbell. The second purpose was to compare barbell-trajectory classification of the snatch and clean lifts between the right and left sides of the barbell.Methods:Barbell kinematic and kinetic data were collected and analyzed with 2 VS-120 weightlifting-analysis systems (Lipman Electronic Engineering Ltd, Ramat Hahayal, Israel). Barbell trajectories (A, B, and C) for the right and left sides were analyzed for each lift.Results:No significant difference was found in trajectory classification between sides of the barbell for either lift. The frequencies analysis revealed that type C barbell trajectories were the most prevalent in each lift. When the right and left sides of the barbell were compared during the snatch and clean, no significant differences were determined for any kinematic or kinetic variables.Conclusions:The V-scope system appears to facilitate analysis of barbell kinematics, kinetics, and trajectories during weightlifting competition regardless of which side of the barbell is analyzed.

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Sumner, Bonnie, John McCamley, David J. Jacofsky, and Marc C. Jacofsky. "Comparison of Knee Kinematics and Kinetics during Stair Descent in Single- and Multi-Radius Total Knee Arthroplasty." Journal of Knee Surgery 33, no. 10 (August 7, 2019): 1020–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692652.

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AbstractDespite continuing advances, nearly 20% of patients remain dissatisfied with their total knee arthroplasty (TKA) outcomes. Single-radius (SR) and multiradius (MR) TKA designs are two commonly used knee replacement designs based on competing theories of the flexion/extension axis of the knee. Our aim was to characterize stair descent kinematics and kinetics in SR and MR TKA subjects. We hypothesized that 1 year after TKA, patients who received SR TKA will more closely replicate the knee kinematics and kinetics of healthy age-matched controls during stair descent, than will MR TKA patients. SR subjects (n = 12), MR subjects (n = 12), and age-matched controls (n = 12) descended four stairs affixed to force platforms, while 10 infrared cameras tracked markers attached to the body to collect kinematic and kinetic data. Both patient groups had improvements in stair descent kinetics and kinematics at the 1-year postoperative time point. However, SR TKA subjects were indistinguishable statistically from age-matched controls, while MR TKA subjects retained many differences from controls. Similar to previous reports for level walking, the SR knee design performs closer to healthy controls than MR knees during stair descent. This study demonstrates that patients who receive SR TKA have more improved kinematic normalization during stair descent postoperatively than those who received an MR TKA.

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Kamal, Robin N., Adam Starr, and Edward Akelman. "Carpal Kinematics and Kinetics." Journal of Hand Surgery 41, no. 10 (October 2016): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.07.105.

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Mundt, Marion, William R. Johnson, Wolfgang Potthast, Bernd Markert, Ajmal Mian, and Jacqueline Alderson. "A Comparison of Three Neural Network Approaches for Estimating Joint Angles and Moments from Inertial Measurement Units." Sensors 21, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 4535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134535.

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The application of artificial intelligence techniques to wearable sensor data may facilitate accurate analysis outside of controlled laboratory settings—the holy grail for gait clinicians and sports scientists looking to bridge the lab to field divide. Using these techniques, parameters that are difficult to directly measure in-the-wild, may be predicted using surrogate lower resolution inputs. One example is the prediction of joint kinematics and kinetics based on inputs from inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. Despite increased research, there is a paucity of information examining the most suitable artificial neural network (ANN) for predicting gait kinematics and kinetics from IMUs. This paper compares the performance of three commonly employed ANNs used to predict gait kinematics and kinetics: multilayer perceptron (MLP); long short-term memory (LSTM); and convolutional neural networks (CNN). Overall high correlations between ground truth and predicted kinematic and kinetic data were found across all investigated ANNs. However, the optimal ANN should be based on the prediction task and the intended use-case application. For the prediction of joint angles, CNNs appear favourable, however these ANNs do not show an advantage over an MLP network for the prediction of joint moments. If real-time joint angle and joint moment prediction is desirable an LSTM network should be utilised.

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Galli, Manuela, Veronica Cimolin, Giorgio Cesare Santambrogio, Marcello Crivellini, and Giorgio Albertini. "Gait Analysis before and after Gastrocnemius Fascia Lengthening for Spastic Equinus Foot Deformity in a 10-Year-Old Diplegic Child." Case Reports in Medicine 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/417806.

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Purpose. This case study quantified kinematic and kinetic effects of gastrocnemius lengthening on gait in a Cerebral Palsy child with equinus foot.Methods. A 10-year-old diplegic child with Cerebral Palsy was evaluated with Gait Analysis (GA) before and after gastrocnemius fascia lengthening, investigating the lower limb joints kinematics and kinetics.Results. Kinematics improved at the level of distal joints, which are directly associated to gastrocnemius, and also at the proximal joint (like hip); improvements were found in ankle kinetics, too.Conclusions. This case study highlighted that GA was effective not only to quantify the results of the treatment but also to help preoperative decision making in dealing with CP child.

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Mündermann, Anne, Benno M. Nigg, R. Neil Humble, and Darren J. Stefanyshyn. "Consistent Immediate Effects of Foot Orthoses on Comfort and Lower Extremity Kinematics, Kinetics, and Muscle Activity." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 20, no. 1 (February 2004): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.20.1.71.

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In order to accommodate patients to new foot orthoses over time, two steps are required: The first is to obtain a baseline reading of the immediate effects across several weeks to ensure consistency. The second step is to look at changes with progressively longer wear periods similar to what occurs in general practice. This study addressed the first step. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the baseline reading of the immediate effects of foot orthoses on comfort and lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity is consistent between days. Participants were 21 recreational runners who volunteered for the study. Three orthotic conditions (posting, custom-molding, posting and custom-molding) were compared to a control (flat) insert. Lower extremity kinematic, kinetic, and EMG data were collected for 108 trials per participant and condition in 9 sessions for each person for running at 4 m/s. Comfort for all orthotic conditions was assessed in each session using a visual analog scale. Statistically significant session effects were detected using repeated-measures ANOVA (α = .05). Three of the 93 variables had a significant session effect. A significant interaction between orthotic condition and session was observed for 6 of the 93 variables. The results of this study showed that the effects of foot orthoses on comfort, lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity are consistent across a 3-week period when the wear time for each condition is restricted. Thus, foot orthoses lead to immediate changes in comfort, kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity with limited use. These immediate effects of foot orthoses on comfort, kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity are consistent between days.

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Fleisig, Glenn S., Alek Z. Diffendaffer, Brett Ivey, Kyle T. Aune, Tony Laughlin, Dave Fortenbaugh, Becky Bolt, Wendy Lucas, Kevin D. Moore, and Jeffrey R. Dugas. "Changes in Youth Baseball Pitching Biomechanics: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 1 (October 2, 2017): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517732034.

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Background: Pitching biomechanics are associated with performance and risk of injury in baseball. Previous studies have identified biomechanical differences between youth and adult pitchers but have not investigated changes within individual young pitchers as they mature. Hypothesis: Pitching kinematics and kinetics will change significantly during a youth pitcher’s career. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Pitching biomechanics were captured in an indoor laboratory with a 12-camera, 240-Hz motion analysis system for 51 youth pitchers who were in their first season of organized baseball with pitching. Each participant was retested annually for the next 6 years or until he was no longer pitching. Thirty kinematic and kinetic parameters were computed and averaged for 10 fastballs thrown by each player. Data were statistically analyzed for the 35 participants who were tested at least 3 times. Within-participant changes for each kinematic and kinetic parameter were tested by use of a mixed linear model with random effects ( P < .05). Least squares means for sequential ages were compared via Tukey’s honestly significant difference test ( P < .05). Results: Three kinematic parameters that occur at the instant of foot contact—stride length, lead foot placement to the closed side, and trunk separation—increased with age. With age, shoulder external rotation at foot contact decreased while maximum shoulder external rotation increased. Shoulder and elbow forces and torques increased significantly with age. Year-to-year changes were most significant between 9 and 13 years of age for kinematics and between 13 and 15 years for normalized kinetics (ie, scaled by bodyweight and height). Conclusion: During their first few years, youth pitchers improve their kinematics. Elbow and shoulder kinetics increase with time, particularly after age 13. Thus, prepubescent pitchers may work with their coaches to improve the motions and flexibility of the players’ bodies and the paths of their arms. Once proper mechanics are developed, adolescent pitchers can focus more on improving strength and power.

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Romero-Franco, Natalia, María del Carmen Ortego-Mate, and Jesús Molina-Mula. "Knee Kinematics During Landing: Is It Really a Predictor of Acute Noncontact Knee Injuries in Athletes? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 232596712096695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120966952.

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Background: Although knee kinematics during landing tasks has traditionally been considered to predict noncontact knee injuries, the predictive association between noncontact knee injuries and kinematic and kinetic variables remains unclear. Purpose: To systematically review the association between kinematic and kinetic variables from biomechanical evaluation during landing tasks and subsequent acute noncontact knee injuries in athletes. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Databases used for searches were MEDLINE, LILACS, IBECS, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, SCIELO, IME, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane from database inception to May 2020. Manual reference checks, articles published online ahead of print, and citation tracking were also considered. Eligibility criteria included prospective studies evaluating frontal and sagittal plane kinematics and kinetics of landing tasks and their association with subsequent acute noncontact knee injuries in athletes. Results: A total of 13 studies met the eligibility criteria, capturing 333 acute noncontact knee injuries in 8689 participants. A meta-analysis revealed no significant effects for any kinematic and kinetic variable with regard to subsequent noncontact knee injuries. Conclusion: No kinetic or kinematic variables from landing tasks had a significant association with acute noncontact knee injuries. Therefore, the role and application of the landing assessment for predicting acute noncontact knee injuries are limited and unclear, particularly given the heterogeneity and risk of bias of studies to date.

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Neal, Robert J., and Barry D. Wilson. "3D Kinematics and Kinetics of the Golf Swing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 1, no. 3 (August 1985): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.1.3.221.

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Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics for a double pendulum model golf swing were determined for 6 subjects, who were filmed by two phase-locked Photosonics cameras. The film was digitally analyzed. Abdel-Aziz and Karara's (1971) algorithm was used to determine three-dimensional spatial coordinates for the segment endpoints. Linear kinematic and kinetic data showed similarities with previous studies. The orientation of the resultant joint force at the wrists was in the direction of motion of the club center of gravity for most of the downswing. Such an orientation of the force vector would tend to prevent wrist uncocking. Indeterminate peak angular velocities for rotations about the X axis were reported. However, these peaks were due to computational instabilities that occurred when the club was perpendicular to the YZ plane. Furthermore, the motion of the club during the downswing was found to be nonplanar. Wrist uncocking appeared to be associated with the resultant joint torque and not the resultant joint force at the wrists. Torques reported in this study were consistent with those reported by Vaughan (1981).

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Riemann, Bryan L., Shelley Lapinski, Lyndsay Smith, and George Davies. "Biomechanical Analysis of the Anterior Lunge During 4 External-Load Conditions." Journal of Athletic Training 47, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.4.16.

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Context: Comprehensive analysis of ankle, knee, and hip kinematics and kinetics during anterior lunge performance in young adults has not been studied. In addition, the effects of adding external resistance on the kinematics and kinetics are unknown. Objective: To determine the effects of external load on ankle, knee, and hip joint kinematics and kinetics during the anterior lunge. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory environment. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 16 recreationally active, college-aged adults (8 men, 8 women). Intervention(s): Anterior lunges under 4 external-load conditions, 0% (control), 12.5%, 25%, and 50% of body mass. Main Outcome Measure(s): Ankle, knee, and hip peak flexion, net joint extensor moment impulse, and eccentric and concentric work were computed during the interval when the stepping limb was in contact with the ground. Additionally, 3 summary lunge characteristics were calculated. Results: No significant (P > .05) load effects were noted for peak flexion angles or the lunge characteristics except for peak vertical total-body center-of-mass displacement. Trend analysis of significant condition-by-joint interactions revealed significant linear trends for all 3 joints, with the hip greater than the ankle and the ankle greater than the knee. Additionally, as the external load increased, mechanical work increased linearly at the hip and ankle but not at the knee. Conclusions: From a kinematic perspective, the lunge involves greater motion at the knee, but from a kinetic perspective, the anterior lunge is a hip-extensor–dominant exercise. Adding external weight prompted the greatest joint kinetic increases at the hip and ankle, with little change in the knee contributions. These results can assist clinicians in deciding whether the characteristics of the anterior lunge match a patient's exercise needs during rehabilitation and performance-enhancement programs.

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Herb, C. Collin, Kaitlyn Grossman, Mark A. Feger, Luke Donovan, and Jay Hertel. "Lower Extremity Biomechanics During a Drop-Vertical Jump in Participants With or Without Chronic Ankle Instability." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-481-15.

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Context: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a condition characterized by range-of-motion, neuromuscular, and postural-control deficits and subjective disability, reinjury, and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Differences have been reported in kinematics, kinetics, surface electromyography (EMG), and ground reaction forces during functional tasks performed by those with CAI. These measures are often collected independently, and the research on collecting measures simultaneously during a movement task is limited. Objective: To assess the kinematics and kinetics of the lower extremity, vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), and EMG of 4 shank muscles during a drop–vertical-jump (DVJ) task. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: Motion-capture laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Forty-seven young, active adults in either the CAI (n = 24) or control (n = 23) group. Intervention(s): Three-dimensional motion capture was performed using an electromagnetic motion-capture system. Lower extremity kinematics, frontal- and sagittal-plane kinetics, vGRF, and EMG of the shank musculature were collected while participants performed 10 DVJs. Main Outcome Measure(s): Means and 90% confidence intervals were calculated for all measures from 100 milliseconds before to 200 milliseconds after force-plate contact. Results: Patients with CAI had greater inversion from 107 to 200 milliseconds postcontact (difference = 4.01° ± 2.55°), smaller plantar-flexion kinematics from 11 to 71 milliseconds postcontact (difference = 5.33° ± 2.02°), greater ankle sagittal-plane kinetics from 11 to 77 milliseconds postcontact (difference = 0.17 ± 0.09 Nm/kg) and from 107 to 200 milliseconds postcontact (difference = 0.23 ± 0.03 Nm/kg), and smaller knee sagittal-plane kinematics from 95 to 200 milliseconds postcontact (difference = 8.23° ± 0.97°) than control participants after landing. The patients with CAI had greater vGRF from 94 to 98 milliseconds postcontact (difference = 0.83 ± 0.03 N/kg) and peroneal activity from 17 to 128 milliseconds postcontact (difference = 10.56 ± 4.52 N/kg) than the control participants. Conclusions: Patients with CAI presented with differences in their landing strategies that may be related to continued instability. Kinematic and kinetic changes after ground contact and greater vGRF may be related to a faulty landing strategy. The DVJ task should be considered for rehabilitation protocols in these individuals.

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Luera, Micheal J., Brittany Dowling, Tyler W. D. Muddle, and Nathaniel D. M. Jenkins. "Differences in Rotational Kinetics and Kinematics for Professional Baseball Pitchers With Higher Versus Lower Pitch Velocities." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 36, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2019-0235.

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Pitch velocity (PV) is important for pitching success, and the pelvis and trunk likely influence pitch performance. The purposes of this study were to examine the differences in pelvis and trunk kinetics and kinematics in professional baseball pitchers who throw at lower versus higher velocities (HVPs) and to examine the relationships among pelvis and trunk kinetics and kinematics and PV during each phase of the pitch delivery. The pitch velocity, pelvis and trunk peak angular velocities, kinetic energies and torques, and elbow and shoulder loads were compared among HVPs (n = 71; PV ≥ 40.2 m/s) and lower velocities pitchers (n = 78; PV < 39.8 m/s), as were trunk and pelvis rotation, flexion, and obliquity among 7 phases of the pitching delivery. Relationships among the kinetic and kinematic variables and PVs were examined. Higher velocity pitchers achieved greater upper trunk rotation at hand separation (+7.2°, P < .001) and elbow extension (+5.81°, P = .002) and were able to generate greater upper trunk angular velocities (+36.6 m/s, P = .01) compared with lower velocity pitcher. Trunk angular velocity (r = .29) and upper trunk rotation at hand separation (r = .18) and foot contact (r = .17) were weakly related to PV. Therefore, HVPs rotate their upper trunk to a greater degree during the early phases of the pitching motion and subsequently generate greater trunk angular velocities and PV.

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Weishaupt, M. A., A. Byström, K. Peinen, T. Wiestner, H. Meyer, N. Waldern, C. Johnston, R. Weeren, and L. Roepstorff. "Kinetics and kinematics of the passage." Equine Veterinary Journal 41, no. 3 (March 2009): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2746/042516409x397226.

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Neal, R. J., and E. J. Springings. "Optimal golf swing kinetics and kinematics." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2, no. 4 (December 1999): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80027-9.

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JOHNSTON, C., S. DREVEMO, and L. ROEPSTORFF. "Kinematics and kinetics of the carpus." Equine Veterinary Journal 29, S23 (June 10, 2010): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb05061.x.

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Br??ggemann, Gert-Peter, Adamantios Arampatzis, Paavo V. Komi, and Falk Schade. "Kinematics and Kinetics in Pole Vaulting." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 5 (May 2002): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200205001-01807.

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Pascual Huerta, Javier, Juan Manuel Ropa Moreno, Kevin A. Kirby, Francisco Javier García Carmona, and Angel Manuel Orejana García. "Effect of 7-Degree Rearfoot Varus and Valgus Wedging on Rearfoot Kinematics and Kinetics During the Stance Phase of Walking." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 99, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0990415.

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Background: The scientific evidence behind the mechanical function of foot orthoses is still controversial. Research studies that have investigated the kinematic effect of foot orthoses on the lower extremity have shown variable results, with orthoses causing either no significant change or a small significant change in foot kinematics. Methods: The right limbs of 12 healthy asymptomatic individuals were studied in three walking conditions: barefoot, with a 7° rearfoot varus wedge, and with a 7° rearfoot valgus wedge. Kinematic and kinetic variables measured were the foot progression angle, the peak internal tibial rotation angle, and net ankle inversion moments during the stance phase in the three conditions. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the foot progression angle between the barefoot and varus wedge conditions and between the varus and valgus wedge conditions. There were no significant changes in peak internal tibial rotation among the three conditions tested. However, rearfoot varus wedges significantly reduced net ankle inversion moments compared with barefoot and rearfoot valgus wedges. Conclusions: These results support the idea that foot orthoses work by methods other than by changing kinematic parameters. The present study supports the concept that foot orthoses work primarily by altering kinetics, with their effects on kinematics being secondary. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(5): 415–421, 2009)

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Noorkoiv, Marika, Grace Lavelle, Nicola Theis, Thomas Korff, Cherry Kilbride, Vasilios Baltzopoulos, Adam Shortland, Wendy Levin, and Jennifer M. Ryan. "Predictors of Walking Efficiency in Children With Cerebral Palsy: Lower-Body Joint Angles, Moments, and Power." Physical Therapy 99, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz041.

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Abstract Background People with cerebral palsy (CP) experience increased muscle stiffness, muscle weakness, and reduced joint range of motion. This can lead to an abnormal pattern of gait, which can increase the energy cost of walking and contribute to reduced participation in physical activity. Objective The aim of the study was to examine associations between lower-body joint angles, moments, power, and walking efficiency in adolescents with CP. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Methods Sixty-four adolescents aged 10 to 19 years with CP were recruited. Walking efficiency was measured as the net nondimensional oxygen cost (NNcost) during 6 minutes of overground walking at self-selected speed. Lower-body kinematics and kinetics during walking were collected with 3-dimensional motion analysis, synchronized with a treadmill with integrated force plates. The associations between the kinematics, kinetics, and NNcost were examined with multivariable linear regression. Results After adjusting for age, sex, and Gross Motor Function Classification System level, maximum knee extension angle (β = −0.006), hip angle at midstance (β = −0.007), and maximum hip extension (β = −0.008) were associated with NNcost. Age was a significant modifier of the association between the NNcost and a number of kinematic variables. Limitations This study examined kinetic and kinematic variables in the sagittal plane only. A high interindividual variation in gait pattern could have influenced the results. Conclusions Reduced knee and hip joint extension are associated with gait inefficiency in adolescents with CP. Age is a significant factor influencing associations between ankle, knee, and hip joint kinematics and gait efficiency. Therapeutic interventions should investigate ways to increase knee and hip joint extension in adolescents with CP.

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Shu, Yang, Dong Sun, Qiu Li Hu, Yan Zhang, Jian She Li, and Yao Dong Gu. "Lower Limb Kinetics and Kinematics during Two Different Jumping Methods." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 22 (March 2015): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.22.29.

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The purpose of the study is to investigate into the dynamic and kinematic parameters of lower limbs about two types of jump high-level basketball athlete doing: countermovement jump and squat jump. There were distinctively different in jump height between two types. Kinetics and kinematics parameters of squat jump were less than countermovement jump. Using Vertical Jumps countermovement jump can increase the height of vertical jump effectively. These jumps all can cushion the pressure of impact force in landing phase.

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Yu, Peimin, Zhen Gong, Yao Meng, Julien S. Baker, Bíró István, and Yaodong Gu. "The Acute Influence of Running-Induced Fatigue on the Performance and Biomechanics of a Countermovement Jump." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 4319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124319.

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Lower limb kinematics and kinetics during the landing phase of jumping might change because of localized muscle fatigue. This study aimed to investigate the acute influence of running-induced fatigue on the performance and lower limb kinematics and kinetics of a countermovement jump. A running-induced fatigue protocol was applied to fifteen male subjects. Participants were asked to perform three successful countermovement jumps before and after fatigue. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected to compare any fatigue influences. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and paired-sample t-tests were used to analyze the data. Running-induced fatigue did not significantly change vertical jump height and peak vertical ground reaction forces (GRF) during the push-off and landing phases. Lower limb biomechanics significantly changed, especially kinematic parameters. During the push-off phase, fatigue resulted in an increased ankle peak inversion angle, knee minimal flexion angle, knee peak abduction angle, and hip peak flexion moment. In addition, the range of motion (ROM) of the ankle and knee joints in the frontal plane was also increased. Certain parameters decreased as a result of fatigue, such as the ankle peak internal rotation angle, hip peak abduction angle, the ROM of the ankle joint in the sagittal plane, and ROM of the hip joint in the frontal plane. During the landing phase, the peak inversion angle and peak external rotation angle of the ankle joint, peak abduction angle of the knee and hip joint, ROM of the ankle joint in the horizontal plane, ROM of the ankle and knee joint in the frontal plane were all increased as a result of fatigue. The knee peak flexion moment and hip peak extension moment, however, were decreased. Under fatigue conditions, lower limb kinetics and kinematics were changed during both the push-off and landing phases. More attention should be focused on the landing phase and the last period of the push-off phase due to potentially higher risks of injury. The findings of the current study may be beneficial to athletes and coaches in preventing jumping related injuries.

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Graham, Kirsten M., Kimberly D. Moore, D. William Cabel, Paul L. Gribble, Paul Cisek, and Stephen H. Scott. "Kinematics and Kinetics of Multijoint Reaching in Nonhuman Primates." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 2667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00742.2002.

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The present study identifies the mechanics of planar reaching movements performed by monkeys ( Macaca mulatta) wearing a robotic exoskeleton. This device maintained the limb in the horizontal plane such that hand motion was generated only by flexor and extensor motions at the shoulder and elbow. The study describes the kinematic and kinetic features of the shoulder, elbow, and hand during reaching movements from a central target to peripheral targets located on the circumference of a circle: the center-out task. While subjects made reaching movements with relatively straight smooth hand paths and little variation in peak hand velocity, there were large variations in joint motion, torque, and power for movements in different spatial directions. Unlike single-joint movements, joint kinematics and kinetics were not tightly coupled for these multijoint movements. For most movements, power generation was predominantly generated at only one of the two joints. The present analysis illustrates the complexities inherent in multijoint movements and forms the basis for understanding strategies used by the motor system to control reaching movements and for interpreting the response of neurons in different brain regions during this task.

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Melaro, Jake A., Ramzi M. Majaj, Douglas W. Powell, Paul DeVita, and Max R. Paquette. "Lower Limb Joint Kinetics During Walking in Middle-Aged Runners With Low or High Lifetime Running Exposure." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 36, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2019-0204.

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Aging is associated with a distal-to-proximal shift in joint kinetics during walking. This plasticity of gait is amplified rather than attenuated in old adults with high physical capacity. Because running is associated with greater kinetic demands at the ankle, older individuals with more versus less lifetime running exposure may retain a larger proportion of their ankle kinetics. The purpose of the study was to compare lower-extremity joint kinetics during walking between middle-aged runners with high and low lifetime running exposure. Eighteen middle-aged runners (9 per group) participated. Joint kinetics were calculated from kinematic and ground reaction force data during overground walking at 1.3 m·s−1 and compared between groups. High exposure runners produced 50% greater positive hip work (P = .03; Cohen d = 1.02) during walking compared with low exposure runners, but ankle kinetics were not different between groups. No other differences in joint kinetics or kinematics were observed between groups. These findings suggest that the age-related increase in hip joint kinetics during walking could be a compensatory gait strategy that is not attenuated by lifetime running exposure alone. Finally, the amount of lifetime running exposure did not affect ankle kinetics during walking in middle-aged runners.

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Cinthuja, Pathmanathan, Graham Arnold, Rami J. Abboud, and Weijie Wang. "Analysis of the Relationships between Balance Ability and Walking in Terms of Muscle Activities and Lower Limb Kinematics and Kinetics." Biomechanics 1, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics1020016.

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There is a lack of evidence about the ways in which balance ability influences the kinematic and kinetic parameters and muscle activities during gait among healthy individuals. The hypothesis is that balance ability would be associated with the lower limb kinematics, kinetics and muscle activities during gait. Twenty-nine healthy volunteers (Age 32.8 ± 9.1; 18 males and 11 females) performed a Star Excursion Balance test to measure their dynamic balance and walked for at least three trials in order to obtain a good quality of data. A Vicon® 3D motion capture system and AMTI® force plates were used for the collection of the movement data. The selected muscle activities were recorded using Delsys® Electromyography (EMG). The EMG activities were compared using the maximum values and root mean squared (RMS) values within the participants. The joint angle, moment, force and power were calculated using a Vicon Plug-in-Gait model. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis were performed using SPSS version 23. In the muscle activities, positive linear correlations were found between the walking and balance test in all muscles, e.g., in the multifidus (RMS) (r = 0.800 p < 0.0001), vastus lateralis (RMS) (r = 0.639, p < 0.0001) and tibialis anterior (RMS) (r = 0.539, p < 0.0001). The regression analysis models showed that there was a strong association between balance ability (i.e., reaching distance) and the lower limb muscle activities (i.e., vastus medialis–RMS) (R = 0.885, p < 0.0001), and also between balance ability (i.e., reaching distance) and the lower limb kinematics and kinetics during gait (R = 0.906, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the results showed that vastus medialis (RMS) muscle activity mainly contributes to balance ability, and that balance ability influences the lower limb kinetics and kinematics during gait.

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Cherian, A., M. O. Krucoff, and L. E. Miller. "Motor cortical prediction of EMG: evidence that a kinetic brain-machine interface may be robust across altered movement dynamics." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 2 (August 2011): 564–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00553.2010.

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During typical movements, signals related to both the kinematics and kinetics of movement are mutually correlated, and each is correlated to some extent with the discharge of neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1). However, it is well known, if not always appreciated, that causality cannot be inferred from correlations. Although these mutual correlations persist, their nature changes with changing postural or dynamical conditions. Under changing conditions, only signals directly controlled by M1 can be expected to maintain a stable relationship with its discharge. If one were to rely on noncausal correlations for a brain-machine interface, its generalization across conditions would likely suffer. We examined this effect, using multielectrode recordings in M1 as input to linear decoders of both end point kinematics (position and velocity) and proximal limb myoelectric signals (EMG) during reaching. We tested these decoders across tasks that altered either the posture of the limb or the end point forces encountered during movement. Within any given task, the accuracy of the kinematic predictions tended to be somewhat better than the EMG predictions. However, when we used the decoders developed under one task condition to predict the signals recorded under different postural or dynamical conditions, only the EMG decoders consistently generalized well. Our results support the view that M1 discharge is more closely related to kinetic variables like EMG than it is to limb kinematics. These results suggest that brain-machine interface applications using M1 to control kinetic variables may prove to be more successful than the more standard kinematic approach.

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Collins, Amber, Troy Blackburn, Chris Olcott, Joanne M. Jordan, Bing Yu, and Paul Weinhold. "A Kinetic and Kinematic Analysis of the Effect of Stochastic Resonance Electrical Stimulation and Knee Sleeve During Gait in Osteoarthritis of the Knee." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 30, no. 1 (February 2014): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2012-0257.

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Extended use of knee sleeves in populations at risk for knee osteoarthritis progression has shown functional and quality of life benefits; however, additional comprehensive kinematic and kinetic analyses are needed to determine possible physical mechanisms of these benefits which may be due to the sleeve’s ability to enhance knee proprioception. A novel means of extending these enhancements may be through stochastic resonance stimulation. Our goal was to determine whether the use of a knee sleeve alone or combined with stochastic resonance electrical stimulation improves knee mechanics in knee osteoarthritis. Gait kinetics and kinematics were assessed in subjects with medial knee osteoarthritis when presented with four conditions: control1, no electrical stimulation/sleeve, 75% threshold stimulation/sleeve, and control2. An increase in knee flexion angle throughout stance and a decrease in flexion moment occurring immediately after initial contact were seen in the stimulation/sleeve and sleeve alone conditions; however, these treatment conditions did not affect the knee adduction angle and internal knee abduction moment during weight acceptance. No differences were found between the sleeve alone and the stochastic resonance with sleeve conditions. A knee sleeve can improve sagittal-plane knee kinematics and kinetics, although adding the current configuration of stochastic resonance did not enhance these effects.

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Ardestani, Marzieh M., Christopher E. Henderson, Gordhan Mahtani, Mark Connolly, and T. George Hornby. "Locomotor Kinematics and Kinetics Following High-Intensity Stepping Training in Variable Contexts Poststroke." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 34, no. 7 (June 6, 2020): 652–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968320929675.

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Background and Purpose. Previous studies suggest that individuals poststroke can achieve substantial gains in walking function following high-intensity locomotor training (LT). Recent findings also indicate practice of variable stepping tasks targeting locomotor deficits can mitigate selected impairments underlying reduced walking speeds. The goal of this study was to investigate alterations in locomotor biomechanics following 3 different LT paradigms. Methods. This secondary analysis of a randomized trial recruited individuals 18 to 85 years old and >6 months poststroke. We compared changes in spatiotemporal, joint kinematics, and kinetics following up to 30 sessions of high-intensity (>70% heart rate reserve [HRR]) LT of variable tasks targeting paretic limb and balance impairments (high-variable, HV), high-intensity LT focused only on forward walking (high-forward, HF), or low-intensity LT (<40% HRR) of variable tasks (low-variable, LV). Sagittal spatiotemporal and joint kinematics, and concentric joint powers were compared between groups. Regressions and principal component analyses were conducted to evaluate relative contributions or importance of biomechanical changes to between and within groups. Results. Biomechanical data were available on 50 participants who could walk ≥0.1 m/s on a motorized treadmill. Significant differences in spatiotemporal parameters, kinematic consistency, and kinetics were observed between HV and HF versus LV. Resultant principal component analyses were characterized by paretic powers and kinematic consistency following HV, while HF and LV were characterized by nonparetic powers. Conclusion. High-intensity LT results in greater changes in kinematics and kinetics as compared with lower-intensity interventions. The results may suggest greater paretic-limb contributions with high-intensity variable stepping training that targets specific biomechanical deficits. Clinical Trial Registration. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ Unique Identifier: NCT02507466

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Hurschler, Christof, Judith Emmerich, and Nikolaus Wülker. "In Vitro Simulation of Stance Phase Gait Part I: Model Verification." Foot & Ankle International 24, no. 8 (August 2003): 614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070302400808.

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An in vitro simulator was developed to reproduce the kinematics and kinetics of stance phase gait on cadaver foot specimens. Ground reaction force was applied by a tilting angle- and force-controlled translation stage upon which a pressure measuring platform was mounted; tibial rotation was reproduced by a servomotor. Force was applied to nine tendons of the foot flexor and extensor muscle groups, and three-dimensional hind- and forefoot motion was measured. The model was verified based on in vivo kinematic and kinetic measurements. It was found to be in good general agreement with some exceptions which include a slightly more lateral gait line.

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Weinhandl, Joshua T., Jeremy D. Smith, and Eric L. Dugan. "The Effects of Repetitive Drop Jumps on Impact Phase Joint Kinematics and Kinetics." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 27, no. 2 (May 2011): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.27.2.108.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of fatigue on lower extremity joint kinematics, and kinetics during repetitive drop jumps. Twelve recreationally active males (n= 6) and females (n= 6) (nine used for analysis) performed repetitive drop jumps until they could no longer reach 80% of their initial drop jump height. Kinematic and kinetic variables were assessed during the impact phase (100 ms) of all jumps. Fatigued landings were performed with increased knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion at initial contact, as well as increased ankle range of motion during the impact phase. Fatigue also resulted in increased peak ankle power absorption and increased energy absorption at the ankle. This was accompanied by an approximately equal reduction in energy absorption at the knee. While the knee extensors were the muscle group primarily responsible for absorbing the impact, individuals compensated for increased knee extension when fatigued by an increased use of the ankle plantar flexors to help absorb the forces during impact. Thus, as fatigue set in and individuals landed with more extended lower extremities, they adopted a landing strategy that shifted a greater burden to the ankle for absorbing the kinetic energy of the impact.

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MacWilliams, Bruce A., Matthew Cowley, and Diane E. Nicholson. "Foot kinematics and kinetics during adolescent gait." Gait & Posture 17, no. 3 (June 2003): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(02)00103-0.

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Myers, PT, SG McLean, and RJ Neal. "The cutting manoeuvre: kinematics, kinetics and caution." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2, no. 1 (March 1999): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80064-4.

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Dabelstein, Jenni, and Anita Bagley. "Kinematics, kinetics and EMG of toe-walking." Gait & Posture 5, no. 2 (April 1997): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(97)83381-4.

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Õunpuu, Sylvia, Roy B. Davis, Peter A. DeLuca, and Herve Kimball. "Surgical hip fusion: Gait kinematics and kinetics." Gait & Posture 7, no. 2 (March 1998): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(98)90228-4.

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Funk, James R., Richard A. Watson, Joseph M. Cormier, Herb Guzman, and Enrique Bonugli. "Kinematics and Kinetics of Vigorous Head Shaking." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 31, no. 3 (June 2015): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2014-0161.

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Previous studies on neck muscle strength and motion have assumed or imposed varying constraints on the heads and bodies of the subjects. In this study, we asked 20 subjects to vigorously shake their heads 5−10 times in a completely unconstrained manner. The kinematics and kinetics of the head and neck were measured from video analysis and instrumentation mounted inside the mouth. Subjects shook their heads at self-selected tempos ranging from 1.9−4.7 Hz over a 20−91° range of motion. The motion of each subject’s head could be approximated by a fixed center of rotation that was typically located in the midcervical spine, but varied widely among subjects. Significant differences between men and women were observed. Peak head accelerations were low (4.3 ± 1.1 g and 250 ± 103 rad/s2 for men, 3.0 ± 0.9 g and 182 ± 58 rad/s2 for women) and estimated peak generated neck moments at C7/T1 were comparable to values reported in isometric neck strength studies (47 ± 14 N·m in extension and 22 ± 9 N·m in flexion for men, 25 ± 8 N·m in extension and 9 ± 7 N·m in flexion for women).

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Toiviainen, Petri. "Kinematics and kinetics of music‐induced movement." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124, no. 4 (October 2008): 2447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4782588.

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Xu, Xu, Simon M. Hsiang, and Gary A. Mirka. "Coordination indices between lifting kinematics and kinetics." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 38, no. 11-12 (November 2008): 1062–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2008.02.008.

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Bejjani, F. J., N. Xu, M. Parnianpour, and L. Pavlidis. "Optimizing kinematics and kinetics of piano performance." Journal of Biomechanics 23, no. 7 (January 1990): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(90)90241-t.

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Ounpuu, S., R. B. Davis, J. R. Gage, and D. J. Tyburski. "Three dimensional kinematics and kinetics of running." Journal of Biomechanics 23, no. 7 (January 1990): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(90)90257-4.

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Gatt, Alfred, Pierre Schembri-Wismayer, Nachiappan Chockalingam, and Cynthia Formosa. "Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison of Fresh Frozen and Thiel-Embalmed Human Feet for Suitability for Biomechanical Educational and Research Settings." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 109, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/16-130.

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Background: In vitro biomechanical testing of the human foot often involves the use of fresh frozen cadaveric specimens to investigate interventions that would be detrimental to human subjects. The Thiel method is an alternative embalming technique that maintains soft-tissue consistency similar to that of living tissue. However, its suitability for biomechanical testing is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether Thiel-embalmed foot specimens exhibit kinematic and kinetic biomechanical properties similar to those of fresh frozen specimens. Methods: An observational study design was conducted at a university biomechanics laboratory. Three cadavers had both limbs amputated, with one being fresh frozen and the other preserved by Thiel's embalming. Each foot was tested while undergoing plantarflexion and dorsiflexion in three states: unloaded and under loads of 10 and 20 kg. Their segment kinematics and foot pressure mapping were assessed simultaneously. Results: No statistically significant differences were detected between fresh frozen and Thiel-embalmed sample pairs regarding kinematics and kinetics. Conclusions: These findings highlight similar kinematic and kinetic properties between fresh frozen and Thiel-embalmed foot specimens, thus possibly enabling these specimens to be interchanged due to the latter specimens' advantage of delayed decomposition. This can open innovative opportunities for the use of these specimens in applications related to the investigation of dynamic foot function in research and education.

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Tanikawa, Hidenori, Hideo Matsumoto, Ikki Komiyama, Yoshimori Kiriyama, Yoshiaki Toyama, and Takeo Nagura. "Comparison of Knee Mechanics Among Risky Athletic Motions for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 29, no. 6 (December 2013): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.6.749.

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It has been suggested that noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury commonly occurs during sports requiring acute deceleration or landing motion and that female athletes are more likely to sustain the injury than male athletes. The purpose of this study was to make task-to-task and male-female comparisons of knee kinematics and kinetics in several athletic activities. Three-dimensional knee kinematics and kinetics were investigated in 20 recreational athletes (10 males, 10 females) while performing hopping, cutting, turning, and sidestep and running (sharp deceleration associated with a change of direction). Knee kinematics and kinetics were compared among the four athletic tasks and between sexes. Subjects exhibited significantly lower peak flexion angle and higher peak extension moment in hopping compared with other activities (P< .05). In the frontal plane, peak abduction angle and peak adduction moment in cutting, turning, and sidestep and running were significantly greater compared with hopping (P< .05). No differences in knee kinematics and kinetics were apparent between male and female subjects. Recreational athletes exhibited different knee kinematics and kinetics in the four athletic motions, particularly in the sagittal and frontal planes. Male and female subjects demonstrated similar knee motions during the four athletic activities.

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Sinclair, Jonathan, Stephen Atkins, and Hayley Vincent. "Influence of Different Hip Joint Centre Locations on Hip and Knee Joint Kinetics and Kinematics During the Squat." Journal of Human Kinetics 44, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0106.

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Abstract Identification of the hip joint centre (HJC) is important in the biomechanical examination of human movement. However, there is yet to be any published information regarding the influence of different HJC locations on hip and knee joint kinetics during functional tasks. This study aimed to examine the influence of four different HJC techniques on 3- D hip and knee joint kinetics/kinematics during the squat. Hip and knee joint kinetics/kinematics of the squat were obtained from fifteen male participants using an eight camera motion capture system. The 3-D kinetics/kinematics of the squat were quantified using four hip joint centre estimation techniques. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare the discrete parameters as a function of each HJC location. The results show that significant differences in joint angles and moment parameters were evident at both the hip and knee joint in the coronal and transverse planes. These observations indicate that when calculating non-sagittal joint kinetics/kinematics during the squat, researchers should carefully consider their HJC method as it may significantly affect the interpretation of their data.

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Ota, Susumu, Ai Nakanishi, Hirotaka Sato, Seiji Akita, Kazunori Hase, and Yasuo Suzuki. "DIFFERENCES IN KNEE JOINT KINEMATICS AND KINETICS DURING LEVEL WALKING AND WALKING WITH TWO TYPES OF POLES — FOCUS ON KNEE VARUS MOMENT." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 16, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957713500188.

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Walking with poles is one of the gait modification strategies for reducing external knee varus moments in people with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, there are two types of pole techniques, Nordic walking (NW: pole back condition) and pole walking (PW: pole front condition). The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in knee joint kinematics, and kinetics during level walking, and two types of walking with poles. A total of 22 subjects with a mean age of 21.2 years (SD: 1.3 years) participated. Three-dimensional gait analysis was conducted on level walking (LW), NW and PW. The first and second peaks of the knee kinematic and kinetic data and ground reaction forces were used. No significant differences were found between NW and PW in the knee kinematics and kinetics data. The second peak of the knee varus moment in NW and PW (0.34 and 0.33 Nm/kg, respectively) was significantly decreased compared to LW (0.42 Nm/kg, p < 0.01; Effect size = 0.70, p < 0.01; Effect size = 0.82). The first peak of the flexion moment in the knee during NW (1.2 Nm/kg) was significantly higher compared to LW (1.2 Nm/kg, p < 0.01; Effect size = 0.98). However, the present study could not clarify any different effect on the knee joint due to different instructions of the back pole and forward pole technique.

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Downs, Jessica L., Kyle W. Wasserberger, Jeff W. Barfield, Michael G. Saper, and Gretchen D. Oliver. "Increased Upper Arm Length and Loading Rate Identified as Potential Risk Factors for Injury in Youth Baseball Pitchers." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 11 (July 28, 2021): 3088–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211028555.

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Background: In the throwing elbow, increased elbow torque has been correlated with increased injury risk. Additional insight into the relationships between anthropometric factors and elbow joint loading is warranted. Purpose: To investigate the relationship among physical limb length characteristics, elbow kinetics, and elbow kinematics in youth baseball pitchers and to examine the relationship between elbow varus loading rate and elbow kinetics. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 27 male youth baseball pitchers participated (mean ± SD: age, 15.8 ± 2.7 years; height, 176.3 ± 13.0 cm; weight, 71.7 ± 16.4 kg). Upper arm (UA) and forearm (FA) lengths were measured using a moveable sensor to digitize bony landmarks. Kinematic data were collected at 240 Hz using an electromagnetic tracking system. Participants threw 3 fastballs to a catcher at a regulation distance (60 ft 6 in), and the fastest velocity trial was used for analysis. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship among limb length characteristics, elbow kinetics, and elbow kinematics after accounting for the effects of body weight and height. Results: Pitchers with longer UA length experienced increased maximum elbow varus torque ( P = .005) and maximum net elbow force ( P = .001). Pitchers with an increased forearm to UA ratio had decreased elbow compression force ( P < .001) and exhibited a more flexed elbow at foot contact ( P = .001). Pitchers with greater maximum loading rates experienced greater elbow varus torque ( P = .002). Conclusion: In youth baseball pitchers, longer UA length and greater loading rate increase varus torque about the elbow during a fastball pitch. Clinical Relevance: Longer UA length and greater loading rate may place pitchers at risk of injury because of their relationship with kinetic values.

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Cardona, Manuel, Cecilia E. García Cena, Fernando Serrano, and Roque Saltaren. "ALICE: Conceptual Development of a Lower Limb Exoskeleton Robot Driven by an On-Board Musculoskeletal Simulator." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030789.

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Objective: In this article, we present the conceptual development of a robotics platform, called ALICE (Assistive Lower Limb Controlled Exoskeleton), for kinetic and kinematic gait characterization. The ALICE platform includes a robotics wearable exoskeleton and an on-board muscle driven simulator to estimate the user’s kinetic parameters. Background: Even when the kinematics patterns of the human gait are well studied and reported in the literature, there exists a considerable intra-subject variability in the kinetics of the movements. ALICE aims to be an advanced mechanical sensor that allows us to compute real-time information of both kinetic and kinematic data, opening up a new personalized rehabilitation concept. Methodology: We developed a full muscle driven simulator in an open source environment and validated it with real gait data obtained from patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. After that, we designed, modeled, and controlled a 6 DoF lower limb exoskeleton with inertial measurement units and a position/velocity sensor in each actuator. Significance: This novel concept aims to become a tool for improving the diagnosis of pathological gait and to design personalized robotics rehabilitation therapies. Conclusion: ALICE is the first robotics platform automatically adapted to the kinetic and kinematic gait parameters of each patient.

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Liu, Tao, Yoshio Inoue, Kyoko Shibata, Kozou Shiojima, and Ji Bin Yin. "A Novel Three-Dimensional Gait Analysis System." Advanced Materials Research 569 (September 2012): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.569.352.

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Three-dimensional (3D) lower limb kinematic and kinetic analysis based on ambulatory measurements is introduced in this paper. We developed a wireless sensor system composed of a mobile force plate system, 3D motion sensor units and a wireless data logger. 3D motions of body segment and triaxial ground reaction force (GRF) could be simultaneously measured using the system, and the data obtained from sensor units on thighs, shanks and feet could be transferred to a personal computer by wireless local area network (LAN). An inverse dynamics method was adopted to calculate triaxial joint moments. The accuracy of kinematics and kinetics (joint moments) assessment is validated against results obtained from the stationary measurement system based on camera movement analysis and force plates.

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Lepley, Adam S., and Christopher M. Kuenze. "Hip and Knee Kinematics and Kinetics During Landing Tasks After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-334-16.

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Objective: To evaluate the current evidence concerning kinematic and kinetic strategies adopted during dynamic landing tasks by patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Data Sources: PubMed, Web of Science. Study Selection: Original research articles that evaluated kinematics or kinetics (or both) during a landing task in those with a history of ACLR were included. Data Extraction: Methodologic quality was assessed using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Means and standard deviations for knee or hip (or both) kinematics and kinetics were used to calculate Cohen d effect sizes and corresponding 95% confidence intervals between the injured limb of ACLR participants and contralateral or healthy matched limbs. Data were further stratified by landing tasks, either double- or single-limb landing. A random-effects–model meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals. Data Synthesis: The involved limbs of ACLR patients demonstrated clinically and significantly lower knee-extension moments during double-legged landing compared with healthy contralateral limbs and healthy control limbs (Cohen d range = −0.81 to −1.23) and decreased vertical ground reaction forces when compared with healthy controls, regardless of task (Cohen d range = −0.39 to −1.75). Conclusions: During single- and double-legged landing tasks, individuals with ACLR demonstrated meaningful reductions in injured-limb knee-extension moments and vertical ground reaction forces. These findings indicate potential unloading of the injured limb after ACLR, which may have significant implications for secondary ACL injury and long-term joint health.

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Desoyer, K. "Kinematics and Kinetics of Robots — A Short Survey." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 18, no. 16 (November 1985): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)60000-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Kinematics and Kinetics'

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