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Journal articles on the topic 'Kinetic energy budget'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Abdel-Basset Mohamed, Heshmat, Mahmoud Ahmed Husin, and Hosny Mohamed Hasanen. "Kinetic Energy Budget of a Tropical Cyclone." Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 05, no. 04 (2015): 394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/acs.2015.54031.

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2

Folorunso, OP. "Turbulent Kinetic Energy and Budget of Heterogeneous Open Channel with Gravel and Vegetated Beds." Journal of Civil Engineering Research & Technology 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jcert/2021(3)115.

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Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and budget are indispensable hydraulic parameters to determine turbulent scales and processes resulting from various and different natural hydraulic features in open channels. This paper focuses on experimental investigation of turbulent kinetic energy and budget in a heterogeneous open channel flow with gravel and vegetated beds. Results indicate the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) value over gravel region of the heterogeneous bed remains approximately constant with flow depth. The highest turbulent kinetic energy was calculated for flexible vegetation arrangement compared to the rigid vegetation. The estimation of the turbulent kinetic energy budget shows the higher values of turbulence production recorded over the flexible vegetated bed, consequently, the dissipation rate exhibits faster decay of turbulence kinetic energy over the vegetated bed in comparison to the gravel bed.

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3

Fan, Yalin, and Paul Hwang. "Kinetic energy flux budget across air-sea interface." Ocean Modelling 120 (December 2017): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.10.010.

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4

Rao, P. L. S. "The kinetic energy budget of Asian summer monsoon." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 84, no. 4 (September 28, 2005): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-005-0173-9.

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5

Krishnamoorthy, L. V., and R. A. Antonia. "Turbulent kinetic energy budget in the near-wall region." AIAA Journal 26, no. 3 (March 1988): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.9888.

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6

Lai, Chris C. K., and Scott A. Socolofsky. "The turbulent kinetic energy budget in a bubble plume." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 865 (March 1, 2019): 993–1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.66.

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We present the turbulent kinetic energy (t.k.e.) budget of a dilute bubble plume in its asymptotic state. The budget is derived from an experimental dataset of bubble plumes formed inside an unstratified water tank. The experiments cover both the adjustment phase and asymptotic state of the plume. The diameters $d$ of air bubbles are in the range 1–4 mm and the air void fraction $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$ is between 0.7 % and 1.8 %. We measured the three components of the instantaneous liquid velocity vector with a profiling acoustic Doppler velocimeter. From the experiments, we found the following inside the heterogeneous bubble core of the plume: (i) the probability density functions of the standardized liquid fluctuations are very similar to those of homogeneous bubble swarms rising with and without background liquid turbulence; (ii) the characteristic temporal frequency $f_{cwi}$ at which bubbles inject t.k.e. into the liquid agrees with the prediction $f_{cwi}=0.14u_{s}/d$ observed and theoretically derived for homogeneous bubble swarms ($u_{s}$ is the bubble slip velocity); (iii) the liquid turbulence is anisotropic with the ratio of turbulence intensities between the vertical and horizontal components in the range 1.9–2.1; (iv) the t.k.e. production by air bubbles is much larger than that by liquid mean shear; and (v) an increasing fraction of the available work done by bubbles is deposited into liquid turbulence as one moves away from the plume centreline. Together with the existing knowledge of homogeneous bubble swarms, our results of the heterogeneous bubble plume support the view that millimetre-sized bubbles create specific patterns of liquid fluctuations that are insensitive to flow conditions and can therefore be possibly modelled by a universal form.

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7

Grant, A. L. M., and A. P. Lock. "The turbulent kinetic energy budget for shallow cumulus convection." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 130, no. 597 (January 31, 2004): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.50.

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8

Zhan, Peng, Aneesh C. Subramanian, Fengchao Yao, Aditya R. Kartadikaria, Daquan Guo, and Ibrahim Hoteit. "The eddy kinetic energy budget in the Red Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121, no. 7 (July 2016): 4732–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011589.

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9

Zhou, Lei, Adam H. Sobel, and Raghu Murtugudde. "Kinetic Energy Budget for the Madden–Julian Oscillation in a Multiscale Framework." Journal of Climate 25, no. 15 (August 1, 2012): 5386–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00339.1.

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Abstract A kinetic energy budget for the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is established in a three-scale framework. The three scales are the zonal mean, the MJO scale with wavenumbers 1–4, and the small scale with wavenumbers larger than 4. In the composite budget, the dominant balance at the MJO scale is between conversion from potential energy and work done by the pressure gradient force (PGF). This balance is consistent with the view that the MJO wind perturbations can be viewed as a quasi-linear response to a slowly varying heat source. A large residual in the upper troposphere suggests that much kinetic energy dissipates there by cumulus friction. Kinetic energy exchange between different scales is not a large component of the composite budget. There is a transfer of kinetic energy from the MJO scale to the small scale; that is, this multiscale interaction appears to damp rather than strengthen the MJO. There is some variation in the relative importance of different terms from one event to the next. In particular, conversion from mean kinetic energy can be important in some events. In a few other events, the influence from the extratropics is pronounced.

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10

Goodman, Louis, Edward R. Levine, and Rolf G. Lueck. "On Measuring the Terms of the Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budget from an AUV." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 23, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 977–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1889.1.

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Abstract The terms of the steady-state, homogeneous turbulent kinetic energy budgets are obtained from measurements of turbulence and fine structure from the small autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Remote Environmental Measuring Units (REMUS). The transverse component of Reynolds stress and the vertical flux of heat are obtained from the correlation of vertical and transverse horizontal velocity, and the correlation of vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations, respectively. The data were obtained using a turbulence package, with two shear probes, a fast-response thermistor, and three accelerometers. To obtain the vector horizontal Reynolds stress, a generalized eddy viscosity formulation is invoked. This allows the downstream component of the Reynolds stress to be related to the transverse component by the direction of the finescale vector vertical shear. The Reynolds stress and the vector vertical shear then allow an estimate of the rate of production of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Heat flux is obtained by correlating the vertical velocity with temperature fluctuations obtained from the FP-07 thermistor. The buoyancy flux term is estimated from the vertical flux of heat with the assumption of a constant temperature–salinity (T–S) relationship. Turbulent dissipation is obtained directly from the usage of shear probes. A multivariate correction procedure is developed to remove vehicle motion and vibration contamination from the estimates of the TKE terms. A technique is also developed to estimate the statistical uncertainty of using this estimation technique for the TKE budget terms. Within the statistical uncertainty of the estimates herein, the TKE budget on average closes for measurements taken in the weakly stratified waters at the entrance to Long Island Sound. In the strongly stratified waters of Narragansett Bay, the TKE budget closes when the buoyancy Reynolds number exceeds 20, an indicator and threshold for the initiation of turbulence in stratified conditions. A discussion is made regarding the role of the turbulent kinetic energy length scale relative to the length of the AUV in obtaining these estimates, and in the TKE budget closure.

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11

Mignot, Emmanuel, Eric Barthélemy, and David Hurther. "Turbulent kinetic energy budget in a gravel-bed channel flow." Acta Geophysica 56, no. 3 (May 27, 2008): 601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11600-008-0020-3.

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12

Li, Kun, Y. Wei, S. Haaland, E. A. Kronberg, Z. J. Rong, L. Maes, R. Maggiolo, M. André, H. Nilsson, and E. Grigorenko. "Estimating the Kinetic Energy Budget of the Polar Wind Outflow." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 123, no. 9 (September 2018): 7917–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018ja025819.

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13

Greenhut, Gary K., and Giangiuseppe Mastrantonio. "Turbulence Kinetic Energy Budget Profiles Derived from Doppler Sodar Measurements." Journal of Applied Meteorology 28, no. 2 (February 1989): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1989)028<0099:tkebpd>2.0.co;2.

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14

Hammachukiattikul, Bussakorn. "Kinetic energy budget of active summer monsoon on Southeast Asia." Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 4, no. 3 (June 13, 2018): 961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40808-018-0487-0.

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15

Eden, Carsten, Friederike Pollmann, and Dirk Olbers. "Towards a Global Spectral Energy Budget for Internal Gravity Waves in the Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 4 (April 2020): 935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0022.1.

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AbstractEnergy transfers by internal gravity wave–wave interactions in spectral space are diagnosed from numerical model simulations initialized with realizations of the Garrett–Munk spectrum in physical space and compared with the predictions of the so-called scattering integral or kinetic equation. Averaging the random phase of the initialization, the energy transfers by wave–wave interactions in the model agree well with the predictions of the kinetic equation for certain ranges of frequency and wavenumbers. This validation allows now, in principle, the use of the energy transfers predicted by the kinetic equation to design a global spectral energy budget for internal gravity waves in the ocean where divergences of energy transports in physical and spectral space balance forcing, dissipation, the energy transfers by the wave–wave interactions, or the rate of change of the spectral wave energy. First global estimates show indeed accumulation of the wave energy in a range of latitude ϕ consistent with tidal waves at frequency ωT propagating toward the latitudinal window where 2 < ωT/f(ϕ) < 3, as predicted by the kinetic equation.

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16

Zilitinkevich, Sergej, Oleg Druzhinin, Andrey Glazunov, Evgeny Kadantsev, Evgeny Mortikov, Iryna Repina, and Yulia Troitskaya. "Dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy in stably stratified sheared flows." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 4 (February 27, 2019): 2489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2489-2019.

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Abstract. Over the years, the problem of dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in stable stratification remained unclear because of the practical impossibility to directly measure the process of dissipation that takes place at the smallest scales of turbulent motion. Poor representation of dissipation causes intolerable uncertainties in turbulence-closure theory and thus in modelling stably stratified turbulent flows. We obtain a theoretical solution to this problem for the whole range of stratifications from neutral to limiting stable; and validate it via (i) direct numerical simulation (DNS) immediately detecting the dissipation rate and (ii) indirect estimates of dissipation rate retrieved via the TKE budget equation from atmospheric measurements of other components of the TKE budget. The proposed formulation of dissipation rate will be of use in any turbulence-closure models employing the TKE budget equation and in problems requiring precise knowledge of the high-frequency part of turbulence spectra in atmospheric chemistry, aerosol science, and microphysics of clouds.

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17

Darisse, Alexis, Jean Lemay, and Azemi Benaïssa. "Budgets of turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds stresses, variance of temperature fluctuations and turbulent heat fluxes in a round jet." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 774 (June 5, 2015): 95–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.245.

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The self-preserving region of a free round turbulent air jet at high Reynolds number is investigated experimentally (at$x/D=30$,$\mathit{Re}_{D}=1.4\times 10^{5}$and$\mathit{Re}_{{\it\lambda}}=548$). Air is slightly heated ($20\,^{\circ }\text{C}$above ambient) in order to use temperature as a passive scalar. Laser doppler velocimetry and simultaneous laser doppler velocimetry–cold-wire thermometry measurements are used to evaluate turbulent kinetic energy and temperature variance budgets in identical flow conditions. Special attention is paid to the control of initial conditions and the statistical convergence of the data acquired. Measurements of the variance, third-order moments and mixed correlations of velocity and temperature are provided (including$\overline{vw^{2}}$,$\overline{u{\it\theta}^{2}}$,$\overline{v{\it\theta}^{2}}$,$\overline{u^{2}{\it\theta}}$,$\overline{v^{2}{\it\theta}}$and$\overline{uv{\it\theta}}$). The agreement of the present results with the analytical expressions given by the continuity, mean momentum and mean enthalpy equations supports their consistency. The turbulent kinetic energy transport budget is established using Lumley’s model for the pressure diffusion term. Dissipation is inferred as the closing balance. The transport budgets of the$\overline{u_{i}u_{j}}$components are also determined, which enables analysis of the turbulent kinetic energy redistribution mechanisms. The impact of the surrogacy$\overline{vw^{2}}=\overline{v^{3}}$is then analysed in detail. In addition, the present data offer an opportunity to evaluate every single term of the passive scalar transport budget, except for the dissipation, which is also inferred as the closing balance. Hence, estimates of the dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature fluctuations (${\it\epsilon}_{k}$and${\it\epsilon}_{{\it\theta}}$) are proposed here for use in future studies of the passive scalar in a turbulent round jet. Finally, the budgets of turbulent heat fluxes ($\overline{u_{i}{\it\theta}}$) are presented.

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18

Urakawa, L. Shogo, and Hiroyasu Hasumi. "The Energetics of Global Thermohaline Circulation and Its Wind Enhancement." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 1715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4073.1.

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Abstract The energy budget of global thermohaline circulation (THC) is numerically investigated using an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) under a realistic configuration. Earlier studies just discuss a globally integrated energy budget. This study intends to draw a comprehensive picture of the global THC by separately calculating the energy budgets for three basins (the Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, and Southern Ocean). The largest mechanical energy source is a kinetic energy (KE) input to the general circulation by wind. Of that, 0.3 TW is converted to gravitational potential energy (GPE), and 80% of the energy conversion occurs in the Southern Ocean. Almost the same quantity of GPE is supplied by vertical mixing. Injected GPE is almost equally dissipated by convective adjustment and the effect of cabbeling, and a large part of that is consumed in the Southern Ocean. A dominant role of the Southern Ocean in the energy balance of THC and importance of the interbasin transport of GPE are found. Then, the enhancement of the meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic induced by wind in the Southern Ocean is examined. Calculating the energy budget anomaly enables the authors to identify its mechanism as a component of THC.

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19

Zhong, Shui-Xin, Wei-Guang Meng, and Fu-You Tian. "Budgets of rotational and divergent kinetic energy in the warm-sector torrential rains over South China: a case study." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 133, no. 3 (February 5, 2021): 759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00703-021-00778-1.

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AbstractThe contributions of divergent and rotational wind components to the kinetic energy budget during a record-breaking rainstorm on 7 May 2017 over South China are examined. This warm-sector extreme precipitation caused historical maximum of 382.6 mm accumulated rainfall in 3 h over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions in South China. Results show that there was a high low-level southerly wind-speed tongue stretching into the PRD regions from the northeast of the South China Sea (SCS) during this extreme precipitation. The velocity potential exhibited a low-value center as well as a low-level divergence-center over the SCS. The rotational components of the kinetic energy (KR)-related terms were the main contribution-terms of the kinetic energy budget. The main contribution-terms of KR and the divergent component of kinetic energy (KD) were the barotropical and baroclinic processes-related terms due to cross-contour flow and the vertical flux divergence.

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20

Mcnaughton, K. G. "On the Kinetic Energy Budget of the Unstable Atmospheric Surface Layer." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 118, no. 1 (January 2006): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-3779-7.

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21

Christen, Andreas, Mathias W. Rotach, and Roland Vogt. "The Budget of Turbulent Kinetic Energy in the Urban Roughness Sublayer." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 131, no. 2 (February 24, 2009): 193–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-009-9359-5.

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22

Lambert, Steven J. "A divergent and rotational kinetic energy budget for January and July." Journal of Geophysical Research 94, no. D8 (1989): 11137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jd094id08p11137.

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23

Karasawa, Hiroki, Shigeo Hosokawa, and Akio Tomiyama. "0209 Measurement of Turbulence Kinetic Energy Budget in Bubbly Duct Flow." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2014 (2014): _0209–1_—_0209–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2014._0209-1_.

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24

Taylor, Peter K., and Margaret J. Yelland. "On the Apparent “Imbalance” Term in the Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budget." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 17, no. 1 (January 2000): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0082:otaiti>2.0.co;2.

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25

Sun, Yuan, Zhong Zhong, and Yuan Wang. "Kinetic energy budget of Typhoon Yagi (2006) during its extratropical transition." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 118, no. 1-2 (June 29, 2012): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00703-012-0200-1.

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26

Hosokawa, Shigeo, Takashi Suzuki, and Akio Tomiyama. "Turbulence kinetic energy budget in bubbly flows in a vertical duct." Experiments in Fluids 52, no. 3 (May 6, 2011): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-011-1109-z.

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27

Liu, H. F., X. Y. Luo, and Z. X. Cai. "Stability and energy budget of pressure-driven collapsible channel flows." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 705 (September 7, 2011): 348–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.254.

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AbstractAlthough self-excited oscillations in collapsible channel flows have been extensively studied, our understanding of their origins and mechanisms is still far from complete. In the present paper, we focus on the stability and energy budget of collapsible channel flows using a fluid–beam model with the pressure-driven (inlet pressure specified) condition, and highlight its differences to the flow-driven (i.e. inlet flow specified) system. The numerical finite element scheme used is a spine-based arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method, which is shown to satisfy the geometric conservation law exactly. We find that the stability structure for the pressure-driven system is not a cascade as in the flow-driven case, and the mode-2 instability is no longer the primary onset of the self-excited oscillations. Instead, mode-1 instability becomes the dominating unstable mode. The mode-2 neutral curve is found to be completely enclosed by the mode-1 neutral curve in the pressure drop and wall stiffness space; hence no purely mode-2 unstable solutions exist in the parameter space investigated. By analysing the energy budgets at the neutrally stable points, we can confirm that in the high-wall-tension region (on the upper branch of the mode-1 neutral curve), the stability mechanism is the same as proposed by Jensen & Heil. Namely, self-excited oscillations can grow by extracting kinetic energy from the mean flow, with exactly two-thirds of the net kinetic energy flux dissipated by the oscillations and the remainder balanced by increased dissipation in the mean flow. However, this mechanism cannot explain the energy budget for solutions along the lower branch of the mode-1 neutral curve where greater wall deformation occurs. Nor can it explain the energy budget for the mode-2 neutral oscillations, where the unsteady pressure drop is strongly influenced by the severely collapsed wall, with stronger Bernoulli effects and flow separations. It is clear that more work is required to understand the physical mechanisms operating in different regions of the parameter space, and for different boundary conditions.

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28

Urakawa, L. Shogo, and Hiroyasu Hasumi. "Role of Parameterized Eddies in the Energy Budget of the Global Thermohaline Circulation: Cabbeling versus Restratification." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4361.1.

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Abstract The gravitational potential energy (GPE) budget of the global thermohaline circulation is investigated with a non-eddy-resolving model under a realistic configuration. The model incorporates parameterizations for mesoscale eddies and an equation of state that takes pressure dependency of density into account. Both vertical mixing and energy conversion from kinetic energy equally supply the GPE to the ocean, and its total amount is about 680 GW. Earlier studies point out that most of the GPE supplied by vertical mixing and energy conversion from kinetic energy is consumed by the cabbeling effect associated with the diabatic diffusion process. However, this study reveals that over 60% of the supplied GPE is adiabatically converted to eddy kinetic energy by the layer thickness diffusion and undergoes viscous dissipation, which is not resolved in the low-resolution model used here. Although the cabbeling effect on the GPE budget reduces in the presence of parameterizations of mesoscale eddies, its contribution is not necessarily negligible.

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29

Hieronymus, Magnus, and Jeffrey R. Carpenter. "Energy and Variance Budgets of a Diffusive Staircase with Implications for Heat Flux Scaling." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 8 (August 2016): 2553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0155.1.

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AbstractThe steady-state energy and thermal variance budgets form the basis for most current methods for evaluating turbulent fluxes of buoyancy, heat, and salinity. This study derives these budgets for a double-diffusive staircase and quantifies them using direct numerical simulations; 10 runs with different Rayleigh numbers are considered. The energy budget is found to be well approximated by a simple three-term balance, while the thermal variance budget consists of only two terms. The two budgets are also combined to give an expression for the ratio of the heat and salt fluxes. The heat flux scaling is also studied and found to agree well with earlier estimates based on laboratory experiments and numerical simulations at high Rayleigh numbers. At low Rayleigh numbers, however, the authors find large deviations from earlier scaling laws. Last, the scaling theory of Grossman and Lohse, which was developed for Rayleigh–Bénard convection and is based on the partitioning of the kinetic energy and tracer variance dissipation, is adapted to the diffusive regime of double-diffusive convection. The predicted heat flux scalings are compared to the results from the numerical simulations and earlier estimates.

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30

Lees, Aarne, and Hussein Aluie. "Baropycnal Work: A Mechanism for Energy Transfer across Scales." Fluids 4, no. 2 (May 18, 2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4020092.

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The role of baroclinicity, which arises from the misalignment of pressure and density gradients, is well-known in the vorticity equation, yet its role in the kinetic energy budget has never been obvious. Here, we show that baroclinicity appears naturally in the kinetic energy budget after carrying out the appropriate scale decomposition. Strain generation by pressure and density gradients, both barotropic and baroclinic, also results from our analysis. These two processes underlie the recently identified mechanism of “baropycnal work”, which can transfer energy across scales in variable density flows. As such, baropycnal work is markedly distinct from pressure-dilatation into which the former is implicitly lumped in Large Eddy Simulations. We provide numerical evidence from 1024 3 direct numerical simulations of compressible turbulence. The data shows excellent pointwise agreement between baropycnal work and the nonlinear model we derive, supporting our interpretation of how it operates.

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31

Kleidon, Axel, and Lee M. Miller. "The Kinetic Energy Budget of the Atmosphere (KEBA) model 1.0: a simple yet physical approach for estimating regional wind energy resource potentials that includes the kinetic energy removal effect by wind turbines." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 10 (October 22, 2020): 4993–5005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4993-2020.

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Abstract. With the current expansion of wind power as a renewable energy source, wind turbines increasingly extract kinetic energy from the atmosphere, thus impacting its energy resource. Here, we present a simple, physics-based model (the Kinetic Energy Budget of the Atmosphere; KEBA) to estimate wind energy resource potentials that explicitly account for this removal effect. The model is based on the regional kinetic energy budget of the atmospheric boundary layer that encloses the wind farms of a region. This budget is shaped by horizontal and vertical influx of kinetic energy from upwind regions and the free atmosphere above, as well as the energy removal by the turbines, dissipative losses due to surface friction and wakes, and downwind outflux. These terms can be formulated in a simple yet physical way, yielding analytic expressions for how wind speeds and energy yields are reduced with increasing deployment of wind turbines within a region. We show that KEBA estimates compare very well to the modelling results of a previously published study in which wind farms of different sizes and in different regions were simulated interactively with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) atmospheric model. Compared to a reference case without the effect of reduced wind speeds, yields can drop by more than 50 % at scales greater than 100 km, depending on turbine spacing and the wind conditions of the region. KEBA is able to reproduce these reductions in energy yield compared to the simulated climatological means in WRF (n=36 simulations; r2=0.82). The kinetic energy flux diagnostics of KEBA show that this reduction occurs because the total yield of the simulated wind farms approaches a similar magnitude as the influx of kinetic energy. Additionally, KEBA estimates the slowing of the region's wind speeds, the associated reduction in electricity yields, and how both are due to the depletion of the horizontal influx of kinetic energy by the wind farms. This limits typical large-scale wind energy potentials to less than 1 W m−2 of surface area for wind farms with downwind lengths of more than 100 km, although this limit may be higher in windy regions. This reduction with downwind length makes these yields consistent with climate-model-based idealized simulations of large-scale wind energy resource potentials. We conclude that KEBA is a transparent and informative modelling approach to advance the scientific understanding of wind energy limits and can be used to estimate regional wind energy resource potentials that account for the depletion of wind speeds.

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32

MacCready, Parker, and Sarah N. Giddings. "The Mechanical Energy Budget of a Regional Ocean Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 9 (September 2016): 2719–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0086.1.

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AbstractA method is presented for calculating a complete, numerically closed, mechanical energy budget in a realistic simulation of circulation in a coastal–estuarine domain. The budget is formulated in terms of the “local” available potential energy (APE; Holliday and McIntyre 1981). The APE may be split up into two parts based on whether a water parcel has been displaced up or down relative to its rest depth. This decomposition clearly shows the different APE signatures of coastal upwelling (particles displaced up by wind) and the estuary (particles displaced down by mixing). Because the definition of APE is local in almost the same sense that kinetic energy is, this study may form meaningful integrals of reservoir and budget terms even over regions that have open boundaries. However, the choice of volume to use for calculation of the rest state is not unique and may influence the results. Complete volume-integrated energy budgets over shelf and estuary volumes in a realistic model of the northeast Pacific and Salish Sea give a new way to quantify the state of these systems and the physical forces that influence that state. On the continental shelf, upwelling may be quantified using APE, which is found to have order-one seasonal variation with an increase due to winds and decrease due to mixing. In the Salish Sea estuarine system, the APE has much less seasonal variation, and the magnitude of the most important forcing terms would take over 7 months to fully drain this energy.

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33

CAPET, XAVIER, PATRICE KLEIN, BACH LIEN HUA, GUILLAUME LAPEYRE, and JAMES C. MCWILLIAMS. "Surface kinetic energy transfer in surface quasi-geostrophic flows." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 604 (May 14, 2008): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112008001110.

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The relevance of surface quasi-geostrophic dynamics (SQG) to the upper ocean and the atmospheric tropopause has been recently demonstrated in a wide range of conditions. Within this context, the properties of SQG in terms of kinetic energy (KE) transfers at the surface are revisited and further explored. Two well-known and important properties of SQG characterize the surface dynamics: (i) the identity between surface velocity and density spectra (when appropriately scaled) and (ii) the existence of a forward cascade for surface density variance. Here we show numerically and analytically that (i) and (ii) do not imply a forward cascade of surface KE (through the advection term in the KE budget). On the contrary, advection by the geostrophic flow primarily induces an inverse cascade of surface KE on a large range of scales. This spectral flux is locally compensated by a KE source that is related to surface frontogenesis. The subsequent spectral budget resembles those exhibited by more complex systems (primitive equations or Boussinesq models) and observations, which strengthens the relevance of SQG for the description of ocean/atmosphere dynamics near vertical boundaries. The main weakness of SQG however is in the small-scale range (scales smaller than 20–30 km in the ocean) where it poorly represents the forward KE cascade observed in non-QG numerical simulations.

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34

Maloney, Eric D., and Chidong Zhang. "Dr. Yanai’s Contributions to the Discovery and Science of the MJO." Meteorological Monographs 56 (April 1, 2016): 4.1–4.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-15-0003.1.

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Abstract This chapter reviews Professor Michio Yanai’s contributions to the discovery and science of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Professor Yanai’s work on equatorial waves played an inspirational role in the MJO discovery by Roland Madden and Paul Julian. Professor Yanai also made direct and important contributions to MJO research. These research contributions include work on the vertically integrated moist static energy budget, cumulus momentum transport, eddy available potential energy and eddy kinetic energy budgets, and tropical–extratropical interactions. Finally, Professor Yanai left a legacy through his students, who continue to push the bounds of MJO research.

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35

Chamecki, Marcelo, Livia S. Freire, Nelson L. Dias, Bicheng Chen, Cléo Quaresma Dias-Junior, Luiz Augusto Toledo Machado, Matthias Sörgel, Anywhere Tsokankunku, and Alessandro C. de Araújo. "Effects of Vegetation and Topography on the Boundary Layer Structure above the Amazon Forest." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 2941–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-20-0063.1.

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Abstract Observational data from two field campaigns in the Amazon forest were used to study the vertical structure of turbulence above the forest. The analysis was performed using the reduced turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget and its associated two-dimensional phase space. Results revealed the existence of two regions within the roughness sublayer in which the TKE budget cannot be explained by the canonical flat-terrain TKE budgets in the canopy roughness sublayer or in the lower portion of the convective ABL. Data analysis also suggested that deviations from horizontal homogeneity have a large contribution to the TKE budget. Results from LES of a model canopy over idealized topography presented similar features, leading to the conclusion that flow distortions caused by topography are responsible for the observed features in the TKE budget. These results support the conclusion that the boundary layer above the Amazon forest is strongly impacted by the gentle topography underneath.

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36

Browne, L. W. B., R. A. Antonia, and D. A. Shah. "Turbulent energy dissipation in a wake." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 179 (June 1987): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211208700154x.

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The average turbulent energy dissipation is often estimated by assuming isotropy and measuring the temporal derivative of the longitudinal velocity fluctuation. In this paper, the nine major terms that make up the total dissipation have been measured in the self-preserving region of a cylinder wake for a small turbulence Reynolds number. The results indicate that local isotropy is not satisfied; the isotropic dissipation, computed by assuming isotropic relations, being smaller than the total dissipation by about 45% on the wake centreline and by about 80% near the wake edge. Indirect verification of the dissipation measurements is provided by the budget of the turbulent kinetic energy. This budget leads to a plausible distribution for the pressure diffusion term, obtained by difference.

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37

FUKUNAGA, Takayuki, Takashi SUZUKI, Shigeo HOSOKAWA, and Akio TOMIYAMA. "1002 Turbulence Kinetic Energy Budget of Turbulent Bubbly Flows in a Duct." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2009.84 (2009): _10–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2009.84._10-2_.

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38

Lebron, J., L. Castillo, and C. Meneveau. "Experimental study of the kinetic energy budget in a wind turbine streamtube." Journal of Turbulence 13 (January 2012): N43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14685248.2012.705005.

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39

Godfrey, L. E. H., and S. S. Shabala. "AGN JET KINETIC POWER AND THE ENERGY BUDGET OF RADIO GALAXY LOBES." Astrophysical Journal 767, no. 1 (March 20, 2013): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/767/1/12.

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40

Padhi, Ellora, Nadia Penna, Roberto Gaudio, V. R. Desai, and Subhasish Dey. "Turbulent kinetic energy flux and budget in a water-worked gravel bed." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184005006.

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Turbulent flow over a water-worked gravel bed (WGB) was investigated using the double-averaging methodology (DAM). The flow measurements were carried out by the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The double-averaged (DA) turbulent characteristics (DA Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) components, form-induced TKE components, DA TKE fluxes, form-induced TKE fluxes, DA TKE budget) were analyzed for the WGB. To understand the effect of changed bed topography on the turbulent characteristics, the flow measurements were carried out over a screeded gravel bed (SGB), keeping the flow Froude number same as in case of WGB. Owing to water work, the bed topography of WGB was dissimilar to that of SGB, resulting in higher roughness size for the former than that for the latter. Comparative study of the DA turbulent characteristics of both the beds infers that especially in the near-bed flow zone, the flow parameters of the WGB are attaining higher values than those of the SGB. However, they are almost alike for both the beds in the flow outer layer.

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41

Liljegren, L. M., and W. Foslein. "Fluctuating kinetic energy budget during homogeneous flow of a fluid solid mixture." Physics of Fluids 8, no. 1 (January 1996): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868816.

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42

Singh, J., M. Rudman, and H. M. Blackburn. "The influence of shear-dependent rheology on turbulent pipe flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 822 (June 8, 2017): 848–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.296.

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Direct numerical simulations of turbulent pipe flow of power-law fluids at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=323$ are analysed in order to understand the way in which shear thinning or thickening affects first- and second-order flow statistics including turbulent kinetic energy production, transport and dissipation in such flows. The results show that with shear thinning, near-wall streaks become weaker and the axial and azimuthal correlation lengths of axial velocity fluctuations increase. Viscosity fluctuations give rise to an additional shear stress term in the mean momentum equation which is negative for shear-thinning fluids and which increases in magnitude as the fluid becomes more shear thinning: for an equal mean wall shear stress, this term increases the mean velocity gradient in shear-thinning fluids when compared to a Newtonian fluid. Consequently, the mean velocity profile in power-law fluids deviates from the law of the wall $U_{z}^{+}=y^{+}$ in the viscous sublayer when traditional near-wall scaling is used. Consideration is briefly given to an alternative scaling that allows the law of wall to be recovered but which results in loss of a common mean stress profile. With shear thinning, the mean viscosity increases slightly at the wall and its profile appears to be approximately logarithmic in the velocity log layer. Through analysis of the turbulent kinetic energy budget, undertaken here for the first time for generalised Newtonian fluids, it is shown that shear thinning decreases the overall turbulent kinetic energy production but widens the wall-normal region where it is generated. Additional dissipation terms in the mean flow and turbulent kinetic energy budget equations arise from viscosity fluctuations; with shear thinning, these result in a net decrease in the total viscous dissipation. The overall effect of shear thinning on the turbulent kinetic energy budget is found to be largely confined to the inner layers, $y^{+}\lesssim 60$.

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43

Violeau, D. "A Comprehensive Presentation of the Turbulent Plane Jet Theory with Passive Scalar." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4369895.

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We present a unified vision of the existing theoretical models for the turbulent plane jet, leading to new analytical profiles for scalar concentration and turbulent quantities, including a complete turbulent kinetic energy budget. Integrals of the budget terms are also computed. The present model is split into two variants. Both compare fairly well with referenced experimental data.

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44

Nilsson, Erik, Marie Lothon, Fabienne Lohou, Eric Pardyjak, Oscar Hartogensis, and Clara Darbieu. "Turbulence kinetic energy budget during the afternoon transition – Part 2: A simple TKE model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 14 (July 19, 2016): 8873–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8873-2016.

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Abstract. A simple model for turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and the TKE budget is presented for sheared convective atmospheric conditions based on observations from the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) field campaign. It is based on an idealized mixed-layer approximation and a simplified near-surface TKE budget. In this model, the TKE is dependent on four budget terms (turbulent dissipation rate, buoyancy production, shear production and vertical transport of TKE) and only requires measurements of three available inputs (near-surface buoyancy flux, boundary layer depth and wind speed at one height in the surface layer) to predict vertical profiles of TKE and TKE budget terms.This simple model is shown to reproduce some of the observed variations between the different studied days in terms of near-surface TKE and its decay during the afternoon transition reasonably well. It is subsequently used to systematically study the effects of buoyancy and shear on TKE evolution using idealized constant and time-varying winds during the afternoon transition. From this, we conclude that many different TKE decay rates are possible under time-varying winds and that generalizing the decay with simple scaling laws for near-surface TKE of the form tα may be questionable.The model's errors result from the exclusion of processes such as elevated shear production and horizontal advection. The model also produces an overly rapid decay of shear production with height. However, the most influential budget terms governing near-surface TKE in the observed sheared convective boundary layers are included, while only second-order factors are neglected. Comparison between modeled and averaged observed estimates of dissipation rate illustrates that the overall behavior of the model is often quite reasonable. Therefore, we use the model to discuss the low-turbulence conditions that form first in the upper parts of the boundary layer during the afternoon transition and are only apparent later near the surface. This occurs as a consequence of the continuous decrease in near-surface buoyancy flux during the afternoon transition. This region of weak afternoon turbulence is hypothesized to be a “pre-residual layer”, which is important in determining the onset conditions for the weak sporadic turbulence that occur in the residual layer once near-surface stratification has become stable.

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45

Schanderl, Wolfgang, Ulrich Jenssen, Claudia Strobl, and Michael Manhart. "The structure and budget of turbulent kinetic energy in front of a wall-mounted cylinder." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 827 (August 22, 2017): 285–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.486.

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We investigate the flow and turbulence structure in front of a cylinder mounted on a flat plate by a combined study using highly resolved large-eddy simulation and particle image velocimetry. The Reynolds number based on the bulk velocity and cylinder diameter is $Re_{D}=39\,000$. As the cylinder is placed in an open channel, we take special care to simulate open-channel flow as the inflow condition, including secondary flows that match the inflow in the experiment. Due to the high numerical resolution, subgrid contributions to the Reynolds stresses are negligible and the modelled dissipation plays a minor role in major parts of the flow field. The accordance of the experimental and numerical results is good. The shear in the approach flow creates a vertical pressure gradient, inducing a downflow in the cylinder front. This downflow, when deflected in the upstream direction at the bottom plate, gives rise to a so-called horseshoe vortex system. The most upstream point of flow reversal at the wall is found to be a stagnation point which appears as a sink instead of a separation point in the symmetry plane in front of the cylinder. The wall shear stress is largest between the main (horseshoe) vortex and the cylinder, and seems to be mainly governed by the strong downflow in front of the cylinder as turbulent stresses are small in this region. Due to a strong acceleration along the streamlines, a region of relatively small turbulent kinetic energy is found between the horseshoe vortex and the cylinder. When passing under the horseshoe vortex, the upstream-directed jet formed by the deflected downflow undergoes a deceleration which gives rise to a strong production of turbulent kinetic energy. We find that pressure transport of turbulent kinetic energy is important for the initiation of the large production rates by increasing the turbulence level in the upstream jet near the wall. The distribution of the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy is similar to that of the turbulent kinetic energy. Large values of dissipation occur around the centre of the horseshoe vortex and near the wall in the region where the jet decelerates. While the small scales are nearly isotropic in the horseshoe vortex centre, they are anistotropic near the wall. This can be explained by a vertical flapping of the upstream-directed jet. The distribution and level of dissipation, turbulent and pressure transport of turbulent kinetic energy are of crucial interest to turbulence modelling in the Reynolds-averaged context. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that these terms have been documented in this kind of flow.

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46

Pestana, Tiago, Matthias Thalhammer, and Stefan Hickel. "Inertia–Gravity Waves Breaking in the Middle Atmosphere at High Latitudes: Energy Transfer and Dissipation Tensor Anisotropy." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 3193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-19-0342.1.

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Abstract We present direct numerical simulations of inertia–gravity waves breaking in the middle–upper mesosphere. We consider two different altitudes, which correspond to the Reynolds number of 28 647 and 114 591 based on wavelength and buoyancy period. While the former was studied by Remmler et al., it is here repeated at a higher resolution and serves as a baseline for comparison with the high-Reynolds-number case. The simulations are designed based on the study of Fruman et al., and are initialized by superimposing primary and secondary perturbations to the convectively unstable base wave. Transient growth leads to an almost instantaneous wave breaking and secondary bursts of turbulence. We show that this process is characterized by the formation of fine flow structures that are predominantly located in the vicinity of the wave’s least stable point. During the wave breakdown, the energy dissipation rate tends to be an isotropic tensor, whereas it is strongly anisotropic in between the breaking events. We find that the vertical kinetic energy spectra exhibit a clear 5/3 scaling law at instants of intense energy dissipation rate and a cubic power law at calmer periods. The term-by-term energy budget reveals that the pressure term is the most important contributor to the global energy budget, as it couples the vertical and the horizontal kinetic energy. During the breaking events, the local energy transfer is predominantly from the mean to the fluctuating field and the kinetic energy production is in balance with the pseudo kinetic energy dissipation rate.

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47

Wahab, M. Abdel, and H. Abdel Basset. "The Effect of Moisture on the Kinetic Energy Budget of a Mediterranean Cyclone." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 65, no. 1-2 (January 27, 2000): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007040050002.

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48

Ivchenko, V. O., A. M. Treguier, and S. E. Best. "A Kinetic Energy Budget and Internal Instabilities in the Fine Resolution Antarctic Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 27, no. 1 (January 1997): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0005:akebai>2.0.co;2.

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49

SMITH, PHILLIP J., and PATRICIA M. DARE. "The kinetic and available potential energy budget of a winter extratropical cyclone system." Tellus A 38A, no. 1 (January 1986): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.1986.tb00452.x.

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50

Ikhennicheu, Maria, Philippe Druault, Benoît Gaurier, and Grégory Germain. "Turbulent kinetic energy budget in a wall-mounted cylinder wake using PIV measurements." Ocean Engineering 210 (August 2020): 107582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107582.

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