Academic literature on the topic 'Kinetik, encke'

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Journal articles on the topic "Kinetik, encke"

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Li, Ying Fen, Hua Ye, Can Cao, and Li Na He. "Leaching Kinetics of MnO2 from Electrolytic Manganese Anode Slimes in the Presence of SO2." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.532.

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Thepaper describes the kinetics of MnO2from electrolytic manganese (EM) anode slimesleached by SO2.The effects of stirring speed,SO2concentration,temperature, and partical size on the leaching rate of manganese are discussed. Experimental results indicated that the leaching of MnO2by SO2is 0.86 order with respect to SO2concentration. The apparent activation energy values for re-action is 25.7KJ/mol,which is consist with the values of activation energy for diffusion control. The kinetic equation can be expressed as: 1-(2/3)x-(1-x)^2/3=(k1/ρr){[SO2]0.86exp(-25700/RT)}t. Meanw-hile, comparative experiments were operated, using analytical class MnO2and pyrolusite, the differ-ence among the three MnO2simples reaction with SO2was identified.
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Li, Zhongxing, Haixia Ma, Peng Xu, Qifeng Peng, Guojian Huang, and Yingjie Liu. "Prediction Model and Experimental Study on Braking Distance under Emergency Braking with Heavy Load of Escalator." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (September 2, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7141237.

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In order to study the relationship between the braking distance and the load of escalator and realize the prediction of the rated load braking distance with a little load, the method of combining theoretical analysis and experimental research is used. First, the dynamic characteristics of the escalator during emergency braking are analyzed, and the prediction model of the braking distance of the escalator under different loads is derived based on the law of conservation of energy. Furthermore, the influence coefficients under different loads were determined through experimental studies, the model was revised, and the concept of equivalent no-load kinetic energy (ENKE) was proposed. The research shows that the braking distance of the escalator increases nonlinearly with the increase in load. When the no-load braking distance and the 25% rated load braking distance change greatly, the braking distance increases faster as the load increases; the escalators with large brake force have a small ENKE and are easy to stop. Otherwise, it is difficult to stop. The test results show that the comparison between the predicted value of the prediction model and the measured value has a maximum error of 2.7%, and the maximum error at rated load is only 2.0%, which fully meets the needs of engineering measurement. And the prediction method reduces test costs, enhances test security, and improves test coverage.
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Pauletti, M. S., E. J. Matta, and S. Rozycki. "Kinetics of heat-induced browning in concentrated milk with sucrose as affected by pH and temperature / Cinética del pardeamiento inducido por calor en sistemas de leche concentrada con alto contenido de sacarosa. Influencia del pH y de la temperatura." Food Science and Technology International 5, no. 5 (October 1999): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201329900500506.

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A model system constituted by whole dry milk powder, sucrose, and distilled water was used to establish kinetic parameters of the heat-induced browning process (HIBP). Second-order central com posite design was chosen with pH and temperature as selected variables. Color response was the Kubelka-Munk index (K/S) calculated from reflectance colorimetric measures as a function of time using the self-backing reflectance transformation (SBRT) procedure. Results showed that HIBP pseudo- order reactions were variable between 0 and 0.6. Reaction rate coefficient (k) was strongly dependent on pH and temperature. In general, k increased as both pH and temperature increased but the influ ence of temperature was higher than that of pH. Q10 was dependent on temperature, ranging be tween 2.15 at 130-140 °C and 2.44 at 100-110 °C, whatever the pH. k values were analyzed with the Arrhenius expression. Values of Ea, calculated for different pH, were coincident (25.34 kcal/M).
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Kastenhuber, M., B. Rashkova, H. Clemens, and S. Mayer. "Advanced intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys with improved microstructural stability during creep." MRS Proceedings 1760 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.968.

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ABSTRACTEnsuring microstructural stability under technical relevant conditions is a determining criterion for the development of innovative high-temperature materials. In this work, the influ-ence of C and Si on the microstructural stability during creep exposure was investigated for a β-solidifying γ-TiAl based alloy with a nominal composition of Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (in at.%), named TNM. With a two-step heat treatment a microstructure consisting of fine lamellar α2/γ-colonies, surrounded by βo-phase and areas of discontinuous precipitation, starting from the boundaries of the lamellar colonies, was adjusted. Creep tests were carried out to examine the potential of C and Si to prevent microstructural instability during creep and hence improving the creep properties. At 815 °C the discontinuous precipitation process of the TNM alloy continues during ensuing creep testing leading to a reduced creep resistance. In comparison, the minimum creep rate of the TNM-0.3C-0.3Si alloy was significantly decreased caused by the lower βo-phase content and average lamellar spacing within the α2/γ-colonies, the precipitation of p-Ti3AlC carbides and the retarded kinetics of discontinuous precipitation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Kinetik, encke"

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Flassig, Robert Johann. "Dusty ringlets in Saturn’s ring system." Master's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2704/.

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Recently, several faint ringlets in the Saturnian ring system were found to maintain a peculiar orientation relative to Sun. The Encke gap ringlets as well as the ringlet in the outer rift of the Cassini division were found to have distinct spatial displacements of several tens of kilometers away from Saturn towards Sun, referred to as heliotropicity (Hedman et al., 2007). This is quite exceptional, since dynamically one would expect eccentric features in the Saturnian rings to precess around Saturn over periods of months. In our study we address this exceptional behavior by investigating the dynamics of circumplanetary dust particles with sizes in the range of 1-100 µm. These small particles are perturbed by non-gravitational forces, in particular, solar radiation pres- sure, Lorentz force, and planetary oblateness, on time-scales of the order of days. The combined influences of these forces cause periodical evolutions of grains’ orbital ec- centricities as well as precession of their pericenters, which can be shown by secular perturbation theory. We show that this interaction results in a stationary eccentric ringlet, oriented with its apocenter towards the Sun, which is consistent with obser- vational findings. By applying this heliotropic dynamics to the central Encke gap ringlet, we can give a limit for the expected smallest grain size in the ringlet of about 8.7 microns, and constrain the minimal lifetime to lie in the order of months. Furthermore, our model matches fairly well the observed ringlet eccentricity in the Encke gap, which supports recent estimates on the size distribution of the ringlet material (Hedman et al., 2007). The ringlet-width however, that results from our modeling based on heliotropic dynamics, slightly overestimates the observed confined ringlet-width by a factor of 3 to 10, depending on the width-measure being used. This is indicative for mechanisms, not included in the heliotropic model, which potentially confine the ringlet to its observed width, including shepherding and scattering by embedded moonlets in the ringlet region. Based on these results, early investigations (Cuzzi et al., 1984, Spahn and Wiebicke, 1989, Spahn and Sponholz, 1989), and recent work that has been published on the F ring (Murray et al., 2008) - to which the Encke gap ringlets are found to share similar morphological structures - we model the maintenance of the central ringlet by embedded moonlets. These moonlets, believed to have sizes of hundreds of meters across, release material into space, which is eroded by micrometeoroid bombardment (Divine, 1993). We further argue that Pan - one of Saturn’s moons, which shares its orbit with the central ringlet of the Encke gap - is a rather weak source of ringlet material that efficiently confines the ringlet sources (moonlets) to move on horseshoe-like orbits. Moreover, we suppose that most of the narrow heliotropic ringlets are fed by a moonlet population, which is held together by the largest member to move on horseshoe-like orbits. Modeling the equilibrium between particle source and sinks with a primitive balance equation based on photometric observations (Porco et al., 2005), we find the minimal effective source mass of the order of 3 · 10-2MPan, which is needed to keep the central ringlet from disappearing.
Im Sommer 2004 erreichte die Raumsonde Cassini Saturn, den zweitgrößten Planeten in unserem Sonnensystem. Seitdem wurden fantastische Entdeckungen von einer über 250 Wissenschaftler umfassenden internationalen Gemeinschaft gemacht, deren physikalische Erklärungen unser Verständnis der Welt enorm erweitert haben. Die Saturnringe, welche aus losem, zumeist eisigem Staubmaterial bestehen, bieten außergewöhnlich viele Strukturen, welche räumlich und zeitlich mehr oder weniger stark variieren. Diese Eigenschaft resultiert aus einer Unzahl an zusätzlichen Kräften, welche die allgemein bekannte Kepler-Bewegung beeinflussen. So befinden sich mehrere Lücken, oder auch Teilungen, in den Ringen, welche schon in Voyager 1/2 Daten Anfang der achtziger Jahre gesehen wurden. Diese werden teilweise durch Resonanzen der Saturn Monde (z.B. innere Ringkante der Cassini Teilung und Mimas), aber auch durch Monde an sich (z.B. Keeler Teilung und Daphnis, Encke Teilung und Pan) über gravitative Wechselwirkungen erzeugt. In diesen Ringteilungen befindet sich - mit Ausnahme von dem ein oder anderen feinen Staub-Ringlein - kein Material. Hedman et al. (2007) haben eine interessante Entdeckung gemacht. Einige dieser feinen Staub-Ringlein sind exzentrisch und halten eine besondere Orientierung zur Sonne aufrecht. Genauer, ihr Apozentrum ist in Richtung Sonne gerichtet, weshalb sie heliotropische Ringlein getauft wurden. Für exzentrische Strukturen im Saturnsystem ist diese eingefrorene Orientierung ungewöhnlich. Normalerweise würde eine Präzession von exzentrischen Strukturen um Saturn auf einer Zeitskala von Monaten, deren Rate im Wesentlichen durch die Abplattung von Saturn bestimmt ist, erwartet werden. In dieser Diplomarbeit untersuchen und erklären wir das außergewöhnlich heliotropische Verhalten qualitativ, sowie quantitativ mit Hilfe von Orbit gemittelten Störungsgleichungen. Dabei demonstrieren wir, dass ein Zusammenspiel von drei Störungskräften (Strahlungsdruck der Sonne, Abplattung der Pole vom Saturn, Lorentzkraft) periodisch gekoppelte Variationen von Orbitexzentrizität und Position des Perizentrums erzeugen, und im Ensembel einen exzentrischen Ring hervorbringen, dessen Apozentrum in Richtung Sonne zeigt. Mit diesem Modell können wir gemessene Ringleinexzentrizitäten und -breiten in der Encke Teilung (Ferrari and Brahic, 1997, Hedman et al., 2007), unter Annahme gängiger Größenverteilungen (Divine, 1993, Krivov et al., 2003), sehr gut bzw. befriedigend reproduzieren. Die Ringleinbreiten werden um den Faktor 3 bis 10 überschätzt, was auf zusätzliche, nicht berücksichtigte Wechselwirkungen schließen läßt. Hier seien Teilchenstreunung an möglichen Moonlets (kleinere Monde) im Ringlein und Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Staubteilchen als zwei mögliche Ursachen genannt. Aufbauend auf dieser heliotropischen Dynamik können wir eine untere Grenze der Staubgrößenverteilung in der Encke Teilung ableiten, welche in eine Mindestlebenszeit für heliotropisches Ringleinmaterial übersetzt werden kann. Motiviert durch die leicht überschätzen Ringleinbreiten, azimuthal unregelmäßigen Helligkeitsschwankungen (z.B. Ferrari and Brahic, 1997), früheren (Cuzzi et al., 1984, Spahn and Wiebicke, 1989, Spahn and Sponholz, 1989) und aktuellen Arbeiten (Murray et al., 2008), sowie der evidenten knickrigen Struktur des zentralen Encke Ringleins (siehe Titelbild, linke Seite), wenden wir zur Materialgenerierung das sog. Impact-Eject Szenario (Divine, 1993, Krüger et al., 1999) auf Moonlets an, welche an mit Sicherheit grenzender Wahrscheinlichkeit in dem Ringlein eingebettet sind. Damit können wir ein einfaches kinetisches Modell basierend auf gemessenen Daten von Cassini (optische Tiefen, Porco et al., 2005) entwerfen. Jenes liefert, bei gegebener effektiver Lebenszeit der Teilchen im Ringlein in der Encke Teilung, eine dazu mindest nötige Quellmasse. Dabei räsonieren wir, dass Pan, welcher seine Bahn mit dem zentralen Ringlein der Encke Teilung teilt, eine untergeordnete Rolle als Materiallieferant spielt, und bestätigen somit die bisherigen Vermutungen von eingebetteten Moonlets im zentralen Ringlein der Encke Teilung. Jedoch zwingt Pan die als Materialquellen fungierenden Moonlets auf “Hufeisenbahnen”, was so das Ringlein radial begrenzt. Des Weiteren vermuten wir, dass ein Großteil der Staubringlein auf diese Weise in einer stationären Balance zwischen Mikrometeoriten Erosion als Quelle und dynamischen Verlusten gehalten werden, welche erst durch die Existenz einer Moonlet-Population ermöglicht wird. Die Abschätzung der minimal nötigen Quellmasse liefert einen weiteren wichtigen Schritt in Richtung Antwort zu der Frage, in welcher Beziehung kleinere Monde wie Pan zu den sie umgebenden Ringlein stehen.
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