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Judin, J. Michael. "The King Reports and the common law in South Africa." Journal of Global Responsibility 11, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-10-2019-0093.
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Purpose This paper aims to discuss the King Reports and Codes and the development of South Africa’s common law. The role of developing the common law is explicitly recognised in the Constitution, as is the obligation to give effect to the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights. With decisions of the Supreme Court of Appeal being based on the King Code, the King Code is now an integral part of South Africa’s common law. Design/methodology/approach When the task team drafting King IV commenced their work, one of the important issues raised with Mervyn King, as Chairman, was the challenge to ensure that King IV was aligned to the now firmly entrenched common law principles taken from King I, King II and King III. It is believed that this has been achieved and it is hoped that King IV (and the subsequent King Reports that will inevitably follow because the corporate milieu keeps changing) continues to enrich South Africa’s common law. Findings The King Reports and Codes have been made part of South Africa’s common law. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study the King Report and Code, as it relates to South Africa’s common law.
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Krafl, Pavel Otmar. "Czech Medieval Codifications: The Code of Vladislav (1500)." Czech-polish historical and pedagogical journal 12, no. 1 (2020): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cphpj-2020-006.
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Legal culture in the Czech lands was based on customary law. The nobility did not trust codification efforts of the Bohemian kings Přemysl Ottokar II and Wenceslaus II. Wenceslaus' codification efforts were finally executed only in the sphere of special laws. Charles IV, King of Bohemia and Roman Emperor, tried to publish the Maiestas Carolina code in 1355. The last law code was written under King Vladislav II Jagiellon in 1500 (“Vladislavské zřízení zemské” / “The Code of Vladislav”). The essay follows the article “Czech Codifications in the High Middle Ages” published in 2014 and closely introduces the Vladislav Code.
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De Beer, Frank, and Daniel Hercules Du Toit. "Human resources managers as custodians of the King III code." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 18, no. 2 (May 28, 2015): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v18i2.769.
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The objective of this research was to perform an exploratory study on the knowledge and understanding of the King III code among Human Resources (HR) managers in South African companies. The King III code is a comprehensive international corporate governance regime which addresses the financial, social, ethical and environmental practices of organisations. HR management plays a role in managing corporate governance by using the King III code as a guideline. The main research questions were: Does HR management know, understand, apply, and have the ability to use the King III code in terms of ethical decision-making? What role does HR management play in corporate governance? A random sample of available HR managers, senior HR consultants and HR directors was taken and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The results indicated that the respondents had no in-depth knowledge of the King III code. They did not fully understand the King III code and its implications nor did they use it to ensure ethical management. The themes most emphasised by the participants were: culture, reward and remuneration, policies and procedures and performance management. The participants emphasised the importance of these items and HR’s role in managing them.
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Mohamad, Shafi. "National corporate governance codes and IT governance transparency." Corporate Ownership and Control 16, no. 1 (2018): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv16i1art2.
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The main purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of national corporate governance codes on IT governance transparency and was carried out by comparing the IT governance disclosure requirements across two jurisdictions Belgium and South Africa using the study by Huygh et al. (2017). The latter focused on these two countries since the South African corporate governance code King III (2009) contains detailed IT governance disclosures, while the Belgian corporate governance code Lippens (2009) does not. Huygh et al. (2017) found that listed South African financial services organizations were more concerned with disclosing their IT governance practices than their listed Belgian counterparts and that this observation held across the board for all four disclosure categories within the IT governance transparency framework. Further analysis at an individual item-level also found that many of the items for which the South African respondents reported frequently could be directly traced to the IT governance principles and recommended practices contained in the King III (2009) corporate governance code. Huygh et al. (2017) attributed the higher IT governance transparency of the South African respondents to the specific reporting requirements of their national corporate governance code King III (2009). Hence the recommendation that IT governance disclosures be proactively encouraged via national corporate governance codes to further enhance transparency.
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Wasi, Prawase. "His Majesty the King and the New Development Code." MANUSYA 12, no. 1 (2009): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01201004.
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This paper explores the idea that just as genetic code characterizes life, development code characterizes society. The author draws a comparison between the mainstream or “Western” development code and the “new,” more holistic one, as evident in His Majesty King Bhumibol’s development plans. He then examines HM the King’s “Self Sufficiency Economy” and demonstrates how this new model of development can effectively and positively change the dynamics within the society.
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Quinton, Lee J. "C-rac-king the Code of Smoke-induced Pneumonia Susceptibility." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 198, no. 10 (November 15, 2018): 1246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201807-1217ed.
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Charon, Irène, Iiro Honkala, Olivier Hudry, and Antoine Lobstein. "The minimum density of an identifying code in the king lattice." Discrete Mathematics 276, no. 1-3 (February 2004): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-365x(03)00306-6.
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Abduli, Entela. "Invalidity Juridical Acts and Its Classification." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p341-346.
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Based on the kind of invalidity juridical acts and contracts in Albanian Law are generally classified in absolute and relative invalid acts. The difference between them and the consequences are defined in Albanian Civil Code. Invalidity of juridical as a very important aspect of rights was first mentioned in traditional albanian system of rules and then defined in Civil Code of 1929 of King Zogu “About juridical acts and obligations”,Civil Code of National Albanian Republic of 1981 and actual Civil Code of 1994. This work aims to analyze classification of invalid juridical acts and the elements that cause this invalidity. For this purpose are taken into consideration actual juridical literature, laws and their changes, Unified sentences of Supreme Tribunal Court and collected database from different courts. While analyzing this database the question that arises is: whether classification of invalid juridical acts is important in adjusting consequences derived from these acts.
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Ramalho, Anna. "The distinctive stance of the King Reports on corporate governance from a global perspective." Journal of Global Responsibility 11, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-10-2019-0094.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a perspective on the distinctive stance of the King Report on Corporate Governance in South Africa, 2016 (King IV) in relation to a number of other codes of corporate governance issued globally. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a comparative analysis between King IV and the codes of governance that apply in a select number of the jurisdictions, namely, Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, Nigeria and the UK. The selection of jurisdictions was done with the view of having a sample that is representative of the major global regions. Preference was given to codes that were issued or revised recently. Mention is also made of the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance where appropriate. Findings The conclusion reached in this paper is that King IV is distinctive from the codes compared to it in this paper in six respects. These include that King IV defines corporate governance as accountable leadership instead of it being a system only and is drafted for positive outcomes instead of compliance; proposes an application regime that is qualitative instead of quantitative; integrates sustainable development into its model for corporate governance instead of treating sustainability as an ad hoc-matter; has applicability across the ecosystem of all organisations instead of limited application to listed or larger companies; and has a has built in a social value system to harness broad public support instead of reliance on bottom-down enforcement. Originality/value The implications of the distinct approach to corporate governance in King IV are explained in the paper and should serve as a premise to reconsider whether the more traditional approaches to corporate governance code development are still appropriate in light of the learning as evidenced in King IV.
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Magang, Tebogo Israel, and Koketso Bafana Kube. "Compliance with Best Practice Governance Principles by State Owned Enterprises in Botswana." International Journal of Business and Management 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n2p149.
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This paper investigates the extent of compliance by 16 state owned enterprises (SOE)/parastatal corporations in Botswana with international best practice corporate governance principles. In particular the study examines the extent of compliance by SOEs with best practice corporate governance principles as recommended under the King Code of South Africa. The King Code (2002) of Corporate Governance is generally considered as a benchmark for best practice corporate governance not only in the Southern African region but also across the African continent.Using a compliance checklist of 53 provisions from the Code, the study finds that 68.7% of Botswana SOEs have a compliance score of 51% and above while the remaining 31.3% applied less than 50% of the provisions in the King Code checklist. The study also finds that compliance with the Code increased from an average of 57% in 2009 to 60% in 2012. Further the study finds that SOEs tended to comply more with provisions on risk management and less on provisions on integrated sustainability reporting.The results of this study have implications on governance practices of SOEs in Botswana in general. For instance, the results may possibly indicate that, even though governance structures of SOEs in Botswana are crafted through Acts of parliament, on the whole they adhere to international best practice corporate governance principles. The results could also be a signal to local and international investors that Botswana SOEs are not lagging behind in terms of compliance with good governance practices.
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Shinan, Avigdor. "King David of the sages." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 24, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2003): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69599.
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The article opens by discussing the different ways in which the ancient rabbis (in the Talmudic literature) described King David. It seems that they preferred to follow the image of David which emerges from the books of Psalms and Chronicles rather than his description in the books of Samuel. Various verses from Psalms served the rabbis for completing David’s biography (seeing this book as his own autobiography), describing him as godfearing, a very kind person, humble and pious, a prophet, a scholar of Torah, a philosopher and a poet. Even his greatest sin – regarding Bathsheba and Uriah the Hettite – was described in such a way that it justifies the famous statement: “Whoever says that David sinned is merely erring” (BT Shabbat 56a). Some sources, on the other hand, admitted his sin but attached to it a long period of suffering and repentance, diminishing by that its impact. This part of the article ends with a discussion of the main motives for this rabbinic treatment of David: their general tendency to purge the biblical protagonists of sin&&David’s role as the founder of the Israeli kingship and various messianic hopes connected to his descendants. The possibility that “David” served sometimes as a code for the Patriarch in the Land of Israel (or, in Babylonia, the Exilarch) is also discussed as another explanation of David’s descriptions in rabbinic literature.
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Treschow, Michael. "The Prologue to Alfred’s Law Code: Instruction in the Spirit of Mercy." Florilegium 13, no. 1 (January 1994): 79–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/flor.13.006.
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Alfred’s law code tends to receive scant attention in discussions of the character of his reign. It lacks the distinctive stamp of his other writings and acts. It is a conservative code that seeks not to distinguish itself from previous codes, but rather to show continuity with them. It is another among many lists of compensations, listing a variety of crimes and offences, providing the monetary value of their expiation, and also explaining oaths and ordeals, when they apply and how. Alfred’s law code makes a few changes and additions to what had gone before, but in no way sets itself apart. Felix Liebermann, the early twentieth-century editor of Anglo-Saxon law codes, explained that Alfred’s code lacked distinctiveness because Alfred had to restrain himself; his councillors were far too conservative for a reformation of the law (Gesetze 3 36). Patrick Wormald’s modern view would seem to contrast sharply with Liebermann’s traditional understanding that real statutes were at stake here. Wormald virtually dispenses with the notion of law altogether when he argues that early mediaeval laws were little more than an exercise in image-making (“Lex Scripta” 125, 133). His position that Alfred’s law code is just another case of propaganda must, however, contend with the fact that the law code in itself makes such a weak impression in comparison with other literature of King Alfred’s reign. Surely if anyone knew how to use a document to make an impression, it was Alfred. To explain this difficulty Wormald has to argue that the law code with its appearance of a binding claim must soft peddle its authority: Alfred had political pressures not to assert his authority in any radical fashion (133). Wormald has not really moved far from Liebermann, but far enough to fall into an equivocation. Some still more recent scholarship, however, makes clearer why this law code lacks Alfred’s voice: the law of that time was essentially traditional; early mediaeval kings could not really conceive of a law code as individual and distinct in nature (Jenkins, Stacey). The same scholarship explains that such law codes were not properly statutory, but that they were indeed still a form of law. They established standards, whose application was rather flexible and relied on the judgment of the magistrate. With their traditional quality and their purpose to offer guidance, they did not supersede previous law codes but rather joined with them. This would explain Alfred’s unexceptional effort. It had no basis upon which to make any new departure or offer anything peculiar or distinctive.
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Burns, Robert I. "King Alfonso and the Wild West: Medieval Hispanic Law On the U.S. Frontier." Medieval Encounters 6, no. 1-3 (2000): 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006700x00031.
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Abstract"Medieval Encounters" include not only interaction between cultures, but also within cultures between widely separated time periods, and even influence by a medieval past upon a present culture or subculture. This can take the form of an evolution from past technologies or mentalities into the present, or even the development of merely analogous modern patterns quite different from the medieval to surface observation. One such artifact was the massive thirteenth-century Romanized law code of Alfonso X the Learned of Castile, called the Siete partidas, that survived within and alongside later Romanized codes throughout the Spanish empire, to acquire "the widest territorial force ever enjoyed by any law book." The medieval Partidas also became a living and formative presence even within the contrasting system of Common Law prevailing in U.S. jurisprudence, particularly in large regions like California, Texas, and Louisiana. This medieval artifact has variously manifested itself during the past century and still emerges in surprising ways in our courts, a relatively invisible ghost from the ancient past inviting study by both medievalists and Americanists, with implications for environmentalism, women's rights, and resource control.
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Gstraunthaler, Thomas. "Corporate governance in South Africa: the introduction of King III and reporting practices at the JSE alt-x." Corporate Ownership and Control 7, no. 3 (2010): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv7i3p11.
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South Africa has experienced a tremendous growth in its economy since its first free elections in 1994. Politicians, however, consider the transformation of the society and more equally distributed wealth as one of their key goals. Thus, companies often find themselves under scrutiny as regards their contribution. A new corporate governance code (King III) will become effective in March 2010. This reworked code now tries to enhance the reporting practices of companies as to their sustainability and corporate social engagement and tries to link international standards of corporate governance with African values. This paper introduces the novelties of King III and examines the current reporting practices of 68 companies listed on the Alt-X segment of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. The paper discusses issues like risk, board composition and remuneration and provides valuable insights into the structure of small cap companies in South Africa and analyses which parts are used by companies to enhance their legitimacy.
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Mashingaidze, Sivave. "Ethical intelligence: Espousing African Ubuntu philosophical business approach with Jewish business ethics systems as panacea for corporate failure in Africa." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 1 (2014): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i1c5p3.
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The objective of this article is to espouse the indispensability of Jewish ethics system with African Ubuntu Philosophy as a panacea for reduction of corporate failure in Africa. This much has been demonstrated in the article with heavy reliance on descriptive phenomenology and secondary sources of data as methodology. The article found that in all the national codes of corporate governance in Africa the need for actively managing the ethical performance of companies is not emphasized but the codes are there in their books. The article again recommends an urgent need for enforcing the Jewish ethical system and the King III code together with the implementation of laws, enforcement of sanctions and strengthening of institutions of governance on a continuous basis
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Foster, Richard. "The evolution and alignment of institutional shareholder engagement through the King and CRISA reports." Journal of Global Responsibility 11, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-10-2019-0097.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to provide a high-level review of the evolution of shareholder activism and institutional investor engagement in the corporate governance ecosystem in South Africa. Furthermore, it specifically seeks to explain the incorporation of such aspects into the various key codes and reports on corporate governance in South Africa since 1994. Design/methodology/approach Historical narrative and analysis. Findings This study highlights how shareholder activism and institutional investor engagement in the corporate governance ecosystem have been considered and addressed in South Africa since the publication of the First King Report in 1994. The progress that has been made specifically with regard to the introduction of a code for institutional investors is highlighted. The study ultimately acknowledges that this evolution is a continuing journey on the road to stakeholder inclusivity and engagement, and then concludes that the specific role and impact of institutional investors, particularly given some of the recent corporate governance failures, will require further consideration going forward. This should ensure the continued alignment of all stakeholders and assist in making the necessary improvements to the overarching governance framework and attendant culture. Originality/value This study is a part of a special issue that looks at the contribution of the King reports to governance globally.
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이민주. "Dress code study of King Sunjong's wedding costume based on list of the royal items 'Balgi'." 古文書硏究 48, no. ll (February 2016): 373–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.21027/manusc.2016.48..013.
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Cheong, Byung-Jun. "The Amendment of the Code of Laws in the Testamentary Edicts of King Munmu in 681." Journal of Korean Ancient History 90 (June 30, 2018): 121–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37331/jkah.2018.06.90.121.
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Phillips, Catherine. ""Charades from the Middle Ages"? Tennyson's Idylls of the King and the Chivalric Code." Victorian Poetry 40, no. 3 (2002): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vp.2002.0028.
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De Haes, Steven, Tim Huygh, Anant Joshi, and Laura Caluwe. "National Corporate Governance Codes and IT Governance Transparency in Annual Reports." Journal of Global Information Management 27, no. 4 (October 2019): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2019100105.
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IT governance is concerned with the oversight of IT assets, their contribution to business value and the mitigation of IT-related risks. Emerging research calls for more board level engagement in IT governance and identifies profound consequences for digitized organizations in case the board is not involved. Against this context, this article analyses how corporate governance codes are guiding boards to provide transparency on how they treat IT governance. The findings show that only the South African corporate governance code, King III, contains a significant amount of IT (governance)-related content. As a second objective, this article builds on these findings by providing an exploratory insight in the contemporary state of IT governance transparency in Belgian and South African companies. This way, the influence of the national corporate governance code on IT governance transparency is explored. The authors' findings show that South African firms tend to be more concerned with IT governance transparency in their annual reports than Belgian firms, given a comparable IT strategic role and ownership structure. Accordingly, the case is made for including more IT (governance)-related guidance in national corporate governance codes, as this might enable companies to be more transparent about their IT governance.
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Ramadania, Fajarika. "BUDAYA BANJAR DALAM KITAB PUISI BALAHINDANG SAKUMPUL SAPALIMBAYAN KARYA IBERAMSYAH BARBARY: PERSPEKTIF ANTROPOSEMIOTIK." UNDAS: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/und.v16i1.2419.
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The poem book of Balahindang Sakumpul Sapalimbayan by Iberamsyah Barbary contains local cultural elements of the Banjar community in South Borneo; that reflects the daily life of the Banjar people as a character and identity in the poetic form that different from other ethnic groups. The objectives of this study are to describe the language, the livelihood system, the system of living equipment and technology, the religious system, the social organization system in the poetry book, the semiotic code in the Balahindang Sakumpul Sapalimbayan poem by Iberamsyah Barbary. This research uses an anthroposemiotic approach. The type of research is library research It applies a descriptive analysis method. The researcher takes the data source from the Book of Poetry Balahindang Sakumpul Sapalimbayan by Iberamsyah Barbary published by the Yayasan Kamar Sastra in 2014. The data collection applies text observation and documentation techniques. The data analysis technique of this research is descriptive. The results of this study are as follows: (1) It uses the Banjar Pahuluan language with denotation and the domination of vocal sound vowels such as a, i, and u. (2) the livelihood of Banjar people are farming and trading, (3) the living equipment systems that the Banjar people use are as follows: Ironwood logging, jukung, gumba, house, kindai, bungkalang, and lanting. (4) The religious system of Banjar people comprises tapung tawar, hakikat, makrifat, sharia, faith, and tauhid. (5) system of a social organization described is wife and king and (6) The use of semiotic codes includes the puzzle code, symbolic code, connotative code, and cultural code.
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Roberts-Lombard, Mornay, Mercy Mpinganjira, Greg Wood, and Göran Svensson. "South African corporate ethics codes: establishment and communication." European Business Review 31, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-08-2017-0150.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is on the top 500 companies in South Africa (as per the TopCo, 2014 list) that have a code of ethics, to see the current state of development in this area after 20 years of focus by the government and business on making corporate South Africa a more ethical environment, in which to conduct business. Design/methodology/approach A structured questionnaire survey method was used to gather the data and it was directed to the company secretaries of these top 500 companies. Findings Many companies in South Africa have a well-established set of protocols to enact the ethos of their code of ethics, indicating that they are becoming increasingly aware of the benefits to them of having a code. South African companies are, therefore, implementing both a code of ethics and strategies that contribute to creating an ethical corporate culture. Research limitations/implications This study provides an opportunity to further research assessing and comparing other companies in non-Western and emerging economies. Practical implications After 20 years of endeavours by business people and lawmakers to improve the ethical framework of South African business, there is still plenty of work to be done, as so many top companies do not appear to have a code of ethics. Originality/value There have been limited studies in the area of business ethics in South African companies. This study is the first of its kind in the South African context and establishes the current practice 20 years after the King I report.
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Perea, J., A. del Olmo, and M. Moles. "On the Goodness of Different Mass Estimators from N-body Simulations." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 130 (1988): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900136873.
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N-body models were run in order to test the mass estimators considered by Heisler, Tremaine and Bahcall (1985, HTB), when systems with a large number of mass-points with a non-flat mass-spectrum are considered. The initial conditions of the models were a analytic King profile for the number density, a Gaussian velocity distribution function and a Schechter-type mass spectrum. The models were left to evolve from a far from virial initial configuration, so a violent collapse occurs before the system reachs equilibrium. The code we use was NBODY2 code kindly provided to us by Dr. S. Aarseth.
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Hough, Carole A. "The early Kentish ‘divorce laws’: a reconsideration of Æthelberht, chs. 79 and 80." Anglo-Saxon England 23 (December 1994): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100004476.
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Evidence concerning the position of women in Anglo-Saxon England, particularly during the early period, is sparse and often difficult to assess. Surviving law-codes constitute an important source of information, but due to their cryptic phraseology and sometimes archaic vocabulary they are notoriously open to misinterpretation. Two clauses from the earliest extant code, issued by King Æthelberht of Kent towards the beginning of the seventh century, are commonly treated as evidence of the independent status of divorced women in early Kentish society. So far as I am aware this view has never been challenged, although it remains uncorroborated by other sources and is by no means the only possible interpretation of the text. In this paper I wish to put forward an alternative reading.
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Patel, Anamika. "Leadership Attributes Good vs. Bad– Lessons from Vidur Neeti (Mahabharata)." International Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34199/ijracs.2020.04.01.
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The vast ocean of Indian Santana scriptures contains a lot more gems of wisdom for the modern era than they are accounted for. One such deep sea of knowledge is Vidur Neeti, given in Mahabharata). Vidur Neeti, mentioned in the third chapter of Udyog Parva of Mahabharata, contains the age-old wisdom which offers new insights every time anyone explores the depths of its pages. Prajaagara Parva- a subsection of Udyog Parva, includes a dialogue between King Dhritarashtra, and Prime-minister Vidur wherein Vidur advises the king about the proper code of conduct. The paper lists those verses which describe wise and foolish qualities, which can be attributed to a good and bad leader, respectively.
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van der Merwe, Annamarie. "The evolution of the stakeholder-inclusive approach in the King Reports." Journal of Global Responsibility 11, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-10-2019-0098.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with a high-level overview of the key messages of each of the four King Reports on Corporate Governance for South Africa, published during the period from 1994 to 2017, with a particular focus on the stakeholder-inclusive approach. While confirming the constant themes and messages, it also highlights the unique features and attributes of each of these reports. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a review and comparison of the four King Reports of Corporate Governance for South Africa with a particular focus on the stakeholder-inclusive approach. Findings The key findings of this paper are: the concept of “stakeholder inclusivity” is a common theme across all four the King Reports forming part of the review while, at the same time, having a unique flavour in each of the reports and visibly developing over the years. The reliance on human intervention and ethical leaders to appropriately and effectively steer the stakeholder-inclusive approach is obvious. In the absence of this, no corporate governance code will provide adequate safeguards to stakeholders against corporate failures and disasters, whether in South Africa or anywhere else. Originality/value This paper is a part of a special issue which looks at the contribution of the King Reports to governance globally.
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Rabello, Alfredo Mordechai. "The Legal Status of Spanish Jews During the Visigothic Catholic Era: From Reccared (586) to Reccesswinth (672)." Israel Law Review 33, no. 4 (1999): 756–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700016186.
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This article is dedicated to the memory of my friend, Professor Ze'ev Falk teacher and researcher, who always displayed a great interest in the history of the Jewish People.Foreword: The Jews had been living in Spain since the Roman period, when Spain became part of the Roman Empire. Much later, Spain was conquered by the Visigoths. King Alaric II (484–507) enacted a code based largely on the Theodosian Code (438), namely the Breviarium Alaricianum (506), of which many laws dealt with the Jews. During this period the Visigoths were Arian and their treatment of the Jews was relatively good. In this article I shall examine the way Visigothic Catholic Spain dealt with the Jews and Judaism.
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Maseko, Lesego, and Ben Marx. "An analysis of Cobit 5 as a framework for the implementation of it governance with reference to King III." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 6, no. 1 (2016): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv6i1art3.
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Owing to the complexity and general lack of understanding of information technology (“IT”), the management of IT is often treated as a separately managed value-providing asset. This has resulted in IT rarely receiving the necessary attention of the board, thus creating a disconnect between the board and IT. The King Code of Governance for South Africa 2009 (hereafter referred to as “King III”) provides principles and recommended practices for effective IT governance in order to create a greater awareness at board level. King III, however, provides no detailed guidance with regard to the practical implementation of these principles and practices. It is worth noting that numerous international guidelines are recommended within King III that can be adopted as frameworks to assist in the effective implementation of IT governance. COBIT 5 provides, as part of its governance process practices, related guidance activities linking it to the seven IT governance principles of King III, thus making it a practical framework for the implementation of King III recommendations. This study sought to establish the extent to which the governance processes, practices and activities of COBIT 5 are mapped to the recommended practices of IT governance as highlighted in King III in order to resolve COBIT 5 as the de facto framework for IT governance in terms of King III. The study found that though King III principles and practices may be interpreted as vague with regard to how to implement IT governance principles, COBIT 5 succeeds in bridging the gap between control requirements, technical issues, information systems and business risk, which consequently results in a better facilitation of IT governance. The study also revealed that COBIT 5 contains additional activities to assist the board in more transparent reporting of IT performance and conformance management to stakeholders as well activities which enable the connection of resource management with human resources and financial planning.
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Scolnic, Benjamin. "Antiochus IV as the Scorned Prince in Dan 11:21." Vetus Testamentum 62, no. 4 (2012): 572–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341086.
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Abstract While most English translations render nbzh in Dan 11:21 as “contemptible, vile, despicable,” closer examination will demonstrate that this Biblical Hebrew word should be translated as “spurned, scorned, rejected.” Once one understands Dan 11:21 accordingly, other ancient sources can be brought to show that this verse states, in its own thinly-veiled code, that before his rise to power, Antiochus IV, son of the late king Antiochus III and brother of the current king Seleucus IV, had been scorned and had not been given appropriate royal honors. This verse should be seen as another element in the evaluation of Dan 11 as an accurate and important historical source for the events surrounding the rise and rule of Antiochus IV.
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Corvino, Antonio, Federica Doni, and Silvio Bianchi Martini. "Corporate Governance, Integrated Reporting and Environmental Disclosure: Evidence from the South African Context." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 4820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124820.
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This research aims to investigate how the adoption of King III can affect the corporate governance model of a sample of South African listed companies on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). Particularly, we analyzed the influence of sustainability-related issues of the board of directors (BDs) on firm environmental disclosure, after the mandatory preparation of integrated reporting (IR). In addition, we also examined indepth whether some corporate social policies are able to condition the foregoing disclosure. The empirical study covers the period from 2010 (the first-time adoption of IR in South Africa) to 2015 (the earliest year of the release process regarding King Code of Governance Principles for South Africa 2009 (i.e., King III)). Data were collected by the Bloomberg database. With reference to the BDs features, great attention was paid to both business ethics policy and CEO duality. Instead, with regard to corporate social issues, we looked into the adoption of the policies pertaining to health and safety and the respect for human rights. Following the mandatory preparation of IR, our findings show a positive relationship between business ethics policy and firm environmental disclosure. Contrarily, CEO duality does not exert any effect over the earlier type of corporate reporting. Furthermore, empirical evidence substantiates the association between health safety and human rights policies that are very crucial in an emerging economy, such as South Africa, and firm environmental disclosure. The rationale of such results arguably resides in compliance with King III. Therefore, this study can provide interesting insights, given that its mandatory adoption might reveal an important turning point in the development of corporate governance codes, as well as being a “driver” for potential enhancements of firm environmental disclosure, inter alia, in line with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12.6.
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Ackers, Barry, and Neil Stuart Eccles. "Mandatory corporate social responsibility assurance practices." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 28, no. 4 (May 18, 2015): 515–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2013-1554.
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Purpose – Despite its voluntary nature, the Johannesburg stock exchange (JSE) requires all listed companies to apply the King III principles, including providing independent CSR assurance. King III has accordingly made independent CSR assurance a de facto mandatory requirement, albeit on an “apply or explain” basis. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact mandatory corporate social responsibility (CSR) assurance practices in South Africa, within a King III context. Design/methodology/approach – To understand the impact of King III on South African CSR assurance practices, a longitudinal study covering reporting periods both before and after King III implementation. The first stage reviewed the annual reports of the 200 largest JSE-listed companies to establish the frequency of CSR assurance provision. The second stage involved performing a content analysis on the CSR assurance reports. Findings – King III is driving the institutionalisation of CSR assurance practices in South Africa, as evidenced by the growth in CSR assurance since the implementation of King III. The study also found that the audit profession’s dominance was being eroded by specialist CSR assurors providing higher levels of assurance, despite concerns about the rigour of their assurance methodologies. Voluntary CSR assurance practices have resulted in the inconsistent application of CSR assurance practices, impairing the ability of stakeholders to understand the nature and scope of CSR assurance engagements. It is argued that this deficiency may be overcome through the imposition of a mandatory CSR assurance regime. Originality/value – The pervasive impact of the King Code of Governance on South African organisations makes it appropriate to examine its impact on South African CSR assurance practices. As such, this paper represents one of the first studies to specifically consider the impact of a mandatory regulatory requirement for independent CSR assurance and suggests a future direction for global CSR assurance practices.
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Joseph, P. A. "Perfecting the Administrative Solution to Labour Disputes: Postscript." Relations industrielles 38, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/029409ar.
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« The judges lack the intimate knowledge of the very dynamic process of industrial relations and collective bargaining. For these reasons...the new labour code has removed the court's jurisdiction over labour disputes...The new law seeks an administrative rather than a judicial solution to labour disputes. »** * JOSEPH, P.A., Faculty of Law, University of Canterbury, New Zealand. ** BRITISH COLUMBIA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY DEBATES (1973) (Third Session), at 399-400 per the Hon. W.S. King, Minister of Labour.
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Haberkorn, Tyrell. "Dictatorship, Monarchy, and Freedom of Expression in Thailand." Journal of Asian Studies 77, no. 4 (November 2018): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911818002528.
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On December 4, 2016, Jatupat Boonpattararaksa, known by his nickname “Pai,” then a law student at Khon Kaen University in northeastern Thailand, was arrested and accused of violating Article 112 of the Thai Criminal Code, or defaming, insulting, or threatening the king, queen, heir-apparent, or regent. Two days prior, he had shared to Facebook a biography of the new king, Maha Vajiralongkorn, or Rama X, who became king following the death of his father, Bhumipol Adulyadej, Rama IX, on October 13, 2016. The BBC Thai biography was candid and highlighted Vajiralongkorn's string of wives, his four abandoned sons, and his conferral of a military rank on his pet dog, as well as his recent bike rides for charity (BBC Thai 2016). Over 2,600 people shared the BBC Thai link, but Pai was the only person to be arrested in December 2016 and the only person to be prosecuted to date (TLHR 2017a). The complaint that led to Pai's arrest was filed by Lieutenant Colonel Phitakphon Chusri, a Khon Kaen–based soldier who has followed him closely.
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Ackers, B. "Ethical considerations of corporate social responsibility - A South African perspective." South African Journal of Business Management 46, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v46i1.79.
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Today, companies are under increasing pressure to implement corporate social responsibility [CSR] programmes that account for the economic, social and environmental impacts of their operations. In addition to companies voluntarilywanting to be seen as responsible corporate citizens, the requirement for CSR reporting is being institutionalised by the King Code of Governance [King III] in South Africa. The application of King III is mandatory for all companies listedon the Johannesburg Stock Exchange [JSE], albeit on an 'apply or explain' basis. King III requires companies to not only disclose their CSR performance, but also to ensure that such disclosures have been independently assured. Irrespective ofthe underlying reason for companies disclosing their CSR performance and for providing independent assurance thereon, companies are moving away from simplistically applying the cliche attributed to Friedman that "the social responsibility of business was to use its resources to engage in activities that would increase profits". Companies that have traditionally provided financial reporting to shareholders, are now beginning to account for their non-financial performance to other stakeholders as well. This paradigm shift requires those charged with company governance and reporting (including accounting professionals usually associated with financial reporting), to re-examine their morals, values and ethical beliefs.
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Curtis, John, Gary Watt, John Curtis, and Gary Watt. "Twitter, King Lear, and the Freedom of Speech, by John Curtis, and Judicial Allusion as Ornament: A Response to John Curtis’s, ‘Twitter, King Lear, and the Freedom of Speech’ by Professor Gary Watt." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 1, no. 2 (March 30, 2014): 246–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v1i2.90.
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On 27 July 2012, in his judgment following ‘The Twitter Joke Trial’, the Lord Chief Justice of England & Wales quoted from King Lear (Folio). The trial was the first time a British Court had considered the use of Twitter in the context of a bomb hoax. The judgment was hailed as ‘a victory for common sense’, reversing decisions of two lower courts. It now provides authority against similar prosecutions. This paper argues that the use of a four-hundred-year-old Shakespearean text in negotiating modern legal principles is of considerable cultural significance – both through using the familiar to respond to the new – and by invoking Shakespeare’s voice within the powerful social mechanism of the law courts. It also considers the advantages and disadvantages of literary allusions within legal proceedings, contrasting these two widely reported judgments.This piece is adapted from a transcript of: King Lear, Twitter and the Da Vinci Code given as part of the Sidelights on Shakespeare lecture series at University of Warwick on 29 November 2013.Professor Gary Watt provides a response to Curtis's critical reflection, considering judicial allusion as logic or ornament. Image: Cordelia in the Court of King Lear, Sir John Gilbert (1873)
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Monballyu, Jos. "Strafverzachting door Hof van Assisen van West-Vlaanderen in de Hollandse periode (1814-1830)." Pro Memorie 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/pm2021.1.004.monb.
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Abstract This contribution deals with the softening of sentences by the Assize Court of West Flanders in the Dutch period (1814-1830). It is successively examined how the judges in this Court made use of a number of provisions in the Code pénal of 1810 to pursue their own sentencing policy, secondly, how the same judges, by re-qualifying the facts that the public prosecutor had brought to them defendant, succeeded in imposing a lesser sentence than that claimed by the prosecutor, third, how those same judges made use of the decisions of September 9, 1814 and January 20, 1815, invoking extenuating circumstances, to impose a lesser penalty than that determined in the Code pénal of 1810 and finally how King William I converted some death sentences into lesser punishments with his right of grace.
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Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce. "Women, Islam, and the Moroccan State: The Struggle over the Personal Status Law." Middle East Journal 59, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/59.3.13.
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Since 1991, the status of women in Morocco has been the subject of widespread debate. Efforts by women's groups and liberal political forces to change the Shari'a-based Personal Status Code (moudawwana), were vigorously opposed by conservative and Islamist forces. For both sides, the issue was central to their overall orientations towards “tradition” and “modernity”. King Muhammad VI ultimately tipped the balance in favor of change. The resulting new Family Law may well mark a milestone in Moroccan society's evolution.
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Schwartz, Nicholas P. "Wulfstan the Forger: the ‘Laws of Edward and Guthrum’." Anglo-Saxon England 47 (December 2018): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026367511900005x.
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AbstractDespite the recent increase in attention given to Archbishop Wulfstan and his writings, the so-called ‘Laws of Edward and Guthrum’ – a lawcode forged by the archbishop in the opening years of the eleventh century – has received little analysis since Dorothy Whitelock’s 1941 study established the churchman as its true author. My article seeks to fill this gap firstly by expanding on Whitelock’s article. I show that many more of the text’s clauses function as antecedents to Wulfstan’s later legislation than those she identified in her important article. Second, I argue that §10 of the code, a clause not repeated in the archbishop’s later legislation, surely still held legal authority given Wulfstan’s prescriptions for non-lethal punishment in some cases. Finally, I posit that Wulfstan’s attribution of the code to Alfred, seen in its opening, reflects the archbishop’s value of him as a king worth emulating.
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김백철. "A Nature of Publication of Daejeontongpyeon, Military Code in the Reign of King Jeongjo, in the Late of Joseon Dynasty." military history ll, no. 76 (September 2010): 89–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.29212/mh.2010..76.89.
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Mbecke, Paulin. "Corporate municipal governance for effective and efficient public service delivery in South Africa." Journal of Governance and Regulation 3, no. 4 (2014): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v3_i4_c1_p2.
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This research acknowledges the current service delivery chaos manifested through numerous protests justifying the weakness of the “Batho Pele” good governance principles to facilitate, improve and sustain service delivery by local governments. The success of corporate governance in corporate companies and state owned enterprises is recognised prompting suggestions that local governments should too adopt corporate governance principles or King III to be effective. The research reviews the King III and literature to ascertain the lack of research on corporate governance in local governments in South Africa. Considering the particular set-up of local governments, the research doubts the successful application of King III in local governments. Through critical research theory, the current service delivery crisis in local governments in South Africa is described. The success of corporate governance systems in the United Kingdom and Australian local governments justify the need for a separate corporate municipal governance system as a solution to the crisis. A specific change of legislation and corporate governance guidelines is necessary to address the uniqueness of local governments. Hence, corporate municipal governance should be compulsory and based on ten standardised good governance principles via a code of corporate governance and a corporate governance framework responding to specific prerequisites for success
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Cavatorta, Francesco, and Emanuela Dalmasso. "Liberal outcomes through undemocratic means: the reform of the Code de statut personnel in Morocco." Journal of Modern African Studies 47, no. 4 (November 12, 2009): 487–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x09990164.
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ABSTRACTThe 2004 reform of the family code in Morocco has been held as one of the most significant liberal reforms undertaken in the country, and has led scholars and policy makers to argue that this demonstrates the democratic progress Morocco and the King are making. At the same time, the role of the women's movement in getting the reform approved has seemingly confirmed that associational life is crucial in promoting democratisation. This paper, building on theoretical work questioning the linkage between a strong civil society and democratic outcomes, argues that civil society activism does not necessarily lead to democratisation, and may reinforce authoritarian practices. Far from demonstrating the centrality of civil society, the process through which the new family code was passed highlights the crucial institutional role of the monarch, whose individual decision-making power has driven the whole process. Authoritarianism finds itself strengthened in Morocco despite the liberal nature and outcome of the reform.
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Bogtstra, Robert, Inge Garretsen, and Remko Renes. "Compliant in principle! and in practice? Internal audit at listed companies in the Netherlands: beyond compliance with the Dutch Corporate Governance Code." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 94, no. 3/4 (April 22, 2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.94.50021.
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The revised Dutch Corporate Governance Code of 2016 (hereafter “the Code”) comprises provisions regarding the existence of an internal audit function. Following the comply or explain principle of the Code, Euronext Amsterdam listed companies with a registered office in the Netherlands either have established an internal audit function or have to explain why they did not. Our research shows that the number of listed companies with an internal audit function has since grown. In 2016 53% of Euronext Amsterdam listed companies with their registered office in the Netherlands have established an internal audit function; in 2018 this figure is 64%. More than half of these listed companies have an in-house independent internal audit function, whereas other companies have internal audit functions with different characteristics, such as a combined internal audit and risk management function or have outsourced the internal audit function. The majority of the companies without an internal audit function provide inadequate arguments for this absence. They thereby do not meet the standards as set forth in the Code. In most cases, the argument for not having an internal audit function is: “the organization is too small”. This is not a valid argument, as the Code specifically addresses this situation stating that in case the size of a company is not suited for an internal audit function, outsourcing may be an appropriate alternative. We conclude that management boards should give this topic better thought and give better insight in their judgement by explaining the arguments. We therefore advocate that the principle of “comply or explain” should be “comply and explain”. Such is the case in the South African corporate governance code (King IV). The effect will be that management boards mindfully have to elaborate on how they obtain independent assurance on the company’s governance, risk management and control systems.
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Byvaltsev, P. M., and K. Kawaike. "A Comparative Study of Two Transition Zone Models in Heat Transfer Predictions." Journal of Turbomachinery 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1731446.
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A comparative study of two transition zone models was carried out to assess their ability to simulate boundary layer laminar-turbulent transition. Transition modeling is based on the use of an algebraic equation for the intermittency distribution. The crucial difference between the models lies in the nondimensional breakdown rate formulation. A two-dimensional marching code was used to combine these models with the modified Johnson and King turbulence model and the algebraic “nonturbulence” model developed earlier. Flat plate and various turbine blade heat transfer measurements were used in the comparison. One model gave reasonably accurate results for most of the test cases considered.
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Baxter, Kent. "Becoming a Gentleman." Boyhood Studies 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/bhs.2018.110102.
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This article traces the intellectual and cultural history of the concept of chivalry, paying particular attention to its relationship with coming-of-age narratives, boyology, and theories of adolescent development. The concept of chivalry was central to the texts surrounding turn-of-the-twentieth-century youth movements, such as the Boy Scouts and the Knights of King Arthur. Chivalry, as it was constructed in these texts, became a way to contain cultural anxieties associated with a fear of modernity and, as a code of behavior, provided a path for youths to come of age, therefore containing concerns about the newly conceived and characteristically unstable developmental stage of adolescence.
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CORCIU, Liviu. "COURTS MARTIAL AND THE CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE OF THE ROMANIAN ARMY IN WORLD WAR ONE." STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College 1, no. 72 (July 15, 2021): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-26.
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The century that passed over the memories of the Great War, as it was called in the era, should allow all of us, no matter what side we had chosen at that time, to think on allaspects of the day-by-day life in the frontline. And to admit as well, that not all the soldiers and officers who had taken part in, were heroes. They were normal people, with hearts and feelings, trapped in an abnormal environment, fighting for their side of “King and Country” against all destructive means of the industrial war. So, it was of great importance to maintain a proper discipline among those troops which were sent day after day in slaughter attacks. And for this reason, was used the military justice and the Code of military justice, named differently by country, but having the same role: to support the war effort. One of the supportive elements was the preemptive effect, the deterrence of any potential act of breaking the discipline. Equally counted the way this contribution came into effect.Keywords: military justice; discipline; court martial; world war; war effort.
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Syed, Ashraf T., and Adel A. Abdou. "A MODEL OF A NEAR-ZERO ENERGY HOME (nzeh) USING PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES AND PV TECHNOLOGY IN HOT CLIMATES." Journal of Green Building 11, no. 1 (March 2016): 38–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.11.1.38.1.
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INTRODUCTION Recent development has seen a drastic increase in energy use trends in Saudi Arabian buildings leading to a demand for an effective course of action for energy conservation and production. A case study-based research initiative exploring near-zero energy potential in Saudi Arabia was undertaken. A 4-bedroom detached single-family faculty residence at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) representing common regional housing design trends was utilized. A base case simulation model of the house was developed and validated using short-term and real-time energy consumption data. Three sets of strategies: passive design strategies, representative codes and standards, and renewable technology were employed in the new design of the house. Passive strategies comprised a green roof, a ventilated wall system, a sloped roof, and insulation for thermal bridges. These alternatives helped reduce the annual energy consumption of the house by 17.2%. The most recent version of the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC 2012) was also incorporated along with ASHRAE Standard 62.2 for ventilation. The code and standard together reduced the annual energy consumption by 31.1%. Solar PV was then utilized to reduce grid utilization for the remainder of the house energy loads. This strategy provided 24.7% of the total energy consumed annually. A combination of strategies showed a 70.7% energy consumption reduction, thereby decreasing the energy index of the house from 162.9 to 47.7 kWh/m2/yr. The Zero Energy Building (ZEB) concepts and strategies utilized in this study demonstrate a socially responsible approach to achieving near-zero energy performance for an existing house.
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Stojković-Ivković, Mirjana. "Treatment of mentally disturbed persons in medieval Serbia." Psihijatrija danas 52, no. 1-2 (2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/psihdan2001005s.
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The treatment of mental health patients in Serbia in the Middle ages was the same as in other European countries. Medicine of that time was based on science, the use of magic rituals and witchcraft was banned. Doctors from Serbia, Byzantium and the national doctors had been educated in Salerno and Montpellier, the most developed centers of medicine. They took the exam in front of the government Medical testimony. The development of medicine was followed in the Hodoloski code which was considered the oldest record of folk medicine and the Hilandar medical code which represented a collection of medieval scientific European medicine and Serbian medicine culture (XII-XV). The first Serbian hospital was established in Hilandar in 1199. The founder was Saint Sava who wrote the rules about the work of the hospital. Actually, it was the practice for all medical facilities that were opened later. We know about mental diseases and healing in Serbia from Lives of Saints in monasteries Zica (from 1207) and Decani (1327) and from the biography of Medieval ruler (king) Stephen of Decani. The illustrations of healing some patients with mental diseases were shown on frescoes and in the lives of saints. In Medieval Serbia, there were 49 foreign doctors working (15 in XIV, 30 in XV and 4 in XVI century) and until Turkish conquest Serbia took a very important place in Medieval Europe. Objective of this paper is to show where psychiatric patients were treated in Medieval Serbia, the way they were treated, who treated them, where the hospitals were and what kind of treatment wereapplied.
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최병조. "Deciding Penalties without Specific Articles of the Criminal Code under King Sejong －A Debate on the Article 46 and the Article 410－." 법사학연구 ll, no. 44 (October 2011): 251–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31778/lawhis..44.201110.251.
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Sarkamo, Ville. "Honour, Masculinity and Corporality in the Officer Corps of Early Eighteenth-Century Sweden." Sjuttonhundratal 7 (October 1, 2010): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/4.2422.
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Military honour and physical commitment to serve king and fatherland played a central role in the ideals of the army of Charles XII of Sweden. These ideals were formed within a culture in which the role of the warrior, dictated by a code of honour, was constantly challenged. My main empirical primary sources consist of the archivale records of the Swedish Diet, which included Placement Committee records from the Diet of 1723. An honourable man had the right to a livelihood and a respectable position in society. My aim is to show that, in order to obtain such a position, a military man had to present himself as someone who had offered his body in the service of his king and country. An appeal to one’s merits in battle was the best way of defending a claim to a post, because bravery in combat was the most respected virtue in military life. Those officers who had clear proof of their bravery, especially in the form of combat wounds, were in the best position. In this sense, honour and the body were closely linked.
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Osmanaj (Shyti), Enejda. "Copyright Protection in Albania – A Brief Historical Overview." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i1.p8-17.
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Human creativity flourishes in a suitable environment, which is provided by the existence of an efficient legal system of copyright protection. In general, copyright is protected on national basis therefore the scope of protection and the requirements that must be met to ensure the protection of works and creations, differ from one country to another. Albania has its own legislation for copyright protection, as most of European countries. This paper is a historical overview of copyright legislation development in Albania. History has undeniable impact in a country's legislation. So, Albanian copyright legislation has been changed and improved from stages to stages. Copyright has found protection in Albania’s legislation, initially during the time of King Zog’s Ist (1925-1939) Reign. The Civil Code (1929) marks the first strands of copyright protection in Albania. This Code is referred to the best European legislations of the time. During the communist regime private intellectual creations and works could not be privately owned. The copyright belonged to the state. The government and the totalitarian Albanian state of that time decided to reproduce the work, or allow translation into foreign languages as well as the creation of derivative works. The Civil Code of the Republic of Albania (1981) came into force with new provisions that provided recognition and protection of copyright. After the collapse of the communism the recognition of private property was re-appeared. The authors and creators became owners of their works/performances. Firstly, Albanian Parliament adopted the law no. 7564, dated 19.05.1992 “On copyright”. Thirteen years later, the parliament enacted the Law no. 9380, dated 28.04.2005 “On copyright and other rights related to” that incorporated the provisions of the European Union Directives on Copyright Protection. Currently, the protection of copyright is provided even through some provisions of other legal acts, such as: Constitution of the Republic of Albania (1998), law no.7961/1995 “On the Labor Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended), Law no. 7895 /1995 “Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended), Law no. 7859 /1994 “On the Civil Code of the Republic of Albania” (amended) etc. In addition to the national legislation, Albania has ratified a number of international acts, which intend to protect copyright etc.