Journal articles on the topic 'Kings of Navarre'

La gran expansión territorial protagonizada por Alfonso I de Aragón y Pamplona atrajo a muchos nobles, que trataron de beneficiarse mediante la obtención de botín o la concesión de tenencias para ellos o sus familiares. Entregar en tenencia un territorio permitía a los reyes afrontar los problemas endémicos que suponía poblar un término, lo que se veía agravado por la escasa demografía y el gran coste económico de la defensa. Por ello, los reyes de Aragón y Pamplona acudieron a la entrega de territorios a nobles para que éstos se encargaran de poblarlos y defenderlos; es lo que se conoce como «tenencias», una institución que suponía una serie de derechos y obligaciones para quien las recibía, reservándose la propiedad del territorio el rey, y que permitía la extensión de la influencia de una determinada familia o linaje. Casi desde la aparición del reino de Aragón los barones pamploneses constituyeron un foco de gran influencia cerca de los reyes y trataron de expandirla mediante matrimonios y la obtención de determinadas tenencias. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar el fenómeno a través del caso concreto de la familia navarra Lehet y su relación con los dos primeros señores de Soria, Íñigo López y Fortún López.Abstract The great territorial expansion carried out by Alfonso I of Aragon and Pamplona attracted many nobles, who tried to benefit from it by obtaining booty or land grants for them or their relatives. Offering land tenure was a way for kings to deal with the endemic problems derived from the need to populate a given territory, which was in turn aggravated by weak demographic numbers and a high cost of defence. Hence, the kings of Aragon and Pamplona used the concession of land grants to nobles so that they would guarantee establishing a settlement and defending it: this is what is known as tenure (tenencias), an institution that stipulates a series of rights and obligations for those who received them, while the king maintained the property of the domain and allowed for the increased influence of a certain family or lineage. Virtually since the origin of the kingdom of Aragon, the barons of Pamplona formed a circle of great influence around the kings and tried to extend it through marriages and increasing certain land holdings. This phenomenon will be examined through the specific case studies of the Lehet family of Navarre and their relationship with the first two lords of Soria, Íñigo López and Fortún López.

This paper aims at exploring the dramatic utopias staged by Shakespeare in order to reassess the playwright’s ambivalent use of geography and to better understand the function of his imaginary landscapes. I therefore briefly comment upon eight overlapping categories of Shakespearian utopias before studying one of them, i.e. Navarre’s academic utopia, in more detail. Indeed, in Love’s Labour’s Lost, the King significantly banishes all feminine presence from his “little academe”, which is all the more ironical as the real King of Navarre was considered as a womanizer by Shakespeare’s contemporaries. I will then argue that in fact, the playwright uses King Ferdinand’s utopia in order to rehabilitate women and promote a form of Babelian universe instead of the closed, protecting space of his library.

A sentimental domestic scene, François I and Marguerite of Navarre, was painted in 1804 by the Salon painter Fleury Richard (fig. 1). As he explained, it illustrates an anecdote from the legend of François I. The king's sister, Marguerite de Navarre, is shown discovering on the windowpane a graffito about the inconstancy of women. François — the great royal womanizer — has just scratched it there and looks very pleased with himself.This painting signals not only the early nineteenth century's fascination with the Renaissance king, but reveals its attitudes about the Renaissance itself. For example, the setting and the costumes betray a confusion about the periodization of Gothic and Renaissance: the room in which the scene takes place is of Gothic revival design, while another room - in neo-classical style - opens beyond; the king's costume is historically correct, but Marguerite could be Maid Marian.

The development process of a law in Navarre brings to light some particularly interesting features, one of which has still not been studied by the historians of our country: Parliament’s power to prevent a law approved by the King from ever coming into force. This was done by not including this approved petition in the documents required so that the Viceroy could sign the General Patent, by which the laws, once published in ‘las cabezas de Merindad’ (districts) of the Kingdom, would become effective.

Celluy qui dit ta grace, eloquence & scavoirNe estre plus grands que humains, de pres ne t'a peu veoirEt à qui ton parler ne sent divinitéDe termes et propos n'entend la gravità.De l'Empire du Monde est ta presence digne,Et ta voix ne dit chose humaine, mais divine.Combien doncques diray l'Ame pleine de grace,Si outre les Mortelz tu as parolle et Face?Clement Marot, EpigrammePoem Bestowing upon François IER the essence of divinity was not a flattering aberration but an example of imagery that became emblematic of his long reign. As Anne-Marie Lecoq has shown in her incisive analyses of many laudatory illuminated treatises and poems and extravagant royal entries with theatrical enactments, the king was glorified by an allegorical symbolism often intricately interwoven with Christian typology as deemed appropriate, indeed necessary, for “un roi très chrétien” who was the brave, virtuous, pious elect of God.

Donne's Pseudo-Martyr is his first major published work and the longest that he ever wrote. As he argues in it about the relationship of the state and religion to each other, he establishes Henry IV of Navarre, king of France, as one of his models of a competent and tolerant king. Henry's credentials for the title are his moderation, his steadfastness and fearlessness amid religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in his own country, and in the face of the power of the papacy. In the pages of Pseudo-Martyr, Donne calls upon the English Catholics to swear allegiance to James I as a political leader, in the same manner in which French Catholics and Protestants swore allegiance to Henry.

In the spring of 1314, the three daughters-in-law of King Philip the Fair of France were seized as adulteresses, and two young knights, their alleged lovers, were brutally put to death at Pontoise, their property confiscated.1 The knights in question were brothers, Philippe and Gautier d’Aulnay, whose actions brought singular dishonor to their line and to their father Gautier, a faithful vassal and supporter of Count Charles of Valois, Philip the Fair’s brother and close confidant.2 Two of the king’s disgraced daughters-in-law were sent to the Norman fortress of Château-Gaillard. The oldest, Marguerite of ducal Burgundy (ca. 1289‐1315), the daughter of the late Duke Robert of Burgundy (1248‐1306) and of Saint Louis’s daughter Agnes of France († 1327), was married to Louis (1289‐1316, r. 1314‐1316), king of Navarre and heir to the throne of France. Taken with her was Blanche of Artois and comital Burgundy (1296/1297‐1325/1326), wife of the king’s third son Charles of La Marche (1294‐1328, r. 1322‐1328), and daughter of the late Count Othon of Burgundy († 1303) and of Mahaut († 1329), countess of Artois and Burgundy. Jeanne (1287/1288‐1330), Blanche’s elder sister and wife of Philip of Poitiers (1290/1291‐1322, r. 1316‐1322), enjoyed prestige and standing the other two lacked because of the great landed inheritance, the county of Burgundy, which she had brought to her marriage. Perhaps because of this, perhaps because her guilt seemed less clear than that of the others, she was treated differently and imprisoned near Paris, at Dourdan. After Philip the Fair died on 29 November 1314, Jeanne was released, around Christmastime, declared innocent after proceedings in the Parlement of Paris. News of the shocking and unprecedented scandal spread throughout the realm of France and beyond its borders. Marguerite and Blanche were generally considered guilty, even though there was wonderment at how the affair could have taken place.3

This paper presents the biography of Santiago Luzuriaga y Odria (1828-1904), a teacher from Navarre (Spain), who enjoyed a long professional career and was the father of the Spanish pedagogue Lorenzo Luzuriaga. Santiago Luzuriaga was the author of singular works, which he called nobelas-komedias, written after the Spanish Government agreed to start paying teachers’ salaries beginning in 1901. The Archivo General de Palacio (General Archive of the Royal Palace of Madrid) and the Real Biblioteca (Spanish Royal Library) preserve some of these nobelas-komedias, which feature the peculiarity of being written with a phonetic spelling. The author argued for the necessary transformation of writing for the purpose of achieving a greater economy of language. Finally, the paper includes a copy of El ermano del alkalde dedicated to King Alfonso XIII of Spain, which is currently in the Real Biblioteca.

In January 1556 Charles V renounced his rights to the Iberian kingdoms and passed them on to his son, Philip, who at once assumed the title of King of Spain. To his surprise and consternation, the English council refused to endorse it and pertly reminded him that the Kingdom of Spain did not exist. While the title had long been used, and almost every language had an equivalent for Spain and Spanish, the truth was that legally there was no such entity. Philip II's will reflected this judicial reality. He was, ‘by the grace of God, king of Castile, Leon, Aragon, the Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Portugal, Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Mallorca, Seville, Sardinia, Cordoba, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, Algarve, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the Eastern and Western Indies, the islands and terra firma of the Ocean Sea; archduke of Austria; duke of Burgundy, Bravant and Milan; count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tirol, Barcelona; Lord of Biscay, Molina etc.’. This lengthy litany partly explains why he and all his contemporaries habitually resorted to the title King of Spain as convenient short-hand. As we will see, however, there was more to it than simple utility. The terms were used because they were broadly understood and accepted. But it will be apparent at once that the concept of a specific Spanish identity in the sixteenth century is likely to be particularly problematic since Spain did not exist.

One constraint when dealing with food security problems is the absence of measurement tools that allow for mitigation strategies to be targeted on each region individually. The elasticities can be used as a good exploratory instrument of food security. This paper presents a proposal for measuring the food insecurity dimensions of access and stability, integrating the values of the different kinds of elasticities. The methodology was applied to Spain, using data from nine groups of protein-rich foods of animal origin during the 2004–2015 period in 17 regions. The results suggest that, as regards foods rich in animal proteins, Navarra and Galicia are the regions with the highest food insecurity, and pork meat is the most insecure food product. Comparisons can be carried out between and within regions.

Counted among the most original and prolific medieval French poets, Thibaut IV, count of Champagne and Brie, King of Navarre, was also called Thibaut the poet entertainer (1201–1253). This great-grandson of Eleanor of Aquitaine and great-grandfather of Marie de Champagne, was celebrated by Dante for the purity of his lyrics and widely admired for his mastery of all genres of the time. Remarkable as well for his interpretations of antique mythology and bestiaries, this grand prince and Crusade hero forged poems devoted to the Virgin, transmuting the lyrical lady into a celestial figura. The generous and capacious volume to hand, prepared by young scholars, one French and two Americans, is completely devoted to the famous poet; it is, since the long-respected 1925 edition by Wallensköld (SATF; just a single scholar), the first really complete one. It offers not only all the poems (love songs, debate poems, pastourelles, Crusade, and religious poems) accompanied by their melody, but also robust notes, concordant variants, and isolated melodies. The modern French translations are complemented by additional comments in the glossary, thus offering the reader a very generous and useful reference tool, the fruit of years of accumulated philological and musicological research.

A model of an isolated dwarf spherical galaxy (dSph) is considered in its chemo-dynamical evolution with time. The system is composed by 3 γ-model density profiles: gas, stellar and dark matter, and it is realized in a spherical symmetric equilibrium configuration. The total masses used in our simulations are covering the dwarf galaxies mass range. The stability of this configuration is first tested for the system evolving under the gravity effect alone and then evolved taking into account for the most relevant stellar astrophysical processes implemented with a Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic approach. The two different kinds of evolution are compared. The dark matter evolves naturally from a centrally cuspy density profile into a flatter one within a timescale of several Gyr. The effect manifests itself naturally, without any tuned initial conditions, as soon as few standard criteria on star formation are assumedand the SN feedback on the ISM has been adopted the prescription in (Cioffi & Shull 1991) and (Bradamante et al. 1998). This result is expected to be a possible natural explanation for the discrepancy between observations that want flatter dark matter profiles (e.g. de Block 2005), and N-body simulations that predict cuspy dark matter profiles (Navarro et al. 1997). Chemical considerations are presented as a tool to follow with observational parameters the theory predictions.

Macrogases are defined as two-component, large-scale celestial objects where the subsystems interact only via gravitation. The macrogas equation of state is formulated and compared to the van der Waals (VDW) equation of state for ordinary gases. By analogy, it is assumed that real macroisothermal curves in macrogases occur as real isothermal curves in ordinary gases, where a phase transition (vapour-liquid observed in ordinary gases and gas-stars assumed in macrogases) takes place along a horizontal line in the macrovolume-macropressure (O, Xv, Xp) plane. The intersections between real and theoretical (deduced from the equation of state) macroisothermal curves, make two regions of equal surface as for ordinary gases obeying the VDW equation of state. A numerical algorithm is developed for determining the following points of a selected theoretical macroisothermal curve on the (O, Xv, Xp) plane: the three intersections with the related real macroisothermal curve, and the two extremum points (one maximum and one minimum). Different kinds of macrogases are studied in detail: UU, where U density profiles are flat, to be conceived as a simple guidance case; HH, where H density profiles obey the Hernquist (1990) law, which satisfactorily fits the observed spheroidal components of galaxies; HN/NH, where N density profiles obey the Navarro-Frenk-White (1995, 1996, 1997) law, which satisfactorily fits the simulated nonbaryonic dark matter haloes. A different trend is shown by theoretical macroisothermal curves on the (O/XV/Xp) plane, according to whether density profiles are sufficiently mild (UU) or sufficiently steep (HH, HN/NH). In the former alternative, no critical macroisothermal curve exists, below or above which the trend is monotonous. In the latter alternative, a critical macroisothermal curve exists, as shown by VDW gases, where the critical point may be defined as the horizontal inflexion point. In any case, by analogy with VDW gases, the first quadrant of the (O, Xv, Xp) plane may be divided into three parts: (i) The G region, where only gas exists; (ii) The S region, where only stars exist; (iii) The GS region, where both gas and stars, exist. With regard to HH and HN/NH macrogases, an application is made to a subsample (N = 16) of elliptical galaxies extracted from larger samples (N = 25, N = 48) of early type galaxies investi?gated within the SAURON project (Cappellari et al. 2006, 2007). Under the simplifying assumption of universal mass ratio of the two subsystems, m, different models character?ized by different scaled truncation radii, i.e. concentrations, ?i, ?j, are considered and the related position of sample objects on the (O, Xv, Xp) plane is determined. Macrogases fitting to elliptical galaxies are expected to lie within the S region or slightly outside the boundary between the S and the GS region at most. Accordingly, models where sample objects lie outside the S region and far from its boundary, or cannot be positioned on the (O/XV/Xp) plane, are rejected. For each macrogas, twenty models are considered for different values of (?i, ?j, m), namely ?i, ?j = 5, 10, 20, + ? (?i, ?j, both either finite or infinite), and m = 10, 20. Acceptable models are (10, 10, 20), (10, 20, 20), (20, 10, 20), (20, 20, 20), for HH macrogases, and (10, 5, 10), (10, 10, 20), (20, 10, 20), for HN/NH macrogases. Tipically, fast rotators are found to lie within the S region, while slow rotators are close (from both sides) to the boundary between the S and the GS region. The net effect of the uncertainty affecting observed quantities, on the position of sample objects on the (O, Xv, Xp) plane, is also investigated. Finally, a principle of corresponding states is formulated for macrogases with assigned density profiles and scaled truncation radii.

In Europe, we are witnessing a growth in the social economy sector, i.e. in socio – economic organizations, which belong neither to the traditional for profit sector (market economy) nor to the public sector (government) (Deforuny, 2001; Young, 2007) - they rather act at the interface of civil society and markets (Jäger, 2010). The main goal of these organizations, called social enterprises or social business, is doing business for socially useful purposes. These initiatives may take the form of traditional Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), like foundations and associations, as well as new kinds of organizations for example social cooperatives, partnerships, funds.Social economy is situated between public and business sphere of administration and combines both, social objectives and the ones profit-oriented. Social entrepreneurship is unquestionably a desirable feature of social economy understood as reaching planned economic objectives with the use of available resources. Another feature comprises in using involvement and creativity of excluded persons and thus, solving social problems, among others, structural unemployment and disadvantage of social minorities as well as strengthening democratic processes, bottom-up social initiatives etc. Achieving objectives, both social and economic, requires using modern management instruments and methods.All of the above mentioned organizations or ventures, which achieve their local, social or ethical mission and goals using methods adopted from the business sector (Defourny, Hulgard, Pestoff, eds.2014). One of these methods is project management. The whole sector of social economy, both in Poland and in Europe, is strongly influenced by projectification process: a lot of the activities are performed in the form of projects. For last ten years projectification of social non-governmental sector as well as the economy sector in Poland was reinforced by EU’s funding stream – hundreds of co-funded projects, which aimed at increasing the level of development and improving the condition of social economy, were implemented. Some of these projects have resulted in the creation of durable, dynamically operating social enterprises, and some of them did not produce any long-term results. In case of successful projects, we can observe an unusual effect of projectification process: the creation of permanent structures, sustainable social economy organizations through the implementation of projects.Although we can identify examples of interesting research on impact of project work on NGOs (Brière, Proulx, Navaro, & Laporte, 2015); Golini, Kalchschmidt, Landoni, 2015) or critical success factors of non-governmental projects (Khang & Moe, 2008), there is a research gap which we would like to address in this paper: lack of research on project management best practices in social enterprises. Thus, the main research question we would like to investigate in the paper is: What are the factors that lead to creation of durable, permanent social economy enterprises from projects?This paper draws on set of qualitative data from broader research on social economy sector conducted in Poland in years 2011-2013 by researchers from the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA). For the purpose of this paper we have conducted multiple case study analysis and analysed 36 case studies of existing social enterprises. One of our research goals was to find out, which factors are critical in the process of creation durable social enterprises from projects. Also, we wanted to understand how projectification, influenced strongly by the EU policies, changes the landscape of social enterprises in Poland and helps them achieve success.

Introdução: A Síndrome de Marfan é uma desordem genética que afeta o tecido conectivo. No contexto da Odontologia, poucos profissionais da área conhecem os sintomas da síndrome, bem como os cuidados necessários no atendimento ao paciente. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever as características anatômicas gerais e bucais de pessoas com Síndrome de Marfan. Material e método: Foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados EBSCO, Bireme e Pubmed entre os anos de 2017 e 2018, sendo utilizados os seguintes descritores: Síndrome de Marfan AND Odontologia AND Manifestações bucais. Resultados: Foram localizados 13 artigos na base de dados BIREME, 23 no PubMed e cinco no EBSCO, totalizando 41 artigos. Desses, 10 foram selecionados para a realização desta pesquisa. As principais alterações gerais descritas na literatura incluem membros superiores e inferiores longos, pé chato, corpo fino com o segmento inferior maior que o segmento superior, aracnodactilia, peito plano com costelas proeminentes e escoliose, pectus carinatum, pectus excavatum, cifose, hiperextensibilidade, dolicostenomelia, alterações oculares e problemas cardíacos. As principais alterações bucais descritas incluem hipoplasia maxilar, retrognatia mandibular, macrostomia, dentição altamente apinhada com mordidas cruzadas anteriores e posteriores, palato de arco alto e relação molar classe II de Angle em ambos os lados e apresentam maior índice de doenças periodontais do que pacientes normais. Conclusões: Os principais cuidados que devem ser observados durante o tratamento odontológico relacionam-se a anamnese e ao exame clínico. O melhor entendimento dessa patologia poderá orientar decisões terapêuticas para prevenção e correção das desordens mencionadas neste trabalho. Descritores: Síndrome de Marfan; Odontologia; Manifestações Bucais. Referências Muñoz Sandoval J, Saldarriaga-Gil W, Isaza de Lourido C. Síndrome de Marfan, mutaciones nuevas y modificadoras del gen FBN1. 2014;27(2):206-15. García JLG, Cedeño LM, Medina JAG. Síndrome de Marfan. Medisan. 2007;11(4):1-5. Pfeiffer MET. Síndrome de Marfan em crianças e adolescentes: importância, critérios e limites para o exercício físico. Rev DERC. 2011;17(3):82-6. Lebreiro A, Martins E, Cruz C, Almeida J, Maciel MJ, Cardoso JC, et al. Síndrome de Marfan: manifestações clínicas, fisiopatologia e novas perspectivas da terapêutica farmacológica. Rev Port Cardiol. 2010; 29(6):1021-36. Velásquez C. Manejo odontológico integral en centro quirúrgico de un paciente con Sindrome de Marfan. Odontol Pediatr (Lima). 2015;14(1):80-5. Tsang AK, Taverne A, Holcombe T. Marfan syndrome: a review of the literature and case report. Spec Care Dentist. 2013;33(5):248-54. Bilodeau JE. Retreatment of a patient with Marfan syndrome and severe root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137(1):123-34. Baraldi CEE, Paris MF, Robinson WM. A síndrome de Marfan e seus aspectos odontológicos: relato de caso e revisão da literatura. Rev Fac Odontol Porto Alegre. 2008;49(3):36-9. Sinha A, Kaur S, Raheel SA, Kaur K, Alshehri M, Kujan O. Oral manifestations of a rare variant of Marfan syndrome. Clin Case Rep. 2017;5(9):1429-34. Anuthama K, Prasad H, Ramani P, Premkumar P, Natesan A, Sherlin HJ. Genetic alterations in syndromes with oral manifestations. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2013;10(6):713-22. Jain E, Pandrey RK. Marfan Syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;25(16):16-22. Staufenbiel I, Hauschild C, Kahl-Nieke B, Vahle-Hinz E, von Kodolitsch Y, Berner M, et al. Periodontal Conditions in patients with Marfan Syndrome: a multienter case conrol study. BMC Oral Health. 2013;13:59. Mallineni SK, Jayaraman J, Yiu CK, King NM. Concomitant occurrence of hypohyperdontia in a patient with Marfan syndrome: a review of the literature and report of a case. J Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3(4):253-57. Gott VL. Antoine Marfan and his syndrome: one hundred years later. Md Med J. 1998;47(5):247-52. Alves IC, Navarro F. Exercício fisico e sindrome de Marfan. Rev Bras Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício. 2008;2(8):149-57. Sivasankari T, Mathew P, Austin RD, Devi S. Marfan Syndrome. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2017;9(1):73-7. Sabbatini IF. Avaliação dos components anatômicos do sistema estomatognático de crianças com bruxismo, por meio de imagens obtidas por tomografia computadorizada cone beam [dissertação de Mestrado]. Ribeirão Preto: Universidade do Estado de São Paulo; 2012. Cistulli PA, Richards GN, Palmisano RG, Unger G, Berthon-Jones M, Sullivan CE. Influence of maxillary constriction on nasal resistance and sleep apnea severity in patients with Marfan's syndrome. Chest. 1996;110(5):1184-8.

RESUMENCon el presente trabajo se pretende, sobre el soporte bibliográfico que registra la trayectoria del gremio sartorial, aportar un enfoque inédito proporcionado por las fuentes archivísticas y documentales para la época: la identificación, relación y análisis de la función ejercida por los sastres de los reyes y de aquellos vinculados al estamento nobiliario en la horquilla cronológica seleccionada, comprendida entre los años 1450 y 1615, fecha del primer y último documento trabajados en este sentido. Esta línea de investigación nos permitirá descubrir desde individuos con deseos de medrar en la escala social, como los sastres andantes y estantes en corte, hasta un subgrupo más consolidado marcado por la continua insatisfacción de las deudas por parte de la nobleza. Secciones archivísticas como el Registro General del Sello, Cámara de Castilla, Registro de Ejecutorias o Consejo de Estado, pertenecientes a variados archivos estatales españoles, nos servirán para proporcionar una nutrida nómina, en relación diacrónica, de los sastres vinculados a la Corona castellana en este periodo. Por otro lado, se destacará el proteccionismo regio hacia la figura de este artesano cercano a las élites de poder, ejemplificándolo en figuras concretas. Finalmente se apuntarán las posibilidades de la documentación analizada para conocer en profundidad, y de la mano de fuentes históricas primarias, aspectos de la historia del vestido regio y del de los empleados de la corte.PALABRAS CLAVE: sastres, reyes, nobles, Corona de Castilla, 1450-1615ABSTRACTThe aim of the present work is, on the basis of the literature that records the trajectory of the sartorial profession, to offer a new approach provided by the archival and documentary sources of the time: the identification, relation and analysis of the function exerted by tailors to kings and to those linked to the nobility. This line of research will allow us to discover people ranging from individuals seeking to climb the social ladder, such as tailors living at the court, to a more consolidated subgroup marked by the continued non-payment of debts by the nobility. Archival sections such as the General Registry of the Seal, Chamber of Castile, Registry of Executives or Council of State, belonging to various Spanish state archives, will provide us with a long list, in diachronic terms, of the tailors linked to the Castilian Crown between 1450 and 1615, the dates of the first and last documents used for this purpose. Furthermore, I shall highlight royal protectionism vis-à-vis the figure of this craftsman close to the elites, offering specific examples. Finally, I shall refer to the potential of the documentation analysed to explore in depth, and via primary historical sources, aspects of the history of royal attire and that of court employees.KEY WORDS: tailors, kings, nobles, Crown of Castile, 1450-1615 BIBLIOGRAFÍAAlcega, J. de, Tratado de Geometría, Práctica y Traza, el cual trata de lo tocante al oficio de sastre…, Valladolid, Maxtor, 2009.Alvar Ezquerra, A., El nacimiento de una capital europea: Madrid entre 1561 y 1609, Madrid, Turner, 1989.Baleztena Abarrategui, J., “Ordenanzas contra los sastres que tuvieren paños faltosos (1533)”, Cuadernos de etnología y etnografía de navarra, 74 (1999), pp. 563-570.Bello León, J. M., y Hernández Pérez, M. B., “Una embajada inglesa a la corte de los Reyes Católicos y su descripción en el ‘Diario’ de Roger Machado”, En la España medieval, 26 (2003), pp. 167-202.Bouza Brey, F., “Historia de la cofradía gremial de sastres de Santiago de Compostela”, Revista Compostellanum, 7 (1962), pp. 569-620.Carretero Rubio, V., La artesanía textil y del cuero en Málaga (1487-1525), Málaga, Cedma, 1996.Comisión Internacional de Diplomática, Folia Caesaraugustana I (normas de transcripción y edición de documentos), Zaragoza, CSIC, Institución Fernando el Católico, 1984.Domínguez Ortiz, A., “Madrid de villa a corte”, en Historia y documentos notariales, Madrid, 16-2 (1992), pp. 263-279.Falcón Pérez, M. I., “Sobre la industria del vestido en Zaragoza en el siglo XV: las ordenanzas de la cofradía de sastres, calceteros y juboneros”, Aragón en la Edad Media, 12 (1995), pp. 241-266.Fernández García, J., “La consideración social de los sastres en la tradición asturiana: (poesía popular y paremiología)”, en Polledo Arias, A. C. (coord.), Fiestas Balesquida, Oviedo, 2012, pp. 89-103.Francisco Olmos, J. M. de, “La evolución de los cambios monetarios en el reinado de Isabel la Católica según las cuentas del tesorero Gonzalo de Baeza”, En la España medieval, 21 (1998), pp. 115-142.Gestoso Pérez, J. y Fernández Gómez, M., Noticia histórico-descriptiva del antiguo pendón de la ciudad de Sevilla y de la bandera de la Hermandad de los sastres, Sevilla, Área de Cultura, 1999.Gómez de Valenzuela, M., “La regla de la cofradía jaquesa de sastres, bajo la advocación de San Lorenzo (1602)”, Argensola: Revista de CC. Sociales del Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses, 113 (2003), pp. 315-328.González Arce, J. D., “De la corporación al gremio. La cofradía de sastres, jubeteros y tundidores burgaleses en 1485”, Studia historica. Historia medieval, 25 (2007), pp. 191-219.González Arce, J. D., La casa y corte del príncipe don Juan (1478-1497): economía y etiqueta en el palacio del hijo de los Reyes Católicos, Sevilla, Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales, 2016.González Marrero, M. del C., “Un vestido para cada ocasión: la indumentaria de la realeza bajomedieval como instrumento para la afirmación, la imitación y el boato. El ejemplo de Isabel I de Castilla”, Cuadernos del CEMyR, 22 (2015), pp. 155-194.Haldón Reina, J. F., “Aproximación histórico-artística a la antigua Hermandad de Nuestra Señora de los reyes del gremio de sastres”, en Roda Peña, J. (coord.), II Semana de estudios Medievales, Nájera, 2009, pp.155-190.Juárez-Almendros, E., “Don Quijote y la moda: El legado de Carmen Bernis”, Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America, 24.1 (2004), pp. 137-142.López García, J. M., El impacto de la corte en Castilla: Madrid y su territorio en la época moderna, Madrid, siglo XXI de España, 1998.Marchant Rivera, A., “Los sastres en los Procesos de fe del tribunal de distrito de la Inquisición de Toledo (1483-1597)”, Documenta & Instrumenta, 12 (2014), pp. 95-116.Martínez Carreño, A., “Sastres y modistas: notas alrededor de la historia del traje en Colombia”, Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico, vol. 28, n. 28 (1991), pp. 61-76.Mediero Velasco, M. I., “El impacto de la corte sobre la villa de Madrid”, Pasea por Madrid: historia, turismo cultural y tiempo libre, 7 (2015), pp. 39-57.Monner Sans, R., De sastres: entretenimiento paremiológica, Talleres de la Casa Jacobo Peuser, 1909.Nieto Sánchez, J. A., “La conflictividad laboral en Madrid durante el siglo XVII: el gremio de sastres”, en Actas del I Congreso de jóvenes Geógrafos e Historiadores, 1995, pp. 283-289.Nieto Sánchez, J. A., Artesanos y mercaderes: una historia social y económica de Madrid (1450-1850), Madrid, Fundamentos, 2006.Nombela Rico, J. M., Auge y decadencia en la España de los Austrias: la manufactura textil de Toledo en el siglo XVI, Toledo, Ayuntamiento, 2003.Puerta Escribano, R. de la, “Los avatares del asociacionismo de los artífices del vestir en la Valencia Moderna”, en Prats, L. (coord.), Estudios en homenaje a la Profesora Teresa Puente, vol. 2, Valencia, 1996, pp. 481-495.Puerta Escribano, R. de la, Historia del gremio de sastres y modistas en Valencia: del siglo XIII al siglo XX, Valencia, Ayuntamiento, 1997.Puñal Fernández, T., Los artesanos de Madrid en la Edad Media (1200-1474), Madrid, UNED, 2000.Reguera Ramírez, R., “Costureras versus sastres. También una cuestión de género”, El Pajar: Cuaderno de etnografía canaria, 25 (2008), pp. 110-116.Rodríguez Plaza, M. Á., “Ordenanzas del gremio de sastres de Plasencia. Año 1795”, Revista de estudios extremeños, vol. 71, n. 2 (2015), pp. 1115-1136.Salazar y Castro, L., Pruebas de la historia de la casa de Lara sacadas de los instrumentos por…, Madrid, Imprenta Real, 1694, p. 102.Sanchís Llorens, R., “El offici de sastres y calcetters de Alcoy”, en Primer Congreso de Historia del País Valenciano: celebrado en Valencia del 14 al 18 de abril de 1971, vol. 3, Valencia, 1976, pp. 201-208.Vaamonde Lores, C., “La cofradía de los sastres de Betanzos”, Boletín de la Real Academia Galega, 46 (1911), pp. 244-251.Zofío Llorente, J. C., “Reproducción social y artesanos. Sastres, curtidores y artesanos de la madera madrileños en el siglo XVII”, Hispania: Revista española de Historia, 71/237 (2011), pp. 87-120.Zofío Llorente, J. C., Gremios y artesanos en Madrid, 1550-1650: la sociedad de trabajo en una ciudad cortesana preindustrial, Madrid, CSIC, 2005.

Indonesia is the fourth country with the largest population in the world and rich of cultural heritage and local wisdom. However, the majority of Indonesian people are less caring, less knowing and minimum understanding about Indonesian culture because of the lack of facilities to provide information of Indonesian culture. On the other hand, Android development is increasingly rapid and free to develop. This is an opportunity that can be used to build a culture of learning systems to maintain the existence Indonesia culture in the eyes of Indonesian people. This research aims to create a system of Indonesian Culture Learning android based mobile application that can be used as a medium of learning Indonesian culture. The methodology of this development is using SDLC which starting from planning, requirements analysis, system design, implementation, testing and maintenance. And using Android Studio as the main program, Photoshop and Microsoft Paint for image processing, and DIA to design UML. Indonesian Learning Culture can display ten kinds of culture, that is: traditional house, traditional food, traditional clothes, traditional dance, traditional language, traditional music instruments, traditional song, tribe, handy craft and tourist attraction. Where each category shows an example of each of the provinces in Indonesia. Keyword— Android, Indonesian Culture, Mobile Application, SDLC. REFERENCES [1] Alwan, Motea. (2015), what is system development life cycle, retrieved 19 September 2016, <https://airbrake.io/blog/insight/what-is-system-developmentlife-cycle >.J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, hal.68- 73. [2] Arif, Akbarul Huda. 24 JAM!! Pintar Pemrograman ANDROID, Ebook Version 2.1 [3] Arismadhani, A., Yuhana, U.L., Kuswardayan,I. 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(2015), Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Mobile Sebagai Media Pelestarian Lagu Traditional Dan Nasional Indonesia Berbasis Android, Jurnal Ilmiah DASI, Vol.16, No.1, retrieved 2 March 2016, <https://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sour ce=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjYpozc_97 QAhULLY8KHcbZArcQFggZMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2F ojs.amikom.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fdasi%2Farticle%2Fview File%2F228%2F213&usg=AFQjCNFbyMXtRJIXS6aIOGaA H7OsViOmxQ&bvm=bv.139782543,d.c2I>. [10] KKBI (n.d) Budaya. [Online] KKBI. Retrieved 14 November 2016, <http://kbbi.web.id/budaya>. [11] McCann, William Jon. (2013), Dia Diagram, retrieved 14 November 2016, <https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Apps/Dia?action=show &redirect=Dia>. Murtiwiyati and Lauren, Glen. (2013), Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Pembelajaran Budaya Indonesia Untuk Anak Sekolah Dasar Berbasis Android, Jurnal Ilmiah KOMPUTASI, Vol. 12, No. 2, retrieved 2 March 2016, <https://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sour ce=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi6oIu_9N7 QAhWMK48KHVJmAncQFggZMAA&url=http%3A%2F% 2Fmurtiwiyati.staff.gunadarma.ac.id%2FPublications%2Ffile s%2F2058%2Fjurnal%2BAndroid.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGipYb EnfrdkyL6XMXnI88vw0Yfnw&bvm=bv.139782543,d.c2I>. [12] Nisafani, Amna N., Muqtadiroh, Feby A., Nugraha, Nanda F. (2014), Analisis Dan Perancangan Wiki Budaya Dalam Rangka Melestarikan Budaya Bangsa Dan Kearifan Lokal Nusantara. SISFO-Jurnal Sistem Informasi, retrieved 2 March 2016, <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280822614 >. [13] Nugraha, T. S., and Tresnawati, Dewi. (2015), Pengembangan Aplikasi Pengenalan Kesenian Daerah Indonesia Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Android. Jurnal Algoritma, Vol. 16, No.1, retrieved 2 March 2016, <http://jurnal.sttgarut.ac.id/index.php/algoritma/article/viewFi le/173/160 >. [14] Rizky, R. and Wibisono, T. (2015), Mengenal Seni & Budaya 34 Provinsi di Indonesia. Jakarta Timur: Cerdas Interaktif. [15] Sembiring, Rehulina. (2014), Panduan Android Studio, retrieved 19 September 2016, <http://panduanandroidstudio.blogspot.co.id/>. [16] Suryana. (2010), Metode Penelitian (Model Prakatis Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif). Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, retrieved 17 October 2016, <http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPEB/PRODI._MANAJEMEN_ FPEB/196006021986011-SURYANA/FILE__7.pdf >. [17] UML (n.d) The Unified Modeling Language. [Online] UML. Retrieved 14 November 2016, <http://www.umldiagrams.org/>. [18] Valacich, Joseph S., George, Joey F., and Hoffer, Jeffrey A. (2012), Essentials of System Analysis & Design, 6th edn, Pearson Education,Inc. [19] Wijaya, Raden. 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Patrick Steptoe was born on 9 June 1913 in Witney, Oxfordshire. He grew up in a family of eight brothers and sisters, the sixth boy and the seventh child of Grace Maud (née Mimms) and Harry Arthur Steptoe. His mother was an advocate of women’s rights, and worked for the Mothers’ Union and Infant Welfare clinics; she died in 1973. His father was Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages in Witney; he died in 1953. As a schoolboy at the Witney Grammar School, Patrick became interested in medicine and music, and the two subjects demanded virtually equal time during his late teens. This musical talent manifested early and lasted throughout his life, for even at the age of 13 he played incidental piano music during matinees for the silent films of Tom Mix, Harold Lloyd, Ramon Navarro and Rudolph Valentino. Later he was organist in St Mary’s Church, and director and organist of Christ Church Musical Society, Oxford, when he was 18 years old. He wrote that the heavy weight of the organ keys helped to make his hands and fingers very strong. These early signs of a character full of determination and initiative were apparent later in his life, as he coped with disappointments and opposition during his medical career. He might indeed have become a musician, but medicine finally triumphed when at age 20 he entered King’s College, London, as a medical student. He qualified in 1939 at the age of 26 with the degrees of M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. from St George’s Hospital in London. This hospital retained his affection throughout his life, even though he remembered wards full of cases of pneumonia, meningitis and septicaemia since antibiotics had not then been discovered.

The duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine to Marie de Lorraine, regent of Scotland, Vendôme, 19 February 1559/1560Francis II to Marie de Lorraine, Amboise, 7 March 1559–1560The duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine to Marie de Lorraine, Amboise, 7 March 1559/1560Mary queen of Scots to Marie de Lorraine, [Amboise, 7 March 1559/1560]Mary queen of Scots to Elizabeth I, [7 March 1560]Catherine de Medici to Elizabeth I, [c.7 March 1560]The duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine to Marie de Lorraine, Amboise, 12 March 1559/1560Instructions of Jean de Monluc, bishop of Valence, for negotiations with Elizabeth I, 25 March 1560; extractsMarie de Lorraine to the duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine, Edinburgh, 27 March 1560Jacques de La Brosse and Nicolas de Pellevé to the duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine, Edinburgh, 27 March 1560Henri Clutin, sieur d’Oysel, to the duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine, Dunbar, 27 March 1560Nicolas de Pellevé to the cardinal de Lorraine, Edinburgh, 27 March 1560The duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine to the sieur d’Oysel, Nicolas de Pellevé, and Jaques de La Brosse, Amboise, 31 March 1560Francis II and Mary queen of Scots: Commission to Jean de Monluc, Nicolas de Pellevé, and Jacques de La Brosse, 1 April 1559/1560The duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine to Marie de Lorraine, [Amboise, 31 March]; Marmoutier, 9 April 1560‘Memoire pour envoyer à la Royne Regente d’Escosse du xj d’apvril’ [1560]Marie de Lorraine to Jean de Monluc, Edinburgh castle, 14 April 1560Marie de Lorraine to Francis II, Edinburgh castle, 26 April 1560Marie de Lorraine to the sieur d’Oysel, Edinburgh castle, 27 April 1560Marie de Lorraine to the sieur d’Oysel, and Jaques de La Brosse, 29 April 1560Marie de Lorraine to the duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine, 30 April 1560Francis II and Mary queen of Scots: Commission to Jean de Monluc and others, Chenonceau, 2 May 1560Francis II to Elizabeth I, Chenonceau, 2 May 1560Marie de Lorraine to the sieur d’Oysel, 3 May 1560Marie de Lorraine to the duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine, mid-May 1560Marie de Lorraine to Francis II, Edinburgh castle, 17 May 1560Marie de Lorraine to [the sieur d’Oysel], 17 May 1560Marie de Lorraine to the duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine, Edinburgh castle, 21 May 1560Marie de Lorraine to the duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine, Edinbugh castle, 26 May 1560Marie de Lorraine to Francis II, 26 May 1560Marie de Loraine to Mary queen of Scots, 26 May 1560Marie de Lorraine to the duc de Guise and cardinal de Lorraine, Edinburgh castle, 28 May 1560Reply of Francis II on the ratification, 15 September 1560Francis II to Elizabeth I, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 17 September 1560Charles IX to Elizabeth I, Fontainebleau, 20 February 1560/1561Catherine de Medici to Elizabeth I, Fontainebleau, 20 February 1561Antoine de Bourbon, king of Navarre, to Elizabeth I, 20 February 1561Anne de Montmorency to Elizabeth I, Fontainebleau, 20 February 1560/1561The duc de Guise to Elizabeth I, Fontainebleau, 26 February 1560/1561Charles IX to Elizabeth I, Fontainebleau, 26 April 1561Elizabeth I to Charles IX, 14 July 1561The duc de Guise to Elizabeth I, Corbeil, 27 March 1561/1562

The taxonomic literature is one of the largest resources of information on biodiversity, both current and in the past. Unlike many scientific disciplines this literature remains perpetually relevant as successive taxonomic work builds upon those earlier foundations. Projects such as the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) have greatly increased access to that literature, as have numerous independent digitisation efforts by museums, herbaria, and publishers. But the focus of this access has been human readers, with limited use of text mining tools, mostly focussed on extracting taxonomic names. This talk explores other kinds of data that can be extracted from text on BHL and elsewhere, focusing on taxonomic names, geographic localities and specimen codes in the context of the BioStor project (https://biostor.org, Page 2011). The problem of finding taxonomic names in text has been well studied (e.g., Akella et al. 2012), and new BHL content is continuously indexed by names. Despite this, there is only weak linkage between taxonomic name databases and BHL. Even projects that create these links (e.g., BioNames, Page 2013) do not enable links in the reverse direction. In other words, a BHL reader is unaware whether the appearance of a name on a page is the first publication of that name, nor are they told of the fate of a name in subsequent research. The absence of these links reduces the value of BHL to working taxonomists. In addition to taxonomic names, a typical taxonomic paper often contains specimen codes. Extracting these from text and linking them to digital representations, such as occurrence records in GBIF, opens up the possibility to provide detailed provenance for occurrence data, as well as citation-based metrics for the utility of natural history collections. Taxonomic papers are also often rich in geographic information. A simple method for extracting locality information from text is to search for latitude and longitude coordinates, and BioStor currently does this. To date some 83,000 individual point localities have been extracted (Fig. 1 ). These are used to provide a simple geographic search interface in BioStor, and are also harvested by JournalMap (Karl et al. 2013). But these localities are not linked to the original location in the source text, nor are they linked to any associated specimens, so they cannot be interpreted as occurrences that could be harvested by GBIF. If the goal is to contribute to GBIF then we need tools that can parse locality information and link that to associated specimens. A general framework for handling data on taxonomic names, specimens, and geographic localities in text is to treat them as annotations (Batista-Navarro et al. 2017). By modelling annotations using the Web Annotation Data Model (https://www.w3.org/TR/annotation-model/ ) we can incorporate these annotations into biodiversity knowledge graphs (Page 2016). We can also combine these annotations with new standards for describing digitised content, such as the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF, https://iiif.io). The implications of this approach for developing new interfaces to the biodiversity literature will be discussed.

At a time when almost every human transgression, illness, profession and other personal aspect of life has been chronicled in autobiographical writing (Rak)—in 1998 Zinsser called ours “the age of memoir” (3)—writing about fat is one of the most recent subjects to be addressed in this way. This article surveys a range of contemporary autobiographical texts that are titled with, or revolve around, that powerful and most evocative word, “fat”. Following a number of cultural studies of fat in society (Critser; Gilman, Fat Boys; Fat: A Cultural History; Stearns), this discussion views fat in socio-cultural terms, following Lupton in understanding fat as both “a cultural artefact: a bodily substance or body shape that is given meaning by complex and shifting systems of ideas, practices, emotions, material objects and interpersonal relationships” (i). Using a case study approach (Gerring; Verschuren), this examination focuses on a range of texts from autobiographical cookbooks and memoirs to novel-length graphic works in order to develop a preliminary taxonomy of these works. In this way, a small sample of work, each of which (described below) explores an aspect (or aspects) of the form is, following Merriam, useful as it allows a richer picture of an under-examined phenomenon to be constructed, and offers “a means of investigating complex social units consisting of multiple variables of potential importance in understanding the phenomenon” (Merriam 50). Although the sample size does not offer generalisable results, the case study method is especially suitable in this context, where the aim is to open up discussion of this form of writing for future research for, as Merriam states, “much can be learned from […] an encounter with the case through the researcher’s narrative description” and “what we learn in a particular case can be transferred to similar situations” (51). Pro-Fat Autobiographical WritingAlongside the many hundreds of reduced, low- and no-fat cookbooks and weight loss guides currently in print that offer recipes, meal plans, ingredient replacements and strategies to reduce fat in the diet, there are a handful that promote the consumption of fats, and these all have an autobiographical component. The publication of Jennifer McLagan’s Fat: An Appreciation of a Misunderstood Ingredient, with Recipes in 2008 by Ten Speed Press—publisher of Mollie Katzen’s groundbreaking and influential vegetarian Moosewood Cookbook in 1974 and an imprint now known for its quality cookbooks (Thelin)—unequivocably addressed that line in the sand often drawn between fat and all things healthy. The four chapter titles of this cookbook— “Butter,” subtitled “Worth It,” “Pork Fat: The King,” “Poultry Fat: Versatile and Good For You,” and, “Beef and Lamb Fats: Overlooked But Tasty”—neatly summarise McLagan’s organising argument: that animal fats not only add an unreplaceable and delicious flavour to foods but are fundamental to our health. Fat polarised readers and critics; it was positively reviewed in prominent publications (Morris; Bhide) and won influential food writing awards, including 2009 James Beard Awards for Single Subject Cookbook and Cookbook of the Year but, due to its rejection of low-fat diets and the research underpinning them, was soon also vehemently criticised, to the point where the book was often described in the media as “controversial” (see Smith). McLagan’s text, while including historical, scientific and gastronomic data and detail, is also an outspokenly personal treatise, chronicling her sensual and emotional responses to this ingredient. “I love fat,” she begins, continuing, “Whether it’s a slice of foie gras terrine, its layer of yellow fat melting at the edges […] hot bacon fat […] wilting a plate of pungent greens into submission […] or a piece of crunchy pork crackling […] I love the way it feels in my mouth, and I love its many tastes” (1). Her text is, indeed, memoir as gastronomy / gastronomy as memoir, and this cookbook, therefore, an example of the “memoir with recipes” subgenre (Brien et al.). It appears to be this aspect – her highly personal and, therein, persuasive (Weitin) plea for the value of fats – that galvanised critics and readers.Molly Chester and Sandy Schrecengost’s Back to Butter: A Traditional Foods Cookbook – Nourishing Recipes Inspired by Our Ancestors begins with its authors’ memoirs (illness, undertaking culinary school training, buying and running a farm) to lend weight to their argument to utilise fats widely in cookery. Its first chapter, “Fats and Oils,” features the familiar butter, which it describes as “the friendly fat” (22), then moves to the more reviled pork lard “Grandma’s superfood” (22) and, nowadays quite rarely described as an ingredient, beef tallow. Grit Magazine’s Lard: The Lost Art of Cooking with Your Grandmother’s Secret Ingredient utilises the rhetoric that fat, and in this case, lard, is a traditional and therefore foundational ingredient in good cookery. This text draws on its publisher’s, Grit Magazine (published since 1882 in various formats), long history of including auto/biographical “inspirational stories” (Teller) to lend persuasive power to its argument. One of the most polarising of fats in health and current media discourse is butter, as was seen recently in debate over what was seen as its excessive use in the MasterChef Australia television series (see, Heart Foundation; Phillipov). It is perhaps not surprising, then, that butter is the single fat inspiring the most autobiographical writing in this mode. Rosie Daykin’s Butter Baked Goods: Nostalgic Recipes from a Little Neighborhood Bakery is, for example, typical of a small number of cookbooks that extend the link between baking and nostalgia to argue that butter is the superlative ingredient for baking. There are also entire cookbooks dedicated to making flavoured butters (Vaserfirer) and a number that offer guides to making butter and other (fat-based) dairy products at home (Farrell-Kingsley; Hill; Linford).Gabrielle Hamilton’s Blood, Bones and Butter: The Inadvertent Education of a Reluctant Chef is typical among chef’s memoirs in using butter prominently although rare in mentioning fat in its title. In this text and other such memoirs, butter is often used as shorthand for describing a food that is rich but also wholesomely delicious. Hamilton relates childhood memories of “all butter shortcakes” (10), and her mother and sister “cutting butter into flour and sugar” for scones (15), radishes eaten with butter (21), sautéing sage in butter to dress homemade ravoli (253), and eggs fried in browned butter (245). Some of Hamilton’s most telling references to butter present it as an staple, natural food as, for instance, when she describes “sliced bread with butter and granulated sugar” (37) as one of her family’s favourite desserts, and lists butter among the everyday foodstuffs that taste superior when stored at room temperature instead of refrigerated—thereby moving butter from taboo (Gwynne describes a similar process of the normalisation of sexual “perversion” in erotic memoir).Like this text, memoirs that could be described as arguing “for” fat as a substance are largely by chefs or other food writers who extol, like McLagan and Hamilton, the value of fat as both food and flavouring, and propose that it has a key role in both ordinary/family and gourmet cookery. In this context, despite plant-based fats such as coconut oil being much lauded in nutritional and other health-related discourse, the fat written about in these texts is usually animal-based. An exception to this is olive oil, although this is never described in the book’s title as a “fat” (see, for instance, Drinkwater’s series of memoirs about life on an olive farm in France) and is, therefore, out of the scope of this discussion.Memoirs of Being FatThe majority of the other memoirs with the word “fat” in their titles are about being fat. Narratives on this topic, and their authors’ feelings about this, began to be published as a sub-set of autobiographical memoir in the 2000s. The first decade of the new millennium saw a number of such memoirs by female writers including Judith Moore’s Fat Girl (published in 2005), Jen Lancaster’s Such a Pretty Fat: One Narcissist’s Quest to Discover If Her Life Makes Her Ass Look Big, or Why Pie Is Not the Answer, and Stephanie Klein’s Moose: A Memoir (both published in 2008) and Jennifer Joyne’s Designated Fat Girl in 2010. These were followed into the new decade by texts such as Celia Rivenbark’s bestselling 2011 You Don’t Sweat Much for a Fat Girl, and all attracted significant mainstream readerships. Journalist Vicki Allan pulled no punches when she labelled these works the “fat memoir” and, although Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson’s influential categorisation of 60 genres of life writing does not include this description, they do recognise eating disorder and weight-loss narratives. Some scholarly interest followed (Linder; Halloran), with Mitchell linking this production to feminism’s promotion of the power of the micro-narrative and the recognition that the autobiographical narrative was “a way of situating the self politically” (65).aken together, these memoirs all identify “excess” weight, although the response to this differs. They can be grouped as: narratives of losing weight (see Kuffel; Alley; and many others), struggling to lose weight (most of these books), and/or deciding not to try to lose weight (the smallest number of works overall). Some of these texts display a deeply troubled relationship with food—Moore’s Fat Girl, for instance, could also be characterised as an eating disorder memoir (Brien), detailing her addiction to eating and her extremely poor body image as well as her mother’s unrelenting pressure to lose weight. Elena Levy-Navarro describes the tone of these narratives as “compelled confession” (340), mobilising both the conventional understanding of confession of the narrator “speaking directly and colloquially” to the reader of their sins, failures or foibles (Gill 7), and what she reads as an element of societal coercion in their production. Some of these texts do focus on confessing what can be read as disgusting and wretched behavior (gorging and vomiting, for instance)—Halloran’s “gustatory abject” (27)—which is a feature of the contemporary conceptualisation of confession after Rousseau (Brooks). This is certainly a prominent aspect of current memoir writing that is, simultaneously, condemned by critics (see, for example, Jordan) and popular with readers (O’Neill). Read in this way, the majority of memoirs about being fat are about being miserable until a slimming regime of some kind has been undertaken and successful. Some of these texts are, indeed, triumphal in tone. Lisa Delaney’s Secrets of a Former Fat Girl is, for instance, clear in the message of its subtitle, How to Lose Two, Four (or More!) Dress Sizes—And Find Yourself Along the Way, that she was “lost” until she became slim. Linden has argued that “female memoir writers frequently describe their fat bodies as diseased and contaminated” (219) and “powerless” (226). Many of these confessional memoirs are moving narratives of shame and self loathing where the memoirist’s sense of self, character, and identity remain somewhat confused and unresolved, whether they lose weight or not, and despite attestations to the contrary.A sub-set of these memoirs of weight loss are by male authors. While having aspects in common with those by female writers, these can be identified as a sub-set of these memoirs for two reasons. One is the tone of their narratives, which is largely humourous and often ribaldly comic. There is also a sense of the heroic in these works, with male memoirsts frequently mobilising images of battles and adversity. Texts that can be categorised in this way include Toshio Okada’s Sayonara Mr. Fatty: A Geek’s Diet Memoir, Gregg McBride and Joy Bauer’s bestselling Weightless: My Life as a Fat Man and How I Escaped, Fred Anderson’s From Chunk to Hunk: Diary of a Fat Man. As can be seen in their titles, these texts also promise to relate the stratgies, regimes, plans, and secrets that others can follow to, similarly, lose weight. Allen Zadoff’s title makes this explicit: Lessons Learned on the Journey from Fat to Thin. Many of these male memoirists are prompted by a health-related crisis, diagnosis, or realisation. Male body image—a relatively recent topic of enquiry in the eating disorder, psychology, and fashion literature (see, for instance, Bradley et al.)—is also often a surprising motif in these texts, and a theme in common with weight loss memoirs by female authors. Edward Ugel, for instance, opens his memoir, I’m with Fatty: Losing Fifty Pounds in Fifty Miserable Weeks, with “I’m haunted by mirrors … the last thing I want to do is see myself in a mirror or a photograph” (1).Ugel, as that prominent “miserable” in his subtitle suggests, provides a subtle but revealing variation on this theme of successful weight loss. Ugel (as are all these male memoirists) succeeds in the quest be sets out on but, apparently, despondent almost every moment. While the overall tone of his writing is light and humorous, he laments every missed meal, snack, and mouthful of food he foregoes, explaining that he loves eating, “Food makes me happy … I live to eat. I love to eat at restaurants. I love to cook. I love the social component of eating … I can’t be happy without being a social eater” (3). Like many of these books by male authors, Ugel’s descriptions of the food he loves are mouthwatering—and most especially when describing what he identifies as the fattening foods he loves: Reuben sandwiches dripping with juicy grease, crispy deep friend Chinese snacks, buttery Danish pastries and creamy, rich ice cream. This believable sense of regret is not, however, restricted to male authors. It is also apparent in how Jen Lancaster begins her memoir: “I’m standing in the kitchen folding a softened stick of butter, a cup of warmed sour cream, and a mound of fresh-shaved Parmesan into my world-famous mashed potatoes […] There’s a maple-glazed pot roast browning nicely in the oven and white-chocolate-chip macadamia cookies cooling on a rack farther down the counter. I’ve already sautéed the almonds and am waiting for the green beans to blanch so I can toss the whole lot with yet more butter before serving the meal” (5). In the above memoirs, both male and female writers recount similar (and expected) strategies: diets, fasts and other weight loss regimes and interventions (calorie counting, colonics, and gastric-banding and -bypass surgery for instance, recur); consulting dieting/health magazines for information and strategies; keeping a food journal; employing expert help in the form of nutritionists, dieticians, and personal trainers; and, joining health clubs/gyms, and taking up various sports.Alongside these works sit a small number of texts that can be characterised as “non-weight loss memoirs.” These can be read as part of the emerging, and burgeoning, academic field of Fat Studies, which gathers together an extensive literature critical of, and oppositional to, dominant discourses about obesity (Cooper; Rothblum and Solovay; Tomrley and Naylor), and which include works that focus on information backed up with memoir such as self-described “fat activist” (Wann, website) Marilyn Wann’s Fat! So?: Because You Don’t Have to Apologise, which—when published in 1998—followed a print ’zine and a website of the same title. Although certainly in the minority in terms of numbers, these narratives have been very popular with readers and are growing as a sub-genre, with well-known actress Camryn Manheim’s New York Times-bestselling memoir, Wake Up, I'm Fat! (published in 1999) a good example. This memoir chronicles Manheim’s journey from the overweight and teased teenager who finds it a struggle to find friends (a common trope in many weight loss memoirs) to an extremely successful actress.Like most other types of memoir, there are also niche sub-genres of the “fat memoir.” Cheryl Peck’s Fat Girls and Lawn Chairs recounts a series of stories about her life in the American Midwest as a lesbian “woman of size” (xiv) and could thus be described as a memoir on the subjects of – and is, indeed, catalogued in the Library of Congress as: “Overweight women,” “Lesbians,” and “Three Rivers (Mich[igan]) – Social life and customs”.Carol Lay’s graphic memoir, The Big Skinny: How I Changed My Fattitude, has a simple diet message – she lost weight by counting calories and exercising every day – and makes a dual claim for value of being based on both her own story and a range of data and tools including: “the latest research on obesity […] psychological tips, nutrition basics, and many useful tools like simplified calorie charts, sample recipes, and menu plans” (qtd. in Lorah). The Big Skinny could, therefore, be characterised with the weight loss memoirs above as a self-help book, but Lay herself describes choosing the graphic form in order to increase its narrative power: to “wrap much of the information in stories […] combining illustrations and story for a double dose of retention in the brain” (qtd. in Lorah). Like many of these books that can fit into multiple categories, she notes that “booksellers don’t know where to file the book – in graphic novels, memoirs, or in the diet section” (qtd. in O’Shea).Jude Milner’s Fat Free: The Amazing All-True Adventures of Supersize Woman! is another example of how a single memoir (graphic, in this case) can be a hybrid of the categories herein discussed, indicating how difficult it is to neatly categorise human experience. Recounting the author’s numerous struggles with her weight and journey to self-acceptance, Milner at first feels guilty and undertakes a series of diets and regimes, before becoming a “Fat Is Beautiful” activist and, finally, undergoing gastric bypass surgery. Here the narrative trajectory is of empowerment rather than physical transformation, as a thinner (although, importantly, not thin) Milner “exudes confidence and radiates strength” (Story). ConclusionWhile the above has identified a number of ways of attempting to classify autobiographical writing about fat/s, its ultimate aim is, after G. Thomas Couser’s work in relation to other sub-genres of memoir, an attempt to open up life writing for further discussion, rather than set in placed fixed and inflexible categories. Constructing such a preliminary taxonomy aspires to encourage more nuanced discussion of how writers, publishers, critics and readers understand “fat” conceptually as well as more practically and personally. 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