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Journal articles on the topic 'Kivu, Lake (Congo and Rwanda)'

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1

MEYER, KIRSTIN S., and NEIL CUMBERLIDGE. "A revision of the freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamonautidae) of the Lake Kivu drainage basin in Central and East Africa." Zootaxa 3011, no. 1 (2011): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3011.1.5.

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The taxonomy of the freshwater crabs living in the rivers draining from the mountains in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda into Lake Kivu is revised. Four species are recognized: Potamonautes perparvus (Rathbun, 1921), P. minor Bott, 1955, P. gonocristatus Bott, 1955, and P. semilunaris Bott, 1955. Updated diagnoses, illustrations, and distribution maps are provided for the species. The four species are compared to each other, and an identification key to all eight species found in Lake Kivu and its drainage basin is included.
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2

Karamage, Fidele, Hua Shao, Xi Chen, et al. "Deforestation Effects on Soil Erosion in the Lake Kivu Basin, D.R. Congo-Rwanda." Forests 7, no. 12 (2016): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f7110281.

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3

Hubert, J. G., A. Pinel-Galzi, D. Dibwe, et al. "First Report of Rice yellow mottle virus on Rice in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Plant Disease 97, no. 12 (2013): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-13-0650-pdn.

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Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), genus Sobemovirus, is a widespread rice pathogen reported in nearly all rice-growing countries of Africa. Although the virus was detected in Cameroon, Chad, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and Uganda (2,3), RYMV has never been described in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In July 2012, plants with leaf yellowing and mottling symptoms were observed in large irrigated rice production schemes 30 km south of Bukavu, in eastern DRC, and in lowland subsistence fields in the surroundings of Bukavu. Several dozen hectares affected by the disease were abandoned by the
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4

Llir�s, Marc, Frederic Gich, Anna Plasencia, et al. "Vertical Distribution of Ammonia-Oxidizing Crenarchaeota and Methanogens in the Epipelagic Waters of Lake Kivu (Rwanda-Democratic Republic of the Congo)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 20 (2010): 6853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02864-09.

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ABSTRACT Four stratified basins in Lake Kivu (Rwanda-Democratic Republic of the Congo) were sampled in March 2007 to investigate the abundance, distribution, and potential biogeochemical role of planktonic archaea. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization with catalyzed-reported deposition microscopic counts (CARD-FISH), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) of signature genes for ammonia-oxidizing archaea (16S rRNA for marine Crenarchaeota group 1.1a [MCG1] and ammonia monooxygenase subunit A [amoA]). Abundance of archaea ranged from 1 to
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5

Mwanjalolo Jackson-Gilbert, Majaliwa, Tenywa Makooma Moses, Karuturi P. C. Rao, et al. "Soil Fertility in relation to Landscape Position and Land Use/Cover Types: A Case Study of the Lake Kivu Pilot Learning Site." Advances in Agriculture 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/752936.

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This study determined the change and distribution of land-uses/covers along the landscape, and evaluated the nutrient status of the top soil layer in the Lake Kivu Pilot Learning Site (LKPLS) benchmarked micro-catchments. Soil physical and chemical properties were quantified using triplicate soil samples collected from each land-use/cover at two depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm) in three LK PLS Learning Innovation Platform (IP) sites (Bufundi in Uganda, Mupfuni-Shanga in D.R. Congo, Gataraga in Rwanda). Small scale agriculture has increased in all the benchmarked micro-catchments at the expense of ot
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6

Ngamije, James. "The reaction of American Luxury tourists visiting Rwanda during 2018-2019 Ebola outbreaks." International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Studies 1, no. 2 (2020): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/ijhts2020.1.2.7.

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Several cases of Ebola virus diseases (EVD), have been discovered in Africa. The 2018–2019 outbreak of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) in North Kivu and Ituri provinces has been declared International public health emergency. Rwanda as a neighboring country was on high alert, with the possibility of the disease crossing its borders. As a result, some countries, issued travel alerts to their citizens to avoid travel to Congo or nearby countries to include Rwanda. This study investigates the impact of Ebola outbreak on American Luxury tourists in Rwanda, evaluating its findings in light of the 201
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7

Buruchara, R. A., M. A. Pastor-Corrales, and U. Scheidegger. "Fusarium Wilt Disease Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli on a Common Bean Cultivar, G 2333, in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo." Plant Disease 83, no. 4 (1999): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.4.397c.

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The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important source of dietary protein for poor resource families in Rwanda and the Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). During the second season of 1990, symptoms consisting of chlorosis, premature defoliation, stunting, wilting, and vascular discoloration were observed for the first time on an improved popular climbing bean cultivar, G 2333, in the prefectures of Butare and Gikongoro, in southwest Rwanda. Between 1991 and 1994, surveys to determine disease occurrence were conducted in the two prefectures and in Kigali North, Gitara
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8

Wilson, Adam. "Plume Modeling Establishes Efficacy, Safety of Gas Extraction From Lake Kivu, Rwanda." Journal of Petroleum Technology 68, no. 11 (2016): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1116-0068-jpt.

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9

Bisusa, Muhimuzi Alphonse, Marara Emmanuel Bizire, Bujingo Donatien Muntuokuwindi, Gilbert Nijimbere, Kashamuka Roger Musimwa, and Vyambwera Guido-Charles Kambale. "Identification of Ixodidae ticks from cattle imported into the South Kivu province, east of the Democratic Republic of Congo." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 15, no. 3 (2020): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2020-15-3-308-317.

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A survey has been conducted in Bukavu on bovines imported in Democratic Republic of Congo from Rwanda to the public slaughterhouse of Bukavu, with the aim of identifying the Ixodidae ticks on their body. Thus, 1024 ticks have been collected on 300 cows for the entomological identification. Four species have been identified whose Boophilus decoloratus (44.4 %), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (43.9 %), Amblyomma variegatum (11 %) and Ixodes thomasai (2 %). This last species being a new among those recognized in South Kivu. A charge to ticks of 6.5 has been observed at those bovines and the infesta
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10

Rujeni, Nadine, Alex Mazimpaka, Musafiri Tumusiime, et al. "Pre-school aged children are exposed to Schistosoma through Lake Kivu in Rwanda." AAS Open Research 2 (February 22, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.12930.1.

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Background: Schistosomiasis is prevalent in many sub-Saharan African countries and transmission is through waters contaminated by infected snails. In Rwanda, although schistosomiasis is endemic, very few epidemiological studies exist; of these, schoolchildren have been the focus, neglecting pre-school-aged children (PSAC). Furthermore, malacological surveys to indicate the potential for transmission are scarce in the country. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis among PSAC living on Nkombo Island in Lake Kivu and to map the distribution and infectivity of sn
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11

Habiyaremye, Gabriel, Ji Wen Ge, Jean de la Paix Mupenzi, Waheed O. Balogun, and Sitienei Anne Jerop. "Effects of Global Climate Change on Water Resources in Rwanda: Lake Kivu Case Study." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.268.

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Climate change is emerging as one of the most miscellaneous expressions of the global change nowadays. It potentially affects ecosystems including water resources. The change of climate also has significant impacts on the availability of water, as well as the quality and quantity of water that is available and accessible. Aiming at studying the effect of climate change on water resources, 25 years collected secondary data of both climatic and hydro-meteorological stations were used and Statistical analysis was performed using ORIGIN PRO 8.0 Software. The study linked the surface elevation of L
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12

Johnson, Thomas C., and Christopher A. Scholz. "Coping With Lake Kivu, East Africa: Workshop on Tropical Rift Lake Systems: Integrated Volcanogenic, Tectonic, Biogeochemical, and Geohazard Assessment of Lake Kivu; Gisenyi, Rwanda, 13-15 January 2010." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 91, no. 30 (2010): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010eo300008.

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13

Frolich, Ruth. "Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana: Judgment on the Appeal of the Prosecutor Against the Decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 16 December 2011 Entitled “Decision on the Confirmation of Charges” (Int'l Crim. Ct.)." International Legal Materials 52, no. 2 (2013): 417–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.52.2.0417.

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On May 30, 2012, the Appeals Chamber (Chamber) of the International Criminal Court (ICC) voted unanimously to dismiss the appeal of the Prosecution against the decision of the Pre-Trial Chamber not to confirm the charges against the alleged Congolese warlord Callixte Mbarushimana. The Prosecution had alleged Mbarushimana was criminally responsible under Article 25(3)(d) of the Rome Statute (Statute) for crimes against humanity and war crimes committed by members of the Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR) in the Kivu provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Prosecu
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14

Marcelot, G., and J. Ph Rançon. "Mineral Chemistry of Leucitites from Visoke Volcano (Virunga Range, Rwanda): Petrogenetic Implications." Mineralogical Magazine 52, no. 368 (1988): 603–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1988.052.368.05.

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AbstractThe Visoke complex is one of the main Quaternary volcanic centres of the Virunga Range, located north of lake Kivu. Mineralogical (microprobe) data are given for two representative leucitite lavas; one sample contains a complex coarse-grained xenolith (phlogopite, diopside, leucite, titanomagnetite, perovskite and apatite) and megacrysts of pyroxene, phlogopite and olivine scattered in fine-grained leucite-rich host lava. Compared with the typical leucite-dominated, low-pressure phenocryst assemblage of the two samples studied, the chemical trends of ferromagnesian crystals suggest an
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15

Doughty, Kristin. "Carceral Repair." Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 38, no. 2 (2020): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cja.2020.380203.

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This article, based on ethnographic fieldwork in 2016–2019, examines methane extraction operations in Lake Kivu on the Rwanda/DRC border as a lens into understanding how energy futures in Africa are imagined and enacted within national projects of post-war reconstruction. In 2005, scientists suggested that the lake’s dissolved methane risked oversaturation within the century. This spurred state-backed projects to simultaneously prevent a natural disaster and harness the methane to meet Rwanda’s rising electrification needs. Two companies are currently building and operating methane-fuelled pow
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16

Bisimwa, Mubwebwe Arthur, Shamba Espoir Ombeni, Mangaza Aline Munundu, Bayubasire Emmanuel Irenge, Balagizi Janvier Cishugi, and Kabagale Alfred Cubaka. "A Checklist of Phytoplanktonic Algae of Nyamuhinga Stream in Lake Kivu Basin (Eastern DR Congo)." Greener Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no. 4 (2016): 068–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjbs.2016.4.061016103.

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17

Basima, Lefranc Busane, Mulongaibalu Mbalassa, Bahananga Muhigwa, and Muderhwa Nshombo. "Anthropogenic influences on the littoral zone biota of Lake Kivu, Bukavu Basin, D. R. Congo." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 29, no. 5 (2006): 2283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2006.11903100.

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18

Archer, Alan W., John A. Elix, Eberhard Fischer, Dorothee Killmann, and Emmanuël Sérusiaux. "The lichen genus Pertusaria (Ascomycota) in Central Africa (Congo/Kivu, Rwanda and Burundi) and Western Kenya." Nova Hedwigia 88, no. 3 (2009): 309–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0088-0309.

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19

Bagalwa, M., JGM Majaliwa, F. Kansiime, S. Bashwira, M. Tenywa, and K. Karume. "Sediment and nutrient loads into river Lwiro, in the Lake Kivu basin, Democratic Republic of Congo." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 9, no. 3 (2015): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v9i3.46.

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20

Gabriele, Chiara, Kelly Matheson, and Raquel Vazquez Llorente. "The Role of Mobile Technology in Documenting International Crimes." Journal of International Criminal Justice 19, no. 1 (2021): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqab026.

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Abstract This article reflects on the landmark use of photo and video evidence in the Affaire Castro et Kizito. In 2018, a mobile military court in Kalehe, South Kivu, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) tried two members of the Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR) for crimes against humanity and war crimes. This case broke new ground not only in the DRC, but also globally. For the first time, a court of law admitted digital photography that had been captured with the eyeWitness app, a ready-for-court technology developed to streamline the documentation of international cr
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21

Grilli, Roberto, François Darchambeau, Jérôme Chappellaz, Ange Mugisha, Jack Triest, and Augusta Umutoni. "Continuous in situ measurement of dissolved methane in Lake Kivu using a membrane inlet laser spectrometer." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 9, no. 1 (2020): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-141-2020.

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Abstract. We report the first high-resolution continuous profile of dissolved methane in the shallow water of Lake Kivu, Rwanda. The measurements were performed using an in situ dissolved gas sensor, called Sub-Ocean, based on a patented membrane-based extraction technique coupled with a highly sensitive optical spectrometer. The sensor was originally designed for ocean settings, but both the spectrometer and the extraction system were modified to extend the dynamical range up to 6 orders of magnitude with respect to the original prototype (from nmol L−1 to mmol L−1 detection) to fit the range
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22

Pinard, F., J. M. Boffa, and E. Rwakagara. "Scattered shade trees improve low-input smallholder Arabica coffee productivity in the Northern Lake Kivu region of Rwanda." Agroforestry Systems 88, no. 4 (2014): 707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9712-7.

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23

Bagalwa, M., I. Mukumba, N. Ndahama, N. Zirirane, and A. O. Kalala. "Assessment of River Water Quality using Macroinvertebrate Organisms as Pollution Indicators of Cirhanyobowa River, Lake Kivu, DR Congo." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 04 (2019): 2668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.310.

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24

Kabatende, Joseph, Michael Mugisha, Lazare Ntirenganya, et al. "Prevalence, Intensity, and Correlates of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections among School Children after a Decade of Preventive Chemotherapy in Western Rwanda." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (2020): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121076.

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Preventive chemotherapy (PC) is a WHO-recommended core intervention measures to eliminate Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) as a public health problem by 2020, defined as a reduction in prevalence to <1% of moderate or high-intensity infection. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence, intensity, and correlates of STH after a decade of PC in Rwanda. A total of 4998 school children (5–15 years old) from four districts along Lake Kivu in the western province were screened for STH using Kato-Katz. The overall prevalence of Soil-transmitted helminths among school childr
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Majoro, Félicien, Umaru Garba Wali, Omar Munyaneza, François-Xavier Naramabuye, Eric Derrick Bugenimana, and Concilie Mukamwambali. "Sediment Transport and Its Impacts on Lake Kivu, Gihira Water Treatment Plant and Various Hydropower Plants along Sebeya River in Rwanda." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 12, no. 11 (2020): 934–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2020.1211055.

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26

Marcelot, G., C. Dupuy, J. Dostal, J. P. Rançon, and A. Pouclet. "Geochemistry of mafic volcanic rocks from the Lake Kivu (Zaire and Rwanda) section of the western branch of the African Rift." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 39, no. 1 (1989): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(89)90022-x.

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27

Bagalwa, M., J. Majaliwa, F. Kansiime, et al. "Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection in Rural Areas of River Lwiro Micro-catchment, Lake Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 9, no. 2 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2016/15850.

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28

A., Murera, Verschuur M., and R. Kugonza Donald. "Enhancing the fisheries sector of African Great lakes: Value chain analysis of the Tanganyika Sardine (Limnothrissa miodon, Boulenger 1906) from Lake Kivu, Rwanda." International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture 13, no. 1 (2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijfa2019.0753.

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29

Lukanda, M., A. Owati, P. Ogunsanya, et al. "First Report of Maize chlorotic mottle virus Infecting Maize in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Plant Disease 98, no. 10 (2014): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-14-0484-pdn.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major food and fodder crop cultivated on 1.54 million ha in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In December 2013, unusually severe chlorotic mottle symptoms and pale green streaks were observed in local varieties (Mudishi 1 and 2, Bambou, Kasayi, H614, H613, and Mugamba) and exotic varieties (H520, H624, H403, HDK8031, and ZM607) in Beni, Lubero, and Rutshuru territories at 1,015 to 1,748 m elevation in North Kivu Province. Symptoms were prominent on newly emerging leaves that later developed marginal necrosis resembling the symptoms of maize lethal necrosis (M
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30

"Rwanda - DR Congo: Lake Kivu Transport Project." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 55, no. 3 (2018): 22083C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2018.08270.x.

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31

Hategekimana, F., J. D. Ndikuryayo, E. Habimana, T. Mugerwa, Kakonkwe Christian, and R. Digne Ed Rwabuhungu. "Lake Kivu Water Chemistry Variation with Depth Over Time, Northwestern Rwanda." Rwanda Journal of Engineering, Science, Technology and Environment 3, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjeste.v3i1.5.

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The water of East African rift lakes contains large amounts of dissolved chemicals such as carbon dioxide, methane greatly and others like phosphate, silicate, Sulfate, Sulfide, Iron, Ammonia, Alkalinity etc. Lake Kivu is a large, deep rift basin lake located in the western branch of the East African rift zone that contains a methane gas deposit of great economic interest with two main sources: Inorganic carbon dioxide CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O and Organic methanogenesis CH3COOH =CH4 + CO2. Lake Kivu is a stratified, meromictic lake bordering Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
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32

Doughty, Kristin, Dieudonné Uwizeye, and Elyseé Uwimana. "Methane Extraction on Lake Kivu: Green Extractive Humanitarianism." African Studies Review, December 22, 2020, 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2020.69.

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Abstract In 2016, Rwanda began extracting methane gas from Lake Kivu, an innovative project designed to reduce the risk of a deadly spontaneous gas release while providing clean and renewable power to an energy-strapped region. Based on qualitative research in Rwanda from 2016 to 2019, Doughty, Uwizeye, and Uwimana use the Kivu methane extraction project to ask, How do we balance urgent electrification needs with responsible energy policies that respond to environmental risks, particularly in post-conflict contexts? Analyzing the Kivu methane projects as “green extractive humanitarianism” prov
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Nsabimana, Antoine, Valens Habimana, and Gaidashova Svetlana. "Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Samples from Lake Kivu, Rwanda." Rwanda Journal of Engineering, Science, Technology and Environment 3, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjeste.v3i2.3.

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Heavy metals are among the pollutants threatening the living organisms including human beings. The presence of heavy metals in water is of great concern due to their toxicity to aquatic organisms, humans and ability to accumulate in food chains. Thus, there is a need to regularly monitor heavy metal levels in aquatic medium. The present study was conducted to assess heavy metal concentrations in Lake Kivu water. Water samples from Lake Kivu were taken from three sites, namely: Rusizi, Karongi and Rubavu. Heavy metals in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectro-photometer (SHIM
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Mugerwa, Theophile, Francois Hategekimana, Olugbenga A. Ehinola, et al. "Organic Geochemistry of Peat Deposits in southwest Rwanda." Rwanda Journal of Engineering, Science, Technology and Environment 4, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjeste.v4i1.15.

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Rwanda hosts million tons of peat deposits and that of western province is of great importance as it close to Kivu Lake. The discovery of methane gas in Kivu Lake has attracted investors in methane gas utilization as source of power supply and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Researchers identified Kivu Lake and adjacent area as an area of interest for hydrocarbon exploration. However, organic geochemical prospecting for hydrocarbon and energy content assessment is inadequate for the identified areas. The study aimed at determining the organic geochemistry of peat deposits in southwest, Rwanda. F
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Akayezu, Providence, Laban Musinguzi, Vianny Natugonza, et al. "Using sediment fingerprinting to identify erosion hotspots in a sub-catchment of Lake Kivu, Rwanda." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192, no. 12 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08774-5.

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36

Cumberlidge, Neil, Emily Johnson, Paul F. Clark, and Martin J. Genner. "Unravelling the Potamonautes lirrangensis (Rathbun, 1904) species complex (Potamoidea: Potamonautidae), with the description of two new species." European Journal of Taxonomy 744 (April 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.744.1309.

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The taxonomic status of the widely distributed freshwater crab Potamonautes lirrangensis (Rathbun, 1904) sensu lato is revised because morphological and molecular evidence indicates that this taxon is a complex comprising more than one species. Four taxa are now recognized: Potamonautes lirrangensis (Rathbun, 1904) s. str. and P. kisangani sp. nov. from the Middle Congo River in Central Africa, P. amosae sp. nov. from the drainages of Lakes Kivu and Tanganyika, and P. orbitospinus (Cunnington, 1907) from Lake Malawi which had been previously synonymised with P. lirrangensis s. lat. Diagnoses,
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Lutala, Prosper M., Claude M. Kasereka, Eric K. Kasagila, John B. Inipavudu, and Suleiman I. Toranke. "Quality assurance of malaria case management in an urban and in sub-rural health centres in Goma, Congo." African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine 3, no. 1 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v3i1.225.

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Background: Every year, up to three million deaths throughout the world occur as a result of malaria, 90% of which occur in Africa. Despite training providers in malaria case management and the availability of appropriate medical suppliers, there are still weaknesses in the management chain of malaria.Objectives: Our aim was to assess the quality of malaria case management in two primary health care centres in the Goma health district. Specific objectives were the assessment of quality accuracy in the dosage, the duration of treatment, the intervals between administrations, and the routes of a
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38

Masum, Ahmad. "UGANDA: A Country Profile." Journal of International Studies, January 6, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jis.8.2012.7931.

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Uganda lies in the heart of Sub-Saharan Africa. It is situated in East Africa and occupies an area of 241,038 sq km (roughly twice the size of the state of Pennsylvania) and its population is about 35,873,253 (CIA World Factbook, 2012). Uganda is bordered by Tanzania and Rwanda to the south, Democratic Republic of Congo to the west, South Sudan to the north, and Kenya to the east. Uganda is a landlocked country and occupies most of the Lake Victoria Basin, which was formed by the geological shifts that created the Rift Valley during the Pleistocene era. Uganda was a British colony and became a
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