Academic literature on the topic 'Km 20 Community'

Fish communities of the Bečva River were studied in summer and autumn 2000 and 2001. Electric fishing gear (Honda EX 1000, DC 230 V, 0.75–0.9 kW) was used for sampling. Four sampling sites (Grymov 19.6 r. km, Rybáře 35.8 r. km, Hustopeče 50.7 and Choryně 54.7 r. km) were selected. Total of 23 fish species representing 5 families were determined. The family Cyprinidae with 15 species was dominant while Salmonidae, Balitoridae, Percidae and Gadidae were the other recorded families. Species diversity ranged from 9 at Hustopeče to 20 at Grymov localities. The lowest biomass and abundance were observed at Hustopeče locality (28.93 kg/ha and 336 fishes/ha) and the highest at Choryně locality (612.90 kg/ha and 7 367 fishes/ha). Barbus barbus, Chondrostoma nasus and Leuciscus cephalus contributed 87.73–97.55% and 60.5%–87% to total biomass and abundance in different samplings, respectively. The Chondrostoma nasus population was dominated by fish of total length over 300 mm. We believe that river fragmentation, trapping and blockade of fish are the main reasons for this irregular distribution. Index of diversity ranged from 0.811 to 2.05 and equitability index from 0.449 to 0.821. Physical and chemical parameters were also measured, pH value ranged from 7.8 to 9.8, DO (7.62–12.15 mg/l), conductivity (450–639 µS/cm), N-NH₄ (0.65–2.39 mg/l), P-PO₄ (0.12–0.68 mg/l)and alkalinity (2.55 to 3.40 mg/l).  

ABSTRACTOnchocerciasis, caused by infection with Onchocerca volvulus, has been targeted for elimination by 2030. Currently, onchocerciasis elimination programs rely primarily on mass distribution of ivermectin. However, ivermectin alone may not be sufficient to achieve elimination in some circumstances, and additional tools may be needed. Vector control has been used as a tool to control onchocerciasis, but vector control using insecticides is expensive and ecologically detrimental. Community-directed removal of the trailing vegetation black fly larval attachment sites (slash and clear) has been shown to dramatically reduce vector biting densities. Here, we report studies to optimize the slash and clear process. Conducting slash and clear interventions at Simulium damnosum sensu stricto breeding sites located within 2 km of afflicted communities resulted in a 95% reduction in vector biting. Extending slash and clear further than 2 km resulted in no further decrease. A single intervention conducted at the first half of the rainy season resulted in a 97% reduction in biting rate, whereas an intervention conducted at the end of the rainy season resulted in a 94% reduction. Vector numbers in any of the intervention villages did not fully recover by the start of the following rainy season. These results suggest that slash and clear may offer an inexpensive and effective way to augment ivermectin distribution in the effort to eliminate onchocerciasis in Africa.

ABSTRACTA 100-ha quadrat of primary rainforest in French Guiana was ccnsused over two consecutive years by the mapping method, and a 24-ha core area was intensively mistnetted at the same time. More extensive surveys were conducted in successively larger areas including up to a large part of the forested interior of the country. From a total of 441 resident species found in the rainforest zone, 248 were regularly recorded within the 100-ha plot, 157 of which had mean densities of more than 1 pair km-2. The total estimated density of birds was at least 829 pairs km-2. Only two dominant species exceeded 20 pairs km-2, while 52% of all the species were represented by less than 2 pairs km-2. The distribution of body masses and niche characteristics among the bird community is given as well as the sample bias of the mistnet captures.Rare species were a key component of this primary rainforest community. Several patterns of rarity were described and no marked and constant relationships were found between rarity and body size, habitat, diet, foraging behaviour or social system. Among a wide set of environmental constraints, the population of each species may be limited by a different combination of factors. Habitat heterogeneity, low, irregular and seasonal food availability, interspecific competition or heavy predation pressure were prominent and likely causes of the low density of most species which in turn facilitated the high species richness.

Abstract: Gajah Wong River is one of three rivers that pass through the city of Yogyakarta in the east, the length is 20 km. This river entered the city of Yogyakarta through the District Umbulharjo and Kotagede District. Gajah Wong riverside region has great potential as a river tourism area. This paper describes the effort to develop the river area into a community-based tourism area. The method used is qualitative. As a result, the diversity of river attractions, access to the area, and community participation has the potential to increase the attractiveness of the riverside area as a riverside tourism area to create community welfare.Keywords: river tourism, community-basedAbstrak: Sungai Gajah Wong merupakan salah satu dari tiga sungai yang melintas di Kota Yogyakarta di bagian timur, panjangnya 20 km. Sungai ini menembus Kota Yogyakarta melalui Kecamatan Umbulharjo dan Kecamatan Kotagede. Kawasan bantaran sungai Gajah Wong menyimpan potensi besar sebagai wisata sungai. Tulisan ini memaparkan upaya pengembangan kawasan sungai menjadi kawasan wisata berbasis masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Hasilnya, keragaman aktraksi sungai, akses ke kawasan, dan partisipasi masyarakat berpotensi meningkatkan daya tarik kawasan sebagai kawasan wisata sungai untuk menciptakan kemakmuran masyarakat.Kata Kunci: wisata sungai, berbasis masyarakat.

Abstract Shephard, S., Gerritsen, H. D., Kaiser, M. J., Truszkowska, H. S., and Reid, D. G. 2011. Fishing and environment drive spatial heterogeneity in Celtic Sea fish community size structure. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2106–2113. The Large Fish Indicator (LFI) is a univariate size-based indicator of fish community state that has been selected to support the OSPAR fish community Ecological Quality Objective (EcoQO). To operate this EcoQO, a survey-based LFI for each OSPAR region needs to be developed. However, fish communities in these regions are spatially heterogeneous, and there is evidence of within-region spatial variation in the LFI that could confound an overall indicator series. For Celtic Sea trawl-survey sites, spline correlograms indicate positive spatial autocorrelation at a similar range (∼40 km) for the LFI and for fishing effort (h year−1) from vessel monitoring systems. Statistical models reveal a strong negative effect on annual LFI by site of fishing effort within a radius of 40 km. There was a weak effect of fishing within 20 km and no effect at 10 km. LFI also varied significantly with substratum and with local fish community composition identified by a resemblance matrix derived from the survey data. Finally, there was a weak effect of survey year on LFI. Spatial stratification of LFI calculations may be necessary when developing size-based indicators for OSPAR or Marine Strategy Framework Directive regions.

AbstractThe dynamic/thermodynamic shallow-ice model SICOPOLIS is applied to the Greenland ice sheet. Paleoclimatic spin-ups from 125 ka BP until today, as well as future-climate experiments 500 years into the future, are carried out with three different grid spacings, namely 20, 10 and 5 km. The scenarios are a subset of those specified by the SeaRISE (Sea-level Response to Ice Sheet Evolution) community effort. The bed topography includes improved troughs for Jakobshavn Isbræ, Helheim, Kangerdlugssuaq and Petermann glaciers, processed by an algorithm that preserves shape, orientation and continuity of the troughs on the 5 km scale. Comparison of simulated and observed present-day surface velocities shows that these ice streams and outlet glaciers are resolved with different accuracies, ranging from poor (20 km grid) to reasonably good (5 km grid). In the future-climate experiments, the simulated absolute ice volumes depend significantly on the resolution, while the sensitivities (ice volumes relative to the constant-climate control run) vary only by a few centimeters of sea-level equivalent.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Water is an essential for lives and development. Ethiopia is endowed with enormous water resources potential but access to water is limited. An uneven spatial distribution of water sources and drinking water demand is big challenge. Therefore objectives of this study were to estimate access for water supply among household of Farta district, Ethiopia.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A community based cross-sectional study design was employed in 758 households of Farta district. Interview and observational check lists were used to collect data. Systematic sampling technique was used to select households. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The community has access to improved water supply which was estimated to be 57.1%. The rest 42.9% of the households used unimproved water sources from other unprotected sources like unprotected dug well and river. Nearly the third quartile (74.5%) of the households had access to water within a distance of 1.5 km or less from dwelling. Majority (86%) of households had no access to water within a time of 30 minutes or less. Nearly 92.3% of the households used less than 20 liters per capita per day.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> There was a significant gap in accessing water supply for the community within 1.5 km in the district. Nearly half of households used protected well water sources. The per capita water consumption of the households were extremely low. Hence local administrator should expand protected well in all members. The community participation should be encouraged to prepare and maintain the water sources.</p>

Abstract. This paper examines the operational performance of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations for 2002–2006 using both 36-km and 12-km horizontal grid spacing with a primary focus on the performance of the CMAQ model in predicting wet deposition of sulfate (SO4=), ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−). Performance of the wet deposition species is determined by comparing CMAQ predicted concentrations to concentrations measured by the National Acid Deposition Program (NADP), specifically the National Trends Network (NTN). For SO4= wet deposition, the CMAQ model estimates were generally comparable between the 36-km and 12-km simulations for the eastern US, with the 12-km simulation giving slightly higher estimates of SO4= wet deposition than the 36-km simulation on average. The normalized mean bias (NMB) was slightly higher for the 12-km simulation, however, both simulations had annual biases that were less than ±15% for each of the five years. The model estimated SO4= wet deposition values improved when they were adjusted to account for biases in the model estimated precipitation. The CMAQ model underestimates NH4+ wet deposition over the eastern US using both the 36-km and 12-km horizontal grid spacing, with a slightly larger underestimation in the 36-km simulation. The largest underestimations occur during the winter and spring periods, while the summer and fall have slightly smaller underestimations of NH4+ wet deposition. Annually, the NMB generally ranges between −10% and −16% for the 12-km simulation and −12% to −18% for the 36-km simulation over the five-year period for the eastern US. The underestimation in NH4+ wet deposition is likely due, in part, to the poor temporal and spatial representation of ammonia (NH3) emissions, particularly those emissions associated with fertilizer applications and NH3 bi-directional exchange. The model performance for estimates of NO3− wet deposition are mixed throughout the year, with the model largely underestimating NO3− wet deposition in the spring and summer in the eastern US, while the model has a relatively small bias in the fall and winter. Model estimates of NO3− wet deposition tend to be slightly lower for the 36-km simulation as compared to the 12-km simulation, particularly in the spring. Annually for the eastern US, the NMB ranges from roughly −12% to −20% for the 12-km simulation and −18% to −26% for the 36-km simulation. The underestimation of NO3− wet deposition in the spring and summer is due, in part, to a lack of lightning generated NO emissions in the upper troposphere, which can be a large source of NO in the spring and summer when lightning activity is the high. CMAQ model simulations that include the production of NO from lightning show a significant improvement in the NO3− wet deposition estimates in the eastern US in the summer. Model performance for the western US was generally not as good as that for the eastern US for all three wet deposition species.

Abstract. We investigate Arctic polar atmospheric ozone responses to solar proton events (SPEs) using MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) satellite measurements (2004–now) and WACCM-D (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model) simulations (1989–2012). Special focus is on lower-stratospheric (10–30 km) ozone depletion that has been proposed earlier based on superposed epoch analysis (SEA) of ozonesonde anomalies (up to 10 % ozone decrease at ∼ 20 km). SEA of the satellite dataset provides no solid evidence of any average SPE impact on the lower-stratospheric ozone, although at the mesospheric altitudes a statistically significant ozone depletion is present. In the individual case studies, we find only one potential case (January 2005) in which the lower-stratospheric ozone level was significantly decreased after the SPE onset (in both model simulation and MLS observation data). However, similar decreases could not be identified in other SPEs of similar or larger magnitude. Due to the input proton energy threshold of > 300 MeV, the WACCM-D model can only detect direct proton effects above 25 km, and simulation results before the Aura MLS era indicate no significant effect on the lower-stratospheric ozone. However, we find a very good overall consistency between WACCM-D simulations and MLS observations of SPE-driven ozone anomalies both on average and for the individual cases including January 2005.

Ecological baselines are disappearing and it is uncertain how marine reserves, here called fisheries closures, simulate pristine communities. We tested the influence of fisheries closure age, size and compliance on recovery of community biomass and life-history metrics towards a baseline. We used census data from 324 coral reefs, including 41 protected areas ranging between 1 and 45 years of age and 0.28 and 1430 km 2 , and 36 sites in a remote baseline, the Chagos Archipelago. Fish community-level life histories changed towards larger and later maturing fauna with increasing closure age, size and compliance. In high compliance closures, community biomass levelled at approximately 20 years and 10 km 2 but was still only at approximately 30% of the baseline and community growth rates were projected to slowly decline for more than 100 years. In low compliance and young closures, biomass levelled at half the value and time as high compliance closures and life-history metrics were not predicted to reach the baseline. Biomass does not adequately reflect the long-time scales for full recovery of life-history characteristics, with implications for coral reef management.

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This dissertation analyzes the cultural identity of São Pio X – Km 20 community, from Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. In the investigation, we established as a research problem the question: How do community dwellers build cultural identity? We have as a general objective to record the history of São Pio X community, including the process of identity and cultural identification. The specific objectives stated were: a) to identify the cultural markers selected by residents of São Pio X community as elements of identity; b) to point out the correlations between the cultural heritage of the Italian descendants and the process of community identification; c) to establish the meanings of the school and the church to the cultural identity assumed by the residents of São Pio X community; d) to analyze the significance of the parties to the construction of the process of identity and identification. It is a qualitative research of ethnographic type, in which we use the following instruments for data collection: a) observation and description; b) photographic record (registered by the researcher and kept in the personal collection of the community residents; c) documentary analysis (Atas Books, Beltrão Journal and official documents); d) Field Diary; e) narrative interviews. We selected the church, the school and the feast of the Italian Culture – Fest Vin, as the main sociality spaces, in which the inhabitants participate and shape their identities. Food, religious beliefs and festivities make up the daily customs of the residents. The main intention of the research is to understand how the inhabitants construct the cultural identity in these spaces and places and the relations with the identities that these subjects assume. In order to give theoretical and methodological support to the actions we use the contributions of Bauman (2005), Costa (1985), Geertz (1981), Hall (2015), Iotti (2001, 2010), Kossoy 1986), Marques (2008), Martins (1986), Scheneider (2012), Vannini (2003), Wenczenovicz (2014), among others. In the years 2016 and 2017, we sought the information that compose the dissertation. The totality of the collected and analyzed material indicates that the locus of the research uses cultural markers to frame the processes of identity and identification. These include: the production and usufruct of food, the usage of Italian language expressions to demarcate a connection with the past and its ancestors that came from Italy; The religiosity as an aggregating element and producer of the social bond and the experience of the party. It is necessary to emphasize the place occupied by the school: production and dissemination of a representation of the Italian ethnicity. Such markers have been identified as determinants of how subjects see and perceive themselves.
A dissertação analisa a identidade cultural da comunidade São Pio X – Km 20, de Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. Na investigação, estabelecemos como problema de pesquisa o questionamento: Como os moradores da Comunidade, constroem a identidade cultural? Traçamos como objetivo geral registrar a história da comunidade São Pio X, compreendendo o processo de identidade e identificação cultural. Os objetivos específicos enunciados foram: a) identificar os marcadores culturais selecionados pelos moradores da comunidade São Pio X como elementos de identidade; b) apontar as correlações entre a herança cultural dos descendentes italianos e o processo de identificação da comunidade; c) estabelecer os significados da escola e da igreja para a identidade cultural assumida pelos moradores da comunidade São Pio X; d) analisar o significado das festas para a construção do processo de identidade e identificação. Tratase de uma pesquisa qualitativa de tipo etnográfica, na qual utilizamos os seguintes instrumentos para a coleta de dados: a) observação e descrição; b) registro fotográfico (registrados pela pesquisadora e constante no acervo pessoal dos moradores da comunidade; c) análise documental (Livros Atas, Jornal de Beltrão e documentos oficiais); d) Diário de Campo; e) entrevistas narrativas. Selecionamos a igreja, a escola e a festa da Cultura Italiana – Fest Vin, como os principais espaços de socialidade, nos quais os moradores participam e moldam suas identidades. A alimentação, as crenças religiosas e as festividades, compõem os costumes diários dos moradores. A principal intenção da investigação é perceber como os moradores constroem a identidade cultural nesses espaços e lugares e as relações com as identidades que estes sujeitos assumem. Para dar suporte teórico-metodológico às ações utilizamos as contribuições de Bauman (2005), Costa (1985), Geertz (1981), Hall (2015), Iotti (2001, 2010), Kossoy (2009), Lazier (2003, 1997, 1986), Marques (2008), Martins (1986), Scheneider (2012), Vannini (2003), Wenczenovicz (2014), entre outros. Nos anos de 2016 e 2017, buscamos as informações que compõem a dissertação. A totalidade do material coletado e analisado indica que os moradores do lócus da pesquisa usam marcadores culturais para emoldurar os processos de identidade e identificação. Dentre estes destacam-se: a produção e usufruto dos alimentos, o uso de expressões da língua italiana para demarcar uma conexão com o passado e seus ancestrais que vieram da Itália; A religiosidade como elemento agregador e produtor do vínculo social e a vivência da festa. Há que se ressaltar o lugar ocupado pela escola: produção e disseminação de uma representação da etnia italiana. Tais marcadores foram identificados como determinantes de como os sujeitos se veem e são vistos.

Mainland Portugal (37°–42°Nlatitude) is located in the transitional region between the subtropical anticyclone and the subpolar depression zones. In addition to latitude, its orography and the effect of the Atlantic Ocean are the major factors affecting the climate of the mainland Portugal. The highest altitudes vary from 1000 m to 1500 m, with the exception of the Serra da Estrela range, whose peak is just below 2000 m. The regions farthest from the Atlantic Ocean are around 220 km away. Portugal has a total area of 9.2 million ha, 41% of which is devoted to cropland. Although agricultural practices in some regions are still traditional and not competitive, they are slowly becoming more and more industrialized and employ about 20% of the active population, which includes employment in agricultural industries as well. The inclusion of Portugal to the European Community in 1986, on the one hand, provided financial resources, but, on the other hand, caused agricultural policy to become more dependent on community policies. Farm size has doubled since the 1970s with increased mechanization. Wine production is the most important agricultural activity, which contributes significantly to Portugal’s economy (GPPAA, 1999). Among fruit trees, apples and citrus fruit have the highest productions, about 250,000 tons and 230,000 tons per year, respectively. Olive trees produce about 40,000 tons of olive oil per year (GPPAA, 1999). Food grain production is relatively low and not enough for domestic use. This is mainly due to the prevailing climate. The Portuguese climate is classified as Mediterranean, with some variations depending on orography and latitude. The annual cycles of monthly mean precipitation and temperature (minimum and maximum) reveal that warm and dry summers are more pronounced in the southern regions. This type of climate presents several drawbacks to agriculture, the major one being insufficient rainfall during the summer or spring seasons (Pinto and Brandão, 2002). Most of the rainfall occurs during winter season, from November until March. The majority of soils in Portugal are badly drained and suffer from water logging during the rainy season. A significant decrease in spring precipitation has been observed for last two decades.

The Fernald Waste Pits Remedial Action Project (WPRAP) is located within the Department of Energy (DOE) Fernald Closure Project (FCP) Site located 32 km (20 miles) northeast of Cincinnati, Ohio. The FCP covers 424 ha (1,050 acres) of land in a rural, agricultural community. Fluor Fernald, Inc., is the Prime Contractor to the DOE for management of the FCP remediation. The WPRAP is removing approximately one million tons of low-level radioactive waste from eight storage pits which cover 15 ha (38 acres). This waste was generated during the FCP uranium metal production years of 1952 to 1989. Radioactive leachate from these wastes contributed to the contamination of an 80 ha (200 acres) portion of the Great Miami Aquifer. This aquifer is a drinking water source for the greater Cincinnati area. This unique project is one of the largest in the history of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)/ Superfund program. The objective of the project is the removal of all of the uranium and thorium contaminated wastes, soils and sludges from the waste pits area of the FCP. The facility in which these wastes are processed was financed and constructed by the Shaw Group (Shaw) and is operated jointly by Shaw and Fluor Fernald. Wet soils and sludges from the waste pits are excavated and thermally dried, then blended and analyzed. Once the waste has been determined to meet criteria for transportation and disposal, it is loaded into specialized railcars and transported by exclusive-use train to the Envirocare Waste Disposal Facility 3,200 km (2,000 miles) away in Clive, Utah. This project is presently about 72% complete. More than 600,000 tons of waste material have been safely transported off site by 95 exclusive-use trains. Waste shipments are projected to be completed by late next year (2004). The progress of the WPRAP to date demonstrates that a major DOE facility remediation project can be safely and successfully executed in partnership with private industry and local stakeholders utilizing proven commercial best practices and existing site labor resources. This paper details project performance to date, challenges encountered, and the cooperation of the DOE, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Fluor Fernald, Inc.; Shaw, local labor unions, and the local community in planning and successfully executing the WPRAP. The cost of the WPRAP to the U.S. Government is projected to be about four hundred million dollars ($400,000,000.00).

Background: In the context of an aging society, the physical and mental health and quality of life of the elderly have received more and more attention. Among them, in the field of mental health of the elderly, subject well-being is an important concern. Many studies have shown that the environment has a certain impact on people's mental health. In the field of landscape, public health and architecture, most of the studies focus on the natural environment, including the number and proportion of green space, the distance to green space, the characteristics of green space, as well as the building density, building form, road network density and layout in the built environment. However, in China, the specific environment elements that are more comprehensive and more closely linked with urban planning and management need to be studied. Objectives: Relevant research shows that more than 80% of the activities of the elderly are completed within 1 km of the neighborhood. This study takes neighborhood environment as the main research area and research object. The objectives include: 1, to find the status of the elderly’s subject well-being in Shanghai; 2, to find the impact of the neighborhood environmental factors on the subject well-being of the elderly; and therefore, 3, to put forward some suggestions for neighborhood planning to promote the subject well-being of the elderly. Methods: Based on the data of the Fourth Survey on the Living Conditions of the Elderly in Urban and Rural Areas of China, 3431 urban residential samples in Shanghai were selected and analyzed in this study. The subject well-being comes from the question, "General speaking, do you feel happy?" Options include five levels, ranging from very happy to very unhappy. According to the existing literature and the specific requirements of Shanghai urban planning compilation and management, the environmental factors are summarized as 20 indicators in four aspects: natural environment, housing conditions, urban form and facility environment. According to the sample address, the environmental factors indicators are calculated in GIS. The data are analyzed by the method of path analysis in Mplus7.4. Results: 70.9% of the respondents felt very happy or happy, while only 2.2% of the respondents said they were unhappy or very unhappy. Non-agricultural household registration, higher education, better self-rated economic status of the elderly, the better of the subject well-being of the elderly. Under the control of the basic characteristics and socio-economic attributes of the elderly, the per capita green space area, housing construction area, road network density and location conditions have a significant impact on the well-being of the elderly. Conclusion: Under the control of socio-economic variables, community environment can significantly affect the subjective well-being of the elderly. In the planning of community life circle, improving the level of green space per capita in the community, improving the housing conditions of the elderly, and building a high-density road network system are effective measures to promote the subject well-being of the elderly.

In Australia (and the UK), pipeline operating companies have a regulatory obligation to ensure that their assets are designed, constructed, operated and maintained so that risk to people and the environment is as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). In many routine cases, demonstration that risk is ALARP is a matter of compliance with relevant technical standards. There are some cases, however, that are more complex. If a pipeline has been subject to significant urban encroachment and does not conform to current design standards for this service, how does a pipeline operator decide whether risk controls are sufficient? In Australia, rather than either ‘grandfathering’ requirements or mandating retrospective compliance with new standards, operators are required to ensure pipelines are safe and that risk levels are acceptable. The answer in cases such as this is a matter of judgment and we have legal, moral and reputational responsibilities to get decisions such as this right. There is currently no formal requirement in the US for pipeline risks to be ALARP, although the concept is gradually being introduced to US industry safety law. Examples include US offshore well control rules, California refinery safety regulations and the nuclear sector concept of ‘as low as reasonably achievable’. In this paper, we demonstrate application of the ALARP process to a case study pipeline built in the 1960s that has been heavily encroached by urban development. The Australian risk-based approach required formal ALARP assessment including consideration of options to reduce pressure, relocate or replace the pipeline, or increase the level of physical or procedural protection. Current and predicted operating conditions on this existing pipeline allowed reduction in operating pressure in some of the encroached segments, sufficient to achieve the equivalent of current Australian requirements for ‘No Rupture’ in high consequence areas for new pipelines. In other areas this was not achievable and a lesser degree of pressure reduction was instigated, in combination with physical barrier protection. The physical barrier slabbing comprised over 7 km of 20 mm thick high-density polyethylene (HDPE) slabs, buried above the pipeline. This approach was new in Australia and required field trials to confirm effectiveness against tiger tooth excavators and rotary augers. These upgrades to the case study pipeline have significantly decreased the risk of pipeline failure, by reducing both likelihood and consequences of accidental impact. In combination with rigorous procedural controls such as patrol surveillance and community liaison, real risk reduction has been achieved and ALARP has been demonstrated.