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Journal articles on the topic 'Knife mill'
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1
Ghafori, H., S. A. Khodarahmi, and M. Razazi. "Grain Mill Knife Wear Optimization." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 62, no. 5-6 (September 2020): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-020-00563-8.
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Demian, Mihai, Claudiu Nicolicescu, Gabriela Demian, and Stefan Radu. "Study Regarding the Properties of a Knife from a Grinding Mill Obtained from Metallic Powders." Advanced Engineering Forum 34 (October 2019): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.34.60.
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In the paper is presented the analysis of tool steel used for making a knife for a mill for grinding plants. The material used for the knife is about 1% carbon and is symbolized by RWL34. To improve the properties of the material, especially the knife cut, a thermal treatment were made and was measured hardness, wear resistance and microscopic analyzes of the metal. The paper presents the values of the mechanical properties on the initial sample, on the hardening sample and on the sample subjected to a hardening and tempering treatment, as well as the graphs related to them. The next step in finalizing the analysis of the grinder mill knife is to study the behavior in operation and the possible corrections that should be made.
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Winham, Donna, Mariel Camacho-Arriola, Karen Cichy, and Sharon Hooper. "Black Bean Pasta Meals Significantly Reduce Glycemic Response More Than Control in Young Adults." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa052_059.
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Abstract Objectives Determine the effect of three 100% black bean pastas made with standard (Knife Mill) and novel flour milling techniques (sonic wave) on postprandial glycemic response in healthy normoglycemic adults in comparison to whole black beans and a white bread control. Methods Heat treated black beans (Zenith) were milled into flour using a commercial knife mill or a sonic wave mill. The latter generated bean flours with low (cyclone), and medium (combined) protein concentrations from which pastas of 100% black beans were made commercially. Fifteen adults (6 men, 9 women, mean age 23.4 ±2.7 y; nonsmokers; BMI <30) were recruited for a randomized 5 × 5 cross-over trial. The test meals were white bread control (no sauce), whole black beans and 3 black bean pastas served with a standard amount of spaghetti sauce to net 50 grams of available carbohydrate (CHO). The test meals were similar in macronutrient content except for protein and fiber (knife mill protein 19.5, fat 6.3, fiber 22; combined 20.5, 7.5, 22.4; cyclone 13.7, 6.1, 19.5; whole beans 20.9; 5.4, 28.2). Fasted participants consumed a test meal within 7–10 minutes. Venous blood draws were taken at 30, 60, 90, 150, and 180 minutes post meal start. Glucose was analyzed by a professional laboratory (Quest Diagnostics, Chicago, IL). Results Net glucose response based on the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for 0–180 minutes was significantly different by treatment for all four test meals in comparison to the white bread control (P = 0.002). For the 0–60 iAUC increment, participants showed a lower response to whole black beans than white bread (P = .000), knife mill (P = .024), combination (P = .024), or cyclone (P = .014) pastas. The 0–120 iAUC period showed significantly higher net glucose for the white bread than the 4 bean treatments. Black beans were significantly different from the knife mill (P = .033) and cyclone pasta formulations (P = .049). Conclusions Black bean pastas improve glycemic response regardless of milling type in relation to a control food providing evidence that has promising implications for dietary guidance to reduce postprandial glucose and related health risks through processed food consumption. Funding Sources Research was supported by the USDA Pulse Crop Health Initiative.
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Su, Dongping, and Manlu Yu. "Study of Corn Stover Particle Size Distribution Characteristics for Knife Mill and Hammer Mill." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 358 (December 13, 2019): 052060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/358/5/052060.
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Акимов, Александр, Aleksandr Akimov, Юрий Константинов, Yuriy Konstantinov, Борис Туровский, and Boris Turovskiy. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF INTERACTION OF MILLING KNIVES WITH SOIL." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 12, no. 4 (January 18, 2018): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a5f06808b59a5.62332052.
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As working units of tillage mills, both curved (L-shaped) blade knives and straight blade knives are used. The soil reactions to these working units depend on soil properties, geometric parameters of the working parts, parameters determining the modes of their operation and the angle of rotation of the working units. When constructing a mathematical model for the interaction of working parts with soil, all these factors must be taken into account, while striving to simplify the proposed model. Accounting for the dependence of force characteristics of the working units on the angle of their rotation is not an easy task, and in most cases it is solved with the help of specially set experiments. A mathematical model is proposed for the interaction of a direct lamellar milling knife with soil, which makes it possible to determine the components of the resulting soil reactions to such a knife, the total moment of these reactions, and the power consumed for cutting the soil, depending on the knife rotation angle. This model takes into account the geometry of the working unit through the radii of the hub and cutters, the angle of installation of the milling knife and its length. The operating mode of the knife is set by the kinematic coefficient, equal to the ratio of the circumferential velocity of the knife end to the speed of the translational motion of a mill, and the maximum relative depth of the milling knife in the soil. The constructed model makes it possible to determine the dependence of the maximum values of the considered power characteristics of the knife on the indicated geometric parameters and the parameters of the knife operating mode, which makes it possible to simplify experiments to determine the power characteristics of the cutter and significantly reduce its volume. This model can be used to select the optimal knife parameters. In addition, the proposed model can be used to calculate the power characteristics of the rack of a curved blade knife, which consumes a significant amount of energy during milling.
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Bitra, Venkata S. P., Alvin R. Womac, Yuechuan T. Yang, C. Igathinathane, Petre I. Miu, Nehru Chevanan, and Shahab Sokhansanj. "Knife mill operating factors effect on switchgrass particle size distributions." Bioresource Technology 100, no. 21 (November 2009): 5176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.072.
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Lee, Hyoung-Woo. "Size Reduction Characteristics of Yellow Poplar in a Laboratory Knife Mill." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 44, no. 2 (March 25, 2016): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2016.44.2.166.
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Williams, Orla, Edward Lester, Sam Kingman, Donald Giddings, Stephen Lormor, and Carol Eastwick. "Benefits of dry comminution of biomass pellets in a knife mill." Biosystems Engineering 160 (August 2017): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.05.011.
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Suponik, Tomasz, Dawid Franke, Paweł Nuckowski, Piotr Matusiak, Daniel Kowol, and Barbara Tora. "Impact of Grinding of Printed Circuit Boards on the Efficiency of Metal Recovery by Means of Electrostatic Separation." Minerals 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030281.
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This paper analyses the impact of the method of grinding printed circuit boards (PCBs) in a knife mill on the efficiency and purity of products obtained during electrostatic separation. The separated metals and plastics and ceramics can be used as secondary raw materials. This is in line with the principle of circular economy. Three different screen perforations were used in the mill to obtain different sizes of ground grains. Moreover, the effect of cooling the feed to cryogenic temperature on the final products of separation was investigated. The level of contamination of the concentrate, intermediate, and waste obtained as a result of the application of fixed, determined electrostatic separation parameters was assessed using ICP-AES, SEM–EDS, XRD, and microscopic analysis as well as specific density. The yields of grain classes obtained from grinding in a knife mill were tested through sieve analysis and by using a particle size analyser. The test results indicate that using a knife mill with a 1 mm screen perforation along with cooling the feed to cryogenic temperature significantly improves the efficiency of the process. The grinding products were characterised by the highest release level of the useful substance—metals in the free state. The purity of the concentrate and waste obtained from electrostatic separation was satisfactory, and the content of the intermediate, in which conglomerates of solid metal–plastic connections were present, was very low. The yield of concentrate and waste amounted to 26.2% and 71.0%, respectively. Their purity, reflected in the content of the identified metals (valuable metals), was at the level of 93.3% and 0.5%, respectively. In order to achieve effective recovery of metals from PCBs by means of electrostatic separation, one should strive to obtain a feed composed of grains <1000 μm and, optimally, <800 μm.
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Marquez, Marcio Eduardo, and Fabrício Celso. "ESTUDO DA VIABILIDADE TÉCNICA DO PROCESSAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS DE ESPUMA FLEXÍVEL DE POLIURETANO POR UM MOINHO DE FACAS." Revista Tecnologia e Tendências 11, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25112/rtt.v11i1.2292.
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ResumoA necessidade de encontrar meios para reciclar materiais que até então eram apenas descartados no meio ambiente traz também a necessidade de conhecermos a viabilidade de alguns processos em meio industrial, avaliando-os não apenas financeira, mas também tecnicamente, por meio do uso de equipamentos de fácil acesso, manuseio e manutenção. Pensando nisso, este trabalho busca aplicar o processo de trituração por moinho de facas a espumas flexíveis de poliuretano, nas quais ainda se percebe carência de estudos em se tratando de sua redução de partículas por meio de processos industriais. Com o uso de um moinho de facas, buscou-se moer aparas da fabricação de assentos sanitários, sendo que a capacidade do processo e a granulometria final do material triturado foram quantitativamente avaliados e o fluxo de material bem como a moagem em si, foram avaliados qualitativamente. Com uma capacidade aproximada de 1 kg/h, uma granulometria apresentando 46,3% das partículas com dimensões de 2,01 a 4,00mm, fluxo e moagem insatisfatórios, este processo, tal como estudado neste trabalho, foi considerado ineficiente na busca de trituração da espuma flexível de poliuretano, mantendo a necessidade de buscar ainda, em meio industrial, solucionar um problema de processo de reciclagem deste material.Palavras-chave: Espuma Flexível de Poliuretano. Moinho de facas. Capacidade. Granulometria. ABSTRACTThe need of to find ways to recycle materials those only were leave on the environment, brings the need in to know the viability of some processes in industrial scale, evaluating them not just financially form but technically to, by the use of commun, and cheaps, and easily maintenece equipements.Therefore, this paper aims to apply the grind process by knife mill to flexible polyurethane foams those don’t has a great variety of studys about their reduction particle size by processes in industrial scale. Using a knife mill, some foam burrs from the toilet seat fabrication were grinded, and the process capability, as much as the material granulometry, were quantitatively measured. The material flow into the knife mill and the grinder process were qualitatively evaluated. With a capability around 1 kg/h and a granulometry with 46,3% of the particules size around 2,01 to 4,00mm, and flow, and grind unsatisfactory, this process, in that way, was considerd inefficient in find a form of to grind flexible polyurethane foam, and it takes necessary, in industrial way, to solve a problem for reciclyng these kind of material.Keywords: Flexible polyurethane foam. Knife mill. Capability. Granulometry.
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Williams, Orla, Simon Taylor, Edward Lester, Sam Kingman, Donald Giddings, and Carol Eastwick. "Applicability of Mechanical Tests for Biomass Pellet Characterisation for Bioenergy Applications." Materials 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081329.
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In this paper, the applicability of mechanical tests for biomass pellet characterisation was investigated. Pellet durability, quasi-static (low strain rate), and dynamic (high strain rate) mechanical tests were applied to mixed wood, eucalyptus, sunflower, miscanthus, and steam exploded and microwaved pellets, and compared to their Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI), and milling energies for knife and ring-roller mills. The dynamic mechanical response of biomass pellets was obtained using a novel application of the Split Hopkinson pressure bar. Similar mechanical properties were obtained for all pellets, apart from steam-exploded pellets, which were significantly higher. The quasi-static rigidity (Young’s modulus) was highest in the axial orientation and lowest in flexure. The dynamic mechanical strength and rigidity were highest in the diametral orientation. Pellet strength was found to be greater at high strain rates. The diametral Young’s Modulus was virtually identical at low and high strain rates for eucalyptus, mixed wood, sunflower, and microwave pellets, while the axial Young’s Modulus was lower at high strain rates. Correlations were derived between the milling energy in knife and ring roller mills for pellet durability, and quasi-static and dynamic pellet strength. Pellet durability and diametral quasistatic strain was correlated with HGI. In summary, pellet durability and mechanical tests at low and high strain rates can provide an indication of how a pellet will break down in a mill.
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Song, Xiaoxu, Meng Zhang, Ke Zhang, Z. J. Pei, and Donghai Wang. "Effects of Screen Size on Biochemical Conversion of Big Bluestem Biomass for Biofuel Production." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/947350.
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Biomass size reduction is the first step for biofuel production from cellulosic biomass through biochemical pathway, and it is usually performed on a mill with screen installed to control the size of the produced particles. The absence of in-depth knowledge about the effects of screen size throughout the biochemical conversion of cellulosic biomass makes it difficult to choose the screen size to conduct biomass size reduction to minimize the energy consumption on mills, maximize the cellulose recovery rate after pretreatment, and maximize the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. The objective of this work is to address this issue by generating new knowledge on the effects of screen size in these three processes: size reduction, pretreatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis in conversion of big bluestem biomass for biofuel production. Four screen sizes used in this study were 1, 2, 4, and 8 mm. It was found that using a larger screen size saved energy in biomass size reduction on a knife mill. Moreover, particles produced with larger screen sizes achieved higher cellulose recovery rate after pretreatment, higher enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency, and higher total sugar yield.
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Bitra, Venkata S. P., Alvin R. Womac, Yuechuan T. Yang, Petre I. Miu, C. Igathinathane, Nehru Chevanan, and Shahab Sokhansanj. "Characterization of wheat straw particle size distributions as affected by knife mill operating factors." Biomass and Bioenergy 35, no. 8 (August 2011): 3674–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.05.026.
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Amalia, Khariza, Haidar Natsir Amrullah, Arief Subekti, Moch Luqman Ashari, Edy Prasetyo Hidayat, Urip Mudjiono, and Hendro Agus Widodo. "Fire risk assessment on hammer mill machine with human reliability assessment (HRA) and component reliability approaches." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820403014.
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In the animal feed industry, hammer mill machinery plays an important role in the smashing of raw materials. By 2017, in an animal feed industry there has been a fire on the dust collector that almost burned down the hammer mill machine. In previous years also often occur sparks arising due to the knife rubbing against the metal that carried away with raw material. However, the fire will not increase if the hammer mill machine operators are competent in extinguishing the fire. The purpose of this study is to find out how much the effects of hammer mill machine fire fighting in terms of safety scenarios that exist either from human procedures or automatic safety procedures performed by existing safety devices. In this study, using a combination of calculations between Human Error Probability (HEP) values obtained from Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) calculations using SPAR-H method and reliability calculation of hammer mill machine components obtained from downtime data for four years, 2014 until 2017. The total probability of outcome fire controlled increases from 0.177940 to 0,6393 and the total probability of outcome fire uncontrolled decreases from 0,82206 to 0,36068.
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Alashkevich, Yuriy Davidovich, Larisa Vladimirovna Yurtaeva, Наталья Сергеевна Reshetova, and Roman Aleksandrovich Marchenko. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE KNIFE METHOD OF GRINDING PULP ON THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING POWDERED CELLULOSE." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2020048121.
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This article presents the classification of the resulting types of powdered cellulosic materials, their scope, as well as the problems arising during production. The main properties of powder cellulose materials are considered. Analyzed the quality indicators of the pulp, previously ground in a disc mill. The main technological parameters of the experimental setup and the comparative characteristics of the used knife grinding sets are presented. In the course of the experimental research, knife grinding sets with straight and curved knives were used. The data obtained confirmed the previously put forward hypothesis about the predominant fibrillation of cellulose fiber milled using a grinding set with a curved blade shape. This feature of the headset design is especially important when grinding hardwood pulp, which has a lower initial value, compared to softwood pulp. The data obtained in determining the degree of grinding, water retention capacity, fiber length of softwood and hardwood cellulose after knife grinding and the degree of polymerization after hydrolysis are presented. A method for producing powdered cellulose material with characteristics similar to microcrystalline cellulose is considered. The regulated parameters of the hydrolysis process are set and a comparison is made of the degree of polymerization of the considered samples of powdered cellulose.
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Chevanan, Nehru, Alvin R. Womac, Venkata S. P. Bitra, C. Igathinathane, Yuechuan T. Yang, Petre I. Miu, and Shahab Sokhansanj. "Bulk density and compaction behavior of knife mill chopped switchgrass, wheat straw, and corn stover." Bioresource Technology 101, no. 1 (January 2010): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.083.
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Eron’ko, S. P., E. V. Oshovskaya, and O. A. Kovaleva. "Study of strain-stress state of flat knives for cutting thin-walled pipes." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-9-1039-1046.
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Cutting of pipes into measured lengths on-line of pipe welding mill by disc saws and by facilities of abrasive cutting requires special measures of safety of personal. Besides, the necessity of frequent change of cutting instrument results in losses of production time. To eliminate the drawbacks, a study was initiated related to creation of shears which could enable to accomplish a quality transverse cutting of thin-walled pipes of small diameter by flat knives with various form of the working edges. A methodology and the results of study of strain-stress state of flat knives with application of physical and mathematical simulation of the process of transverse cutting of thin-walled pipes of small diameter presented. At the physical simulation using a polarization-optical installation, the pictures of deformation centers arising in the lower part of the knife in the zone of contact of its cutting edges with the body of the hollow circular profile being cut by it were obtained. In the experiment, models of three types of knives made of organic glass on a scale of 1:1 were used. Cutting edges of the knives for cutting pipes of 25 mm outer diameter, wall thickness of 2 mm were wedge-shaped, convex semicircular and concave. The data from studies of the loaded state of transparent knife models served as the basis for mathematical simulation of the strain-stress state of the shears cutting tool in the SolidWork application package using a strength analysis module that implements the finite element method in the form of tetrahedrons. The current values of the pipe cutting force used in the mathematical model were preliminarily calculated according to the previously proposed dependence, taking into account the strength of the hollow profile material and the area of the cut layer of its cross section for a given relative displacement of the cutting edges of the knife. The results of mathematical modeling were the pictures of deformations and equivalent stresses of the cutting part of the knife, determined according to the third theory of strength. A qualitative similarity has been established for the distribution patterns of stress fields recorded using the polarization-optical method on knife models and obtained in mathematical modeling for working samples of the shears cutting tool operated under the conditions of pipe welding mills. The proposed mathematical model makes it possible to estimate the values of the maximum equivalent stresses in the working part of a flat knife, taking into account the shape of its cutting edges, as well as the force required for cutting a thin-walled pipe into measured lengths with the corresponding dimensions of its cross-section and the strength of the material.
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Ziemichód, Alicja, Renata Różyło, and Dariusz Dziki. "Impact of Whole and Ground-by-Knife and Ball Mill Flax Seeds on the Physical and Sensorial Properties of Gluten Free-Bread." Processes 8, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040452.
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The aim of the study was to compare the physical and sensory properties of gluten-free bread with the addition of whole and ground flax seeds. The grinding process of flax seeds was carried out using a knife grinder and ball mill. After short-knife grinding (20 s) (GM-200, Retsch), the seeds were divided into whole (average particle size 0.634 mm), coarse (769 mm) and fine (0.328 mm) flour, and these flours were additionally ground with ball milling (60 s) (Pulverisette 6, Fritsh). The grinding energy of seeds was evaluated. Baking of gluten-free bread was performed with 10% addition of different forms of whole and ground flaxseeds. The colour, volume, texture and sensory parameters of bread were evaluated. In addition, the crumbling index of bread was developed and defined as the percentage share of crumbed pieces of the bread slice in relation to the mass of the entire crumb sample cut out together with crumbs. Specific grinding energy of flaxseeds during short (20 s) knife grinding was equal to 109.5 J·g−1, and additional ball milling (60 s) caused significantly (α = 0.05) more than 4 times higher energy consumption, but more reduced particles of whole (0.497 mm), coarse (0.621 mm) and fine flour (0.308 mm) were obtained. After adding ground seeds, it was necessary to add more water to the dough, which increased dough yield from 220% to 240% and even to 260% when ball milling of coarse flax flour was applied. The most significant increase in the volume of bread and the most reduced crumbling was observed for breads with addition of coarse fractions of flaxseeds ground with ball milling. In comparison with the control sample of gluten-free bread; significant improvement in bread volume, textureand sensory evaluation was observed after using both whole and ground flaxseeds. Furthermore, the crumbling index was related to an organoleptic evaluation and can be used in bread quality assessment as a complement to instrumental texture measurements.
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Moiceanu, Georgiana, Gigel Paraschiv, Gheorghe Voicu, Mirela Dinca, Olivia Negoita, Mihai Chitoiu, and Paula Tudor. "Energy Consumption at Size Reduction of Lignocellulose Biomass for Bioenergy." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (April 27, 2019): 2477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092477.
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In order to obtain bioenergy (biogas, biofuel) or pellets, different types of lignocellulosic biomass are subjected to a mechanical pretreatment, first by size reduction, then by separating, and ultimately by fracturing or bio-refining. Biomass processing mainly refers to a grinding process that occurs until reaching certain limits. The size reduction process, such as grinding, is an operation that is executed with different levels of energy consumption, considering biomass mechanical characteristics and the necessary grinding level. This paper, illustrates a comparative analysis of experimental results obtained by grinding multiple types of vegetal biomass (Miscanthus, corn stalks, alfalfa, willow) used in the process of bio-refining and bio-fracturing. Experiments were realized using both a laboratory knife mill Grindomix GM200 (Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany), and a 22 kW articulated hammer mill, using different grinding system speeds and different hammer mill sieves. Results have shown that biomass mechanical pre-processing grinding leads to supplementary costs in the overall process through bio-refining or bio-fracturing in order to obtain bio-products or bio-energy. So, specific energy consumption for grinding using a hammer mill can reach 50–65 kJ/kg for harvested Miscanthus biomass, and 35–50 kJ/kg for dried energetic willow, using a 10 mm orifice sieve, values which increase processing costs.
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Bitra, Venkata S. P., Alvin R. Womac, C. Igathinathane, Petre I. Miu, Yuechuan T. Yang, David R. Smith, Nehru Chevanan, and Shahab Sokhansanj. "Direct measures of mechanical energy for knife mill size reduction of switchgrass, wheat straw, and corn stover." Bioresource Technology 100, no. 24 (December 2009): 6578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.069.
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Trommer, Kristin, Carina Petzold, and Bernd Morgenstern. "Processing and Properties of Carbon Nanotube PVC Composites." Journal of Applied Chemistry 2014 (August 17, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/307274.
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Commercially available multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were incorporated in coating masses based on PVC by means of three roll mill. The best results could be obtained using the 5 µm gap. Thin PVC sheets were formed via knife coating having an electrical conductivity up to 1,500 S/m that are applicable as electric heating elements. For the use in the antistatic range, CNT contents ≤0.5% are sufficient. Rheological measurements indicate the quality of particle processing. AFM investigations are suitable to investigate the alignment of the nanoparticles in the bulk polymer. Using this method, the decrease of agglomerates as well as the splitting of CNT bundles within further mass processing could be visualized.
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V. S. P. Bitra, A. R. Womac, C. Igathinathane, and S. Sokhansanj. "Knife Mill Comminution Energy Analysis of Switchgrass, Wheat Straw, and Corn Stover and Characterization of Particle Size Distributions." Transactions of the ASABE 53, no. 5 (2010): 1639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.34886.
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Kratky, Lukas, and Tomas Jirout. "Modelling of particle size characteristics and specific energy demand for mechanical size reduction of wheat straw by knife mill." Biosystems Engineering 197 (September 2020): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.06.005.
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N. Chevanan, A. R. Womac, V. S. Bitra, and S. Sokhansanj. "Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Loose-filled and Tapped Densities of Selected Biomass after Knife Mill Size Reduction." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 27, no. 4 (2011): 631–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.38194.
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Malanov, Artem A., and Grigory A. Orlov. "Development of Calibration Knives for Hot Cutting Shears." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.380.
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In this paper, the problem distortion the end of a cylindrical workpiece in the cutting process on hot shears before being fed to the piercing mill is considered. To solve this problem, a new calibration of knives has been developed, and a finite element model hot cutting shears has been developed using the DEFORM-3D computer simulation software package. Modeling the cutting process using the proposed calibration has been carried out. It was found that the knife calibers geometry plays an important role in the formation end part geometry of the blank. Based on the simulation results, it was concluded that proposed calibration reduces the ovality workpiece end by almost 2 times in comparison with current calibration. Recommendations have been developed for the production of changes in the existing technology for cutting pipe billets.
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Elalami, Doha, Hélène Carrère, Karima Abdelouahdi, Abdallah Oukarroum, Driss Dhiba, Mohamed Arji, and Abdellatif Barakat. "Combination of Dry Milling and Separation Processes with Anaerobic Digestion of Olive Mill Solid Waste: Methane Production and Energy Efficiency." Molecules 23, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 3295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123295.
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This experimental work aims at investigating the effects of milling; sieving; and electrostatic separation on the biochemical methane potential of two olive pomaces from traditional olive oil extraction (M) and from a three-phase system (T). Sieving proved to be efficient for increasing the soluble chemical oxygen demand in the smallest fractions of the sieve of both M (62%) and T (78%) samples. The positive fraction following electrostatic separation also enhanced chemical oxygen demand (COD) solubilisation by 94%, in comparison to sample T milled at 4 mm. Sieve fractions with a size greater than 0.9 mm contained 33% and 47% less lipids for the M and T biomasses; respectively. Dry fractionation modified sample properties as well as lipid and fiber distribution. Concomitantly; milling increased the accessibility and facilitated the release of organic matter. The energy balance was positive after knife milling and sieving; while ball milling and ultrafine milling proved to be inefficient.
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Linnekoski, J. A., A. O. I. Krause, Jari Keskinen, J. Lamminen, and T. Anttila. "Processing of Raney-Nickel Catalysts for Alkaline Fuel Cell Applications." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (April 4, 2006): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2397140.
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Platinum and other platinum group metals, either as singles or in combinations, have been preferred for use in low temperature fuel cells, mainly alkaline fuel cells (AFCs), polymer membrane electrolyte fuel cells (PEMs), and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), for hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). However, also the Raney-nickel catalyst, which is among the most active non-noble metals for the HOR, has been the target of interest, especially in AFCs. However, electrodes with nonsupport Raney-nickel catalysts have been reported to suffer from insufficient conductivity. So, in this work, in order to enhance the electrical conductivity in the catalyst layer and to increase the catalytic activity, the Raney-nickel catalysts were alloyed with carbon in a planetary-type ball mill. In some samples platinum was added chemically to still enhance the catalytic properties. The activity of the processed materials was tested in the anode reaction of the alkaline fuel cell by measuring the half-cell polarization curves. It was found that the effective mixing of Raney-nickel powder and carbon in the ball mill was beneficial compared with poorer mixing in the knife mill. However, in order to achieve the same current densities at the same polarization level as the commercial Pt catalyst (2mg∕cm2), much higher Raney-nickel contents (73mg∕cm2) were needed. Good contact between Raney-nickel and conductive material (carbon) in the catalyst layer of the alkaline fuel cell electrode can improve the performance of the Raney-nickel catalyst in the hydrogen oxidation reaction. The polarization was lowered especially at the higher current densities (>250mA∕cm2).
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Vikharev, S. "Contact problem at mill semi finished items with the account of the thermal emission and forces in knife grinding machines." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 226 (February 19, 2019): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/226/1/012010.
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Malaguez, Edgard Gonçalves, Andressa Tellechea Rodrigues, Kelli Flores Garcez, Gabriela Ceratti Hoch, Ana Paula Schmidt, Francisco Augusto Burkert Del Pino, and Deise Dalazen Castagnara. "Analysis of Fibrous Compounds Using a Pressurized and Non-pressurized Conditions." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i4.17591.
Full textAbstract:
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were evaluated in pressurized and unpressurized conditions using samples of roughage and concentrates. In summary, the samples were dried, processed in a knife mill, weighed in nonwoven bags (100g/m²), placed in a container and treated with neutral or acid detergents. Extractions of NDF and ADF content were carried out in a non-pressurized condition at temperature of 100°C for 60min and in pressurized condition using different temperatures of 100 and 110°C for 60min. Results of the different temperatures using the pressurized procedure were compared to those obtained with the pressurized through the linear regression analysis. The method with the temperature 110°C for 60 min had a high level of agreement. Was not observed a bias potential of proportion (P>0.05). There was not a systematic inclination of the methods to overestimate or underestimate errors. This methodology can be carried out with roughage and concentrate feedstuffs simultaneously.
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Ianaro, Vincent, and Robert J. McNeil. "GIRDLING OF THE FUERTE AVOCADO, Persea americana Mill., TO INCREASE FRUIT SET AND YIELD IN A COOL CALIFORNIA COASTAL AREA." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 639d—639. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.639d.
Full textAbstract:
The Fuerte avocado cultivar is known to be an alternate and inconsistent producer of avocados in cool coastal areas and hot interior areas of California because of its sensitivity to such extremes of climate during its bloom and fruit setting periods. This study attempted to increase fruit set and yield of this cultivar in a cool central coast area by applying a three-eighths inch wide girdle to one large limb, equivalent to one-third of the tree, on each of five 43-year-old trees. A double bladed girdling knife was used to remove the bark all around each limb. Another equal sized limb on each tree was used as the control. Girdling was completed on December 15. Girdled limbs had means of 42.6 more pounds which was 186.8% more fruit yield as compared to control limbs. Girdled limbs also had means of 89 more fruit which was 222.5% more fruit by count than control limbs. Fruit on girdled limbs was smaller in size (8.1 oz. average) than that on control limbs (9.1 oz. average) but was still of an acceptable size to bring good prices.
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Jewiarz, Marcin, Marek Wróbel, Krzysztof Mudryk, and Szymon Szufa. "Impact of the Drying Temperature and Grinding Technique on Biomass Grindability." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133392.
Full textAbstract:
The process of biomass compaction depends on many factors, related to material and process. One of the most important is the proper fragmentation of the raw material. In most cases, more fragmented raw material makes it easier to achieve the desired quality parameters of pellets or briquettes. While the chipping of biomass prefers moist materials, for grinding, the material needs to be dried. As drying temperature changes the properties of the material, these may affect the grinding process. The aim of this work was to determine the influence of the drying temperature of biomass raw material in the range of 60–140 °C on the biomass grindability. To only determine this effect, without the influence of moisture, grinding was carried out on the material in a dry state. The research was carried out on a mill with a knife and hammer grinding system, which is the most popular in the fragmentation of biomass. The analysis of particle size distribution and bulk density of the obtained material was carried out. The energy demand for the grinding process was determined and it was shown that drying temperature, grinding system, and mainly type of biomass affects the grindability.
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Zyryanov, M. A., and S. O. Medvedev. "Modeling the Production Processes of Wood-Fiber Semi-Finished Products Aimed at Expansion of the Raw Material Base of Forest Enterprises." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-5-176-183.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, materials made of wood-fiber semi-finished products are widely used in house building as structural, finishing and insulating materials. According to the results analysis of numerous studies, the raw material for their production is technological chips of woodworking waste. While production, the chips are subjected to hydrothermal treatment and further grinding in disk knife grinding machines in two stages. Significant energy consumption of the wood fiber production process is driven not only by grinding wood chips in stages, but also by overcoming the hydrodynamic resistance of the aqueous environment, where grinding is carried out. The process of grinding wood chips, made of from chopping residues, in an aerodynamic medium on an upgraded cross-bar mill was studied in order to solve the problem of expanding the raw material base for the production of a wood fiber semifinished product and reducing the energy intensity of the grinding process. The features of this process were analyzed and its effectiveness was assessed. The influence of the exposure time of wood chips of chopping residues in an acetic acid solution, the size of the working gap and the angle of inclination of the front edge of the knife on the grinding degree and fractional quality of wood pulp grinding was determined. Statistical and mathematical equations, that describe the studied process, were obtained, and the graphical dependencies are constructed. The following basic requirement is fulfilled for the dependencies: the experimental points for a total should lie quite close to the curve. These equations allow predicting the quality of wood pulp depending on the set modes of the grinding process; as well as determining the quality indicators of wood pulp with known values of the technological and structural parameters of the grinding machine. The efficiency of the process of obtaining the wood-fiber semi-finished product in an aerodynamic environment from wood chips produced as a result of chopping residues (branches, twigs, etc.) processing in a mobile wood chipper, is proven.
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Hassoon, Waleed H., Dariusz Dziki, Antoni Miś, and Beata Biernacka. "Wheat Grinding Process with Low Moisture Content: A New Approach for Wholemeal Flour Production." Processes 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010032.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to determine the grinding characteristics of wheat with a low moisture content. Two kinds of wheat—soft spelt wheat and hard Khorasan wheat—were dried at 45 °C to reduce the moisture content from 12% to 5% (wet basis). Air drying at 45 °C and storage in a climatic chamber (45 °C, 10% relative humidity) were the methods used for grain dehydration. The grinding process was carried out using a knife mill. After grinding, the particle size distribution, average particle size and grinding energy indices were determined. In addition, the dough mixing properties of wholemeal flour dough were studied using a farinograph. It was observed that decreasing the moisture content in wheat grains from 12% to 5% made the grinding process more effective. As a result, the average particle size of the ground material was decreased. This effect was found in both soft and hard wheat. Importantly, lowering the grain moisture led to about a twofold decrease in the required grinding energy. Moreover, the flour obtained from the dried grains showed higher water absorption and higher dough stability during mixing. However, the method of grain dehydration had little or no effect on the results of the grinding process or dough properties.
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Merk, N., and L. E. Tanner. "TEM study of ball-milled Ni-Ta alloy containing WC inclusions." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 678–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100155360.
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High energy ball-milling of metallic powders is used extensively to achieve structural refinement. In recent years it has been found that cold-milling can induce transformations to highly metastable phases.In particular, the elemental mixing at the atomic-scale in certain systems may eventually lead to solid-state amorphization reactions (SSAR) after short periods of time. A problem that often arises in using this technique is contamination of the product from the grinding balls and container material.In this note we describe such a development in the microstructures that evolve during SSAR of a mixture of 75 atm% Ni and 25 atm% Ta high-purity powders processed for 17h in a planetary mill using WC + Co balls and container. The average composition of the ball-milled powders determined by EDS-analysis in a SEM was Ni75Ta25. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of an amorphous phase and also revealed the presence of sharp crystalline peaks identified as WC hexagonal phase (a=0.291 nm and c=0.283 nm); no detectable crystalline peaks from the initial Ni or Ta powders were observed. For TEM observations, small quantities of the ball-milled powders were embedded in epoxy and subsequently sectioned with a diamond knife using a Dupont-6000 ultramicrotome.
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Majewska-Laks, Kinga, Dariusz Sykutera, and Adrian Ościak. "Reuse of ground tire rubber (GTR) as a filler of TPE matrix*." MATEC Web of Conferences 332 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133201003.
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Used car tires are the type of waste that does not decompose naturally and is not recyclable in molten state. Despite many initiatives to reuse these materials on a global scale, a large part of used tires are still landfilled. The present work is an attempt to use ground powder of ground tire rubber (GTR) to filling the TPE-S thermoplastic elastomer matrix. The aim of this study was to obtain TPE-GTR compositions in standard thermoplastic processing machines. This study used rubber powder with a grain size of 0.2-0.4 mm, obtained by grinding process in a knife mill of own design. The GTR filler into the TPE matrix in the amount of 5 and 50 wt% was dosed. Specimens were produced by injection molding. The obtained molded parts were tested for tensile strength, Shore hardness and Schob elasticity. Influence of melt temperature on TPE-GTR molded parts properties was also examined. The addition of GTR to the matrix causes a significant decrease in elongation at break, while improving the stiffness, damping properties and hardness of the TPE-GTR composition. It was also found that the melting temperature above 200°C has negative effect on the properties of the TPE-GTR compounds.
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Sabirov, A. A., N. V. Barakova, and E. A. Samodelkin. "The effect of proteolytic enzymes on the amino acid composition of the filtrate and the grain mash obtained from the shock activator disintegrating treated rye." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-1-99-104.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of enzymes of proteolytic action on the amino acid composition of the filtrate and grains of grain wort obtained from UDA-treated rye was studied. The feasibility of using a complex of proteolytic enzymes: neutral and acid proteases is shown. The processing of rye was carried out on the disintegrator DEZI15 with different working elements: three and five-row rotors rotating at a frequency of 120 s1. A control sample of grinding was obtained in a laboratory mill with a rotor-knife working body. According to the data obtained on the Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser analyzer, the average particle size in the grinding samples was: on a disintegrator with a three-row rotor – 167.5 microns, on a five-row rotor-knife working body – 384.278 microns. As a source of proteolytic enzymes, preparations of the fungal protease Рrо100L and the bacterial protease Protosubtilin GZх A120 were used. The determination of the content of ?-amino nitrogen in the finished wort (mg / dm3) was performed by calorimetry with ninhydrin. The concentration of amino acids was determined using the KNAUER amino acid analyzer: the calculation of aminograms was carried out by comparing the areas of the standard and the sample. It was established that the UDA-treatment allows obtaining a high content of ?-amino nitrogen in the filtrate of rye hydrolysates, and the complex introduction of acidic and neural proteases strengthens this effect. Analysis of the amino acid composition of the filtrate and grains showed the presence of all the essential amino acids in both of these products. The filtrate can be recommended as a nutrient nitrogen-containing medium for the cultivation of microorganisms, followed by the release of secondary metabolites of their vital activity, or as an intermediate in the production of sugar-containing syrups from whole grains with a high content of amino acids. The fraction of the hydrolyzate is of interest as a protein-containing feed additive, and the fine particle size distribution of such a product will allow it to be used not only for feeding cattle, but also in poultry farming.
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Chistova, Natal'ya Geral'dovna, and Venera Nurullovna Matygulina. "THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE DISPOSAL OF WOOD FIBER WASTE IN AERODYNAMIC MEDIA." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2020048188.
Full textAbstract:
The paper discusses the results of a study on the use of fundamentally new equipment (rotary knife mill) for the preparation of secondary fiber waste in the air and the possibility of their full use in finished products for various purposes. In order to justify the effectiveness of the preparation and the feasibility of using secondary wood fiber semi-finished products by a dry grinding method, the physical phenomena and regularities of the mechanism for the preparation of secondary wood fiber semi-finished products by the proposed method are determined and investigated, which characterize the technological process of preparation in air and their possible future use as semi-finished products or in the manufacture of finished products products.
The process of dissolution of wood fiber waste was studied, the mechanical effect on wood fiber waste due to face-cross cutting (cutting, crushing, flattening, breaking) and aerodynamic phenomena (breaking, collision, dissolution, fibrillation), contributing to the formation of external and internal fibrillation of the secondary wood fiber, is described. increase in specific surface in the absence of high temperatures and pressure, without the addition of chemical additives, without the use of water and steam.
The performed studies allow us to propose a new method and system for the preparation of wood fiber waste by dry grinding, justifying their economic and environmental feasibility.
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Simoncic, Steven. "Teddy and Roosevelt." After Dinner Conversation 2, no. 1 (2021): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/adc2021215.
Full textAbstract:
What does it mean to be a friend? What role do heroes play in forming our values and ethics? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Roosevelt is a young black child who is obsessed with the life and philosophies of President “Teddy” Roosevelt. He is new at the school and due to an issue with other students he is forced into the “Friends Group;” a social adjustment group for students the school have deemed at-risk. While in the group he meets Teddy, an overweight boy who has been in the group for years because he pulled an X-ACTO knife in art class on a fellow student who continued to bully him about his weight. The two misfit boys develop a friendship. Roosevelt teaches Teddy how to fight, as well as imparting bits of wit and wisdom from his hero, Teddy Roosevelt. Things go awry when they are caught swimming naked in Teddy’s pool. The school rumor mill spreads that they are gay. This leads to the school forcing the two boys to fight after school. Roosevelt decides that Teddy has more to lose and is less prepared to deal with the consequences of the altercation, so he allows himself to lose the fight. As Teddy Roosevelt said, “No man is worth his salt who is not ready at all times to risk his body – to risk his well-being – to risk his life – in a great cause.”
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De Souza, Francisco Marto, Emmanuel Moreira Pereira, Jackson Silva Nóbrega, Rosilene Agra Da Silva, Adriana Da Silva Santos, Ellen Caroline Santos Lima, José Sidnaldo Pinsetta Junior, Vanessa Karla Santos De Miranda, and Alfredina Dos Santos Araújo. "Quality and Drying Kinetics of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Seed Flour After Drying Process." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i2.15888.
Full textAbstract:
The moringa presents great nutritional value thanks to its bioactive compounds, providing many benefits to human health. Therefore, this plant has been studied with the aim of being used as a food fortifier. The objective of this work was to describe the technological process in the production of moringa seed flour at different temperatures through numerical and analytical solutions and assess its final chemical quality. Moringa pods were obtained in experimental area and were treated by removing their seeds. A drying process was performed at different temperatures (40, 50, 60 °C) with progressive weighing on a semi-analytical scale until constant weight which was obtained after 2 hours of drying. The flour was obtained with the use of a knife mill. Empirical models of Lewis, Herdenson and Pabis, Peleg and Page were used to describe the dehydration curve of moringa seeds. Protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash and moisture contents were determined in the flours obtained at different temperatures. We verified that best fit model was Page’s, representing the best coefficients of determination and chi-squares. The Peleg model showed incoherent behavior, indicating that it is not ideal for simulating the drying process of moringa seeds at the studied temperatures. The temperature influenced the quality of the flour. The flour obtained at a temperature of 40 °C showed the best percentages of protein, ash, moisture and carbohydrates. For the lipid content, the best flour results was obtained at temperatures of 50 and 60 °C.
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Dias, Edelson de J. S., Antônio J. Cantanhede Filho, Fernando J. C. Carneiro, Cláudia Q. da Rocha, Luís Cláudio N. da Silva, Joice C. B. Santos, Thayná F. Barros, and Deivid M. Santos. "Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts from the Humiria balsamifera (Aubl)." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071479.
Full textAbstract:
Humiria balsamifera (Aubl), commonly known as “mirim”, is a plant of the Humiriaceae family, which consists of 39 species divided between eight genera: Duckesia, Endopleura, Humiria, Humiriastrum, Hylocara, Sacoglottis, Schistostemon, and Vantenea. This study aimed to characterize H. balsamifera extracts by LC-MS/MS and evaluate their antimicrobial potential through in vitro and in vivo assays. The leaves and stem bark of H. balsamifera were collected and dried at room temperature and then ground in a knife mill. The extracts were prepared with organic solvents in order to increase the polarity index (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol). The antimicrobial effects of these extracts were evaluated against the following bacterial strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. The best activity was observed in the ethyl acetate (EALE = 780 µg/mL), methanol (MLE = 780 µg/mL), and hexane (HLE = 1560 µg/mL) leaf extracts against S. aureus. Considering the results for both antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, the EALE extract was chosen to proceed to the infection assays, which used Tenebrio molitor larvae. The EALE treatment was able to extend the average lifespan of the larvae (6.5 days) in comparison to S. aureus-infected larvae (1 day). Next, the samples were characterized by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer, allowing the identification of 11 substances, including seven flavonoids, substances whose antimicrobial activity is already well-reported in the literature. The number of bioactive compounds found in the chemical composition of H. balsamifera emphasizes its significance in both traditional medicine and scientific research that studies new treatments based on substances from the Brazilian flora.
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Gunter, S. A., T. L. Springer, C. A. Loest, and J. J. Goldman. "Effect of processing method on in sacco ruminal degradability of organic matter and nitrogen from canola seeds and in vitro intestinal nitrogen digestion of the in sacco residue." Animal Production Science 54, no. 8 (2014): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13235.
Full textAbstract:
A novel crop on the Southern Plains of the United States is canola (Brassica napus L.), of which annual production has nearly doubled in the last 5 years. Although production has not exceeded the demand for oil, the question has arisen as to its supplemental value for cattle grazing the rangeland adjacent to production areas. In an experiment, six seed processing methods were evaluated by in sacco digestion of organic matter and nitrogen and in vitro intestinal in sacco residue: (1) whole seeds with no processing; (2) seed coats scarified in a pneumatic seed scarifier; (3) ground in a four-knife mill; (4) unprocessed seed rolled to 0.5 mm thick; (5) seeds roasted then rolled to 0.5 mm thick; and (6) steamed then rolled to 0.5 mm thick. Processing methods were compared with a solvent-extract canola seed meal. All processing methods increased in sacco organic matter and nitrogen digestion in the rumen with ground method being the greatest (P < 0.05). These results showed that the ground method produced the most (P < 0.05) ruminally degraded nitrogen/kilogram of organic matter digested in the rumen (67 g) of all methods evaluated. Further, extent of in vitro nitrogen digestion (intestinal) from in sacco residue was reduced by increases in ruminal digestion. Processing methods that broke the seeds increased (P < 0.05) the total extent of nitrogen digestion over whole and scarified treatments. The most limiting nutrient to augment energy intake and digestion in cattle grazing native pastures is ruminally degraded nitrogen and it seems that the most appropriate processing method is grinding to use whole canola seeds as a supplement. Other processing methods evaluated either increased processing cost or increased the ruminally undegraded nitrogen value.
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SCHMIDT, Guilherme Rufatto. "LABORATORY PRODUCTION OF HERB-MATE (ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS) FOR HOT MATE – A PARALLEL WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCTS AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 32 (August 20, 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n32.2019.52_periodico32_pgs_34_41.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Herb-mate is a raw material of great importance to Southern Brazil, considering its annual production of approximately 650,000 tons of leaves. The hot mate, known as chimarrão, is the most appreciated beverage and its consumption is linked to the traditions and cultural habits predominantly in the south of the country. Considering its huge importance, the objective of the work was to evaluate the production of laboratory herbmate for chimarrão in order to establish a comparison with the products available on the market. Therefore, it was considered the current legislation and the analysis of its organoleptic and granulometric properties, humidity level and concentration of some toxic metals quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The manufacturing of the final product was made in three steps: first of all, the leaves were submitted to direct fire, then they were dried at a temperature of 40 Cº for 24 hours and, finally, they were ground in a knife mill for 10 minutes. The obtained results showed, in most of the analyzed characteristics, a great similarity between the laboratorial and commercial herb, obtaining approval from 90% of chimarrão consumers who participated in the organoleptic tests. However, the coloration was considered darker and can be explained by logistic problems between the plantation and the laboratory. There was also a divergence in the metals analysis, which showed a higher lead and cadmium concentration when compared to the herbs found on the supermarket shelves. Alarming numbers for consumers were found, since the commercial herbs pointed levels above the recommended for all analyzed metals, which indicate the urgent need for better inspection, as well as improved manufacturing practices of the final product and a better raw material cultivation.
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Vildanova, E. V. "Joint finds of knives and swords in burial complexes of the early nomads in the Southern Urals." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 1(52) (February 26, 2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-52-1-3.
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The paper considers iron knives which have been found together with swords or daggers in burials of the early nomads of the Southern Urals. The aim of this work was to collect information about joint findings of edged weapons and knives and to determine the functional purpose of such bladed sets. This research uses data on seven joint finds of a sword/dagger and a knife in the early nomadic burials of the Southern Urals, originating from six burial grounds. The paper also addresses the issue of origins of this tradition. The functional affiliation of the object as a weapon has been determined by the localization of the knife directly on the sword or dagger in the military burial. Knives which have been found together with a dagger or a sword could represent elements of mili-tary weapons of the early nomads of the Southern Urals. Most likely, the sword scabbards had an additional pocket for knife on the frontal side. This explains the location of the knifes directly along the axis of the sword blade. Such knives probably were used as auxiliary weapons and only in a close combat. If knives are considered as a category of military auxiliary weapons, then their disappearance could be related to some kind of military «reform», expressed in appearance of heavy armed cavalry, distribution of spears, standardization of swords, daggers and arrowheads. The time of existence of such edged sets fits into the middle/second half of the 5th — turn of the 4th/3rd c. BC. A limited number of finds in the early nomadic complexes in the Southern Urals indicates a rather rare use of this weaponry element. The tradition of such edged kits possibly dates back to the nomadic cultures of Central Asia. The edged sets of a dagger and a knife have been found in tombs of the late stage of the Uyuk (Saghlyk) Culture (5th–3rd c. BC). The placement of a knife on the waist of the deceased (sometimes in the same scabbard together with dagger) during the Early Scythian and later periods suggests the conceptualization of knife as a weapon.
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GORBUNOVA, Natalya V., and Olga M. USHAKOVA. "“REPASTS” OF THE REVOLUTION: PERSONAL ASCETICISM AND COLLECTIVE SACRIFICIAL FEASTS (F. M. DOSTOEVSKY’S DEMONS, J. CONRAD’S THE SECRET AGENT: A SIMPLE TALE)." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 7, no. 2 (2021): 144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2021-7-2-144-159.
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This paper presents a comparative analysis of food patterns as the elements of political discourse in the novels by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) and Joseph Conrad (1857-1924). The stereotypes of food behavior and the gastronomic symbols, associated with the revolutionary activities, appeared simultaneously with literary nihilists. In Dostoevsky’s Demons (1871-1872), the issue of accomplishing social harmony (which was discussed in polemics with T. Carlyle and J. S. Mill) is connected to metaphorical images of repast. The “culinary” episodes are quite limited; this “poverty” of gastronomic motives could be explained by the “industrial era” ideology, when a meal ceased to stay among existential foundations. The ”revolutionaries” destroying Russian traditional life are depicted as instruments of suicide or destruction. Heroes are eager for spiritual food but can only “devour each other” or be devoured; the “Idea”, which destroys individual organisms, turns entire social organisms into “porridge”. The abstract characters of feasts and the absence of any specific meal details symbolize “emptiness” of human existence. This rejection of “basic” elements of life can develop into “sacrificial” feasts with human victims. In Conrad’s novel The Secret Agent (1907; a dialogue with Dostoevsky), the revolutionary “sacrificial meal” appears through the “kitchen” metaphors and “slaughterhouse” symbols. The remains of an idiot sacrificed by new “apostles” resemble butcher’s by-products. The “secret agent” (Verloc) having satisfied hunger with meat (like Verkhovenskiy who is constantly hungry) is murdered with a kitchen knife as a sacrificial animal. Another expressive “gastronomic” trail is Conrad’s parody on stereotypical food asceticism of fighters for the Idea: fat anarchist Michaelis eats only raw carrots. Thus, in Dostoevsky’s and Conrad’s novels, important models of individual food behavior and culinary “bloody triune” metaphors are associated with nihilistic behavior and revolutionary activities. Food metaphors help writers to express their negative attitude towards the destructive activities of nihilists. The main ideas of the paper were presented at the BASEES Annual Conference 2018 (Fitzwilliam College — Churchill College, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom).
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Vilela, Márcio da Silva, Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira, Marcílio de Azevedo, Iderval Farias, Luiz Carlos Leal Torres, and Amanda Vasconcelos Guimarães. "Evaluation of feeding supply and forage cactus processing for lactation cows." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 12 (December 2010): 2744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001200027.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the manner in which diet is supplied and spineless cactus forage is processed on intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, concentration of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) in the milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and production of microbial protein in Holstein cows in lactation. Eight cows (453 ± 75.8 kg) yielding 14 kg milk/day were allotted to a factorial design, with two manners of cactus processing (knife-chopped or forage machine) and two diet supplies (separate concentrate or total mixed ration). Intakes of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients were lower when cactus was knife-chopped. Digestibility, milk production and fat and protein yield did not change according to the manner diet was supplied neither by forage cactus processing. Average milk production was 14.8 kg/day for knife-chopped cactus and 14.6 kg/day for cactus chopped in forage machine and 14.8 kg/day when cactus was given in separate concentrate and 14.5 kg/day when it was given in total mixed ration. However, fat content was lower (36 g/kg) for knife-chopped cactus fed cows. Purine derivatives and concentrations of N-ureic were not influenced by the manner in which diet was supplied neither by the forage cactus processing. Means observed for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (98.9 g/kg TDN), PUN concentrations (21.3 mg/dL) and MUN (18.2 mg/dL) were similar for cactus processing and for the manner in which diet was supplied. Forage-machine cactus processing improves dry matter intake and total mixed ration supply avoids selectivity.
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Santana Neto, Deocleciano Cassiano de, Elny Alves Onias, Jayuri Susy Fernandes de Araújo, Ana Marina Assis Alves, and Osvaldo Soares da Silva. "Avaliação do processo de enriquecimento proteico de resíduo de abacaxi." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 12, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v12i1.4625.
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<p>O beneficiamento do abacaxi para fins industriais produz um grande volume de rejeitos, que têm potencial energético e podem ser aproveitados gerando produtos com valor agregado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o processo de enriquecimento nutricional dos resíduos de abacaxi (casca e coroa), com a utilização da levedura <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>, através do processo de fermentação semissólida, avaliando a concentração inicial de leveduras e temperatura de fermentação sobre o teor proteico. A fermentação foi realizada em biorreatores de bandejas com circulação de ar, contendo 1000 g do resíduo, com 4,65% de levedura, a temperatura de 38 °C, por um período de 48 h de onde foram retiradas sete amostras a cada 8 h e levadas à estufa com temperatura de 55 °C, sendo ao fim da fermentação trituradas em moinho de facas. A fermentação semissólida utilizando o resíduo de abacaxi demonstrou que o microrganismo cresceu e aumentou o teor de proteína do resíduo em função do tempo em que o mesmo permaneceu em temperatura controlada, mostrando-se viável para alimentação animal.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Evaluation of protein enrichment process pineapple residue</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>Pineapple processing for industrial purposes produces a large volume of waste, which have energy potential and can be leveraged to generate value-added products. The objective of this work was to study the nutritional enrichment process pineapple residues (bark and crown), with the use of the yeast <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>, through the process of fermentation semisolid, evaluating the initial concentration of yeast and fermentation temperature on the protein content. Fermentation was carried out in trays, bioreactors with air circulation containing 1000 g of residue, with 4.65% of yeast, the temperature of 38 °C, for a period of 48 h where seven samples were taken every 8 h and taken the greenhouse with a temperature of 55 °C, being the end of fermentation pounded into knife mill. Semisolid fermentation using the pineapple residue showed that the microorganism grew and increased the protein content of the residue in function of time in which the same remained in controlled temperature, showing up for animal feed.</p>
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St. George, E. J., J. Kudhail, J. Perks, and P. N. Plowman. "Acute symptoms after gamma knife radiosurgery." Journal of Neurosurgery 97 (December 2002): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0631.
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Object. The purpose of this study was to examine the widely held assumption that early-onset symptoms after gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) are uncommon. The study was designed to include all types of morbidity and not just those that lead to neurological dysfunction. It was hoped that the results of the study could lead to a more rational follow-up protocol. Methods. Data regarding adverse events were collected prospectively (within 2–3 weeks post-GKS) by telephone interview from 47 of the first 65 patients who could be reached. Immediate adverse events were defined as any new or unexpected symptom developing within 2 weeks of treatment and were graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Two thirds of all patients complained of new adverse symptoms; three patients required prolonged hospitalization, although in one case this was not related to the radiosurgery. The majority of symptomatic patients (91%) experienced mild or moderate complications. More than 50% of patients had headache. One third described pin site—related complications and one fifth suffered from nausea/vomiting or marked tiredness. Patients with moderate symptoms had a larger mean tumor volume and higher radiation dose than other patient groups. Prior radiation therapy, lesion type, or the posttreatment administration of steroid agents did not significantly influence the development of acute symptoms. Conclusions. Acute adverse events following GKS are not uncommon if all types of morbidity are considered. An increased appreciation of these other complications may improve posttreatment care.
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Kondziolka, Douglas, Joseph G. Ong, John Y. K. Lee, Robert Y. Moore, John C. Flickinger, and L. Dade Lunsford. "Gamma Knife thalamotomy for essential tremor." Journal of Neurosurgery 108, no. 1 (January 2008): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns/2008/108/01/0111.
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Object The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results following Gamma Knife thalamotomy (GKT) for medically refractory essential tremor in a series of patients in whom open surgical techniques were not desirable. Methods Thirty-one patients underwent GKT for disabling essential tremor after medical therapy had failed. Their mean age was 77 years. Most patients were elderly or had concomitant medical illnesses. A single 4-mm isocenter was used to target a maximum dose of 130 or 140 Gy to the nucleus ventralis intermedius. Items from the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin clinical tremor rating scale were used to grade tremor and handwriting before and after radiosurgery. Results The median follow-up was 36 months. In the group of 26 evaluable patients, the mean tremor score (± standard deviation) was 3.7 ± 0.1 preoperatively and 1.7 ± 0.3 after radiosurgery (p < 0.000015). The mean handwriting score was 2.8 ± 0.2 before GKT and 1.7 ± 0.2 afterward (p < 0.0002). After radiosurgery, 18 patients (69%) showed improvement in both action tremor and writing scores, 6 (23%) only in action tremor scores, and 3 (12%) in neither tremor nor writing. Permanent mild right hemiparesis and speech impairment developed in 1 patient 6 months after radiosurgery. Another patient had transient mild right hemiparesis and dysphagia. Conclusions Gamma Knife thalamotomy is a safe and effective therapy for medically refractory essential tremor. Its use is especially valuable for patients ineligible for radiofrequency thalamotomy or deep brain stimulation. Patients must be counseled on potential complications, including the low probability of a delayed neurological deficit.
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Miyatani, Hiroyuki, and Yukio Yoshida. "Endoscopic Needle Knife Precut Papillotomy for Inaccessible Bile Duct following Failed Pancreatic Duct Access." Clinical Medicine. Gastroenterology 2 (December 16, 2008): CGast.S1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cgast.s1120.
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Aims To evaluate the safety, effectiveness, success rate and complications of needle knife precut papillotomy for inaccessible bile duct after failed pancreatic ducts access. Methods Selective common bile duct cannulation was required for 582 patients from November 2004 to May 2008. Precut sphincterotomy was performed in 28 patients (16 male, 12 female; mean age 71). When standard bile duct cannulation was unsuccessful after more than 20 minutes, the bile duct was considered inaccessible. Group A consisted of patients where pancreatic duct access was possible and transpancreatic papillary septotomy was performed (20 patients). If pancreatic duct cannulation also failed, needle knife precut method was performed and these patients belonged to group B (8 patients). The success and complication rates of the two groups were compared using the Chi-square test. Results The success rates were 85% and 87.5% respectively. Of the 28 patients in group A, 6 had mild to moderate pancreatitis and one patient had mild bleeding. The complication rates were 35% and 0% respectively and the differences were not significant. Conclusion Needle knife precut papillotomy is useful and acceptable in patients after failed pancreatic duct access.
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McNatt, Sean A., Cheng Yu, Steven L. Giannotta, Chi-Shing Zee, Vladimir Zelman, Michael L. J. Apuzzo, and Zbigniew Petrovich. "Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia." Neurosurgery 56, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000160073.02800.c7.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes in patients treated with gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. METHODS: From 1997 to 2003, a total of 49 patients with trigeminal neuralgia underwent gamma knife radiosurgery. The trigeminal root entry zone immediately adjacent to the pons was targeted by use of a 4-mm collimator to deliver 40 Gy to the 50% isodose line (maximum dose, 80 Gy). Special care was taken to limit radiation dose to the adjacent pons to 12 Gy. Of the 49 study patients, all had undergone previous medical therapy, 8 (16%) had undergone microvascular decompression, 8 (16%) had undergone percutaneous rhizotomy, 2 (4%) had undergone linear accelerator-based radiosurgery, and 5 (10%) presented with multiple sclerosis. The median duration of symptoms was 6 years. There were 29 female patients (59%) and 20 male patients (41%). Facial pain outcomes were assessed by use of the Barrow Neurological Institute pain score. Other outcomes assessed included recurrence of symptoms and treatment toxicity. The median follow-up period was 49 months. RESULTS: At last evaluation, a total of 27 patients (61%) with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia reported pain relief (scores of IIIb or less). This included 14 patients (32%) who reported complete pain relief when not receiving medications. Significant recurrence of pain after an initial interval of relief was reported by 10 patients (23%). Mean time to pain recurrence was 9.6 months (range, 2–36 mo). Mild to moderate facial numbness was experienced by 13 patients (29%), whereas 8 (18%) reported mild dysesthesias. CONCLUSION: Gamma knife radiosurgery established durable pain relief in 61% of patients with medically refractory idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. A longer follow-up period is necessary to fully assess the incidence of late complications and recurrences.