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1
Breithaupt, Brent H. "Knightia: Wyoming's State Fossil." Rocks & Minerals 65, no. 5 (September 1990): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1990.11761707.
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DE FIGUEIREDO, FRANCISCO J. "Morphological and systematic reassessment of †Knightia brasiliensis Woodward, 1939 (Teleostei: Clupeiformes) from the Pliocene of Parnaíba Basin, northeastern Brazil." Zootaxa 2440, no. 1 (April 29, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2440.1.1.
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†Knightia brasiliensis, a small clupeoid fish found in the Tertiary beds of Nova Iorque, State of Maranhão (Brazil), is morphologically redescribed in detail. It is separated from nominal species of †Knightia, including the type-species †Knightia eoceana from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming, mainly by the absence of dorsal scutes, presence of two supramaxillae, and one epural, and is therefore placed in a new genus, †Paleopiquitinga gen. nov. The caudal skeleton of †Paleopiquitinga gen. nov. shows some advanced features (one epural, parhypurapophysis, and pleurostyle) in comparison with other well-known fossil clupeomorphs from the Cretaceous and Tertiary of South America and Africa, and a combination of features indicates the placement of †Paleopiquitinga gen. nov. within the family Clupeidae. Although uncertainties about polarity of characters within the Clupeidae render the relationships of †Paleopiquitinga gen. nov. difficult to establish at present, certain features indicate a close relationship with the extant Atlantic and East-Pacific genus Lile.
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NAKASE, TAKASHI, MUTSUMI ITOH, and JUNTA SUGIYAMA. "Bensingtonia ingoldii sp. nov., a ballistospore-forming yeast isolated from Knightia excelsa collected in New Zealand." Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 35, no. 1 (1989): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2323/jgam.35.53.
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Hirsch, Roni. "Uncertainty and inequality in early financial thought: John Hicks as a reader of Knight and Keynes." Cambridge Journal of Economics 45, no. 5 (August 14, 2021): 1145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beab032.
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Abstract The article examines the early reception of Knight’s and Keynes’ accounts of uncertainty and their overlooked role in the development of financial economics. Knight’s famous distinction between risk and uncertainty bore a deep social and political significance, dividing humanity into risk-takers and the risk-averse. This same distinction, I argue, along with its asymmetries of power and rewards, was reproduced in Hicks’ 1939 dynamic equilibrium model. It was recast as an opposition between hedgers and speculators in a market for risk, on the one hand, and between institutional investors and the general public, on the other. Hicks’s synthesis heeds both Knightian and Keynesian notions of uncertainty, adopting the former’s idea of profit-earning uncertainty-bearers and the latter’s definition of money as an imperfect though widely used hedge against uncertainty. Closer to Knight than to Keynes, Hicks’s model raises a fundamental political question: is inequality a price worth paying for greater certainty in economic life?
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Rückert-Ülkümen, Neriman. "Knightia sp. undCtenopharyngodon hermi n. sp. (vertebrata, pisces), zwei neue fische aus dem tertiär von edirne, Thrakien (Türkei)." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 68, no. 3-4 (September 1994): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02991356.
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Pole, Mike. "Plant-macrofossil assemblages during Pliocene uplift, South Island, New Zealand." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 2 (2007): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06055.
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Organically preserved plant macrofossils, which accumulated during the period of late Neogene tectonic uplift, were documented from four localities in the South Island. These include Arapito Road (near Karamea), Waitahu River (near Reefton), Tadmor (south of Nelson) and Grey River (north of Christchurch). The assemblages from these localities were species-poor compared with older Cenozoic assemblages, but included a range of conifers and angiosperms. Of note was the presence of Acmopyle (currently extinct in New Zealand) and Cupressaceae in all four localities. At least two new species of Acmopyle were present, with leaf shapes distinctly different from any currently known. One of them (A. kirrileeae sp. nov.) had unflattened, awl-like foliage, whereas the other (A. biformis sp. nov.) had dimorphic foliage, including very distinct bilaterally flattened leaves with a mucronate apex. Both of these were distinct from the flattened foliage, which predominates on extant Acmopyle. Other conifers included Araucaria, Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Phyllocladus and Libocedrus. Angiosperms included Beauprea (now extinct in New Zealand) Beilschmiedia, Knightia sp., Metrosideros, Nothofagus and probably Pseudowintera, Pseudopanax and Cunoniaceae. The assemblages suggest temperate conditions.
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Rizzo, Mario J., and Malte Dold. "Knightian uncertainty: through a Jamesian window." Cambridge Journal of Economics 45, no. 5 (June 16, 2021): 967–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beab011.
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Abstract Frank Knight is famous for the distinction between risk and uncertainty. In this paper, we argue that Knight’s distinction is different from the one made by those who seek to interpret it within a neoclassical framework. Knight does not reduce ‘true uncertainty’ to the application of (axiomatic) subjective probability. Instead, Knight highlights the power of intuitive judgement in situations of uncertainty. Moreover, Knight conceptualises uncertainty along a continuum which means that many of our real-world problems must be seen as mixed cases of risk and uncertainty. This paper illustrates that Knight’s arguments can be more fully understood through the lens of William James’s psychology, which deeply influenced Knight’s way of thinking. Finally, this paper links Knight’s argument to a growing body of recent empirical literature that shows how effective judgemental–intuitive modes of reasoning are in cases of environmental instability. In doing so, this paper begins to fill out the uncertainty framework, which Knight has sketched in Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921).
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BROOKE, GEOFFREY T. F. "UNCERTAINTY, PROFIT AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTION: FRANK KNIGHT’S CONTRIBUTION RECONSIDERED." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 32, no. 2 (May 11, 2010): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837210000179.
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Frank H. Knight held two different concepts of “uncertainty” in Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921). The first is based on the possibility of insuring against an outcome. This interpretation can be found in the existing literature on Knight’s work. The second refers to all instances where individuals have subjective expectations about the future. This second meaning forms the basis of Knight’s (1921) theory of profit and entrepreneurial action (Knight I). Knight I is limited; it provides no explanation of the incentive for entrepreneurial action. Knight’s neglected later theory of profit (1942) (Knight II) highlights the deficiencies of Knight I by offering a clear incentive for entrepreneurial action. The differences between the two theories of profit reflect the impact of incorporating historical time into economic analysis.
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Dettmann, Mary E., and David M. Jarzen. "Pollen evidence for Late Cretaceous differentiation of Proteaceae in southern polar forests." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-116.
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Amongst diverse and abundant fossil proteaceous pollen in southeastern Australian Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) sediments are forms identical with pollen of extant taxa within subfamilies Proteoideae, Persoonioideae, Carnarvonioideae, and Grevilleoideae. Taxa identified now have disparate geographic ranges within Australasia. Sclerophyllous Adenanthos and Stirlingia (Proteoideae) are restricted to the southern Australian Mediterranean climatic region; Persoonia (Persoonioideae) ranges into higher rainfall areas of eastern and northern Australia. Grevillea exul – Grevillea robusta and Telopea (Grevilleoideae) and Carnarvonia (Carnarvonioideae) occur in or fringe rain forests in eastern Australasia, as do other members (Macadamia, Gevuina–Hicksbeachia, Knightia, and Beauprea) reported previously. Pollen evidence thereby confirms evolution of both rain forest and sclerophyll members by the Campanian–Maastrichtian. Turnover of proteaceous pollen taxa near the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary may reflect contemporaneous modifications to the proteaceous communities. Associated with the Late Cretaceous Proteaceae were diverse conifers (Microcachrys, Lagarostrobus, Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Dacrycarpus, and Araucariaceae), Nothofagus, Ilex, Gunnera, Ascarina, Winteraceae, Trimeniaceae, and probable Epacridaceae. The vegetation, which fringed a narrow estuary separating Antarctica from southern Australia, implies a mosaic of rain forest and sclerophyll communities but has no modern analogue. Key words: Proteaceae, Late Cretaceous, Australia, Antarctica.
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Ryder, J. M., N. W. Waipara, and B. R. Burns. "What is the host range of Phytophthora agathidicida in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5925.
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Phytophthora agathidicida is a virulent oomycete plant pathogen which is currently known to only infect Agathis australis in New Zealand Phytophthora species rarely have a single plant host so other hosts for P agathidicida are likely but unknown Phytophthora species are also often cryptic and sometimes asymptomatic on their host plants making it a challenge to identify their true host range Once an exotic Phytophthora species is introduced to an area it becomes virtually impossible to eliminate A sound understanding of a Phytophthoras epidemiology is needed to prevent its spread onto uninfected hosts This study determined whether P agathidicida has a wider host range than currently recognised Plant community composition was compared between healthy and infected kauri forest to detect possible susceptible species and detached leaf assays were utilised as a further screen of possible hosts Results showed a significant difference in species abundances between sites infected with P agathidicida and sites without P agathidicida that was unrelated to other potential variables Leaf assays also indicated several other native plant species other than A australis as possible carriers or hosts including Knightia excelsa and Leucopogon fasciculatus Identifying the host range of P agathidicida is important for optimising the design of future control strategies for this pathogen
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Raines, J. Patrick, and Clarence R. Jung. "Monopolies as “Mechanical Defects”: Frank H. Knight on Market Power." History of Economics Society Bulletin 10, no. 2 (1988): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1042771600005615.
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This essay examines Frank Knight's view of monopolies in a market economy through an exegesis of his writings. A cogent development of Frank Knight's theory of monopolies is conspicuously absent in the economic literature. His prominence in the discipline and the influence his work has had on others establish his views as significant in the intellectural history of the theory of capitalist competition. The study focuses on Knight's characterization of monopolies and his views as to the appropriateness of coercive repressive regulatory policies. Also, capitalistic monopolies are discussed in the context of Knight's critical attitude toward economic and philosophic dogma and his disdain for centralized economic planning. The following section deals with the Knightian view of the nature of monopolies and categorization of types of monopolies. Then, the philosophical basis for Knight's position onmonopolies is presented. Specifically, the concentration of economic power in capitalism is explained in terms of Knight's perceptions of social reformers, static equilibrium analysis, and economic planning.
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Leite, Luís Alberto Melchíades, Leonardo Pereira Santiago, and José Paulo Teixeira. "Opções reais sob Incerteza Knightiana na avaliação econômica de projetos de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P & D)." Production 25, no. 3 (August 18, 2015): 641–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.009611.
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Este trabalho incorpora tratamento quantitativo da incerteza, no sentido da definição clássica de Frank Knight (1921), a um modelo de avaliação econômica baseado em Opções Reais, analisando suas consequências. O conceito knightiano distingue incerteza de risco. Decisões ótimas indicadas pelo Modelo de Opções Reais, uma vez não seguidas pelos decisores, tornam-se escolhas subótimas, sugerindo a presença de elementos de Incerteza Knightiana no ambiente decisório. Decisões subótimas contrariam a regra básica do VPL e, sendo o decisor racional por premissa, existe uma espécie de VPL ex post que se harmoniza à escolha, adequando-se à regra decisória e determinando quantitativamente um grau de aversão à incerteza no decisor. Introduzindo-se no modelo o Valor Esperado de Choquet e um parâmetro representando aversão à incerteza, sob o conceito de probabilidades não aditivas, obtêm-se aproximações de VPLs pós-decisão e graus de aversão à incerteza revelados. A formulação proposta é aplicada em avaliação de projeto de P & D.
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Knighton, C. S., and Timothy Wilson. "Serjeant Knight's Discourse on the Cross and Flags of St George (1678)." Antiquaries Journal 81 (September 2001): 351–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500072231.
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In January 1678 John Knight, the Serjeant Surgeon of Charles II, sent to Samuel Pepys a ‘Discourse containing the History of the Cross of St. George, and its becoming the Sole Distinction = Flag, Badge or Cognizance of England, by Sea and Land’. Knight argued that St George's cross should become the dominant feature in English flags and supported his argument with a history of the cross.A manuscript copy of this discourse, with Knight's original drawings, survives in the Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge, and is published here. A brief biography of Knight is presented and an account of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century controversies about St George. The latter was an issue which caused acrimony between Royalists and Puritans. An Appendix reconstructs Knight's library, principally consisting of books concerning heraldry, topography and history.
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Setran, David P. "Developing the “Christian Gentleman”: The Medieval Impulse in Protestant Ministry to Adolescent Boys, 1890–1920." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 20, no. 2 (2010): 165–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2010.20.2.165.
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AbstractBetween 1890 and 1920 in the United States, Protestant ministers demonstrated increasing concern for boys between the ages of twelve and eighteen. In particular, they described a two-fold “boy problem,” defined both in terms of heightened juvenile delinquency and passive effeminacy. This essay analyzes one of the chief ways in which church leaders attempted to combat these issues: the development of Christian boy ministries rooted in the stories and themes of medieval knighthood. Looking at the use of such themes in Protestant literature and in new church organizations such as the Knights of King Arthur and the Knights of the Holy Grail, this article reveals why medievalism had such power and resonance in this era. In part, the symbolic use of the Middle Ages fit well with emerging psychological theories of adolescent development. According to G. Stanley Hall and other proponents of racial recapitulation, adolescent boys were instinctually driven by a need to join their medieval forebears in fighting battles, worshiping heroes, and forming romantic relationships marked by love and chivalry. In addition, the medieval knight emerged as the ideal exemplar for dealing with both aspects of the early twentieth-century boy problem. While boys struggled with moral decadence and effeminate weakness, knights were both morally refined and confidently virile. In the end, I argue that the proliferation of medieval themes in this period reflected a growing consensus regarding the “ideal Christian man.” While uncontrolled masculine expression produced the violent man, and the suppression of masculine expression produced the weak man, carefully channeled masculine expression would produce the “knightly” man, the ideal “Christian gentleman” capable of pursuing purity and virtue through manly and aggressive means.
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Bateman, Mary. "Knight Fever: Sickness, masculinity and narrative absence in the Mort Artu, Béroul’s Tristan and Thomas of Britain’s Tristan." Journal of the International Arthurian Society 9, no. 1 (September 7, 2020): 36–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jias-2021-0004.
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Abstract The ideal knight protagonist of high medieval romance should be capable of engaging actively in chivalric activities, whether martial or amatory. What happens, then, when knight protagonists fall ill? Illness presents a problem: the knight loses his ability to act and is no longer in control of his own body. This article examines the fates of knights who fall ill in three Arthurian romances of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries: the Mort Artu, Thomas of Britain’s Tristan and Béroul’s Tristan. Illness has a marked effect on the presence of knights, both narratologically and to other characters in the text. When knights fall ill, they are temporarily excised from the narrative until their ability to be active is restored. An exception to this illness-absence paradigm occurs when the heroes of romance feign illness: at such junctures, these men are still exemplifying the agency and resourcefulness required of an effective hero, and the narrative maintains its focus on them at these moments regardless of how other characters might be treating them.
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Petrauskas, Rimvydas. "Knighthood in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Late Fourteenth to the Early Sixteenth Centuries." Lithuanian Historical Studies 11, no. 1 (November 30, 2006): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01101003.
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The main aim of this article is to collect and assess all accessible data about the early development of chivalric culture in the GDL and to identify possible trends. This phenomenon is perceived as part of the history of the European knighthood in the late Middle Ages. The article also seeks to investigate the meaning of the conception of the knight in the GDL documents of the fifteenth century in order to determine the spread of knighthood in the nobility of the Grand Duchy. In the research of these aspects the flourishing of the knighthood culture at the court of Grand Duke Vytautas in the early-fifteenth century is distinguished as a period when high-ranking representatives of the country’s nobility were awarded titles; and a new enhancement is noticeable in the times of Alexander Jogailaitis when an initiative, a unique phenomenon in Poland-Lithuania, was undertaken to establish a brotherhood of knights. In the analysis of the use of the concept of knighthood, emphasis is placed on the difference between the singular use of the knightly title and the pluralistic estate conception.
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Cowan, PE. "Denning Habits of Common Brushtail Possums, Trichosurus Vulpecula, in New Zealand Lowland Forest." Wildlife Research 16, no. 1 (1989): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890063.
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Fifty-five T. vulpecula were radio-tracked to 182 den sites on 1987 occasions in the podocarp and mixed hardwood forest of the Orongorongo Valley, near Wellington. Most dens (92%) were above ground in trees, particularly in large trees with many clumps of perching epiphytes; the remainder were under fallen logs or trees or in dense tangles of gorse. Melicytus ramiflorus was the most commonly used living tree species. Others used commonly were Knightia excelsa, Elaeocarpus dentatus, Laurelia novaezealandiae [L. novae-zelandiae] and Podocarpus totara. Use was not dictated solely by availability. Trees without perching epiphytes were hardly ever used. Each possum used 11-15 den trees/yr, most only occasionally; the 3 most commonly used den trees accounted for 60-75% of observations. Males used more dens than females, and the sexes differed in their frequencies of the use of the various tree species, though not in the species used. Possums changed dens frequently, on average 2 nights in 3. Den sharing was uncommon, but many dens, including those on the ground, were used sequentially by several (up to 9) different possums. Dens on the ground were used mostly in autumn and winter, by possums in poor condition or after prolonged heavy rain. The implications of den site choice and use by possums are discussed, particularly in relation to den sites as a limiting resource, and the role of dens in the transmission of bovine tuberculosis. There was about a 50% chance that a den would be occupied by different possums within the probable survival period of deposited tuberculosis bacilli.
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Serjeantson, Richard. "Preaching Regicide in Jacobean England: John Knight and David Pareus*." English Historical Review 134, no. 568 (June 2019): 553–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cez170.
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Abstract On 14 April 1622, John Knight, a theology student at Broadgates Hall, Oxford, delivered a Palm Sunday sermon before his University. In it, Knight defended the thesis that subjects defending themselves on grounds of religion would be justified in taking up arms against their sovereign. This study reconstructs the content of, political context for, and reaction to Knight’s sermon. In establishing the importance for Knight’s sermon of non-English authorities, above all the authoritative Palatine theologian David Pareus and the Lausanne theologian Guillaume Du Buc (Bucanus), it demonstrates that justifications of armed resistance to sovereign powers were widely known in pre-civil war England, but that their expression in English was effectively controlled.
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Bullington, Grady, Linda Eroh, Steven J. Winters, and Garry L. Johns. "Knight’s Tours on Rectangular Chessboards Using External Squares." Journal of Discrete Mathematics 2014 (December 9, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/210892.
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The classic puzzle of finding a closed knight’s tour on a chessboard consists of moving a knight from square to square in such a way that it lands on every square once and returns to its starting point. The 8 × 8 chessboard can easily be extended to rectangular boards, and in 1991, A. Schwenk characterized all rectangular boards that have a closed knight’s tour. More recently, Demaio and Hippchen investigated the impossible boards and determined the fewest number of squares that must be removed from a rectangular board so that the remaining board has a closed knight’s tour. In this paper we define an extended closed knight’s tour for a rectangular chessboard as a closed knight’s tour that includes all squares of the board and possibly additional squares beyond the boundaries of the board and answer the following question: how many squares must be added to a rectangular chessboard so that the new board has a closed knight’s tour?
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Vandelinde, Henry. "Sir Gowther: Saintly knight and knightly saint." Neophilologus 80, no. 1 (January 1996): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00430025.
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EXWORTHY, MARK, PAULA HYDE, and PAMELA MCDONALD-KUHNE. "Knights and Knaves in the English Medical Profession: the Case of Clinical Excellence Awards." Journal of Social Policy 45, no. 1 (October 2, 2015): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279415000483.
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AbstractWe elaborate Le Grand's thesis of ‘knights and knaves’ in terms of clinical excellence awards (CEAs), the ‘financial bonuses’ which are paid to over half of all English hospital specialists and which can be as much as £75,000 (€92,000) per year in addition to an NHS (National Health Service) salary. Knights are ‘individuals who are motivated to help others for no private reward’ while knaves are ‘self-interested individuals who are motivated to help others only if by doing so they will serve their private interests.’ Doctors (individually and collectively) exhibit both traits but the work of explanation of the inter-relationship between them has remained neglected. Through a textual analysis of written responses to a recent review of CEAs, we examine the ‘knightly’ and ‘knavish’ arguments used by medical professional stakeholders in defending these CEAs. While doctors promote their knightly claims, they are also knavish in shaping the preferences of, and options for, policy-makers. Policy-makers continue to support CEAs but have introduced revised criteria for CEAs, putting pressure on the medical profession to accept reforms. CEAs illustrate the enduring and flexible power of the medical profession in the UK in colonising reforms to their pay, and also the subtle inter-relationship between knights and knaves in health policy.
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Meyer, Evelyn. "Gender erasures, knightly maidens and (un)knightly knights in Hartmann von Aue’s Iwein." Neophilologus 91, no. 4 (April 6, 2007): 657–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11061-007-9029-0.
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Svetlova, Ekaterina. "On the relevance of Knight, Keynes and Shackle for unawareness research." Cambridge Journal of Economics 45, no. 5 (August 6, 2021): 989–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beab033.
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Abstract This paper is dedicated to the interpretation of Knightian and Keynesian uncertainty as a situation of unawareness in which agents lack perfect knowledge of possible future states (not just of probabilities assigned to those states). So far, a systematic and nuanced debate of unawareness with relation to Knight’s and Keynes’ legacy has been largely neglected. The paper aims to fill this gap. It discusses in detail how Knight’s, Keynes’ and also Shackle’s ideas about the state space, surprises and ignorance are echoed (but often unacknowledged) in contemporary unawareness research. Parallel reading of these two streams of the literature reveals strong commonalities in argumentation, suggesting that the topic of unawareness could facilitate the dialogue between Post-Keynesians and mainstream economics. The paper concludes with a list of research questions relevant to the development of such a dialogue.
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Sciancalepore, Antonella. "Hawks and knights." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 29 (December 31, 2017): 120–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.00004.sci.
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This article explores the role of hunting birds in the definition of the knight in twelfth- and thirteenth-century French chivalric literature. After some introductory remarks on the identity-shaping role of hawks in the hunting practices of medieval aristocracy, the article focuses on the multi-faceted identity correlation between knights and hawks across romance and chansons de geste. The analysis of episodes drawn from various texts provides evidence of three levels of this human/animal relationship: the use of hawks as aristocratic and chivalric badges (Octavian, Enfances Vivien, Guillaume d’Angleterre); the use of hawks as visual doubles of knights (Anseÿs de Metz, Erec et Enide, Lai de Yonec); the representation of the link between knight and hawk as a flow of actions and values going in both directions of the human/animal divide (Jean Renart’s L’Escoufle). Through this analysis, the study demonstrates that chivalric literature established between knights and hawks a multi-layered and two-fold identity shift, which contributed to convey the ambiguities of the chivalric ethical model.
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Srichote, Wasupol, Ratinan Boonklurb, and Sirirat Singhun. "Closed Knight’s Tours on (m,n,r)-Ringboards." Symmetry 12, no. 8 (July 25, 2020): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12081217.
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A (legal) knight’s move is the result of moving the knight two squares horizontally or vertically on the board and then turning and moving one square in the perpendicular direction. A closed knight’s tour is a knight’s move that visits every square on a given chessboard exactly once and returns to its start square. A closed knight’s tour and its variations are studied widely over the rectangular chessboard or a three-dimensional rectangular box. For m,n>2r, an (m,n,r)-ringboard or (m,n,r)-annulus-board is defined to be an m×n chessboard with the middle part missing and the rim contains r rows and r columns. In this paper, we obtain that a (m,n,r)-ringboard with m,n≥3 and m,n>2r has a closed knight’s tour if and only if (a) m=n=3 and r=1 or (b) m,n≥7 and r≥3. If a closed knight’s tour on an (m,n,r)-ringboard exists, then it has symmetries along two diagonals.
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Obukhova, Olga N., and Olga V. Baykova. "Means of Language Objectification of the German Knight Image in the Artistic Picture of World in Middle Ages." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 7 (July 30, 2020): 158–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-7-158-176.
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The analysis of historical, culturally motivated ideas about the German knight, which are objectified in the language not only in conventional, unified standards, but primarily in socio-ethnocultural assessments and stereotypes, is presented. The material of the study was German knightly novels: “Tristan” (“Tristan”) by Gottfried of Strasbourg, “Poor Heinrich” (“Der arme Heinrich”) by Hartmann von Aue, “Eneasroman” by Heinrich von Veldeke. Particular attention is paid to the study of indicators of the national specificity of the image of the German knight. It is proved in the work that the actualization of lexical units that serve to represent the image of a knight is largely specific and due to the genre specificity of Western European literature texts of the Middle Ages. It is stated that the knowledge of medieval German culture bearers about the surrounding reality, objectified by the semantics and pragmatics of linguistic and speech units, structures, compositions, united as a whole by the characteristics of the surrounding world are accumulated in the artistic picture of the world in the Middle Ages. It is concluded that the image of a knight embodies the complex of worldview coordinates and values of the knightly estate, which are recorded in a verbal (artistic) text in the form of a specially organized system of knowledge and ideas about the world.
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Forte, Francesco, and Gordon L. Brady. "James M. Buchanan: from Chicago to Virginia and Knight's influence on Buchanan." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 33, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569118x15402013042785.
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This paper examines the influence of Frank Knight on James Buchanan during the latter's time as a student at the University of Chicago through to the successive periods of his life. We maintain that Knight's approach to economics and politics – in which individual freedom, (institutional) rules of the game and ethical rules are all paramount in explaining behaviours in both the market and the public sector – strongly influenced Buchanan's interdisciplinary intellectual enterprise. In this context, we stress Knight's influence on Buchanan's catallactic approach to both the formation of rules at the constitutional level and ordinary level, as well as for the behaviour of individuals interacting in the market and public sector. In this inheritance, the relevance of ethical values for economic progress and protection of a good, free society increased during Buchanan's last period of scientific research, with positive and normative levels always carefully distinguished, as in the Frank Knight tradition.
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Li, Michelle, Diandian Ma, and Tom Scott. "Knights and dames on the board of directors." Accounting Research Journal 32, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-06-2017-0100.
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Purpose New Zealand reintroduced titular honours (i.e. knighthoods and damehoods) in 2009. We document the prevalence of knights and dames on the board of directors. Design/methodology/approach We use a probit regression to investigate what firm characteristics are significantly associated with having a knight or dame on the board of directors. Findings We find 19 of 112 companies have a knight or dame on the board. These companies are bigger and have larger and more independent boards than other companies. We also find a knight or dame is more likely to serve in companies that have higher dividend yields. Research limitations/implications The generalisability of our results is limited by the small number of knights and dames on the boards of listed companies and our archival regression approach. Although we document an association, we cannot prove causation. Originality/value We show that directors with greater and easily visible reputational capital are more likely to supply their services to companies that mitigate risks to their reputation and protect minority shareholder interests.
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MacGregor, James B. "Negotiating Knightly Piety: The Cult of the Warrior-Saints in the West, ca. 1070–ca. 1200." Church History 73, no. 2 (June 2004): 317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700109291.
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Around 1184, Alan de Lille composed a sermon addressed to Europe's knights (Ad milites) as part of a treatise on the art of preaching (Ars praedicandi). In it, Alan condemned the felonious and violent behavior of Western warriors and reproached them for their mistreatment of the poor and the Church—the very groups that knights ought to protect in an ideal Christian society. According to Alan, such actions must cease and knightly behavior must be reformed. Using scriptural precedent, he encouraged knights to consider their spiritual welfare by articulating a difference between internal and external military service. Knights, if they wish to be soldiers of God, must wield both temporal and spiritual arms: the former to protect the Church and their homelands, the latter to combat the enemies of their souls. Balance between the two was essential since external service (earthly combat) was empty and meaningless without its internal counterpart (spiritual combat). By ensuring the proper equilibrium, knights could fulfill their assigned role in the world while actively working to ensure their own salvation.
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Emmett, Ross B. "The writing and reception of Risk, Uncertainty and Profit." Cambridge Journal of Economics 45, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 883–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beab005.
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Abstract Risk, Uncertainty and Profit was published in 1921, but started as the doctoral thesis ‘A Theory of Business Profit,’ defended in 1916. The first half of the paper examines the changes in organization and argument that Knight undertook between completing the thesis defense and the book’s publication five years later. The reorganization helped Knight focus attention on uncertainty as the most important aspect of economic life standing between the worlds of perfect and imperfect competition, and to explore more of its implications for both price theory and entrepreneurial judgment. The second half of the paper carries the story forward by examining the reception Risk, Uncertainty and Profit received from 1921 until Knight’s retirement in the early 1950s. The study of its reception uses a database of citations of Knight’s book in economics journals found through a JSTOR search. While Knight’s book is remembered today mostly for its introduction of uncertainty, in the economics literature the book’s treatment of basic price theory is more frequently cited, especially in the leading economics journals of the interwar period. The citation data indicates that the role of Risk, Uncertainty and Profit in economics education at the London School of Economics and the University of Chicago extended and expanded the book’s impact.
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Hefferan, Matthew. "Household knights, chamber knights and king’s knights: the development of the royal knight in fourteenth-century England." Journal of Medieval History 45, no. 1 (December 11, 2018): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2018.1551811.
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Nagy, Gergely. "A Fool of a Knight, a Knight of a Fool: Malory's Comic Knights." Arthuriana 14, no. 4 (2004): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/art.2004.0058.
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Lister, Andrew. "Markets, desert, and reciprocity." Politics, Philosophy & Economics 16, no. 1 (February 2017): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470594x16684813.
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This article traces John Rawls’s debt to Frank Knight’s critique of the ‘just deserts’ rationale for laissez-faire in order to defend justice as fairness against some prominent contemporary criticisms, but also to argue that desert can find a place within a Rawlsian theory of justice when desert is grounded in reciprocity. The first lesson Rawls took from Knight was that inheritance of talent and wealth are on a moral par. Knight highlighted the inconsistency of objecting to the inheritance of wealth while taking for granted the legitimacy of unequal reward based on differential productive capacity. Rawls agreed that there was an inconsistency, but claimed that it should be resolved by rejecting both kinds of inequality, except to the extent they benefitted the worst off. The second lesson Rawls learned from Knight was that the size of one’s marginal product depends on supply and demand, which depend on institutional decisions that cannot themselves be made on the basis of the principle of rewarding marginal productivity. The article claims that this argument about background justice overstates its conclusion, because the dependence of contribution on institutional setup is not total. Proposals for an unconditional basic income may therefore have a strike against them, as far as a reciprocity-based conception of desert is concerned. If we follow Knight’s analysis of the competitive system, however, so too does the alternative of leaving determination of income up to the market.
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Byard, Roger W. "Pekka Saukko, Bernard Knight: Knight’s forensic pathology 4th ed." Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 14, no. 1 (August 23, 2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-017-9908-z.
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Jech, Alexander. "Kierkegaard on the Dancers of Faith and of Infinity." Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook 24, no. 1 (September 12, 2019): 29–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kierke-2019-0002.
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AbstractFear and Trembling’s goal is illuminating the difficulty of faith. Silentio claims that whereas both knights of resignation and knights of faith are dancers, only the knight of faith can dance perfectly, doing what perhaps no dancer can do: he does not “hesitate” in the moment between landing from his leap and assuming the position from which to reengage with finitude. This surprising invocation of dance has not been given sustained attention in the literature on Fear and Trembling. Given Kierkegaard’s surprisingly precise grasp of classical ballet’s vocabulary and aesthetic, I examine how these provide him additional power to clarify the difference between faith and resignation.
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Chakrabarti, SK, IS Jha, RN Yadav, and BP Singh. "Electrical conductivity and Knight shift of liquid alkali metals." BIBECHANA 9 (December 10, 2012): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v9i0.7181.
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In the present work we have considered two alkali metals - sodium and potassium - at their molten stage near the melting point. For the purpose of this theoretical investigation we have used Harrison’s first principle (HFP) pseudopotential technique which is basically an orthogonalised plane wave method. The electrical resistivity has been computed through Ziman’s formula. Then the electrical conductivity of the present metals is found out just by taking the reciprocal of the values so obtained. Our computed results have been compared with the experimental data and a good agreement is obtained. A study of the existing literature reveals that the work with the magnetic property like Knight shift of metals is scarce. This has encouraged us to apply the said HFP technique to study the Knight shift of the present alkali metals. For this purpose we have used Knight’s formula. Our computed values of Knight shift are in reasonable agreement for the metals under investigation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v9i0.7181BIBECHANA 9 (2013) 92-95
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Hoeckner, Berthold. "Elsa screams, or The birth of music drama." Cambridge Opera Journal 9, no. 2 (July 1997): 97–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095458670000522x.
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This essay examines the story of two stories, both by Richard Wagner: a story of Lohengrin, knight of the Holy Grail, and of Lohengrin, the opera. Lohengrin's story is well known: Elsa of Brabant, accused by her former suitor Friedrich of Telramund of having killed her brother and heir to the throne, prays for help from the unknown knight in her dreams, promising herself as wife in exchange for his assistance. Miraculously, the knight appears in a boat pulled by a swan and accepts her offer on condition that she never ask about his origin, name or nature. But political and personal intrigue spun by Friedrich and the gypsy woman Ortrud nourish doubts about the knight's magical existence, doubts that ultimately drive Elsa to ask the forbidden question during her wedding night. Lohengrin publicly discloses his identity and leaves Elsa, though not without returning her brother (whom Ortrud had transformed into the swan) to power.
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Parel, Vaibhav Iype. "The White Knight’s “Inventions”." Libri et liberi 9, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21066/carcl.libri.2020.1.2.
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The figure of the White Knight in Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass has often been read as part of a tradition of “nonsense literature”. While this is true, I wish to extend that argument and locate the figure of the White Knight in the context of the debates around the Patent Law of 1852. While defining and recognising the role of mechanical labour, the role and function of artistic labour also featured in these debates. The White Knight’s “inventions” are deeply resonant with these debates and prompt us to ask: what is the role of the artist in an industrial society? How can art retain its autonomy and justify itself when confronted with the pervasive discourse of utilitarianism? This paper argues that the anxiety around the role of the artist is palpable in the figure of the White Knight, and through him Carroll enunciates what may be read as his intervention in this debate.
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Mehta, Nimai. "Frank Knight and the Productivity of Capital: Another Piece of the Puzzle." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 25, no. 4 (December 2003): 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1042771032000147524.
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Through the 1930s, Frank H. Knight engaged the economic profession in a prodigious exchange over the nature and productivity of capital. Knight's efforts here were driven by three significant objectives: first, that capital theory had to be able to explain the broad fact of capital accumulation and growth as actually experienced by progressive societies; second, that existing doctrines had to be purged of the flawed vestiges of the classical-Ricardian theory of production if any progress was to be had in achieving the first objective; third, and last, that an alternative theory of capital needed to provide an explanation of the productivity of capital consistent with the fulfillment of the first two tasks. Knight failed in the third task or, at best, left the task incomplete.
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Brooke, Geoffrey T. F., and Lydia Cheung. "Uncertainty and general equilibrium: an evaluation of Professor Knight’s contributions to economics." Cambridge Journal of Economics 45, no. 5 (June 29, 2021): 901–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beab022.
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Abstract One hundred years ago Frank Hyneman Knight made a distinction between risk and uncertainty. The distinction, and the theories of profit and entrepreneurship that followed from it, are widely considered his most important contributions to economic theory. In this paper, we ask why they have not had more impact on economic theory and whether they are indeed his most important contributions. The distinction between risk and uncertainty has been of limited use; in making it, Knight overlooked all forms of partial information. The uncertainty theory of profit in turn has been superseded by theories of imperfect competition based on oligopoly and monopolistic competition. Rather than these innovations, Knight’s real contribution to economics was promoting the model of perfect competition.
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Floristán, José M. "Golpe de mano de los caballeros sanjuanistas contra los castillos de Patras y Lepanto (1603)." Fortunatae. Revista Canaria de Filología, Cultura y Humanidades Clásicas, no. 32 (2020): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.fortunat.2020.32.10.
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Edition, with a commentary, of the report of the raid that the knights of the Order of Saint John of Malta made on the castles of Patras and Lepanto (Rio, Antirrio) in April 20th, 1603. The report was sent by the grand master Alof de Wignacourt to Philipp III of Spain. Prosopographical news about one of the main heroes of the raid, the Greek knight Nicholas Marmaras(Νικόλαος Μαρμαρᾶς), is added
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Taylor, Matthew D. "Why I Am a Salafi." American Journal of Islam and Society 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v35i2.838.
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Anyone who was not familiar with Michael Muhammad Knight’s oeuvreand picked up his Why I Am a Salafi based upon the title, thinking it wouldbe a straightforward explanation and defense of Salafism, would be quicklydisabused of that impression. Knight begins this memoir/theological exploration/postmodern deconstruction with an extended anecdote abouthis experience of praying at a Los Angeles mosque while coming downfrom a drug-induced hallucination brought on by his intentional consumptionof Amazonian ayahuasca tea, and the book gets stranger from there.This transgressive episode of praying while high becomes a touchstone forKnight in his rethinking of his own Muslimness, the origins of the Islamictradition, and his life-journey through a variety of controversial and eccentriccommunities on the fringes of the American Muslim community.In Knight’s previous body of work—from his 2004 novel The Taqwacores(Soft Skull Press) about punk-rocking, countercultural American Muslimsto his insider-white-man narrative of an esoteric offshoot movement of theNation of Islam in Why I Am a Five Percenter (Penguin, 2011)—he has longcast himself as an experimental Muslim writer challenging established traditionsand organized religion of all kinds. Like some of his other books,Why I Am a Salafi is difficult to categorize. Framed around Knight’s odysseywithin American Islam and the diffuse trends that contributed to thedevelopment of his distinct perspective, it is part religious autobiography,part analysis of the nebulous concept of Salafism, and part therapy session.Indeed, drawing upon his well-established tendency toward bucking trendsand upsetting orthodoxies, Knight quips that in the progressive Muslimcircles he tends to run in, labeling himself a Salafi could itself be a form ofrebellion. “Depending on whom you want to irritate, Salafis could look likethe new punk rock” (29) ...
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Collins, Michael. "The Antipanopticon of Etheridge Knight." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 123, no. 3 (May 2008): 580–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2008.123.3.580.
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Panopticism seeks to make the pysche visible to a top-down system of examination and classification. In the process, it drives out privacy, the right to privacy, and, with them, the right to free self-making. Against this driving out, Etheridge Knight poses a remarkable body of poetry and prose that becomes a kind of antipanopticon in its cultivation of unconstrained communication and communion. During the years he spent as a “guest” of the Indiana State Prison, for instance, Knight wrote for prison and, later, other publications. He sought, even in the prison columns that were his main early outlet, to cultivate a communicative feedback loop capable of providing a channel through which hospitality could reach those who could not recognize themselves in mainstream American discourse. Knight's feedback loop confirms Jacques Derrida's view that “language is hospitality.”
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Cherewatuk, Karen. "Echoes of the knighting ceremony inSir Gawain and the Green Knight." Neophilologus 77, no. 1 (January 1993): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00999757.
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Raw, Laurence. "The Legacy of G. Wilson Knight." Linguaculture 2017, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lincu-2017-0010.
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AbstractG. Wilson Knight (1897-1985) was one of the most influential Shakespearean critics of the mid-twentieth century. This piece surveys his work from 1930 until the early 1980s. Much affected by the First World War, he developed a style of criticism based on Christian principles of respect for other people and belief in an all-powerful God. Many of his most famous pieces (in THE WHEEL OF FIRE, for instance) argue for human insignificance in an indifferent universe. It is up to all of us as individuals to develop methods of coping with this world. Wilson Knight’s ideas gained particular currency during the Second World War, when Britain’s very future seemed at risk due to the threat of Nazi invasion. Although much derided for his use of transcendent language—especially by his contemporary F. R. Leavis—Wilson Knight’s ideas seem to have acquired new significance in a globalized world, where individuals fight to main their identity in a technology-driven environment.
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Levchenko, I., and U. Kukharuk. "SYMBOLS OF THE ORDER OF THE GARTER AS A MEANS OF REPRESENTATION OF THE JAMES VI & I AUTHORITY (based on the illustrative sources of the National Portrait Gallery)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 140 (2019): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.140.8.
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The electronic resource of the National Portrait Gallery has 199 images of James VI & I. We turn to the king’s lifetime portraits. Numerous James’s I images that contain the attributes of the knight’s ethos (lattice, horse, sword, honors of the Order of the Garter) make it possible to form the idea of the knight’s ideal transformation, to trace the influence of ethos on the royal etiquette and the diplomatic ceremony during the reign of James VI (1566-1620) & I (1603-1625). In addition to the popularization and maintenance of knight ideals, the Order of the Garter played an important role in shaping the notions of the "English nation". Reconstruction of the image on the basis of imaginative sources makes it possible to find out how the contemporaries perceived to the king. The morality and behavior of the king as the "father" of all the British (paterfamilias) was an exemplum, authority and set the frame for the whole society, because the royal court and the family were perceived as a model. Also the gender was important in the representing of the knight’s image. A conclusion is made about the sacredness of the symbolism of the Order as a means of dialogue between a person of a monarch and his subjects (people).
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BURGIN, ANGUS. "THE RADICAL CONSERVATISM OF FRANK H. KNIGHT." Modern Intellectual History 6, no. 3 (November 2009): 513–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244309990163.
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This article examines the most prominent interwar economist at the University of Chicago, Frank Knight, through the lens of a controversial 1932 lecture in which he exhorted his audience to vote Communist. The fact that he did so poses a historical problem: why did the premier American exponent of conservative economic principles appear to advocate a vote for radical change? This article argues that the speech is representative of Knight's deliberately paradoxical approach, in which he refused to praise markets without adding caveats about their substantial limitations, and expressed support for freedom of discussion alongside his skepticism of the public's capacity to exercise the privilege. In parsing these tensions, the article revises the conventional interpretation of Knight, illuminates the contested environment within which postwar free-market economics emerged, and reexamines a restrained defense of capitalism that has been largely forgotten in the subsequent years.
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Weaver, Hannah. "A Pilgrimage to Purgatory." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 9–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10829636-8796222.
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Telling the story of the exceptional penance of an Irish knight, the twelfthcentury Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii contends that it was possible to go on a bodily pilgrimage to purgatory. The Cistercian monk H. of Saltrey wrote his Tractatus at a historical moment when the fate of souls after death felt particularly urgent and important evidence for the afterlife was provided by spirits traveling back and forth between this life and the next. Insisting on a bodily experience of a spiritual space, rather than a visionary one, the knight Owein provided powerful eyewitness testimony about posthumous penance. This article uncovers how the Latin Tractatus engages the worries of its audience about the feasibility of the knight’s embodied visit to the afterlife by marshaling familiar narrative patterns from vernacular genres, including chansons de geste and romance. It shows that the Tractatus is an intricately designed text that uses these generic features to dispel doubt, thereby positioning Owein’s pilgrimage as a licit and potentially replicable penitential activity.
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Rawski, Jakub. "Błędni rycerze Juliusza Słowackiego — Zawisza Czarny i Beniowski." Prace Literackie 56 (June 29, 2017): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0079-4767.56.3.
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Knights-errant by Juliusz Słowacki — Zawisza the Black and Beniowski„Zawisza the Black” and „Beniowski” drama there are one of poorly discussed works by Juliusz Słowacki. The unfinished dramas by the poet, dating from the late, mystical phase of his literature, opens awide field of research. It appears advisable to place the thesis of apossible inspiration Słowacki „Don Quixote” by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra when writing drama „Zawisza the Black” and „Beniowski” drama. Spanish novel, which is amockery of chivalric romances and epics, perhaps, has become for author of „Kordian” point of reference for the creation of the world presented these works. Exemplification of these claims is to analyse „Zawisza the Black”, whose title character is seen as knight-errant possessed by madness and unhappy love, like the character of „Don Quixote”. Reinterpretation of the conditions of polish culture made by Słowacki based on demythologization the most famous knight.
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Galbiati, Roberto. "«Por voloir castoier li coarz et li van»: lettura dell’Entrée d’Espagne." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 134, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 794–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2018-0053.
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Abstract The anonymous Padovano, author of the Entrée d’Espagne, writes to admonish and educate the knights and the rulers of his time: his explicit aim is to «castoier li coarz et li van». Therefore, it is not surprising that the story of the chanson is provided with a moral intent. The knights of the Entrée often disobey Charlemagne’s orders because of their pride and wrath. Also Roland, the best Christian knight, is affected by these vices, as the episode of the conquest of Nobles shows. His adventure in the Orient can be read as a penitential route, at the end of which he learns the high value of humility. Given the moral goal of the text, the author proposes to date the Entrée in the early decades of the fourteenth century (between 1312 and 1328), when the Paduan commune and the Trevisan March were upset by civil wars, determined by the violence and the vicious ambitions of the local nobility.