Academic literature on the topic 'Knot Floer'
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Journal articles on the topic "Knot Floer"
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Ni, Yi. "Knot Floer homology detects fibred knots." Inventiones mathematicae 170, no. 3 (2007): 577–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00222-007-0075-9.
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Ni, Yi. "Knot Floer homology detects fibred knots." Inventiones mathematicae 177, no. 1 (2009): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00222-009-0174-x.
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ROBERTS, LAWRENCE. "ON KNOT FLOER HOMOLOGY FOR SOME FIBERED KNOTS." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 15, no. 01 (2013): 1250053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199712500538.
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We use knot Floer surgery exact sequences and torsion invariants to compute the knot Floer homology of certain fibered knots in the double cover of S3 branched along the closure of an alternating braid.
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BALDWIN, JOHN A., and WILLIAM D. GILLAM. "COMPUTATIONS OF HEEGAARD-FLOER KNOT HOMOLOGY." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 21, no. 08 (2012): 1250075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216512500757.
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We compute the knot Floer homology of knots with at most 12 crossings, as well as the τ invariant for knots with at most 11 crossings, using the combinatorial approach described by Manolescu, Ozsváth and Sarkar. We review their construction, giving two examples that can be workout out by hand, and we explain some ideas we used to simplify the computation. We conclude with a discussion of knot Floer homology for small knots, and we formulate a conjecture about the behavior of knot Floer homology under mutation, paying especially close attention to the Kinoshita–Terasaka knot and its Conway mutant. Finally, we discuss a conjecture of Rasmussen on relationship between Khovanov homology and knot Floer homology, and observe that it is consistent with our calculations.
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SAHAMIE, BIJAN. "SYMMETRIES AND ADJUNCTION INEQUALITIES FOR KNOT FLOER HOMOLOGY." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 21, no. 10 (2012): 1250104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216512501040.
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We derive symmetries and adjunction inequalities of the knot Floer homology groups which appear to be especially interesting for homologically essential knots. Furthermore, we obtain an adjunction inequality for cobordism maps in knot Floer homologies. We demonstrate the adjunction inequalities and symmetries in explicit calculations which recover some of the main results from [E. Eftekhary, Longitude Floer homology and the Whitehead double, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 5 (2005) 1389–1418] on longitude Floer homology and also give rise to vanishing results on knot Floer homologies.
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Goda, Hiroshi, Hiroshi Matsuda, and Takayuki Morifuji. "Knot Floer Homology of (1, 1)-Knots." Geometriae Dedicata 112, no. 1 (2005): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10711-004-5403-2.
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Ng, Lenhard, Peter Ozsváth, and Dylan Thurston. "Transverse knots distinguished by knot Floer homology." Journal of Symplectic Geometry 6, no. 4 (2008): 461–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/jsg.2008.v6.n4.a4.
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Hom, Jennifer. "A survey on Heegaard Floer homology and concordance." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 26, no. 02 (2017): 1740015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216517400156.
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In this survey paper, we discuss several different knot concordance invariants coming from the Heegaard Floer homology package of Ozsváth and Szabó. Along the way, we prove that if two knots are concordant, then their knot Floer complexes satisfy a certain type of stable equivalence.
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Paolo Ghiggini. "Knot Floer homology detects genus-one fibred knots." American Journal of Mathematics 130, no. 5 (2008): 1151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajm.0.0016.
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Tobin, Joshua P. "Knot Floer filtration classes of topologically slice knots." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 23, no. 09 (2014): 1450047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216514500473.
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The knot Floer complex and the concordance invariant ε can be used to define a filtration on the smooth concordance group. We exhibit an ordered subset of this filtration that is isomorphic to ℕ × ℕ and consists of topologically slice knots.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Knot Floer"
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Tovstopyat-Nelip, Lev Igorevich. "Braids, transverse links and knot Floer homology:." Thesis, Boston College, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108376.
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Thesis advisor: John A. Baldwin<br>Contact geometry has played a central role in many recent advances in low-dimensional topology; e.g. in showing that knot Floer homology detects the genus of a knot and whether a knot is fibered. It has also been used to show that the unknot, trefoil, and figure eight knot are determined by their Dehn surgeries. An important problem in 3-dimensional contact geometry is the classification of Legendrian and transverse knots. Such knots come equipped with some classical invariants. New invariants from knot Floer homology have been effective in distinguishing Legendrian and transverse knots with identical classical invariants, a notoriously difficult task. The Giroux correspondence allows contact structures to be studied via purely topological constructs called open book decompositions. Transverse links are then braids about these open books, which in turn may be thought of as mapping tori of diffeomorphisms of compact surfaces with boundary having marked points, which we refer to as pointed monodromies. In the first part of this thesis, we investigate properties of the transverse invariant in knot Floer homology, in particular its behavior for transverse closures of pointed monodromies possessing certain dynamical properties. The binding of an open book sits naturally as a transverse link in the supported contact manifold. We prove that the transverse link invariant in knot Floer homology of the binding union any braid about the open book is non-zero. As an application, we show that any pointed monodromy with fractional Dehn twist coefficient greater than one has non-zero transverse invariant, generalizing a result of Plamenevskaya for braids about the unknot. In the second part of this thesis, we define invariants of Legendrian and transverse links in universally tight lens spaces using grid diagrams, generalizing those defined by Ozsvath, Szabo and Thurston. We show that our invariants are equivalent to those defined by Lisca, Ozsvath, Szabo and Stipsicz for Legendrian and transverse links in arbitrary contact 3-manifolds. Our argument involves considering braids about rational open book decompositions and filtrations on knot Floer complexes<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Mathematics
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Street, Ethan J. "Towards an Instanton Floer Homology for Tangles." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10193.
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In this thesis we investigate the problem of defining an extension of sutured instanton Floer homology to give an instanton invariant for a tangle. We do this in three separate steps. First, we investigate the representation variety of singular flat connections on a punctured Riemann surface \(\Sigma\). Suppose \(\Sigma\) has genus \(g\) and that there are \(n\) punctures. We give formulae for the Betti numbers of the space \(\mathcal{R}_{g,n}\) of flat \(SU(2)\)-connections on \(\Sigma\) with trace 0 holonomy around the punctures. By using a natural extension of the Atiyah-Bott generators for the cohomology ring \(H^*(\mathcal{R}_{g,n})\), we are able to write down a presentation for this ring in the case \(g=0\) of a punctured sphere. This is accomplished by studying the intersections of Poincaré dual submanifolds for the new generators and reducing the calculation to a linear algebra problem involving the symplectic volumes of the representation variety. We then study the related problem of computing the instanton Floer homology for a product link in a product 3-manifold <p>\((Y_g, K_n) := (S^1 \times \Sigma, S^1 \times \{n pts\})\).<\p> It is easy to see that the Floer homology of this pair, as a vector space, is essentially the same as the cohomology of \(\mathcal{R}_{g,n}\), and so we set ourselves to determining a presentation for the natural algebra structure on it in the case \(g = 0\). By leveraging a stable parabolic bundles calculation for \(n = 3\) and an easier version of this Floer homology, \(I _*(Y_0, K_n, u)\), we are able to write down a complete presentation for the Floer homology \(I _*(Y_0, K_n)\) as a ring. We recapitulate somewhat the techniques in \([\boldsymbol{27}]\) in order to do this. Crucially, we deduce that the eigenspace for the top eigenvalue for a natural operator \(\mu^{ orb} (\Sigma)\) on \(I_* (Y_0, K_n)\) is 1-dimensional.Finally, we leverage this 1-dimensional eigenspace to define an instanton tangle invariant THI and several variants by mimicking the de nition of sutured Floer homology SHI in \([\boldsymbol{22}]\). We then prove this invariant enjoys nice properties with respect to concatenation, and prove a nontriviality result which shows that it detects the product tangle in certain cases.<br>Mathematics
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Rigolli, Lorenzo. "Link Floer Homology in spazi lenticolari." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5747/.
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Spano, Gilberto. "Knot invariants in embedded contact homology." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=fd4e7f5d-6094-444e-b12a-043f6c632eb5.
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Soit (Y; α) une 3-variété de contact et HF(Y ), ECH(Y; α ) respectivement les homologies de Heegaard Floer et de contact plongée associées. Dans une serie d’articles, Colin, Ghiggini et Honda prouvent qu’il existe un morphisme de chaînes qui induit un isomorphisme Φ* : HF(Y ) → ECH(Y;α) en homologie. Étant donné un noeud K dans Y , une version chapeau ECK(K; Y; α) de l’homologie de contact plongée pour les noeuds est définie dans [13] et un isomorphisme avec l’homologie de Heegaard Floer HFK(K; Y ) est conjecturé. Ces deux homologies peuvent être définies comme la première page de suites spectrales déterminées par des filtrations induites par K sur des complexes de chaînes pour ECH (Y; α) et HF(Y ). Le but de cette thèse est de fournir des indices sur la véracité de cette conjecture. On définie une version complète ECK de l’homologie\ECK et on généralise les définitions de ECK et ECK aux entrelacs. On calcule ensuite les caractéristiques d’Euler de ces homologies pour les noeuds et entrelacs dans les trois-sphères d’homologie (munies d’une forme de contact convenable) et on prouve que, dans S3, l’homologie ECK est une catégorification du polynôme d’Alexander à multivariables. Ce fait, associé à un résultat bien connu analogue en HFK, implique que la conjecture est vraie au niveau de caractéristiques d’Euler en S3. Finalement, nous montrons que, à homotopies de chaînes près, le morphisme Φ préserve les filtrations du noeud. Ceci peut être considéré comme la première étape d’une preuve de la conjecture pour les noeuds fibrés<br>Given a contact 3-manifold (Y; α), let HF(Y ) and \ECH(Y; ) be the associated Heegaard Floer and, respectively, embedded contact homologies. In a series of papers Colin, Ghiggini and Honda proved that there exists a chain map that induces an isomorphism : HF(Y ) → ECH(Y; α) in homology. Given a knot K in Y , in [13] a hat embedded contact knot homology ECK(K; Y; α) is defined and an isomorphism with the hat Heegaard Floer knot homology HFK(K; Y ) is conjectured. These two homologies can be defined as first pages of spectral sequences arising from filtrations induced by K on chain complexes for ECH(Y; α) and HF(Y ). The aim of this thesis is to provide some evidences about the veracity of this conjecture. We define a full ECK homology and we generalize the definitions of ECK and ECK to any link. We compute then the Euler characteristics of these homologies for knots and links in homology three-spheres (endowed with a suitable contact form) and we prove that in S3 the ECK homology is a categorification of the multivariable Alexander polynomial. This fact, together with a well known analogous result in HFK, implies that the conjecture is true at the level of Euler characteristics in S3. Finally we show that, up to chain homotopies, the chain map Φ preserves the knot filtrations. This can be considered as a first step of a proof of the conjecture for fibered knots
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He, Dongtai. "Upsilon Invariant, Fibered Knots and Right-veering Open Books." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108214.
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Thesis advisor: Julia E. Grigsby<br>"Ozsváth, Stipsicz and Szabó define a one-parameter family {ϒᴋ(t)}t∈[₀,₂] of Heegaard Floer knot invariants for knots K ⊂ S³ . We generalize ϒᴋ (t) to knots in any" "rational homology sphere. We study the ϒ−invariant of a fibered knot. We prove that the ϒ−invariant can never reach its minimum slope if the monodromy of the fibration is not right-veering<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Mathematics
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Brown, Thomas Alexander Gordon. "Embedded contact knot homology and a surgery formula." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278521.
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Embedded contact homology is an invariant of closed oriented contact 3-manifolds first defined by Hutchings, and is isomorphic to both Heegard Floer homology (by the work of Colin, Ghiggini and Honda) and Seiberg-Witten Floer cohomology (by the work of Taubes). The embedded contact chain complex is defined by counting closed orbits of the Reeb vector field and certain pseudoholomorphic curves in the symplectization of the manifold. As part of their proof that ECH=HF, Colin, Ghiggini and Honda showed that if the contact form is suitably adapted to an open book decomposition of the manifold, then embedded contact homology can be computed by considering only orbits and differentials in the complement of the binding of the open book; this fact was then in turn used to define a knot version of embedded contact homology, denoted ECK, where the (null-homologous) knot in question is given by the binding. In this thesis we start by generalizing these results to the case of rational open book decompositions, allowing us to define ECK for rationally null-homologous knots. In its most general form this is a bi-filtered chain complex whose homology yields ECH of the closed manifold. There is also a hat version of ECK in this situation which is equipped with an Alexander grading equivalent to that in the Heegaard Floer setting, categorifies the Alexander polynomial, and is conjecturally isomorphic to the hat version of knot Floer homology. The main result of this thesis is a large negative $n$-surgery formula for ECK. Namely, we start with an (integral) open book decomposition of a manifold with binding $K$ and compute, for all $n$ greater than or equal to twice the genus of $K$, ECK of the knot $K(-n)$ obtained by performing ($-n$)-surgery on $K$. This formula agrees with Hedden's large $n$-surgery formula for HFK, providing supporting evidence towards the conjectured equivalence between the two theories. Along we the way, we also prove that ECK is, in many cases, independent of the choices made to define it, namely the almost complex structure on the symplectization and the homotopy type of the contact form. We also prove that, in the case of integral open book decompositions, the hat version of ECK is supported in Alexander gradings less than or equal to twice the genus of the knot.
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PONTES, LUANE CHRISTINE VIEIRA. "I DON’T WANT MY DAUGHTERS CLEANING THE FLOOR AND BEING HUMILIATED, YOU KNOW?: WORKING LADIES’ NARRATIVES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=23466@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>O presente estudo analisa como mulheres pobres - auxiliares de serviços gerais, em uma universidade privada no Rio de Janeiro – organizam suas experiências pessoais, familiares e de trabalho em narrativas de história de vida. Na contemporaneidade, é crescente, nas ciências humanas e sociais, o interesse pelo estudo da narrativa enquanto ação no mundo social, no processo de construção das identidades. Nesta dinâmica, os dados, gerados em situação de entrevista, à luz da metodologia qualitativa e interpretativista, foram analisados com base em uma perspectiva sociointeracional do discurso. A análise se dá a partir da utilização das categorias labovianas para identificação dos episódios narrativos, com foco nos recursos avaliativos. Observa-se também, a partir da performance narrativa/identitária, o sentido que é construído pelas entrevistadas ao (re)contar experiências passadas, situações correntes ou ainda projeções futuras e/ou hipotéticas. Assim, as narrativas estudadas permitiram observar algumas dimensões do mundo das entrevistadas em relação à família, ao estudo e ao trabalho. Nesse mundo, a experiência de vida é apresentada com pouco acesso à instrução escolar e ao apoio da estrutura familiar padrão, com consequentes reflexos nas construções identitárias. O papel da família é crucial no processo de organização de sentidos, no qual a figura dos filhos impulsiona essas mulheres a suportar a dureza e a humilhação no/do trabalho, sendo depositada na maternidade a base da construção de suas identidades e da esperança de melhores condições de vida.<br>This study analyses how poor women – working as cleaning ladies at a private university at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – organize their life, social and work experiences in life story narratives. In recent times, the Humanities and Social Science have become increasingly more interested in narrative studies as action in the social world, in processes of identity construction. In this sense, the data, produced in interview situation, were analyzed based on a qualitative and interpretative methodology, from a socio-interactional discourse perspective. The analysis uses labovian categories in order to identify narrative episodes, focusing on evaluative resources, and observes, from the narrative/identity performances of the women interviewed, the meanings constructed in (re)telling past experiences, current situations or future or hypothetical projections. Thus, the narratives studied have made it possible to observe some dimensions of the world of the women interviewed and how they construct meanings and connections with regards to their lives (family and education) and jobs. In this world, the life experiences are presented with very little access to education and to the family support, which is reflected in the women’s identity constructions. The family’s role is crucial in the process of organizing meanings. Children help these women to tolerate the hardness and the humiliation in/from their job. Their identity constructions are based on their experiences of motherhood and the hope of a better life.
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Ruediger-Flore, Patrick [Verfasser], and Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] Hagen. "Know What You See - Visual Analytics enabling Machine Learning Performance Evaluation / Patrick Ruediger-Flore ; Betreuer: Hans Hagen." Kaiserslautern : Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1240674589/34.
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Andersson, Linn. "Effektivt materialutnyttjande vid tillverkning av golvstommar." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96340.
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I ett samhälle med allt större fokus på miljön och användning av förnybara resurser så har efterfrågan på trä som material ökat. En ökad efterfrågan på material kan i sin tur leda till att det kan bli svårt att få tag i material och då gäller det att företagen kan utnyttja sina resurser på bästa sätt och på det viset även kunna minska sina kostnader. Trä är ett organiskt material och har därmed egenskaper som inte förekommer hos andra material. Egenskaperna varierar mellan olika trädslag, inom varje trädslag samt inom varje enskilt träd. Detta beror bland annat på cell och kviststrukturen samt hur träden har växt. Med materialutnyttjande i fokus växte detta examensarbete fram för att kartlägga en produktionslina för golvstommar. Syftet var även att studera möjligheterna att minska materialförlusterna genom att limma ihop materialet två och två innan de gick vidare i processen. För att studera detta genomfördes först en bakgrundsstudie kring trä som material samt limfogning av trä. Därefter genomfördes ett antal fallstudier för att kunna beräkna materialförlusterna i produktionen. Det följdes av en praktisk studie i en testmiljö där det studerades möjligheten att minska materialförlusterna genom att sammanfoga materialet med lim innan sönderdelning till lameller. Resultatet visade att det blev materialförluster både i form av sågspån, som är svårt att göra något åt, samt material som faller sönder till följd av främst kvistar. Materialförlusterna på grund av kvistar finns det möjlighet att minska på genom, vilket de partiska testerna av att sammanfoga materialet med lim innan sönderdelning visade. Att studera sina processer och dess materialutnyttjande är relevant för alla träförädlande företag så att råvaran utnyttjas på bästa möjliga sätt. Det går inte att eliminera alla materialförluster men en åtgärd för att minska materialförlusterna kan i detta fall vara att sammanfoga materialet innan sönderdelning.<br>In a society with an ever-growing focus on the environment and renewable recourses, the demand for wood as a material will increased. An increase in demand can, however, lead to a shortage in materials. This in turn puts pressure on companies to utilize their resources optimally to both conserve materials and to minimize the costs. Wood is an organic material which gives it unique properties compared to other materials. These properties are not however uniform and can change based on the type of wood. Differences in properties might occur between trees of the same wood species, and even in singular trees. This variety depends on the tree’s cellular and knots structure in addition to how it was grown. The focus of this bachelor thesis was the use of materials in a production line of flooring frames. The aim of this study was also to see if it was possible to minimize the loss of materials by gluing together two pieces of material before processing. The first step in completing this study was to perform a background study which focused on wood as a material and the usage of bonding agents for wood. The background study was then followed by a number of case studies where the loss of materials in the production line was calculated. The case studies were then in turn followed by a practical study performed in a test environment concerning the ability of minimizing material losses by adhering two pieces of material before processing them into lamina. The result showed a loss of materials in form of sawdust and materials breaking after processing, mainly due to knots. The sawdust is difficult to avoid but as the practical study showed, it was possible to reduce the loss of materials caused by knots, by adhering material together before processing it. To study the production and its use of materials is relevant for all wood manufacturing industries to ensure the optimal usage of the material. It is not possible to eliminate all material losses but one possible way to minimize it could be, in this case, to adhere material before it is processes.
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Léal, Françoise. "Etude de la production et de l'émanation de composés volatils malodorants sur textile à usage sportif." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL070N/document.
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Si la sueur fraîchement émise par le corps humain est inodore, la dégradation de celle-ci par la flore bactérienne cutanée produit des composés volatils malodorants, responsables des odeurs de transpiration. Les odeurs de transpiration apparaissent également sur les vêtements au cours de leur utilisation, particulièrement sur les textiles réalisés en fibres synthétiques. Ce travail a pour but d’améliorer la compréhension du phénomène d’émanation d’odeurs en étudiant l’effet du sujet testé, l’effet de la flore bactérienne et l’effet du textile sur les émissions de composés volatils malodorants.L’intérêt de ce travail réside dans l’approche globale de la problématique des odeurs de transpiration et dans la diversité des méthodes de mesure mises en place, tant dans l’étude de la flore microbiologique que dans les méthodes de mesures des composés odorants émis.Dans un premier temps, le dénombrement simultané de la flore bactérienne sur la peau et sur le vêtement a été réalisé sur un échantillon de 15 sujets à l’issue d’un exercice physique. Cette expérimentation a permis d’évaluer le taux de transfert bactérien moyen lors d’une activité sportive et d’étudier son rôle dans l’émission d’odeurs. Ensuite, afin d’affiner ces résultats, une méthode basée sur la biologie moléculaire a été mise en place pour réaliser le suivi qualitatif de la stabilité de la flore commensale axillaire d’un sujet pendant 3 mois. Le transfert bactérien spécifique entre la peau du testeur et le vêtement a été étudié pour 4 matières textiles sélectionnées (dont le coton et le PET). Ceci a permis de déterminer le rôle du transfert bactérien spécifique dans l’émission des odeurs à partir de textile.Enfin, le dernier chapitre est consacré à l’étude de l’émission de composés volatils et odorants à l’aide de mesures olfactives et d’un nez électronique au cours du temps par 8 composants textiles sélectionnés. Après traitement statistique par analyse en composante principale et étude détaillée des mesures, 9 composés chimiques ont été identifiés comme indicateurs d’un comportement textile malodorant. Ces derniers pourraient être utilisés dans la mise en place d’une méthode ciblée de mesure physico-chimique des mauvaises odeurs.Ce travail a permis de déterminer l’impact de chacun des facteurs sujet, flore bactérienne et textile dans l’émission d’odeurs. En outre, ce travail ouvre des perspectives sur l’étude des contaminations bactériennes par contact, mais également dans l’étude des odeurs, sur les phénomènes de désorption de molécules volatiles à partir de différentes matrices textiles et sur les solutions pouvant être envisagées pour limiter les émissions odorantes à partir de textiles<br>Fresh human sweat is odorless. Odoriferous volatile compounds are produced by the metabolism of bacteria living on the skin, generating strong malodor. Sweaty body odors do also appear on clothes during use, and especially on synthetic fabrics. The aim of this document is to improve understanding of odor emission by investigating subject effect, microbiota effect and fabric effect on the emission of odoriferous volatile compounds.Odors of perspiration are hereby globally approached with a wide use of methods and experimental devices, for microbial flora study as well as for odoriferous volatile compounds emission study.First, microflora enumeration has been simultaneously processed on the skin and on the fabric after exercise for 15 subjects. This experiment allowed an evaluation of the average bacterial transfer yield during physical activity and the beginning of the investigation of its effect on odor emission.A molecular biology methodology has then been developed in order to refine these results. Monitoring of qualitative composition of the microbiota has been performed to study the stability of the armpit’s ecosystem on a subject during 3 months. Specific microbial transfer from subject’s skin to clothe has been performed for 4 textile fabrics (including cotton and PET). This leaded to characterize the effect of specific bacterial transfer on odor emission from fabric.The last chapter is dedicated to the study of the emission of odoriferous volatile compounds over time using olfactory measurements and electronic nose for 8 selected fabrics. Principal component analysis targeted 9 chemical compounds that have been selected as malodorous behavior indicators for a given fabric. Those 9 compounds could be used for setting up a fitted physicochemical method of malodor.To conclude, this study helped to understand the effect of 3 factors in odor perception from a fabric after sport : subject, microbial flora and fabric. Perspectives have been charted on contact microbial contamination, but also on odor, and especially on desorption of odoriferous volatile molecules from a textile or knitted matrix. The solutions that could be used to limit malodorous emission from fabrics have also been discussed
Books on the topic "Knot Floer"
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Gilmore, Allison Leigh. Knot Floer Homology and Categorification. [publisher not identified], 2011.
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András, Stipsicz, and Szabó Zoltán 1965-, eds. Grid homology for knots and links. American Mathematical Society, 2015.
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Zhongguo jie hua yi zhi mei: China's knot & flowers. Min sheng wen hua shi ye gu fen you xian gong si, 1999.
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Diblik, Roy. Roy Diblik's small perennial gardens: The know maintenance approach. American Nurseryman Pub. Co., 2008.
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Xiaohua, Liu, ed. Shou gong bian zhi hua jie, Zhongguo jie zhuang shi pin: The ornaments of flower-knots. Top nü xing sheng huo she, 2003.
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Ohio EPA. Small Business Assistance Office, ed. Do you know where your floor drains go? Ohio EPA, Small Business Assistance Office, 2001.
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Romtvedt, David. A flower whose name I do not know: Poems. Copper Canyon Press, 1992.
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Running of the bride: My frenzied quest to tie the knot, tear up the dance floor, and figure out why my 15 minutes of fame included commercial breaks. Skirt, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Knot Floer"
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Braam, P. J., and S. K. Donaldson. "Floer’s work on instanton homology, knots and surgery." In The Floer Memorial Volume. Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9217-9_10.
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Eliashberg, Y. "Topology of 2-knots in ℝ4 and symplectic geometry." In The Floer Memorial Volume. Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9217-9_15.
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Audin, Michèle, and Mihai Damian. "What You Need to Know About Symplectic Geometry." In Morse Theory and Floer Homology. Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5496-9_5.
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Siegel, Marc H. "Active Shooter—Things You Need to Know (Example of Active Shooter Flyer)." In Preventing and Managing Violence in Organizations. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351020503-17.
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Manturov, Vassily. "Heegaard–Floer homology." In Knot Theory. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203710920-24.
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"I know a flower so sweet and fine." In Living Wellsprings. Aarhus University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv36k5b36.77.
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Tsai, Susan, Jessica Traylor, and Magdy Milad. "Pelvic Organ Function After Total Versus Subtotal Abdominal Hysterectomy." In 50 Studies Every Obstetrician-Gynecologist Should Know. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190947088.003.0041.
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This study is a randomized, double-blind trial comparing total and subtotal abdominal hysterectomy in 279 women who underwent hysterectomy for benign disease. The authors aimed to evaluate measures of bladder, bowel, and sexual function at 12 months as well as postoperative complications. This study demonstrated no difference in pelvic floor function at 12 months. Subtotal hysterectomy did have fewer complications and more rapid recovery but did have a higher incidence of subsequent prolapse or cyclical bleeding.
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"Urogynaecology and pelvic floor." In Tasks for Part 3 MRCOG Clinical Assessment, edited by Sambit Mukhopadhyay and Medha Sule. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198757122.003.0024.
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This task assesses the following clinical skills: … ● Patient safety ● Communication with patients and their relatives ● Information gathering ● Applied clinical knowledge … You are a ST5 doctor in the urogynaecology clinic. You are asked to see Amanda Scott, who is a 64- year- old woman. She has been referred by her GP with mixed urinary incontinence which has not responded to supervized pelvic floor muscle training, bladder retraining and Tolterodine. She is para 2 with two spontaneous vaginal deliveries. She has no significant medical or surgical history. Previous examination did not reveal any pelvic organ prolapse. A urodynamic study was performed before her clinic appointment (see Fig 19.1). Amanda wishes to know more about the urodynamic findings and management options available to her. You will have ten minutes for the initial discussion. Once you have finished discussion with Amanda the assessor will ask you some questions. You have 10 minutes for this task (+ 2mins initial reading time). Please read instruction to candidate and actor. There are some marks on the process mark sheet for the actor to assign at the end of the station. Record your overall clinical impression of the candidate for each domain (i.e. should this performance be pass, borderline, or a fail). You are Amanda Scott, a 64- year- old mother of two. You have been experiencing a sudden, desperate need to pass urine and urine leakage if you don’t get to the toilet on time for the last three years. You also have episodes of unwanted loss of urine on coughing, laughing, physical exercise, and sexual intercourse. Your bowel function is normal and you are not aware of any vaginal ‘bulge’. You went through the ‘change’ (menopause) at the age of 52. You had two uneventful normal (vaginal) births. You are healthy without any previous operations. You have seen a physiotherapist for pelvic floor exercises and you have tried a drug for your bladder called Tolterodine (one 2mg tablet twice a day). Unfortunately, you haven’t seen any improvement of your symptoms.
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"FINLAY, William George Knox (c. 1895–1970)." In Dictionary Of British And Irish Botantists And Horticulturalists Including plant collectors, flower painters and garden designers. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12560-580.
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Azzouni, Jody. "Iterated and Ground-Floor Cognition, KK and K¬K Arguments and Empirical Studies." In Attributing Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197508817.003.0007.
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A distinction between Cartesian knowers (who are capable of all forms of metacognition) and ground-floor cognizers are drawn. B.B., a virtual ground-floor cognizer, is extensively described: what it knows, what it doesn’t know, and what concepts can be attributed to it. The fragmented nature of iterated cognitions is described. That deduction need not require metacognitions of any sort is described: in successfully deducing q from p, an agent need not recognize or appreciate that she is using propositions, that she is using a rule (modus ponens), or that she is justified. A psychological study of deduction is described, and how it fails to illustrate metacognition is illustrated. The apparent ineffability of metacognition in nonhuman animals is discussed. A single anecdotal case of metacognition in chimpanzees is given, and an implicit knowledge generalization is attributed to the animals on the basis of this case. The use of Morgan’s canon is rejected.
Conference papers on the topic "Knot Floer"
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Kim, Hyun Soo, Chun-Ju Lee, and Kyungsik Choi. "The Study on the Ice Sea Trial in Chukchi Sea Using Korean Icebreaker “Araon”." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49482.
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The ice sea trial measurement in Chukchi Sea using research vessel Araon was performed on July 2010. It was the first voyage to the Arctic Sea. The latitude of the route was between 73 degree north to 80 degree north. Araon is the first Korean Ice breaking research vessel. The principle dimension is 110m length, 19m beam and 7.3m draft. Araon was designed to break 1.0m level ice of 630 kPa flexible ice strength. Four attempts to know the performance of the ship in Arctic region were carried out and the results were summarized in this paper. The basic datum for the sea trial such as ship speed, power of engine, wind speed, location of the ship, air temperature, drafts, heading of the ship etc., were measured during the trail in every second by the video recording. Simultaneously the ice information such as ice thickness, compressive strength, temperature of ice, snow depth, free board of ice floe were measured in each field by the coring tool, auger and compression test equipment. The ice sea trial was performed in large ice floes rather than level ice because the sea ice condition on July and August in Chukchi Sea has no uniform level ice and starts to melt. The size of four ice floes is about 100m to 300m length and 100m to 200m wide beam. It was some second year ice and most of first year ice floes. The mean flexible strength of ice was less than 250 kPa. The analysis result of the ice sea trial shows the relation between the ice thickness, ice strength, ship speed and power of engine. Araon is possible to operate at 1.5 knots in 2.5m ice thickness with 5 MW engine power when the strength of ice floe is 250 kPa. The speed reaches 3.1 knots at same ice condition if the power is increasing up to 6.6 MW. She has good performance compare to the design target (3 knots in 1.0m level ice and 630 kPa of flexible strength) but it’s come from the different ice types and low flexible ice strength. The more detail analysis result was discussed in this paper.
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Kim, Hyun Soo, Kyungsik Choi, and Chun-Ju Lee. "Performance of the Korean Research Icebreaker Araon Based on Full-Scale Ice Trials in the Amundsen Sea." In SNAME 10th International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice. SNAME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2012-105.
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A speed sea trial was performed in the Amundsen Sea in February and March of 2012. The Korean ice breaking research vessel “Araon” was used to check speed performance on the big floes. Two ice trials were carried out. The time history of location, engine power & RPM(Revolution per minute) etc. during the ice trial and the trajectory of the ship are described in this paper. The measured ice properties are also discussed. The ice trial results were analyzed at different ice thicknesses, ice strengths, and power and speed levels of the ship. The analysis results are compared with model test results and ice trial results. A correction to the target ice thickness was used to compare the power and speed relation in the same ice thickness because it is very easy to know the relative speed performance of ship. The Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchs Anstalt (HSVA) method was applied for the correction. The speed of the Araon in big floes is higher than the speed in level ice. The speed after the correction at 10 MW of power and 103 cm of ice thickness was 5.4 knots based on analysis results.
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Tonelli, Roberto, and Frans Quadvlieg. "New Benchmark Data for Manoeuvring in Shallow Water Based on Free Running Manoeuvring Tests Including Uncertainty of the Results." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42254.
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This paper gives the results of free running model tests for the KVLCC2 in shallow water. The paper describes how free running model tests in shallow water are carried out, and gives the results of free running model tests at two shallow water depths, corresponding to a water depth to draught ratio h/T of 1.2 and 1.5. Free running (partly) turning circle tests and zigzag tests are carried out in shallow water in a dedicated shallow water basin where the water depth is lowered to sail above a concrete floor, while measuring the level of flatness of the concrete floor. The ITTC issued a brand new approach to perform uncertainty analysis for free running manoeuvring tests. For a proper comparison of simulations to model tests, it is of prime importance to not just know the results of a free running manoeuvre, but also to know the uncertainty of the results. This paper addresses also the uncertainty of the results. The combination of the results of the model tests and the uncertainty analysis allows the use of this data as benchmark data.
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Kansou, Kamal, Guy Della Valle, and Amadou Ndiaye. "Integrating Expert Knowledge in Cereal Food Manufacturing Processes." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82954.
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We present a procedure of knowledge representation based on a qualitative algebra, to predict the wheat flour dough behaviour from mixing settings. The procedure guarantees the consistency of the knowledge base and provides a concise and explicit representation of the knowledge. The qualitative model is implemented as a knowledge-based system (KBS) accessible and understandable by scientists and technologists in breadmaking. The KBS is a record of the domain knowledge, mainly know-how, and a tool to confront predictions of the dough condition with real observations. An example of such a confrontation about the wheat flour dough mixing process is shown; the results gives insight into ill-known relations between the process settings and the dough condition.
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Winter, Karl-Michael. "What You Need to Know About Industry 4.0 in Heat Treating—The Benefits and Challenges." In HT2019. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2019p0077.
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Abstract The concept and political initiatives in support of Industry 4.0 have been a hot topic on the agenda of major industry events for several years. And as a result, today we are seeing a range of products and services to meet these needs. But what is the hype about Industry 4.0? Do current available approaches deliver what they promise? What has lived on from the original hype of Industry 4.0 from its starting point in 2011?. As Industry 4.0 has evolved, so too has our understanding of it over time. In politics, digitization has become the measure of all things. However, in its application to the theory, some promises regarding the potential of the digital revolution have disappeared. In the manufacturing sector specifically, there is more uncertainty as to how Industry 4.0 can be truly implemented on the factory floor.
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Sanders, Richard, and Emile Baddour. "Tidal Power and Ocean Ice in the Bay of Fundy, Canada: 1968-2007." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29565.
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Ocean ice capable of impacting marine operations occurs periodically in the most favorable sites for energy harvest from the tidal currents of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In-stream tidal current harvesting devices deployed at these sites should to be engineered to tolerate at least 30% ice cover with 15 cm (6 inch) thick floes at least 100 metres in length. Propelled by tidal currents and prevailing winds, ice floes may achieve velocities in excess of 8 knots in some locations. In very severe winters, in-stream tidal current harvesting devices may be subjected to periods of 90% cover of rapidly moving or packed ice thicker than 30 cm (12 inches). Markets for ice-tolerant tidal current harvesting devices developed under the moderate ice conditions in the headwaters of the Bay of Fundy may exist in other jurisdictions with energetic tidal flows which experience more severe conditions of ocean ice.
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Goyder, Hugh. "An Experimental Investigation of Added Mass and Damping in Submerged Pipework." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45379.
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Oil and gas pipework located on the sea floor may sometimes suffer from vibration and possible failure due to fatigue. The vulnerable pipework is usually the small diameter (typically 2 in) pipes in manifold systems. In order to assess this pipework for vibration it is necessary to know the natural frequencies and damping which are significantly influenced by the surrounding fluid. Measurements have been made on an L-shaped pipe to determine how it is affected by the fluid. Interestingly the effect on damping is small. Consequently experiments have also been performed to see the effect of adding vanes to the pipe. This provides a non-linear form of damping. Special signal processing methods have been developed to investigate this damping effect. The paper presents values for damping for pipes with and without vanes. The effect of the vanes is to significantly increase the damping.
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Corso Sarmiento, Juan Manuel, and Josep Roca Cladera. "Classification and information structure of the Terrestrial Laser Scanner: methodology for analyzing the registered data of Vila Vella, historic center of Tossa de Mar." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7835.
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This paper presents a methodology for an architectural survey, based on the Terrestrial Laser Scanning technology TLS, not as a simple measurement and representation work, but with the purpose understanding the projects being studied, starting from the analysis, as a
 process of distinction and separation of the parts of a whole, in order to know their principles or elements. As a case study we start from the Vila Vella recording, conducted by the City’s
 Virtual Modeling Laboratory in 2008, being taken up from the start, in relation to the registration, georeferencing, filtering and handling. Aimed at a later stage of decomposition and composition of data, in terms of floor plan and facades, using semiautomatic classification techniques, for the detection of vegetation as well as the relationship of the planes of the surfaces, leading to reorganize the information from 3D data to 2D and 2.5D, considering information management, as well as the characteristics of the case study presented, in the development of methods for the construction and exploitation of new
 databases, to be exploited by the Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing.
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Yoshida, Hiroshi, Tadahiro Hyakudome, Shojiro Ishibashi, Sawa Takao, and Masahiko Nakamura. "New Attempts in the MR-X1 Sea-Trials: The Working AUV Tries to Survey of the Sea Floor and to Take Mud Samples." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20347.
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Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) allow us to survey and explore globally and freely in vast deep sea. We aim to develop long cruising range AUVs (LCAUVs) for researches of the global change, ocean-trench earthquake, and biodiversity and for exploring ocean resources. We have developed the first prototype of LCAUV, Urashima since 1998. The vehicle powered by a PEFC system marked the world record of cruising distance of 317 kilometers in 2005. The vehicle, 10 m long and 10 tons in weight, has the specifications: maximum depth ratings; 3500 m, maximum cruising speed; 3.2 knots, and endurance; 60 hours. This large vehicle has large user payload of a few hundreds kilograms. In 2007, research and development of the elemental technologies which will be utilizes for development of the second generation LCAUV started to expand cruising range to 3000 kilometers. For long range cruising, technology improvement of power sources, navigations, communications, and vehicle controlling are mainly important. Since endurance of the LCAUV becomes over 600 hours, during this cruising period the vehicle controller must autonomously deal with problems which may occur in any devices. If the vehicle controller does not recover a fatal problem, the controller appropriately leads status of the vehicle to quit an executing mission and ascend itself. We have improved the vehicle controller and plan sea-trials using the controller in January 2009. On the other hand, The AUV, MR-X1, 2.4 m long and 800 kg in weight, has been developed for scientific research and the test bed of the LCAUVs since 2000. This working AUV is also needed for installing or recovering observation equipment, tracking and sampling benthos or planktons, and doing simple repetitive works. The first sea-trial of MR-X1 was carried out in 2003. After that, the MR-X1 system is only used as a test bed of the developed devices in the LCAUV project. In this year, we have developed new items, a device installer on the sea-floor and mud core sampler for the MR-X1. In the technical report, a redundant controlling system for the LCAUV installed on the MR-X1 is described. And new items and their test results will be reported.
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Katsui, Tokihiro, Tomoya Inoue, and Masanari Akashi. "Evaluation of Moving Capability of Crawler Driven ROV Considering Cable Tension." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10320.
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A ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) which has a crawler based driving system is considered to be one of the appropriate underwater vehicles for seafloor exploration or seabed resources development [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The crawler driven ROV is able to move on sea floor, stay on a fixed sea bottom location and is capable to do heavy works such as digging the seafloor. In order to utilize those capabilities, it is important to know the fundamental moving capability of crawler driven ROV. According to the previous investigations [8][9], the crawler driven ROVs are easy to run in bow-up attitude in some running conditions due to the buoyancy and the hydrodynamic forces acting on the ROV. This irregular running sometimes causes a turning over. Therefore, we have to know the restrictions on the design parameters of the ROV not to run in bow-up attitude to design the ROV. The authors have been investigating the moving capability of crawler driven ROV and showed a method to estimate the restrictions of design parameters to avoid the bow-up running, which is called normal running condition [10][11][12][13]. This method is based on a simple dynamic model which considers the forces acting on ROV as concentrated loads; those are gravity, buoyancy, reaction from the ground, thrust and hydrodynamic drag. The loading position of ground reaction in steady running is obtained from the balance condition of forces. We consider that the loading point of ground reaction should be inside between the fore and rear wheels for the normal running. This constrained condition indicates the relation between gravity and buoyancy center locations for the normal run of ROV under the given body geometry, weight, displacement and running speed. This method estimates the ROV’s running capability in acceptable accuracy compared with the model experiments. However, this method does not consider the tension of the cable which is connected to the ROV. As you can easily imagine, the cable tension has a big influence on the movable area of the ROV. If the ROV keeps going forward, it will turn over due to the tension of the cable at a certain point. We must know the movable area of the crawler driven ROV for the operation planning. The present study shows a method to estimate the movable area of the crawler driven ROV under the restriction of the cable by extending the previous method to estimate the normal running condition.
Reports on the topic "Knot Floer"
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Meir, Shimon, Michael S. Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592657.bard.
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Original objectives: To understand the regulation of abscission by exploring the nature of changes of auxin-related gene expression in tomato (Lycopersicon esculatumMill) abscission zones (AZs) following organ removal, and by analyzing the function of these genes. Our specific goals were: 1) To complete the microarray analyses in tomato flower and leaf AZs, for identifying genes whose expression changes early in response to auxin depletion; 2) To examine, using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the effect of silencing target genes on ethylene sensitivity and abscission competence of the leaf and flower AZs; 3) To isolate and characterize promoters from AZ-specific genes to be used in functional analysis; 4) To generate stable transgenic tomato plants with selected genes silenced with RNAi, under the control of an AZ-specific promoter, for further characterization of their abscission phenotypes. Background: Abscission, the separation of organs from the parent plant, results in postharvest quality loss in many ornamentals and other fresh produce. The process is initiated by changes in the auxin gradient across the AZ, and is triggered by ethylene. Although changes in gene expression have been correlated with the ethylene-mediated execution of abscission, there is almost no information on the initiation of the abscission process, as the AZ becomes sensitized to ethylene. The present project was focused on elucidating these early molecular regulatory events, in order to gain a better control of the abscission process for agricultural manipulations. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Microarray analyses, using the Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip®, revealed changes in expression, occurring early in abscission, of many genes with possible regulatory functions. These included a range of auxin- and ethylene-related transcription factors (TFs), other TFs that are transiently induced just after flower removal, and a set of novel AZ-specific genes. We also identified four different defense-related genes, including: Cysteine-type endopeptidase, α- DOX1, WIN2, and SDF2, that are newly-associated with the late stage of the abscission process. This supports the activation of different defense responses and strategies at the late abscission stages, which may enable efficient protection of the exposed tissue toward different environmental stresses. To facilitate functional studies we implemented an efficient VIGS system in tomato, and isolated two abscission-specific promoters (pTAPG1 and pTAPG4) for gene silencing in stable transformation. Using the VIGS system we could demonstrate the importance of TAPGs in abscission of tomato leaf petioles, and evaluated the importance of more than 45 genes in abscission. Among them we identified few critical genes involved in leaf and flower abscission. These included: PTRP-F1, PRP, TKN4, KNOTTED-like homeobox TF, KD1, and KNOX-like homeodomain protein genes, the silencing of which caused a striking retardation of pedicel abscission, and ERF1, ERF4, Clavata-like3 protein, Sucrose transporter protein, and IAA10 genes, the silencing of which delayed petiole abscission. The importance of PRPand KD1 genes in abscission was confirmed also by antisense–silencing using pTAPG4. Experiments testing the effects of RNAi silencing of few other genes are still in progress, The analysis of the microarray results of flower and leaf AZs allowed us to establish a clear sequence of events occurring during acquisition of tissue sensitivity to ethylene, and to confirm our hypothesis that acquisition of ethylene sensitivity in the AZ is associated with altered expression of auxin-regulated genes in both AZs. Implication, both scientific and agricultural: Our studies had provided new insights into the regulation of the abscission process, and shaded light on the molecular mechanisms that drive the acquisition of abscission competence in the AZ. We pointed out some critical genes involved in regulation of abscission, and further expanded our knowledge of auxin-ethylene cross talk during the abscission process. This permits the development of novel techniques for manipulating abscission, and thereby improving the postharvest performance of ornamentals and other crops.
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Hefetz, Abraham, and Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.
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The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.