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1
Lepin, G. F. The bitter truth about atomic energy: (whether you want to know the truth?). Minsk: The Institute of radiation safety "Belrad", 2006.
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2
Thinking on your feet: Answering questions well, whether you know the answer--or not. Lake Oswego, Or: Professional Business Communications, 1987.
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3
Philip, Bither, and Walker Art Center, eds. Trisha Brown: So that the audience does not know whether I have stopped dancing. Minneapolis: Walker Art Center, 2008.
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4
Eleey, Peter. Trisha Brown: So that the audience does not know whether I have stopped dancing. Minneapolis: Walker Art Center, 2008.
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5
Eleey, Peter. Trisha Brown: So that the audience does not know whether I have stopped dancing. Minneapolis: Walker Art Center, 2008.
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6
Woodall, Marian K. Thinking on your feet: Answering questions well,whether you know the answer - or not. London: PrimeSource, 1987.
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7
MacDougall, Debra Angel. The 6 reasons you'll get the job: What employers look for-whether they know it or not. New York, NY: Prentice Hall Press, 2010.
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8
Sheldon, George. The everything guide to buying foreclosures: Whether you're buying a home or looking for an investment, all you need to know to complete the deal. Avon, Mass: Adams Media, 2007.
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9
Communications, Griffin. How Do You Know Whether He Absolutely and Positively Loves You?: How Do You Know Whether She Absolutely and Positively Loves You? Griffin Communication, 1999.
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10
Can Your Relationship Be Saved? How to Know Whether to Stay or Go (Rebuilding Books). Impact Publishers, 2002.
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11
Peddie, Robert. Prayer and Its Answer: Or, How a Believer May Know Whether His Prayer Will Be Answered. HardPress, 2020.
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12
The Red Flag Rulebook 50 Dating Rules To Know Whether To Keep Him Or Kiss Him Goodbye. Burman Books, Inc., 2010.
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13
Farkas, Katalin. Know-How and Non-Propositional Intentionality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0004.
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This chapter addresses the question of whether know-how is non-propositional. The question is usually approached through asking whether “know-how” is distinct from “know-that”. The chapter proposes that we should narrow our question. It briefly recalls a certain tradition of talking about knowledge that sees it as a uniquely human cognitive achievement with a normative aspect. The central and paradigmatic case has been a certain kind of possession of truth. But is there another, similarly valuable and uniquely human cognitive achievement? The outlines of such a concept are presented: it’s an ability to reliably succeed in performing some action, which was developed and refined through reflection. Practical knowledge is evaluated for reliable success in action, rather than for truth, so it’s not propositional; but it has a reflective element which makes it similar to propositional knowledge. This conception combines elements of intellectualism and anti-intellectualism about knowledge-how.
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Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. On Not Wanting to Know. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802433.003.0005.
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A common assumption of practical reasoning is that, in order to act rationally, agents are to act on the basis of the totality of evidence available to them. Common practice and introspection, however, suggest that people often do not want to know. The chapter explores various aspects of the phenomenon of not wanting to know in an attempt to find out whether it is inherently unreasonable. The exploration leads, first, to weakening the principle of total evidence through replacing it with a rebuttable presumption in favor of additional knowledge. The sustainability of this presumption is then examined in light of the large variety of circumstances in which it seems to be reasonably rebutted. The alternative which in the end is recommended is to give up both the general principle and the presumption, and adopt instead something like a case by case cost-benefit approach, where the value of additional knowledge is matched up against its cost.
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Arakawa, Kiyohide, and Masaharu Mizumoto. Multiple Chinese Verbs Equivalent to the English Verb “Know”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the basic grammatical and semantic features of knowledge verbs in Chinese—renshi, zhidao, and liaojie—and compares them with their counterparts in English and Japanese. The comparison is mainly based on lexical aspects like being stative or nonstative, whether they express in their basic forms a state, or an event, and so on. The authors then examine whether these verbs allow uses in orders, combine with some auxiliary verbs like the counterparts of “decide to,” “want to,” and the like (which suggest the possibility or the degree of voluntary control). Finally, they propose a possible “order of activity implication” among zhidao, “know,” and two Japanese knowledge verbs.
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Carriere Jr., Marius M. The Know Nothings in Louisiana. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496816849.001.0001.
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This book examines the Know Nothing party in Louisiana. In the early 1850s, the Whig party disintegrated. Several third party movements appeared in the country. Know Nothings seemed to have a strong chance of replacing the Whig party and by 1854 the Know Nothings appeared throughout the United States. This book examines Louisiana because one feature of the Know Nothings, or American party as it was sometimes called, was its anti-foreign and anti-Catholic prejudice. Louisiana, particularly, South Louisiana had a large Roman Catholic population. The book seeks to address whether this feature hurt the party. The book also examines how northern Know Nothings, many of whom were anti-slavery, affected the party’s success in the South. Additionally, early studies of the Know Nothing party in Louisiana argue the party was made up of old Whigs and that traditionally, the party was seen as consisting of older, large slaveholding planters or town businessmen and lawyers connected to the slave-holding interests. This book concludes that Know Nothingism was unique in Louisiana; who actually were Know Nothings does not meet the traditional historical view for the state and the book concludes that the anti-Roman Catholic feature did not preclude South Louisiana slave-holding Catholics from belonging to the party. Louisiana Know Nothings did have difficulty because of the anti-Catholic feature, but it did not prevent Catholics from belonging. Northern Know Nothings’ abolitionism did cause problems for Louisiana Know Nothings, but the election outcomes in the 1850s demonstrated that Union and conservatism was strong in the state.
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Hochman, Michael E. 50 Imaging Studies Every Doctor Should Know. Edited by Christoph I. Lee. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.001.0001.
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This book, 50 Imaging Studies Every Doctor Should Know, provides succinct synopses of the 50 most important medical imaging studies that every doctor should know. For almost every physician specialty, imaging examinations play a central role in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment management of diseases. The appropriate use of medical imaging requires a baseline understanding of the literature we use to decide whether or not a specific imaging study would be helpful in a specific clinical scenario. These summaries therefore cover the evidence-based practice of radiology by outlining the vital clinical questions, study designs and methods, results, and clinical implications that every physician ordering and interpreting imaging examinations should be able to reference. Each chapter summarizes the most salient features of key studies, provides a clinical scenario to provide relevant context, and a relevant imaging example. Topics covered include imaging examinations for headache, back pain, chest pain, musculoskeletal and joint pain, abdominal and pelvic pain, and cancer screening and management, as well as issues of patient radiation exposure.
18
Wolterstorff, Nicholas. Does God know what we say to God? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805380.003.0012.
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When Christians address God in the course of enacting some liturgy, they take for granted that God can listen to what they say to God—that is, that God can grasp what they say. This chapter addresses the question whether the claim that God can listen is compatible with a central component of traditional philosophical theology, namely, that God is a se. Of all the classical theologians, it was Aquinas who worked hardest at explaining how God’s aseity is compatible with God’s knowledge of “singulars.” After an extended discussion of Aquinas’s proposal, the conclusion is drawn that the doctrine of divine aseity is not in fact compatible with the claim that God can listen to what we say to God. One has to choose between a central claim of traditional philosophical theology and what is taken for granted when liturgical participants address God.
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Moore, Laurence, and Michael Thame. Way of the Nomad: Whether You're at Rock Bottom or Just Know You're Not Fulfilling Your Potential, This Book Will Change Your Life! Independently Published, 2020.
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20
DeRose, Keith. Delusions of Knowledge Concerning God’s Existence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798705.003.0015.
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The author suspects that hardly anyone, if anyone at all, knows whether God exists. In this chapter he explains, and to some extent defends, this suspicion. His focus is limited to exploring what seems to be the most promising proposal as to how it might be that at least some people could know whether God exists—which turns out to be a way by which some theists might know that God does indeed exist: by means of religious experience. The author explains why it looks to him as if, at least in almost all cases, even if these people are right about God’s existence, the way in question fails to be a way by which they know that God exists.
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Valentina, Cadelo, and Peterson Trudy Huskamp. Part II The Right to Know, C Preservation of and Access to Archives Bearing Witness to Violations, Principle 17 Specific Measures Relating to Archives Containing Names. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0021.
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Principle 17 requires that States provide specific safeguards to individuals who exercise their right of access to archives, in particular to know whether their personal information is included therein. This principle reflects contemporary standards related to access to archives, freedom of information, data protection and any other situation related to privacy rights. Every person is entitled to know whether his/her name appears in State archives and, if so, by virtue of their right to access, shall be given the opportunity to challenge the validity of the information concerning them. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 17, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework as well as the ways in which European institutions have addressed the issue of holding of names and personal information by state agents. It also highlights some of the problems and potential implications raised by Principle 17.
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Stich, Stephen, Masaharu Mizumoto, and Eric McCready, eds. Epistemology for the Rest of the World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.001.0001.
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Anglophone epistemologists have devoted a great deal of attention to the English word “know” and to English sentences used to attribute knowledge. Many contemporary epistemologists, including contextualists and subject-sensitive invariantists, are concerned with the truth-conditions of “S knows that p,” or the proposition it expresses. However, there are over 6,000 languages in the world. Thus, it is not clear why we should think that subtle facts about the English verb “know” have important implications for epistemology. Are the properties of the English word “know” and sentences of the form “S knows that p” shared in their translations into most or all other languages? This, what has been termed the universality thesis, raises many novel questions in the field of epistemology, whether it turns out to be true or false. The essays collected in this volume discuss these questions and related issues, and aim to contribute to the important new field of cross-cultural epistemology, as well as to epistemology in general.
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Sussman, David. Respect, Regret, and Reproductive Choice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812876.003.0007.
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This chapter considers whether it could be wrong to have a disabled rather than a non-disabled child. There is often thought to be some substantial objection to doing so even when the would-be parents know that they will not regret such a decision. This chapter examines whether the prospective and retrospective attitudes that parents take on such a decision must be consistent with one another, or whether they can come apart in contexts like Parfit’s “non-identity problem.” The chapter argues we can morally condemn such a decision that we know we will affirm in retrospect because affirmation is not an evaluation of the decision (let alone of the life of the child). Instead, affirmation is best understood as the parent’s extension to the child of the sort of pre-reflective acceptance of oneself that is part of normal self-love.
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Kaplan, Mark. How to Do Things with Austin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824855.003.0005.
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Provides another argument for the thesis that, far from presenting an insurmountable obstacle to the project of constructive epistemology, the deployment of Austin’s requirement of fidelity enables us to find new solutions to epistemological problems; deploys Austin’s fidelity requirement to argue that neither our having a justified belief P, nor our having a justified true belief that P, is sufficient for P to count as part of our evidence—it is necessary that we know that P; that our decisions, as to what we know, have methodological import; that, as a consequence, it cannot be of any moment, to a properly conducted inquiry into what it takes for a person to know that P, what naïve respondents say about cases (including the cases cited in support of the Pragmatic Encroachment Thesis—the thesis that whether we know that P depends on whether we are prepared to act on P).
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Dasianu, Ashley. Emerging Adult Essay. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0026.
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Growing up, I was always a fainter. My family tells countless tales of the times I have fainted, whether from seeing someone receive a shot or from seeing something as small as a cut finger. As I walked down the hall of a Romanian hospital, I quietly hoped that I would be able to handle what I was about to see and stay on my feet. I knew enough about what had happened to the boy in the room ahead to know that what I was about to encounter would be much more traumatic than a cut finger....
26
Sher, George, ed. Blame and Moral Ignorance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779667.003.0005.
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Can a person legitimately be blamed for acting wrongly when he knows what he is doing, but does not know that it is wrong? Like a good many others who have written on this topic, the author believes the answer is sometimes “yes,” but that whether blame is appropriate in any given case depends on certain facts about the agent’s epistemic situation. The chapter’s aims are to establish, first, that a morally ignorant wrongdoer’s epistemic circumstances do have a bearing on his culpability, but, second, that giving content to this familiar view is far harder than is generally appreciated.
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Beebee, Helen, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Causation. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Causation provides an overview of topics related to causation, as well as the history of the causation debate from the ancient Greeks to the logical empiricists. Causation is a central topic in many areas of philosophy. In metaphysics, philosophers want to know what causation is, and how it is related to laws of nature, probability, action, and freedom of will. In epistemology, philosophers investigate how causal claims can be inferred from statistical data, and how causation is related to perception, knowledge, and explanation. In the philosophy of mind, philosophers want to know whether and how the mind can be said to have causal efficacy, and in ethics, whether there is a moral distinction between acts and omissions and whether the moral value of an act can be judged according to its consequences. In addition, causation is a contested concept in other fields of enquiry, such as biology, physics, and the law. The articles, which are all written by leading experts in the field of causation, provide surveys of contemporary debates, while often also advancing novel and controversial claims.
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How to Restore Mazda MX-5/Miata Mk1 & 2: Your Step-By-step Guide to Restoring a Mazda MX-5/Miata. Whether You're Planning a Full Restoration or a Minor Bodywork Repair, This Book Has Everything You Need to Know. Veloce Publishing Limited, 2019.
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29
Buchak, Lara. Reason and Faith. Edited by William J. Abraham and Frederick D. Aquino. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662241.013.34.
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Faith is a central attitude in Christian religious practice. The problem of faith and reason is the problem of reconciling religious faith with the standards for our belief-forming practices in general (‘ordinary epistemic standards’). In order to see whether and when faith can be reconciled with ordinary epistemic standards, we first need to know what faith is. This chapter examines and catalogues views of propositional faith: faith that p. It is concerned with the epistemology of such faith: what cognitive attitudes such faith requires, what epistemic norms govern these attitudes, and whether Christian faith can ever adhere to them.
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Johnson-Freese, Joan. Space and National Security. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.36.
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Space assets have provided the U.S. military a demonstrable edge against adversaries since the 1990–1991 Gulf War. Most space technology is dual-use, meaning it has both civil and military applications; this creates an ambiguity to know whether military applications are intended as offensive or defensive. This chapter examines four schools of thought on how to preserve U.S. space dominance, and what that realistically means, discussed within the context of issues related to dual-use technology, sustaining the space environment, and international law within which the schools have developed. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 celebrated its fifty-year anniversary in 2017, making those legal considerations especially appropriate. Whether further legal, even ‘soft law” approaches to optimizing the U.S. use of space, or whether preparing for what some consider “inevitable” space war should prevail in guiding future U.S. space security policy is the question planners and analysts must address.
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DeRose, Keith. Moorean Methodology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199564477.003.0002.
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In this chapter a Moorean approach, on which one seeks to defeat, rather than refute, skepticism, is explained, developed, and defended. The issue of whether skepticism was doomed to inevitable defeat on the methodology in question is explored, and the considerations on which that matter turns, are identified. The power of the AI, the classical skeptical argument from skeptical hypotheses, is defended, focusing mainly on the viability the skeptic’s first premise, that you do not know that you are not a brain in a vat. Finally, the importance of solving the puzzle that this form of skeptical argument confronts us with is vindicated, whether or not the skeptic who wields AI was doomed to defeat.
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Olivelle, Patrick. Epistemology of Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0004.
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This chapter examines how we come to know dharma, that is, the epistemic sources of dharma. This is the first issue to be addressed in almost all Dharmaśāstras. The answers in the earliest texts refer to the Veda, the smṛtis, and normative practice called ācāra, as the triple source of dharma. A major issue confronting the authors is whether all of the dharma propounded in the Dharmaśāstras is derived from the Veda directly or indirectly, or whether there are also “worldly” dharmas, such as those relating to the king and to legal procedure. The historical reality at the beginnings of Dharmaśāstric composition, however, as during the medieval period when the Nibandhas were written, was that dharma of the Dharmaśāstras was very much anchored in the actual customary laws of various geographically and temporally dispersed communities.
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Sher, George. Blame and Moral Ignorance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660413.003.0010.
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People can be mistaken either about the truth of the moral principles they accept or about the rightness of their actions. Can they legitimately be blamed for acting wrongly when they know what they are doing but don’t know that it is wrong? This chapter argues that the answer is sometimes “yes,” but that whether blame is appropriate in any given case depends on certain facts about the actor’s epistemic situation. The aims of the chapter are to establish, first, that a morally ignorant wrongdoer’s epistemic circumstances do have a bearing on that person’s culpability, but, second, that giving content to this familiar view is far harder than is generally appreciated.
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Eaton, Daniel M., and Timothy H. Pickavance. Wagering on Pragmatic Encroachment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806967.003.0005.
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Pragmatic encroachment, the view that knowledge is sensitive to one’s practical situation, is a marked departure from traditional epistemology. What follows from this view? This chapter gives a partial answer by defending the following conditional: If pragmatic encroachment is true, then it takes more evidence to know that atheism is true than to know that God exists. The chapter begins by introducing and unpacking the technical term ‘practical adequacy’ and then uses it to define pragmatic encroachment. It then connects this version of pragmatic encroachment and Pascal’s Wager. The connection yields an argument for the thesis of the chapter. Importantly, no stand is taken here as to whether one ought to affirm the antecedent or deny the consequent of this conditional. Maybe it takes more to know that atheism is true, but maybe this version of pragmatic encroachment is false.
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Darnowski, Douglas, Ulrike Bauer, Marcos Méndez, John Horner, and Bartosz J. Płachno. Prey selection and specialization by carnivorous plants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0021.
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Understanding prey selectivity by carnivorous plants has increased in the three decades since the publication of The Carnivorous Plants by Juniper et al., but progress has been uneven across the various genera. We now know that there is prey selectivity in Nepenthes and Drosera but there is significant disagreement as to whether selectivity exists in other genera. Much remains to be done for other taxa and to test results from prior studies that rely only on correlative data.
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Dresser, Rebecca. Silent Partners. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190459277.001.0001.
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Scientists and ethicists often speak of subjects as partners in research, but the reality is quite different. Experienced subjects are rarely appointed to the committees that create guidelines for ethical research or the committees that review individual studies to determine whether they meet ethical and regulatory standards. Yet experienced research subjects can make valuable contributions to research ethics. People who have been in studies know facts about the experience that others may overlook. Their experience as subjects gives them special insights into ethics too. Experienced subjects know about problems that can lead people to refuse to join studies or to drop out before studies are complete. A large body of work describes the perceptions and viewpoints of people who have participated in research, but experts rarely use this material to guide improvements in human subject protection. Although subjects have the power to decide whether to participate in a study, they have little control over anything else that goes on in research. Silent Partners moves research subjects to the forefront, examining what research participation is like for healthy volunteers and patients and explaining why subjects’ voices should influence research ethics. Silent Partners shows how experienced research subjects can become real—not just symbolic—partners in research.
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Schwarz, Norbert. Of fluency, beauty, and truth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0002.
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To evaluate whether a claim is likely to be true, people attend to whether it is compatible with other things they know, internally consistent and plausible, supported by evidence, accepted by others, and offered by a credible source. Each criterion can be evaluated by drawing on relevant details (an effortful analytic strategy) or by attending to the ease with which the claim can be processed (a less effortful intuitive strategy). Easy processing favors acceptance under all criteria—when thoughts flow smoothly, people nod along. Ease of processing is also central to aesthetic appeal, and easily processed materials are evaluated as prettier. This sheds new light on why beauty and truth are often seen as related, by poets and scientists alike. Because people are more sensitive to their feelings than to where these feelings come from, numerous incidental variables can influence perceived beauty and truth by influencing the perceiver’s processing experience.
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Brown, Jessica. Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801771.001.0001.
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This book examines the prospects for infallibilism about knowledge, according to which one can know that p only if one has evidence which guarantees or entails that p. In particular, it focuses on the possibility of a non-sceptical infallibilism which rejects any kind of shifty view of knowledge, whether contextualist, relativist, or subject-sensitive invariantist. The availability of a non-shifty non-sceptical infallibilism seems to depend on whether such a view can defend a generous enough conception of evidence to allow us to have the knowledge we ordinarily take ourselves to have. In particular, such an infallibilist needs to allow that our evidence extends well beyond how things seem to us in our experience and includes claims about the external world. Thus, the infallibilism which is the focus of this book is committed to a generous conception of evidence. More precisely, I argue that infallibilism is committed to the following claims about evidence and evidential support: if p is evidence, then p is true; and if one knows that p, then p is part of one’s evidence, and p is evidence for p. However, I argue that these claims about evidence and evidential support are problematic. Furthermore, I argue that fallibilism can overcome the most serious objections levelled at it, which concern closure, concessive knowledge attributions, practical reasoning, and the threshold problem. So, I conclude that epistemologists who aim to avoid both scepticism and a shifty view of knowledge should be fallibilists.
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Charles, Proctor. Part F Cross-Border Issues, 48 Customer Obligations and Foreign Law. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0048.
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This chapter examines the impact of foreign law (moratoria or exchange controls) on the obligations of the customer to the bank. Exchange controls and similar laws will be of mandatory application in the country concerned, and the borrower have no choice but to comply with them. It may therefore be impossible for the borrower to instruct its bank to make the necessary payments. It is also important to know whether the English courts will continue to regard the debt obligation as valid.
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Landau, Iddo. Finding Meaning in an Imperfect World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657666.001.0001.
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After explaining what meaning in life is, the book moves to criticizing certain presuppositions about the meaning of life that unnecessarily lead many people to believe that their lives are meaningless. Among others, it criticizes perfectionism about meaning in life, namely, the assumption that meaningful lives must include some perfection or some rare and difficult achievements. It then responds to recurring arguments made by people who take their lives to be meaningless, such as the arguments claiming that life is meaningless because death eventually annihilates us and everything we do; whatever we do is negligible when examined in the context of the whole universe; we have no free will and, thus, deserve no praise for what we achieve; everything, including meaning, is completely relative; we do not know what the purpose of life is; whenever we achieve something we stop sensing it as valuable; and there is so much suffering and evil in the world. The book also offers strategies that may help people identify what is meaningful in life and increase its meaningfulness. The final chapters consider questions such as whether only religious people can have meaningful lives; whether meaning of life should be discussed only by psychologists; and whether existentialism is a good source of guidance on the meaning of life.
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DeRose, Keith. Contextualism and Skepticism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199564477.003.0004.
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Does the contextualist seek to dissolve disputes over skepticism in such a way that all parties to them come out being right? And does she use a “perfectly general strategy” for doing so? Is she ignoring the traditional epistemological topic of whether we really know things, instead addressing how the word “know” is or should be used? Is she engaged in philosophy of language instead of epistemology? Is she addressing the more important types of skeptic? Are key aspects of her position inexpressible, by her own lights? Is she subject to a “factivity problem”? These and other questions are answered in this chapter, as the contextualist aspects of the solution to skepticism from Chapter 1 are carefully explained and defended from objections.
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Cassis, Youssef, and Dariusz Wójcik, eds. International Financial Centres after the Global Financial Crisis and Brexit. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817314.001.0001.
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This book gathers leading economic historians, geographers, and social scientists to focus on the developments in key international financial centres following the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and to consider the likely effects of Brexit on these centres. Eleven centres in eight countries are taken into consideration: New York, London, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich/Geneva, Hong Kong/Shanghai/Beijing, Tokyo, and Singapore. The book addresses three main issues. The first is the hierarchy of international financial centres, in particular whether Asian financial centres have taken advantage of the crisis in the West. The second is the medium-term effects of the crisis, with respect to the volume of business activity (including employment), and the level of regulation, with concerns regarding the risks of regulatory overkill. And the third is the rise of new technology, known as fintech, possibly the most important change in the decade following the crisis, with questions as to whether it will render financial centres, as we know them, unnecessary for the functioning of the global economy, and which cities are likely to emerge as hubs of new financial technology. Finally, the book discusses the likely effects of Brexit on international financial centres, in particular London, Paris, and Frankfurt. The book takes a decidedly interdisciplinary approach, with a general introduction providing a global overview from a historical perspective, and a general conclusion providing a global overview from a geographical perspective. Its focus on the implications for global financial centres is unique among books about the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis.
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Bacon, Andrew. Vagueness and Ignorance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712060.003.0005.
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According to a widely held intuition, it is not possible to know whether a borderline proposition is true. If vagueness is a linguistic phenomenon, however, it is hard to explain why this might be, since the sort of ignorance in question appears to be independent of language spoken and linguistic competence. In this chapter, these sorts of considerations are used to argue that linguistic theories cannot explain why borderline propositions are unknown. In response to this sort of challenge, some linguistic theorists have denied the intuition that borderline propositions are always unknown; the chapter raises some problems with these views as well.
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Hallman, William K. What the Public Thinks and Knows About Science—and Why It Matters. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.6.
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Modern conceptions of science literacy include knowledge of science facts; a grasp of scientific methods, norms, and practices; awareness of current discoveries and controversies involving science and refinement of the ability to comprehend and evaluate their implications; the capability to assess the priorities and actions of scientific institutions; and the capacity to engage in civic discourse and decision-making with regard to specific issues involving science. Advocates of increased science literacy maintain that widespread public understanding of science benefits individuals, culture, society, the economy, the nation, democracy, and science itself. This chapter argues that the relatively crude measures currently employed to assess science literacy are insufficient to demonstrate these outcomes. It is difficult to know whether these benefits are real and are independent of greater levels of education. Existing measures should be supplanted by multidimensional scales that are parsimonious, easy to administer, reliable, and valid over time and across cultures.
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Horne, Zachary, and Andrei Cimpian. Subtle Syntactic Cues Affect Intuitions about Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815259.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
To investigate the nature and limits of knowledge, epistemologists often consult intuitions about whether people can be said to have knowledge or, alternatively, to know particular propositions. This chapter identifies a problem with this method. Although the intuitions elicited via statements about “knowledge” and “knowing” are treated as interchangeable sources of evidence, these intuitions actually differ. Building on prior psychological evidence, the chapter hypothesizes that the epistemic state denoted by the noun “knowledge” is viewed as stronger (e.g. more certain, more reliable) than the epistemic state denoted by the verb “know.” This hypothesis was supported by the results of six studies that used a variety of methodologies and data sources (e.g. philosophical texts, naive participants’ intuitions). This research has significant implications for epistemology: The syntactic structure of the linguistic examples offered as evidence for epistemological claims may influence the extent to which these examples provide intuitive support for the relevant claim.
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Kotzee, Ben. Cyborgs, Knowledge, and Credit for Learning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769811.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
If digital technology today makes children able to rely on external aids (pocket calculators, Google, etc.) in their learning, is it still necessary to teach traditional school knowledge (such as mental arithmetic, recall of facts)? In this chapter, the debate about extended cognition is approached from the perspective of education. It is asked whether a human–machine interaction constitutes good learning in an effort to distinguish between when a person truly comes to know something aided by technology and when they merely parrot or copy something from technology. The standard answer to this question is that the difference is made by how well the technology in question is integrated in one’s cognitive character. Instead, it is argued that the difference lies in one’s acquired facility with the technology in question—credit for what one comes to know using technology when one has learned to use that technology well enough.
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Anderson, C. W., Leonard Downie, and Michael Schudson. The News Media. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190206192.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The business of journalism has an extensive, storied, and often romanticized history. Newspaper reporting has long shaped the way that we see the world, played key roles in exposing scandals, and has even been alleged to influence international policy. The past several years have seen the newspaper industry in a state of crisis, with Twitter and Facebook ushering in the rise of citizen journalism and a deprofessionalization of the industry, plummeting readership and revenue, and municipal and regional papers shuttering or being absorbed into corporate behemoths. Now billionaires, most with no journalism experience but lots of power and strong views, are stepping in to purchase newspapers, both large and small. This addition to the What Everyone Needs to Know® series looks at the past, present and future of journalism, considering how the development of the industry has shaped the present and how we can expect the future to roll out. It addresses a wide range of questions, from whether objectivity was only a conceit of late twentieth century reporting, largely behind us now; how digital technology has disrupted journalism; whether newspapers are already dead to the role of non-profit journalism; the meaning of “transparency” in reporting; the way that private interests and governments have created their own advocacy journalism; whether social media is changing journalism; the new social rules of old media outlets; how franchised media is addressing the problem of disappearing local papers; and the rise of citizen journalism and hacker journalism. It will even look at the ways in which new technologies potentially threaten to replace journalists.
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Zimmermann, Jens. 4. Hermeneutics and the humanities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199685356.003.0004.
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The work of reconstructing a text in its original social–historical context demonstrates the special challenge posed by written communications from the past: we have to make these texts speak again before we can hear what they have to say. But how do we know whether we have interpreted something correctly? Is there only one correct interpretation? ‘Hermeneutics and the humanities’ discusses the thoughts of hermeneutic thinkers E. D. Hirsch and Paul Ricoeur, before considering the importance hermeneutic philosophers attribute to metaphor, language, and the imagination. Finally, it considers the important hermeneutic question of how the digital revolution changes the conditions for understanding texts.
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Smith, Gary, and Jay Cordes. The 9 Pitfalls of Data Science. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844396.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Scientific rigor and critical thinking skills are indispensable in this age of big data because machine learning and artificial intelligence are often led astray by meaningless patterns. The 9 Pitfalls of Data Science is loaded with entertaining real-world examples of both successful and misguided approaches to interpreting data, both grand successes and epic failures. Anyone can learn to distinguish between good data science and nonsense. We are confident that readers will learn how to avoid being duped by data, and make better, more informed decisions. Whether they want to be effective creators, interpreters, or users of data, they need to know the nine pitfalls of data science.
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Horobin, Simon. The English Language: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198709251.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The English language is spoken by more than a billion people throughout the world. But where did English come from? And how has it evolved into the language used today? The English Language: A Very Short Introduction investigates how we have arrived at the English we know today, and celebrates the way new speakers and new uses mean that it continues to adapt. Engaging with contemporary concerns about correctness, it considers whether such changes are improvements, or evidence of slipping standards. What is the future for the English language? Will Standard English continue to hold sway, or we are witnessing its replacement by newly emerging Englishes?