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1

Abenina-Adar, Maayan. "Know whether and -ever free relative clauses." Semantics and Pragmatics 12, no. 19 (November 18, 2019): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.12.19.

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Venzin, Megan. "Know Whether Your Members Are Risk-Takers." Membership Management Report 13, no. 2 (January 11, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmr.30611.

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MCNAMARA, DAMIAN. "Know Whether to Watch or Refer Spinal Concerns." Family Practice News 37, no. 10 (May 2007): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(07)70616-3.

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McCartney, M. "How do we know whether medical apps work?" BMJ 346, mar20 1 (March 20, 2013): f1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1811.

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Pham, Julius Cuong, Kevin D. Frick, and Peter J. Pronovost. "Why Don’t We Know Whether Care Is Safe?" American Journal of Medical Quality 28, no. 6 (March 24, 2013): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1062860613479397.

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Simon, Gregory E. "How Can We Know Whether Antidepressants Increase Suicide Risk?" American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 11 (November 2006): 1861–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1861.

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Kajitani, Alex. "How Do You Know Whether You're a Teacher Leader?" Kappa Delta Pi Record 51, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2015.1056663.

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Bonsall, Peter. "Do we know whether personal travel planning really works?" Transport Policy 16, no. 6 (November 2009): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.10.002.

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Kalabikhina, Irina. "How do we know whether gender equality has arrived?" Woman in russian society, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21064/winrs.2021.2.1.

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Gillespie, Ryan, Julie M. Amador,, and Abraham Wallin. "Do They Know They Don't Know?" Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12 113, no. 9 (September 2020): e12-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtlt.2019.0085.

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Theiler, Nadine, Floris Roelofsen, and Maria Aloni. "What's wrong with believing whether." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 27 (December 6, 2017): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v27i0.4125.

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It is a long-standing puzzle why verbs like believe and think take declarative but not interrogative complements (e.g., *Bill believes whether Mary left), while closely related verbs like know and be certain take both kinds of complements. We show that this contrast can be derived from the fact that believe and think, unlike know and be certain, are neg-raising verbs.
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Glymour, Clark, and Kevin Kelly. "Why you'll never know whether Roger Penrose is a computer." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 1990): 666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0008081x.

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Tramèr, Martin R. "Do we need to know whether nitrous oxide harms patients?" Lancet 384, no. 9952 (October 2014): 1407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61061-8.

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Swatton, Peter. "Can we know whether pupils are passing the ‘fair test'?" Research Papers in Education 10, no. 1 (March 1995): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267152950100104.

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15

Shepperd, Martin. "How Do I Know Whether to Trust a Research Result?" IEEE Software 32, no. 1 (January 2015): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ms.2015.8.

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16

de Loo, Ivo, and Alan Lowe. "“[T]here are known knowns … things we know that we know”." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 30, no. 8 (October 16, 2017): 1796–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-08-2015-2164.

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Purpose The starting point for this paper is that the researcher is intimately bound up in all aspects of the research process. This idea of what is a critical aspect of much interpretive methodology has been challenged by some proponents of the interpretive accounting research (IAR) project. The authors suggest that adopting some of the views expounded in the IAR project may lead to the accounting research community becoming isolated from other interpretive methodology inspired disciplines. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Currently popular views on IAR are informed by selective theoretical insights from interpretive sociology. The authors argue that these insights cannot provide a general frame with which to encapsulate accounting research that may be reasonably termed “interpretive.” Findings The authors’ reading of the literature suggests that the some of the IAR literature exhibits: a tendency to routinely make overly specific claims for what it is possible for interpretive research to achieve; the promotion of a somewhat reductionist view of what the bounds of interpretive research are. The authors suggest that these tendencies detract from the strengths of (adopting a broad view of) IAR. Research limitations/implications In expressing the authors’ concerns, the authors do not wish to make an exclusive argument for what IAR is and is not. This would not be in line with writing an interpretive paper. While the authors do not eschew the possibility of a limited building of knowledge by applying interpretive methodological stances neither do the authors see such activity as a central plank of interpretive research. Practical implications The authors believe that positivistic commentaries on qualitative enquiry should not be taken as exemplary of interpretive research (in accounting – or elsewhere). The authors feel that IAR needs to be more open to an array of subjectivist motivations, if it is to provide useful critique of the nature of day-to-day accounting practice. Originality/value The authors seek to go beyond the rather unhelpful debate about whether IAR should be seen to possess both objective and subjective elements. The authors argue that IAR suffers more from a lack of engagement and debate than it faces dangers from areas of interpretive methodology that adopt positions considered to be too subjectivist.
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Wilson, David P., and Cliff C. Kerr. "Can we know in advance whether models will get it right?" Lancet Global Health 3, no. 10 (October 2015): e577-e578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(15)00160-6.

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Feld, Scott L., and Jordan A. Meyer. "Evidence Required to Know Whether Marriage Promotion Increases Other Social Benefits." Journal of Family Theory & Review 10, no. 4 (August 22, 2018): 785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12297.

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19

Lantian, Anthony, Dominique Muller, Cécile Nurra, and Karen M. Douglas. "“I Know Things They Don’t Know!”." Social Psychology 48, no. 3 (July 2017): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000306.

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Abstract. In the current research, we investigated whether belief in conspiracy theories satisfies people’s need for uniqueness. We found that the tendency to believe in conspiracy theories was associated with the feeling of possessing scarce information about the situations explained by the conspiracy theories (Study 1) and higher need for uniqueness (Study 2). Further two studies using two different manipulations of need for uniqueness (Studies 3 and 4) showed that people in a high need for uniqueness condition displayed higher conspiracy belief than people in a low need for uniqueness condition. This conclusion is strengthened by a small-scale meta-analysis. These studies suggest that conspiracy theories may serve people’s desire to be unique, highlighting a motivational underpinning of conspiracy belief.
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Steurer, Walter. "Quasicrystals: What do we know? What do we want to know? What can we know?" Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273317016540.

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More than 35 years and 11 000 publications after the discovery of quasicrystals by Dan Shechtman, quite a bit is known about their occurrence, formation, stability, structures and physical properties. It has also been discovered that quasiperiodic self-assembly is not restricted to intermetallics, but can take place in systems on the meso- and macroscales. However, there are some blank areas, even in the centre of the big picture. For instance, it has still not been fully clarified whether quasicrystals are just entropy-stabilized high-temperature phases or whether they can be thermodynamically stable at 0 K as well. More studies are needed for developing a generally accepted model of quasicrystal growth. The state of the art of quasicrystal research is briefly reviewed and the main as-yet unanswered questions are addressed, as well as the experimental limitations to finding answers to them. The focus of this discussion is on quasicrystal structure analysis as well as on quasicrystal stability and growth mechanisms.
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Zhou, Xingchen, A. M. Burton, and Rob Jenkins. "Two Factors in Face Recognition: Whether You Know the Person’s Face and Whether You Share the Person’s Race." Perception 50, no. 6 (May 13, 2021): 524–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03010066211014016.

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One of the best-known phenomena in face recognition is the other-race effect, the observation that own-race faces are better remembered than other-race faces. However, previous studies have not put the magnitude of other-race effect in the context of other influences on face recognition. Here, we compared the effects of (a) a race manipulation (own-race/other-race face) and (b) a familiarity manipulation (familiar/unfamiliar face) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. We found that the familiarity effect was several times larger than the race effect in all performance measures. However, participants expected race to have a larger effect on others than it actually did. Face recognition accuracy depends much more on whether you know the person’s face than whether you share the same race.
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22

Asibey, Edith, Justin van Fleet, and Toni Parras. "Are We There Yet? How to Know Whether Your Communications Are Effective." Foundation Review 1, no. 4 (January 1, 2010): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4087/foundationreview-d-09-00040.1.

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23

Sprenger, Terezinha Maria. "How do we know whether there has been progress in teacher autonomy?" DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 24, spe (2008): 577–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502008000300010.

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This paper presents a case study to illustrate how activity theory (Leontiev 1978; Engeström 1987, 1999) and the expansive learning framework (Engeström 1987, 1999) were used to evaluate the development of teacher autonomy in an online course on preparing EFL classroom materials. It is assumed that the learning by expansion model is similar to conscientização (Freire 1980, 1982), a key element in the development of teacher autonomy, according to the perspective in the study.
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Towns, Alison J., and Peter J. Adams. "“I Didn’t Know Whether I Was Right or Wrong or Just Bewildered”." Violence Against Women 22, no. 4 (September 28, 2015): 496–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801215605918.

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Somerville, M., and M. Pitt. "Surveillance of Barrett's oesophagus: do we yet know whether it is worthwhile?" Frontline Gastroenterology 1, no. 2 (June 15, 2010): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fg.2009.000307.

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26

O'Dowd, Adrian. "Government will not know for years whether consultants' contract has paid off." BMJ 334, no. 7600 (May 3, 2007): 919.1–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39203.422882.db.

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27

Bailey, Jeremy. "Could we ever know whether life on Mars represents a second genesis?" Microbiology Australia 25, no. 1 (2004): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma04122.

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If we are ever successful in finding life on Mars, one of the key questions we would want to answer is whether life on Mars formed independently or shared a common origin with life on Earth. The issue arises because we know that it is possible for material to be transferred between the two planets. We know of more than 20 meteorites that originated from Mars. Indeed, it was suggested in 1996 that there was evidence for fossil life in the Martian meteorite ALH84001. While the evidence for life in ALH84001 has not been generally accepted, studies of the meteorite have shown that it travelled from Mars to Earth without its interior being heated to more than 40�C. It has also been demonstrated that bacterial spores can survive in space for more than 5 years.
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Ritz, Eberhard, and Christoph Wanner. "Statins: do we definitely know whether they are completely inefficacious in ESRD?" Kidney International 78, no. 1 (July 2010): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.116.

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McDowall, Almuth, and Alanna O'Broin. "How do we know whether coaching actually works? Furthering our evidence base." Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice 7, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17521882.2014.899834.

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30

Cwik, Bryan. "Gene Editing: How Can You Ask “Whether” If You Don't Know “How”?" Hastings Center Report 51, no. 3 (May 2021): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.1256.

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31

Goupil, Louise, Margaux Romand-Monnier, and Sid Kouider. "Infants ask for help when they know they don’t know." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 13 (March 7, 2016): 3492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515129113.

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Uncertainty monitoring is a core property of metacognition, allowing individuals to adapt their decision-making strategies depending on the state of their knowledge. Although it has been argued that other animals share these metacognitive abilities, only humans seem to possess the ability to explicitly communicate their own uncertainty to others. It remains unknown whether this capacity is present early in development, or whether it emerges later with the ability to verbally report one’s own mental states. Here, using a nonverbal memory-monitoring paradigm, we show that 20-month-olds can monitor and report their own uncertainty. Infants had to remember the location of a hidden toy before pointing to indicate where they wanted to recover it. In an experimental group, infants were given the possibility to ask for help through nonverbal communication when they had forgotten the toy location. Compared with a control group in which infants had no other option but to decide by themselves, infants given the opportunity to ask for help used this option strategically to improve their performance. Asking for help was used selectively to avoid making errors and to decline difficult choices. These results demonstrate that infants are able to successfully monitor their own uncertainty and share this information with others to fulfill their goals.
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Callingham, Martin, and Tim Baker. "We know what they think, but do we know what they do?" International Journal of Market Research 44, no. 3 (May 2002): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147078530204400306.

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This article examines the way we go about building conceptual models to analyse quantitative market research data. It positions the discussion within the context of the scientific paradigm and develops some thoughts about whether the correct form of this paradigm is being used. The study considers the relative values of using four different methods of classifying people: demographics, life-stage, geo-demographics and a multivariate value system. It then questions whether these methods are surrogates for deeper values (in particular whether they help in investigating needs that are psychologically driven as distinct from those needs that may be driven by circumstances), or whether they simply duplicate each other. In the majority of cases, the paper demonstrates that the personal values manifest in the life-stage and geo-demographic groups were largely as would be expected based on their mixture of demographics, and to that extent they were mostly duplications of standard demographics. This suggests that the use of additional systems gives very little gain in understanding over what is already captured in conventional demographics. This was further supported by an analysis of activities and brand use where in most cases the demographics gave most of the information. This is not to say that when the exceptions occurred they were not important, or that the unique aspect of geo-demographics, which is to physically locate them geographically, is not of great value. All this immediately suggests that we should try and use conventional demographics in a more sensitive and intelligent way. At the moment they tend not to be used in combination with one another, and it was the combination of demographics that predicted the value system so well in most cases. The obvious solution is to conceive analysis as being on people in the terms we mostly think of them; for example, as a young, downmarket man or a middle-aged, upmarket woman. To do this is obviously valuable and has many practical advantages: groups can be easily envisaged, and are therefore more easily marketed to. This kind of analysis requires large sample sizes, but we are in an age where price constraints have continuously pushed the sample sizes of quantitative surveys down such that only the most pedestrian analysis can be done. A way needs to be found of increasing survey sample sizes, so that combinations of demographics may be routinely used in analysis. The question of whether the paradigm we are all implicitly using to build conceptual models of analysis requires reframing to bring it in parallel with modern scientific thought remains intriguing and is in need of longer-term discussion.
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Chalmers, I. "Why We Need to Know Whether Prophylactic Antibiotics Can Reduce Measles-Related Morbidity." PEDIATRICS 109, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.109.2.312.

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34

Yi, Eunseon, Heuiseok Lim, and Jaechoon Jo. "Automatic Judgement of Online Video Watching: I Know Whether or Not You Watched." Mathematics 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2020): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8101827.

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Videos have long been viewed through the free choice of customers, but in some cases currently, watching them is absolutely required, for example, in institutions, companies, and education, even if the viewers prefer otherwise. In such cases, the video provider wants to determine whether the viewer has honestly been watching, but the current video viewing judging system has many loopholes; thus, it is hard to distinguish between honest viewers and false viewers. Time interval different answer popup quiz (TIDAPQ) was developed to judge honest watching. In this study, TIDAPQ randomly inserts specially developed popup quizzes in the video. Viewers must solve time interval pass (RESULT 1) and individually different correct answers (RESULT 2) while they watch. Then, using these two factors, TIDAPQ immediately performs a comprehensive judgement on whether the viewer honestly watched the video. To measure the performance of TIDAPQ, 100 experimental subjects were recruited to participate in the model verification experiment. The judgement performance on normal watching was 93.31%, and the judgement performance on unusual watching was 85.71%. We hope this study will be useful in many areas where watching judgements are needed.
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Stokes, Laura. "Whether we stay or go: pet travel and what you need to know." Veterinary Nurse 7, no. 6 (July 2, 2016): 308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2016.7.6.308.

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Shaw, N. J. "We don't know whether heroin or methadone produces more withdrawal symptoms in babies." BMJ 310, no. 6977 (February 18, 1995): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6977.464b.

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37

Hey, Spencer Phillips, and Jonathan Kimmelman. "Do We Know Whether Researchers and Reviewers are Estimating Risk and Benefit Accurately?" Bioethics 30, no. 8 (May 16, 2016): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12260.

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38

VAN DITMARSCH, HANS, WIEBE VAN DER HOEK, and PETAR ILIEV. "Everything is Knowable - How to Get to Know Whether a Proposition is True." Theoria 78, no. 2 (October 21, 2011): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-2567.2011.01119.x.

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39

Wascher, Jocelyn M., Luciana E. Hebert, Lori R. Freedman, and Debra B. Stulberg. "Do women know whether their hospital is Catholic? Results from a national survey." Contraception 98, no. 6 (December 2018): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2018.05.017.

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40

Richter, Thomas. "Did Stair Know Pufendorf?" Edinburgh Law Review 7, no. 3 (September 2003): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2003.7.3.367.

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While the influence of Grotius upon the writings of Stair has already been identified, it has never been conclusively established whether Stair knew the works of Pufendorf. This article attempts to find an answer by comparing the use of particular Greek words in Stair's and Pufendorf's writings. The starting point, however, is an analysis of Stair's knowledge of classical Greek.
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41

BACKUS, MATTHEW, and ANDREW T. LITTLE. "I Don’t Know." American Political Science Review 114, no. 3 (August 2020): 724–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055420000209.

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AbstractPolitical decision makers make choices in a complex and uncertain world, where even the most qualified experts may not know what policies will succeed. Worse, if these experts care about their reputation for competence, they may be averse to admitting what they don’t know. We model the strategic communication of uncertainty, allowing for the salient reality that sometimes the effects of proposed policies are impossible to know. Our model highlights the challenge of getting experts to admit uncertainty, even when it is possible to check predictive success. Moreover, we identify a novel solution: checking features of the question that only good experts will infer—in particular, whether the effect of policies is knowable—can induce uninformed experts do say “I Don’t Know.”
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42

FAN, JIE, YANJING WANG, and HANS VAN DITMARSCH. "CONTINGENCY AND KNOWING WHETHER." Review of Symbolic Logic 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2015): 75–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020314000343.

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AbstractA proposition is noncontingent, if it is necessarily true or it is necessarily false. In an epistemic context, ‘a proposition is noncontingent’ means that you know whether the proposition is true. In this paper, we study contingency logic with the noncontingency operator Δ but without the necessity operator □. This logic is not a normal modal logic, because Δ(φ → ψ) → (Δφ → Δψ) is not valid. Contingency logic cannot define many usual frame properties, and its expressive power is weaker than that of basic modal logic over classes of models without reflexivity. These features make axiomatizing contingency logics nontrivial, especially for the axiomatization over symmetric frames. In this paper, we axiomatize contingency logics over various frame classes using a novel method other than the methods provided in the literature, based on the ‘almost-definability’ schema AD proposed in our previous work. We also present extensions of contingency logic with dynamic operators. Finally, we compare our work to the related work in the fields of contingency logic and ignorance logic, where the two research communities have similar results but are apparently unaware of each other’s work. One goal of our paper is to bridge this gap.
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43

Davies, Ben. "The right not to know and the obligation to know." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-106009.

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There is significant controversy over whether patients have a ‘right not to know’ information relevant to their health. Some arguments for limiting such a right appeal to potential burdens on others that a patient’s avoidable ignorance might generate. This paper develops this argument by extending it to cases where refusal of relevant information may generate greater demands on a publicly funded healthcare system. In such cases, patients may have an ‘obligation to know’. However, we cannot infer from the fact that a patient has an obligation to know that she does not also have a right not to know. The right not to know is held against medical professionals at a formal institutional level. We have reason to protect patients’ control over the information that they receive, even if in individual instances patients exercise this control in ways that violate obligations.
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RICHARDSON, NATHAN, and MOLLY MACAULEY. "FOREST CARBON ECONOMICS: WHAT WE KNOW, WHAT WE DO NOT AND WHETHER IT MATTERS." Climate Change Economics 03, no. 04 (November 2012): 1250022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007812500224.

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They are an important economic resource, and a source of food products, recreation, species habitat, and watershed protection, among many other services. Forests also may store large quantities of carbon. The threat of climate change therefore provides new impetus for forest management, in the form of forest carbon sequestration (FCS). FCS appears to be a relatively cheap way of reducing carbon in the atmosphere, relative to alternatives such as fuel switching. But FCS is not without problems. Economists' estimates of the cost-effectiveness of FCS are highly variable. Verification is difficult. And policy design is complex — not only because of the characteristics of forests themselves, but because of the limitations of current U.S. policy. Existing regulatory tools — predominantly the Clean Air Act — are largely incompatible in providing incentives for FCS. This paper explores the current state of FCS knowledge, including its policy context, and identifies an agenda for future research.
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McNulty, J. K., M. A. Olson, A. L. Meltzer, and M. J. Shaffer. "Though They May Be Unaware, Newlyweds Implicitly Know Whether Their Marriage Will Be Satisfying." Science 342, no. 6162 (November 28, 2013): 1119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1243140.

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Weaver, Terri E. "Do We Finally Know Whether CPAP Improves Quality of Life in Non-Sleepy Patients?" Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 15, no. 09 (September 15, 2019): 1193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7956.

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47

Ziegeler, Christian, and Arne May. "We Still Do Not Know Whether Topical Ambroxol Is Effective in Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 59, no. 5 (April 29, 2019): 795–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/head.13533.

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48

Weldon, C., I. C. Eperon, and C. Dominguez. "Do we know whether potential G-quadruplexes actually form in long functional RNA molecules?" Biochemical Society Transactions 44, no. 6 (December 2, 2016): 1761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20160109.

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49

Bollag, U. "General practitioners want to know whether a treatment works and is safe in practice." BMJ 315, no. 7118 (November 15, 1997): 1310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7118.1310.

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50

Goodman, Christopher B. "Local Government Fragmentation: What Do We Know?" State and Local Government Review 51, no. 2 (June 2019): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x19856933.

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Abstract:
The United States is a nation of local governments. The growth in the number of local governments over the last sixty years has led many to ask whether the current fragmented arrangement is ideal or whether fewer local governments are preferred. This article explains the theoretical arguments on both sides, paying close attention to horizontal and vertical fragmentation. The empirical evidence on the effects of local government fragmentation is examined in three policy areas: public expenditures/revenues, public employment, and economic growth.
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