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Vaz, Milena Isabel Barão. "Questões de tradução em The Path to Power, de Margaret Thatcher." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15369.
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O presente Trabalho de Projecto centra-se na tradução dos três primeiros capítulos de The Path to Power (“A Provincial Childhood”, “Gowns-woman”, “House Bound”), o segundo dos dois volumes da autobiografia de Margaret Thatcher, publicado em 1995, por HarperCollins Publishers.
Constituindo-se como um contributo para a disseminação em língua portuguesa do conhecimento acerca de uma personalidade de reconhecida importância na cena política britânica e internacional, o exercício de tradução de tais capítulos foi norteado por fundamentos teóricos advindos dos Estudos de Tradução, tendo simultaneamente proporcionado uma reflexão sobre aspectos diversos de uma prática que se apercebe como unitária e sobre algumas das dificuldades específicas que o género autobiográfico em causa impõe e que o estilo da autora motivou; ABSTRACT: This Project Work focuses on the translation of the first three chapters of The Path to Power ("The Provincial Childhood", "Gowns-woman", "House Bound"), the second of the two volumes of Margaret Thatcher‟s autobiography, published in 1995 by HarperCollins Publishers.
Aiming to contribute to the dissemination of knowledge about a relevant figure in both the British and the international political sphere, the translation into Portuguese of the above mentioned chapters was underpinned by theoretical concepts of translation studies, having simultaneously enabled a reflection on several aspects of a process which is perceived as unitary and on some specific issues underlying both the autobiographical genre in question and the author‟s style.
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Ellis, Elizabeth Margaret, and n/a. "Bilingualism among Teachers of English as a Second Language: A Study of Second Language Learning Experience as a Contributor to the Professional Knowledge and Beliefs of Teachers of ESL to Adults." Griffith University. School of Languages and Linguistics, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040618.172404.
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This study is an investigation of the contribution of second language learning experience to the professional knowledge and beliefs of teachers of ESL to adults. The literature reveals that very little has been written about the language background of the ESL teacher who teaches English through English to adult immigrants. The thesis proposes an explanation for this based on the historical development of the profession, and argues that despite vast changes in second language acquisition theory and pedagogy in the last fifty years, an English-only classroom fronted by a teacher who is monolingual or who is encouraged to behave as if he or she is monolingual, has remained the dominant practice in Australia. The research study is not a consideration of the merits of bilingual teaching versus monolingual teaching in English-only. Instead, it seeks to understand whether teachers who do have another language draw on it in ways relevant to the teaching of English, and to suggest reasons why teachers' languages are disregarded in the profession. In doing so, the thesis draws on key bodies of literature in bilingualism, second language acquisition, teacher cognition and critical studies in an attempt to provide a framework for considering the research questions. The study employed a qualitative, interpretive research design involving semi-structured interviews and the taking of detailed language biographies from a total of thirty-one practising teachers of ESL. Language biographies were analysed and categorised along several parameters, and the major distinctions made were between circumstantial bilinguals, elective bilinguals and monolinguals. Three key themes emerged: teachers' beliefs about learning a second language, the contribution made by teachers' language learning experience to their reported beliefs and practices, and teachers' beliefs about the role of the first language in second language learning. Bilingual teachers, both circumstantial and elective, appeared to have more realistic and optimistic beliefs about the nature of language learning than did monolingual teachers. Bilingual teachers appeared to see language learning as challenging but achievable. They recognised the dynamic nature of learning as incorporating progress, stagnation, attrition and re-learning. Monolingual teachers tended to see second language learning as almost impossible, and fraught with the potential for loss of self-esteem. Both groups talked about their own language learning as a private undertaking unrelated in any public way to their professional lives. The contribution made by language learning background fell into two groupings: of insights about language and language use, and about language learning and language teaching. Four key aspects of the former were insights about language in general deriving from knowledge of more than one; insights from contrasting LOTE and English; insights about the language-using experiences of bilinguals and biculturals, and insights about the possibilities of LOTE as a pedagogical tool in the ESL class. The second grouping included insights into learning strategies; insights about the affective aspects of being a language learner; knowledge of different teaching approaches from experience, and insights from different teaching contexts made possible by bilingualism. Overall the broader and richer the language background, the more sophisticated and developed were the insights which appeared to be relevant to teaching ESL. The third data chapter analysed teachers' expressed beliefs about the role of learners' first language(s) (L1) in the ESL class. Here little difference was found between bilingual and monolingual teachers, but overall L1 was characterised as an undesirable element in the ESL class. Teachers' discourse regarding L1 was analysed and found to be heavily characterised by negative and pejorative terms. This finding, combined with the teachers' generally weakly-articulated rationales for the exclusion of L1, led to the conclusion that beliefs and practices regarding L1 are a consequence of the monolingual focus of the ESL profession. The findings of the study in general are that ESL teachers draw on any language learning experience as a resource in teaching, and 'experiential knowledge' seems to be readily available to them in the ways they represent their own knowledge and beliefs in talk. It appears to be important in informing and shaping their conceptions of their practice as language teachers. There are differences between bilingual and monolingual teachers in that the former have much richer resources on which to draw. There are added insights which come from circumstantial or elective bilingual experience, from being a non-native English speaker, and from formal and informal learning experience. In general, the more and varied the language learning experience, the deeper and more sophisticated the resource it is to draw on in teaching. It is argued that the teaching of ESL is constructed as "the teaching of English" rather than as "the teaching of a second language", meaning that the 'experiential knowledge' (Wallace 1991) of bilingual teachers is unvalued. It appears to be accepted and unquestioned that a monolingual teacher can teach a learner to be bilingual. These propositions are discussed in the light of the writings of critical theorists to give a wider perspective on the monolingual discourse of the ESL profession. Bourdieu's notion of 'habitus' as strategic practice which is structured by a sociocultural environment (Bourdieu 1977a) is the basis for Gogolin's (1994) idea of a 'monolingual habitus' in education. Their work, and that of Skutnabb-Kangas (2000a) who refers to 'monolingual reductionism', suggest a social, political and discursal explanation for the invisibility of teachers' languages in the ESL profession. It is suggested that teacher language learning background should become a legitimate topic for discussion and further research.
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Hortinhas, Patrícia Isabel Bandeira. "Estratégias de tradução em autobiografia:o caso de "The Path to Power" de Margaret Thatcher." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29823.
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O Trabalho de Projeto que aqui se apresenta centra-se na tradução do sétimo e oitavo capítulos de The Path to Power ("No End of a Lesson" e "Seizing the Moment"), o segundo dos dois volumes da autobiografia de Margaret Thatcher, publicado em 1995 por HarperCollinsPublishers.
Pretendendo ser um contributo para alargar o conhecimento em língua portuguesa de uma figura de relevo da política do Reino Unido de reconhecida importância à escala global num dado momento da História Contemporânea, o exercício de tradução empreendido sobre os capítulos supracitados pautou-se por fundamentos teóricos advenientes dos Estudos de Tradução, tendo proporcionado concomitantemente a oportunidade de tecer algumas considerações sobre o processo desta prática universal e sobre questões inerentes ao discurso autobiográfico; Abstract:
Strategies of Translation in Autobiography: the case of The Path to Power, by Margaret Thatcher
This Project Work focuses on the translation of the seventh and eighth chapters of The Path to Power ("No End of a Lesson" and "Seizing the Moment"), the second of the two volumes of Margaret Thatcher's autobiography, published in 1995 by HarperCollinsPublishers.
Aiming to contribute to broaden the Portuguese public’s knowledge of a relevant political figure in the United Kingdom who also assumed worldwide importance in a given period of Contemporary History, the translation of the aforementioned chapters was underpinned by theoretical concepts of translation studies, which, simultaneously, provided both the opportunity to reflect on this universal practice and on some translation issues raised by the autobiographical discourse.
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Goodridge, Peter. "Measuring the contribution of knowledge." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/18275.
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This thesis attempts to contribute to the growing literature on knowledge (or intangible) capital, considering innovation in the context of its contribution to growth and using an extension to the national accounting framework first outlined in Nakamura (1999) and Corrado, Hulten and Sichel (2005). Chapter 1 presents the underlying framework, set out in the context of previous literature and used to confront measurement issues encountered when knowledge capital is incorporated into a national accounts setting. The second chapter confronts measurement of knowledge investment, in the context of UK ‘artistic originals’. The chapter evaluates official estimates and presents new estimates using a variety of methods and new data. The third chapter confronts estimation of the price of knowledge acquisition, with an application to own-account software. In 2009 the UK market sector invested £13.5bn in own-account software, more than ICT hardware (£12.3bn), making estimation of its price a first order issue for productivity analysts. The chapter describes official methodologies and presents new estimates that explicitly consider technical progress in production. The fourth chapter brings together more elements of the broader work programme, presenting data on investment in, and contributions to growth from, the full range of intangibles discussed in Chapter 1. These data are used to estimate the contribution of innovation to UK growth at both the industry and aggregate level. The fifth chapter considers the potential for knowledge capital to generate social returns in excess of the private returns measured in Chapter 4. It uses the dataset developed in that chapter and searches for evidence of spillovers from R&D and other intangibles. The final chapter uses new estimates of telecommunications equipment prices to re-estimate the contribution of telecommunications capital both directly, via growth accounting, and indirectly, using econometrics to search for evidence of network effects. Appendices include papers on related work.
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Bierman, Lea. "Equestrian knowledge : its epistemology and educative contribution /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17583.pdf.
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Chklovski, Timothy A. (Timothy Anatolievich) 1977. "Using analogy to acquire commonsense knowledge from human Contributors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87342.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-198) and index.<br>The goal of the work reported here is to capture the commonsense knowledge of non-expert human contributors. Achieving this goal will enable more intelligent human-computer interfaces and pave the way for computers to reason about our world. In the domain of natural language processing, it will provide the world knowledge much needed for semantic processing of natural language. To acquire knowledge from contributors not trained in knowledge engineering, I take the following four steps: (i) develop a knowledge representation (KR) model for simple assertions in natural language, (ii) introduce cumulative analogy, a class of nearest-neighbor based analogical reasoning algorithms over this representation, (iii) argue that cumulative analogy is well suited for knowledge acquisition (KA) based on a theoretical analysis of effectiveness of KA with this approach, and (iv) test the KR model and the effectiveness of the cumulative analogy algorithms empirically. To investigate effectiveness of cumulative analogy for KA empirically, LEARNER, an open source system for KA by cumulative analogy has been implemented, deployed,1 and evaluated. LEARNER acquires assertion-level knowledge by constructing shallow semantic analogies between a KA topic and its nearest neighbors and posing these analogies as natural language questions to human contributors. Suppose, for example, that based on the knowledge about "newspapers" already present in the knowledge base, LEARNER judges "newspaper" to be similar to "book" and "magazine." Further suppose that assertions "books contain information" and "magazines contain information" are also already in the knowledge base. Then LEARNER will use cumulative analogy from the similar topics to ask humans whether "newspapers contain information."<br>(cont.) Because similarity between topics is computed based on what is already known about them, LEARNER exhibits bootstrapping behavior - the quality of its questions improves as it gathers more knowledge.By summing evidence for and against posing any given question, LEARNER also exhibits noise tolerance, limiting the effect of incorrect similarities. The KA power of shallow semantic analogy from nearest neighbors is one of the main findings of this thesis. I perform an analysis of commonsense knowledge collected by another research effort that did not rely on analogical reasoning and demonstrate that indeed there is sufficient amount of correlation in the knowledge base to motivate using cumulative analogy from nearest neighbors as a KA method. Empirically, evaluating the percentages of questions answered affirmatively, negatively and judged to be nonsensical in the cumulative analogy case compares favorably with the baseline, no-similarity case that relies on random objects rather than nearest neighbors. Of the questions generated by cumulative analogy, contributors answered 45% affirmatively, 28% negatively and marked 13% as nonsensical; in the control, no-similarity case 8% of questions were answered affirmatively, 60% negatively and 26% were marked as nonsensical. 1The site, "1001 Questions," is publicly available at http://teach-computers.org/learner.html at the time of writing.<br>by Timothy A. Chklovski.<br>Ph.D.
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Rico-Martinez, Roberto. "Contribution to the knowledge of speciation in rotifera." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25749.
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Iida, Tsuyoshi. "Instructed and Naturalistic L2 Learners Matalinguistic Knowledge : Does metalinguistic knowledge contribute to L2 Proficiency?" Thesis, University of Reading, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533737.
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Morton, Sarah Catherine. "Exploring and assessing social research impact : a case study of a research partnership's impacts on policy and practice." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9940.
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There is increasing emphasis on the outcomes of research in terms of its impact on wider society. However in the social sciences the ways in which research is taken up and used, discussed, shared and applied in different policy, practice and wider settings is complex. This thesis set out to investigate the ways in which social research was used by various non-academic actors, and to explore what impact it had in order to develop methods for understanding and assessing impact. The research investigated what research impact is, how it occurs, and how it might be assessed. The research was in two phases: firstly, a case study of a research partnership between a research centre and a voluntary organisation; and, secondly, the development and seeking feedback on a framework to assess impact. The care study employed two main approaches: forward-tracking - from research to policy and/or practice - and backward tracking - from policy back to research. Both phases were conducted through a practitioner-research approach, bringing experience of working with the projects involved into the heart of the research model. The study found many ways the research from the partnership had been used in different sectors by different actors. Impacts from the research were harder to identify. In cases where there were clear impacts, the actors involved had adapted research to fit the context for research use in order to create impact. Research users continued to draw on the research for many years after publication, creating further impact as new policy or practice agendas arose. The framework used a 'pathways to impact' model to develop a theory-based approach to assessing impact and to create categories for data collection. The ways in which research might impact on policy and practice are many and cannot be easily predicted. Concepts from complexity theory, particularly a focus on relationships, an understanding of context and the concept of emergence have been useful in framing the picture of impact generated from this research. Any assessment of impact from social research needs to acknowledge that many actors are involved in the process of research being taken up and used, and impact cannot be achieved from the supply side alone. Partnership research, between an academic and voluntary sector organisation, facilitated the use and impact of the research in many ways. The thesis reconceptualises ideas about how research impacts on society, suggesting the concept of 'contribution' is more accurate and useful than attribution. It also adds to the body of empirical work on the processes of impact, and in particular of the role of research partnerships in increasing impact. It suggests that process-based approaches to assessing impact that acknowledge complexity may be fruitful in developing impact assessment methodology.
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Kayhan, Varol O. "Contribution to and Use of Online Knowledge Repositories: The Role of Governance Mechanisms." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1677.
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Drawing upon the concept of governance, this dissertation refers to the two most commonly employed mechanisms that ensure high quality knowledge in electronic repositories as expert-governance and community-governance. In three related but distinct essays, the dissertation examines the governance concept, and investigates contributing knowledge to and using knowledge from electronic repositories governed by these two mechanisms. The first essay sets the conceptual foundations of knowledge governance in repositories, and examines the salient aspects of expert- and community-governance that contribute to knowledge quality. The essay adopts an interpretive research methodology and analyzes empirical data collected from a range of organizations using interviews and online questionnaires. Findings suggest that executing governance functions thoroughly, experts' credibility, and experts' ownership of content contribute to knowledge quality in expert-governed repositories; and executing governance functions continuously and by a diverse set of members, and members' involvement in governance contribute to knowledge quality in community-governed repositories.
The second essay investigates the factors that influence individuals to make voluntary contributions to expert- and community-governed repositories. This essay employs the same research methodology used in Essay I and suggests that personal benefits is a stronger motivator for contributing to expert-governed, and reciprocity is a stronger motivator for contributing to community-governed repositories when these two repositories are implemented on an individual basis in organizational settings. When the two repositories are implemented simultaneously, two sets of factors influence contribution behaviors: knowledge-based factors include the type, formality, and sensitivity of knowledge; and need-based factors include the need for collaboration, expert validation, and recognition.
The third essay investigates knowledge use from expert- and communitygoverned repositories using a positivist perspective. It conducts a controlled experiment drawing upon elaboration likelihood model, and finds that the credibility of a governance mechanism positively affects subjects’ perceptions of knowledge quality as well as their intentions to use knowledge, which in turn affect their actual knowledge use. This essay also conducts within-subject comparisons using repeated measures ANOVA to shed light on subjects’ perceptions of expert- and community-governed knowledge assets.
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Ali, Muhammad Noman, and Adis Redzovic. "Knowledge Management and Sharing Initiatives in Development Sector : Contribution in Effective Risk Management." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för management, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3370.
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This thesis study explores the existing knowledge management and sharing practices in donor organizations, particularly working in the developing countries. The potentional of knowledge management and sharing to facilitate development organizations in carrying out development work has been recognised in the literature. Literature presented mix of critique and appreciation to the existing efforts of donor agencies. Knowledge sharing platforms revolves around the country initiatives and donor agencies like UNDP and World Bank which are proactive in establishing these platforms for partner organizations. This research contributes practical insight to the question of delivery of these platforms, through an empirical investigation based on the development professionals' experiences. As earlier research shows enormous amount of literature on individual, team and organizational level knowledge sharing, this study sets prime focus on community level or external knowledge sharing, an area where there exist a dearth of emperical research or contributing literature on examing the role of sharing initiatives and possible contribution in improving risk management in development projects. Literature shows the potential of knowledge management and sharing practices, as their possible contribution in the global development practices and in bridging gap between North-South stakeholders. However, cultural, technological, organizational and individual level issues escalate with external level of knowledge sharing and thesis rightly, identifies success factors from the literature alongwith their viability from the professionals. It is even more inadequate when it comes to projects of donor organizations in under developed and developing countries. With 80% of documented failure rates of knowledge sharing systems, external knowledge sharing with partner organizations or network organizations is really not adequate and do not have supporting culture. As this whole process of sharing knowledge, heavily relies on the perceived motivation and willingness to share, study has tried to identify the challenges facing wider use of these sharing systems. Study also contributes with suggestions for knowledge management and sharing system developers, policy and decision makers and system users, to improve the overall contribution of knowledge sharing in better risk management. Apart from the cultural barriers, there are technical and policy level issues which need more concerted efforts to improve the use of these sharing systems by various organizations and individuals.<br>House No. 174-A, St. 61, I-8/3, Islamabad, Pakistan Contact: +92-336-5666065, Email: noman-1985@hotmail.com
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Te, Wiata Joy. "A local Aotearoa New Zealand investigation of the contribution of Māori cultural knowledges to Pakeha identity and counselling practices." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2329.
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This project investigates the experiences of a small group of social service practitioners as they consider the question of what it means to be Pakeha in Aotearoa New Zealand in 2004. Specifically this study considers the contribution of Māori cultural knowledges to Pakeha identity. It also explores whether therapeutic practices that participants have available, are relevant to their current claims of Pakeha identity. This study highlights the complexity of experience and multiple stories that inform constructions of identity. In approaching the topic I was aware that many important stories of people's lived experience are not often told. People are often silenced due to the difficulty of 'telling'. In this exploration, space was created for the telling of stories, which are often not easily told: stories of struggle and pain; stories of compassionate witnessing; stories of rule-breaking; stories of stepping into territory beyond binaries and stories of richness and delight. Knowledges have been produced that indicate the need for carefully crafted space for often very difficult identity conversations to occur and for voices to be heard. Further, the study has produced knowledges for scaffolding for respectful and honouring conversations . The stories of this project indicate that the conversations required, have their foundation through engagement with the value of fairness. Findings also indicate that forums, where mutual contribution to identity for both Māori and Pakeha can be acknowledged, are a critical to establishing ongoing honourable relationships between Pakeha and Māori New Zealanders. Throughout this project participants acknowledge and honour the rich contribution of Māori knowledges and language to their Pakeha identity.
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Moradi, Mahmoud. "Gestion des connaissances et modélisation d'entreprise : contribution à un cadre méthodologique unifié." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13831/document.
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L’objectif de la thèse est d’abord d’analyser les rapports croisés existant entre modélisation d’entreprise et gestion des connaissances (modélisation comme explicitation des connaissances et connaissances comme une vue en modélisation) et ensuite de déboucher sur un ensemble méthodologique unifiant les deux approches. L’apport de nos travaux est décomposé comme suit : 1.Une étude comparative conceptuelle et théorique de ces méthodes. 2.Une chaîne de valeur ajoutée de la création des connaissances nommée VCKC. 3.Un cadre générique pour la mise en place de gestion des connaissances en entreprise nommé I2CE. 4.Un cadre d’ingénierie d’entreprise basé sur la connaissance nommé KBEE<br>The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the relation between enterprise modeling and knowledge management (modeling as a way of knowledge externalization and knowledge as a view in modeling) and next to propose a global framework which will be able to unify two approaches. The contribution of this research is divided into four major axes: 1. To propose a conceptual and theoretic comparison study of two approaches. 2. To propose a value chain of knowledge creation in a value added way to unify the basic terminology in the context of knowledge in the organizations. This proposition named Value Chain of Knowledge Creation (VCKC). 3. To propose a reference model as the theoretic foundation of implementing knowledge management approach in the organizations named Intent-Content-Context-Evolution (I2CE). 4. To propose a knowledge engineering framework in the enterprises named Knowledge Based Enterprise Engineering (KBEE)
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Atar, Kockar Burcin. "The Contribution Of Cognitive Style And Prior Knowledge On Sixth Grade Students'." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612647/index.pdf.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of cognitive style and prior knowledge on 6th grade students'<br>knowledge acquisition in polygons in drama based learning environment.
The sample of the study was composed of 112 sixth grade students from a public school in Altindag district of Ankara. There were 9 drama based lesson plans lasting 16 lesson hours in the study.
The data was collected through Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT), and three types of knowledge tests: Declarative Knowledge Test (DecKT), Conditional Knowledge Test (ConKT), and Procedural Knowledge Test (ProKT). GEFT developed by Witkin, Oltman, Raskin and Karp (1971) was used to determine cognitive styles of the students as field dependent (FD), field independent (FI), and field mix (FM). Three types of knowledge tests developed by Erdogan (2007) were used as pretests and posttests.
The quantative analysis was carried out by using standard multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that students&rsquo<br>cognitive style was the most predictive variable in explaining students&rsquo<br>declarative, conditional and procedural knowledge Moreover, students&rsquo<br>prior declarative knowledge explained statistically significant amount of variance in students&rsquo<br>declarative and procedural knowledge acquisition, while students&rsquo<br>prior conditional knowledge explained statistically significant amount of variance in students&rsquo<br>declarative, conditional, and procedural knowledge acquisition. On the other hand, students&rsquo<br>prior procedural knowledge failed to explain declarative, conditional, and procedural knowledge acquisition of students.
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Belay, Aklilu Taye. "The Contribution of Collaborative Tools and Technologies in Facilitating Tacit Healthcare Knowledge Sharing amongst Clinicians : In the Case of Akadamiska Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Informationssystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229171.
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Healthcare is a knowledge-intensive field. A significant quantum of extremely vital and viable healthcare knowledge exists in a tacit form, yet due to various operational and technical reasons such healthcare knowledge is not entirely utilized and put into professional practice. The strong increase in expert work and knowledge-intensive fields make examining the topic timely and hypothetically interesting.The most significant contribution of this study is the increase in understanding, as well as, tacit healthcare knowledge sharing amongst physicians and clinicians with the type of collaborative tools and technologies they have at their disposal. Collaborative tools and technologies help employees of an organization work closely with their colleagues, partner organization and other volunteers as tacit healthcare knowledge sharing among clinicians such as sharing of best practices, tips and tricks, inter professional collaborative networking, clinical experiences and skills are known to have a significant impact on the quality of medical diagnosis and decisions.This paper posits that collaboration tools and technologies can provide new opportunities for tacit healthcare knowledge sharing amongst health-experts, and demonstrates this by presenting findings from a review of relevant literature and a survey conducted with Medical Doctors who have moderate to high interaction with collaborative tools and technologies in the healthcare industry. Semi-structure interviews were conducted with health-experts (Medical Doctors and clinicians) of Akademiska Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Final thematic analysis unveiled six themes as potential contributors of collaborative tools and technologies in facilitating tacit healthcare knowledge sharing among clinicians. The newly developed themes are described and interpreted briefly; extensive literature review has been carried out to relate the emerged themes with the literatures and part of interview participant responses are supported as well. Finally this research suggests further empirical studies shall be conducted to acknowledge this study.
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Marzano, Mariella. "Sowing new ideas : an investigation of anthropology's contribution to rural development in S.E. Sri Lanka." Thesis, Durham University, 2002. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4184/.
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This thesis is a study of rural development resulting from ethnographic research carried out in the villages of Mediriya, Therrapahuwa and Walamatiara in Moneragala, Sri Lanka. As rural villages are being drawn into increasingly complex relations governed by forces of globalisation, this study develops an understanding of the significance of these interactions within the context of development. In Sri Lanka, current (worldwide) concerns for 'sustainable’ development based on 'participation' in order to alleviate 'poverty' and 'empower' local people, must be examined against a historical backdrop in order to appreciate the significance of rural intervention today. I examine issues of knowledge and power emphasising how a variety of stakeholders negotiate, manipulate and form relationships in order to gain access to resources. This thesis tackles development issues on multiple levels. As part of a DFID (Department for International Development) funded natural resources project, focussing on the high density intercropping of banana with rubber, my role was to provide an in-depth study of livelihood strategies and factors influencing farmer decision-making within home gardens and smallholdings. I reflect on the advantages of Indigenous Knowledge Research, which provides a greater insight into how local people identify and tackle problems than previous 'top- down' efforts. However, the fine line between involving local people in development and 'extraction' are also highlighted. My experiences of working within a multidisciplinary team prompted me to reflect on the whole context surrounding the research process and consider the role of anthropology in development. It is argued here that while the involvement of anthropologists in development is not without its dilemmas, anthropology can usefully contribute using a holistic approach to examine the processes of development, placing natural resources research within a wider social and political context and highlighting the difficulties involved in trying to understand something about Others.
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Turegård, Björn. "Traditional forest reserves and their contribution to conservation biology in Babati District, Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2644.
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<p>Traditional forest reserves are protected natural forests established by ancestors to perform many socio-cultural functions and are protected in accordance to customary laws, not based on government legislation. These reserves generally have a long history with well preserved forests that could demonstrate what the surrounding environment could have looked liked, if humans had not altered it. Therefore, the traditional forest reserves might have significant ecological value and a potential high biodiversity. During February and March of 2009 a field study with semi-structured interviews and field observations was carried out in Babati District in Manyara Region in Tanzania, to study the possible contribution TFRs might have to conservation. The information collected were then analysed using Metapopulation Theory, Island Biogeography Theory and local knowledge concepts. The analysis indicates that there is a higher biodiversity in TFRs compared to surrounding areas and unprotected forests as a result of a rigid traditional protection that local people respect. Further on the MPT and IBT show how TFRs could benefit conservation as islands of refuge for threatened species or as migration corridors between nearby forest reserves and national parks. The future for TFRs and possible conversion into CBFM must include respect and support for the local beliefs as a basis for protection and thereby conservation.</p>
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Fonseca, AluÃsio Marques da. "Contribution to Knowledge Phytochemical and Biotechnology water-coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17045.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior<br>An analysis of the constituents of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water from two fruit varieties (green and yellow) by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction showed the presence of alcohols, ketones, thiols, carboxylic acids, phenols, and esters. The main components found in the coconut water of the green type had been propyl etanoate(53.5%) and 4-metil-pentan-2-one (29.0%) for the solvent extraction. By hydrodistillation, it has been detected hexan-2-ol (14.5%) and 4-hidroxi-4-metilpentan- 2-one (30.5%). Of the coconut water of the yellow type has been detected butane-1,3- diol (67.7%) and 4-metil-pentan-2-one (16.7%) for the solvent extraction. For hydrodistillation, the main compound was the 3-mercapto-decane (46.2%). Substantial antioxidant activity was observed, using the DPPH assay, for the samples obtained by hydrodistillation and petroleum ether extraction of both coconut varieties. A series of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones was reduced using plant cell preparations from coconut juice. The reduced products were typically obtained in excellent yields (%) and with very high enantiomeric excess. Esters, amides, and nitrobenzene, yielded acids, amines and an azoxyderivative with satisfactory results. With enantiomeric excesses very raised. One another part of the work consisted of the study of the use of the enzymatic system of the coconut water for esterification of alcohol. In this direction, the quinine was used. In the esterification reactions the immobilized enzymes of the coconut water had been used as biocatalisator, using suitable methodology of literature. The fixed oil of three phases of maturation of solid albumen of the two types from the coconut (green and yellow) after saponification, followed of metilation had been subjected to the CG-MS analysis for the methylic esters identification. Twelve constituent had been found of the oil from young albumen, representing<br>A anÃlise dos componentes da Ãgua-de-coco (Cocos nucifera) dos dois tipos (verde e amarelo) por hidrodestilaÃÃo e extraÃÃo com solvente mostrou a presenÃa de Ãlcoois, cetonas, tiolatos, Ãcidos carboxÃlicos, fenÃis e Ãsteres. Os componentes principais encontrados na Ãgua-de-coco do tipo verde foram etanoato de propila (53,5%) e 4-metil-pentan-2-ona (29,0%) pela extraÃÃo com solvente orgÃnico. Por hidrodestilaÃÃo, foram detectados hexan-2-ol (14,5%) e 4-hidroxi-4-metilpentan-2-ona (30,5%). Da Ãgua-de-coco do tipo amarelo foram detectados butano-1,3-diol (67,7%) e 4-metil-pentan-2-ona (16,7%) pela extraÃÃo com solvente. Por hidrodestilaÃÃo o componente principal foi o 3-mercapto-decano (46,2%). Uma atividade antioxidante substancial foi observada, usando o ensaio de DPPH, tanto para as amostras obtidas pela extraÃÃo com Ãter de petrÃleo como por hidrodestilaÃÃo de ambos os tipos do coco. Uma sÃrie de aldeÃdos e cetonas alifÃticos e aromÃticos foi reduzida usando cÃlulas Ãntegras da Ãgua-de-coco. Os produtos obtidos tiveram tipicamente rendimentos que variaram entre 34% a 99%. Com excessos enantiomÃricos muito elevados. Ãsteres, um nitrobenzeno e amidas foram examinados igualmente onde apresentaram resultados bastante satisfatÃrios. Uma outra parte do trabalho consistiu no estudo da utilizaÃÃo do sistema enzimÃtico da Ãgua-de-coco para esterificaÃÃo de alcoÃis. Neste sentido, foi utilizado a quinina. Nas reaÃÃes de esterificaÃÃo foram utlizados como biocatalisador as enzimas imobilizadas da Ãgua-de-coco, utilizando metodologia adaptada da literatura. O Ãleo fixo de trÃs fases de maturaÃÃo do albumen sÃlido dos dois tipos do coco (verde e amarelo) apÃs saponificaÃÃo, seguidos de metilaÃÃo foram sujeitados à anÃlise de GC-EM para a identificaÃÃo dos Ãsteres metÃlicos. Doze constituintes foram encontrados do Ãleo do albÃmen jovem, representando 90,46%/71,00% (verde/amarelo). Estes compostos foram hidrocarbonetos, tioÃsteres e Ãcidos carboxÃlicos. O Ãleo fixo do albÃmen maduro das duas espÃcies conteve nove compostos, onde aproximadamente 99,59%/68,26% (verde/amarelo) foram caracterizados. Entretanto, os Ãcidos graxos tÃpicos retidos foram o Ãcido lÃurico, Ãcido mirÃstico, Ãcido palmÃtico, Ãcido linolÃico, Ãcido esteÃrico e o Ãcido elaidÃtico. O Ãleo fixo do albÃmen seco das duas espÃcies conteve uma quantidade maior, nove compostos, representando mais de 99,98%/98,11% (verde/amarelo) caracterizados.
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MagalhÃes, Islay Lima. "Contribution to the knowledge of Chemical Northeast plants : Caesalpinia ferrea (Leguminosae)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13738.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>Este trabalho descreve a investigaÃÃo fitoquÃmica da espÃcie vegetal Caesalpinia ferrea (Leguminosae), conhecida como âjucÃâ e usada popularmente no nordeste do Brasil como antirreumÃtico, antimicrobiano e entre outros usos. Os extratos de C. ferrea atravÃs da cromatografia em coluna tendo como fase estacionÃria gel de sÃlica e Sephadex LH-20 levaram ao isolamento de quatro substancias do tipo polifenÃis {Ãcido gÃlico (Ãcido-3,4,5-tri-hidrÃxi-benzÃico), Ãcido elÃgico (4,4â,5,5â,6,6â-hexahidroxidifÃnico-2,6,2â,6â-dilactona), amentoflavona (8-[5-(5,7-dihidroxi-4-oxo-cromeno-2-il)-2-hidroxi-fenil]-5,7-dihidroxi-2-(4-hidroxifenil) cromeno-4-one) e resveratrol (trans-3,5,4â-trihidroxiestilbeno)}; uma mistura constituÃda de um esterÃide {β-sitosterol (24-etilcolest-5-en-3β-ol) e de dois Ãcidos graxos [Ãcido palmÃtico (n-hexadecanÃico) e esteÃrico (n-octadecanÃico)]}; uma outra mistura constituÃda dos triterpenos [Lupeol (Lup-20(29)-en-3β-ol) e β-amirina (olean-12-en-3β-ol), do esterÃide 24-metilenocicloartanol (3β-9,19-Ciclolanostan-3-ol-24-metileno) e do Ãlcool lignocÃrico (n-tetracosonol). A caracterizaÃÃo dos compostos envolveu o uso das tÃcnicas de RMN 1H e 13C (1D e 2D), IV, CG-EM-IE e CLAE-EM-IES. Os extratos brutos das vagens e algumas de suas fraÃÃes foram submetidos a testes de atividades antiacetilcolinesterase e antioxidante com resultados promissores. O bi-flavonÃide, a fitoalexina e os constituintes das misturas mencionadas sÃo relatados pela primeira vez na literatura em C. ferrea.<br>This work describe the phytochemical investigation of pods and stems of specie Caesalpinia ferrea (Leguminosae) known as âjucÃâ. Popularly, this plant is used as antirheumatic, antimicrobial and among other uses. The hexane and ethanol extracts to pods and stems of C. ferrea were submitted to column chromatography having silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 as stationary phase that led to the isolation of four compounds of the type polyphenol: {gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzoic acid), ellagic acid (4,4', 5,5', 6,6'-hexahydroxydifÃnico-2,6,2',6'-dilactone), amentoflavone (8-[5-(5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-chromene-2-yl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)) chromen-4-one and resveratrol (trans-3,5,4â trihydroxystilbene)}; a mixture consisting of a steroid {-sitosterol(24-etilcolest-5-en-3-ol) and two fatty acids [palmitic acid (nhexadecanoic) and stearic acid (n-octadecanoic acid)]}; another mixture consisting of the triterpenes [Lupeol (Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol) and -amyrin (olean-12-en-3-ol), steroid 24-metilenocicloartanol (3-9,19 Ciclolanostan-3-ol-24-methylene) and lignoceric alcohol (n-tetracosonol). The characterization of the chemical components involved the
use 1H and 13C NMR (1D and 2D), IR, GC-MS-EI e HPLC-MS-ESI. The extracts of pods and some of its fractions were submitted in test of the antioxidant activities and
antiacetylcholinesterase with promising results. The bi-flavonoid, phytoalexin and components of mixtures mentioned are first reported in the literature to C. ferrea.
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Amanatidou, Efthymia. "Assessing the contribution of foresight to a more participatory knowledge society." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/assessing-the-contribution-of-foresight-to-a-more-participatory-knowledge-society(3ca17d0b-921b-4d9c-a452-c97e82c4db69).html.
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Foresight has been increasingly acknowledged as a valuable policy-making process. It has evolved from informing policies about key technological fields that would be of outmost importance in the future to (re)orienting and opening up policies towards societal needs. The wide application of foresight would benefit from a common evaluation and assessment framework that hardly exists today. This would facilitate the identification of good practices irrespective of case-specific objectives while it would also allow for benchmarking and coordination of policies for socio-economic development. Such a common assessment framework would require a higher level of reference, i.e. the attainment of generic goals, beyond the specific objectives of each case. This higher level of reference is offered by the commonly agreed goal of the EU to become 'the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world' by also promoting participatory governance in ensuring sustainable development. Apart from their case-specific impacts, foresight exercises have wider impacts in terms of networks creation, actors' alignment, knowledge diffusion and creation, or promoting public engagement in policy-making. Thus, the two 'pillars' of the 'knowledge society' and 'participatory governance', are both relevant and feasible to become the generic level of goals where a common foresight impact assessment framework can be based. The thesis argues that such an assessment framework can be built based on the main features and pre-conditions of more participatory, 'knowledge societies' and the broader impacts of foresight systems. To this end, it starts with exploring the main features of modern societies and the pre-conditions of what may be called in future 'more participatory knowledge societies'. Then follows the examination of foresight literature to better understand the main functions and impacts of foresight systems and identify relevant areas of contribution in relation to more participatory, 'knowledge societies'. The foresight impact assessment framework is eventually built inspired by relevant frameworks and concepts of socio-economic and research programme evaluation in order to adequately address the challenges faced in foresight evaluation. Its validity is then tested through case studies. The case study analysis demonstrates the comprehensiveness of the framework and further refines the main hypotheses and associated success factors, leading to certain foresight principles to be taken on board for foresight exercises to contribute to more participatory, 'knowledge societies'.
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Passenger, Terri. "The contribution of phonological awareness and phonological memory to early literacy." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/29684e8b-ac65-4670-9ec9-1223302bf63b.
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Jonsson, Caroline, and Bergh Aina James. "Knowledge, Contribution and Social factors : A qualitative study about psychiatric social work in Goa, India." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, Institutionen för socialvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-2252.
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Social work is one of the core mental health professions. With a dominance of a biological model in psychiatry, the scope of social factors has been relatively marginal. Social factors have been argued to be social work ́s area of expertise. Psychiatric social work is challenged to articulate its unique knowledge and valuable contribution to the field of mental health care since they are coexisting with other more well-established professions. This qualitative study explores how psychiatric social workers and psychiatrists in Goa, India, perceive social work's unique knowledge and its contribution to the field of mental health care. It further explores psychiatric social workers understanding of social factors in relation to mental illness. The empirical material was collected through twelve semi-structured interviews with ten psychiatric social workers and two psychiatrists working in different mental health care settings in Goa. The results show that the main psychiatric social work contributions were described as raising awareness about mental illness and their functioning as a bridge between units. The result further shows a difficulty (among psychiatric social workers) to articulate psychiatric social work's unique knowledge, but during the interviews a specific in-depth knowledge emerged as well as a focus on psychiatric knowledge. Our findings showed that psychiatric social workers understood social factors in terms of social relations. The results are analyzed with Foucault's theory of discourse, Polanyi's theory of tacit knowledge and Ingleheart’s modernization theory.
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Sicilia, Maria. "KNOWLEDGE COPRODUCTION IN DISCOGS MUSIC DATABASE : A study of the motivations behind a crowdsourced online discography." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-170376.
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Discogs is a crowdsourced online discography that has become one the largest music databases and marketplace used by collectors and enthusiasts. To learn about what motivates Discogs community users to contribute, the answers provided by the respondents(n=135) to an online survey with Likert-scaled items measuring different types of motivations and some open-ended questions were analysed. The results suggested that Discogs contributors are primarily driven by altruistic reasons (intrinsic motivation) followed by pragmatism (extrinsic motivation). While sellers contributed to the database mostly to sell in the Marketplace, they were equally motivated by intrinsic factors, with similar rates to respondents who did not have economic interests in the website. Open-ended questions indicated that conflicts with other users could decrease the motivation to contribute. In addition, respondents revealed that during their trajectory ascontributors, intrinsic motivation increased over time. Also, experience and expertise were the reasons why some contributors had roles recognised by other members in the Discogs community
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Ebner, Hannes. "Supporting loose forms of collaboration : Using Linked Data to realize an architecture for collective knowledge construction." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Medieteknik och interaktionsdesign, MID, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-144311.
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This thesis is driven by the motivation to explore a way of working collaboratively that closely reflects the World Wide Web (WWW), more specifically the potential of the Web architecture built on Semantic Web technologies and Linked Data. The goal is to describe a generic approach and architecture that satisfies the needs for loose collaboration and collective knowledge construction as exemplified by the applications described in this thesis. This thesis focuses on a contribution-centric architecture which allows for flexible applications that support loose forms of collaboration. The first research question deals with how Web-based collective knowledge construction can be supported. The second research question explores the characteristics of collective knowledge construction with respect to the Open World Assumption (OWA). The OWA implies that complete knowledge about a subject cannot be assumed at any time, which is one of the most fundamental properties of the WWW. The third research question investigates how Semantic Web technologies be used in order to support such a contribution-centric architecture. The thesis and its underlying publications are of a technical character and are always grounded in theoretical models and considerations that have led to functional implementations. The research has evolved in iterative development processes and was explicitly directed at building applications that can be used in collaborative settings and that are based on standardized Web technologies. One of the main outcomes, an information model, was developed together with such an application and provides a number of novel approaches in the context in which it was designed. The validity of the presented research is supported by evaluations from different perspectives: a list of implemented applications and showcases, results from structured interviews that have investigated the suitability for various resource annotation processes, as well as scalability aspects. The thesis concludes that it is ultimately up to the application how "loose" the collaboration should be and to which extent the OWA is incorporated. The presented architecture provides a toolkit to support the development of loosely collaborative applications. The showcased applications allow the construction of collaborative conceptual models and to collaboratively annotate educational resources. They show the potential of the used technology stack and the introduced contribution-centric architecture that sits on top if it.<br><p>QC 20140417</p>
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Lee, Changheon. "Dynamics of Advice Network and Knowledge Contribution: A Longitudinal Social Network Analysis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/243117.
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Online communities have become an increasingly popular channel for social interaction, enabling knowledge and opinion sharing across a board range of topics and contexts. Their viability and sustainability depends largely on contributions from community members in terms of time, resources, and knowledge. However, how individuals' knowledge contribution behavior changes over time and what network structural characteristics influence individuals' contribution behavior is not well understood. This study investigates "co-evolution" of social networks (i.e. advice network) and knowledge contribution behavior thorough a lens of social selection and social influence mechanism. This study are particularly interested in examining the dynamics of the advice network ties and the knowledge contribution behavior in the context of virtual financial communities in which people voluntarily participate to exchanges investing-related information. Unlike popular friendship-based online social networks, virtual financial communities in this study enables members to construct their own advice network by adding, maintaining, or terminating advice ties. Changes in network ties are referred to as social selection, while changes in individuals' behavior in response to the current network position are referred to as social influence. Dynamic network modeling is applied to investigate effects of social selection and influence separately and then examine the interplay between social selection and behavioral influence. Examination of such effects both separately and simultaneously requires a longitudinal data that capture dynamic changes in both the advice ties and the behavior under study.
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Huo, Qunying. "A multidisciplinary study of antecedents to voluntary knowledge contribution within online forums." Thesis, Open University, 2017. http://oro.open.ac.uk/52714/.
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One challenge faced by online forums is the provision of a sustainable supply of contributions of knowledge (Wasco et al., 2009). Previous studies have identified online trust and perceived critical mass as antecedents of online knowledge contributions. However, the dynamic aspects of antecedents are little investigated. Moreover, how the dynamics together impact on members’ willingness to contribute knowledge is an open question to be further investigated. To examine the dynamic antecedents of online knowledge continuance, this thesis seeks to develop a holistic approach through three studies. Drawing on a decomposed theory of planned behaviour (Taylor and Todd, 1995), study one identifies dynamic antecedents of intentional online contribution behaviours. Covariance-based structural equation modelling analysis of 910 responses obtained shows that perceived critical mass and trust in online forums that mediates trust in members are the highlighted antecedents in the context of online forums. The development of trust in online forums is investigated through a time series approach in study two. Findings using webnographic and machine learning analysis show that the cognitive dimension of institutional trust is essential in initial trust building. Study three uses network analysis techniques to explore the role of critical mass members. Results indicate that only 5% of critical mass members can sustain online forums. However, critical mass members compete for their connections, inferring the importance of brand building in the beginning of online forums development. A summary of findings from the three studies suggests that the structure assurance of online forums can mediate the effects of interactions between members to a coalition of membership over time. The study provides further knowledge on the voluntary contribution within online forums by taking a dynamic approach, while previous studies in this field are predominantly cross-sectional and un-prophetic.
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Garcés, Monge Luis. "Knowledge-based configuration : a contribution to generic modeling, evaluation and evolutionary optimization." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EMAC0003/document.
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Dans un contexte de personnalisation de masse, la configuration concourante du produit et de son processus d’obtention constituent un défi industriel important : de nombreuses options ou alternatives, de nombreux liens ou contraintes et un besoin d’optimisation des choix réalisés doivent être pris en compte. Ce problème est intitulé O-CPPC (Optimization of Concurrent Product and Process Configuration). Nous considérons ce problème comme un CSP (Constraints Satisfaction Problem) et l’optimisons avec des algorithmes évolutionnaires. Un état de l’art fait apparaître : i) que la plupart des travaux de recherche sont illustrés sur des exemples spécifiques à un cas industriel ou académique et peu représentatifs de la diversité existante ; ii) un besoin d’amélioration des performances d’optimisation afin de gagner en interactivité et faire face à des problèmes de taille plus conséquente. En réponse au premier point, ces travaux de thèse proposent les briques d’un modèle générique du problème O-CPPC. Ces briques permettent d’architecturer le produit et son processus d’obtention. Ce modèle générique est utilisé pour générer un benchmark réaliste pour évaluer les algorithmes d’optimisation. Ce benchmark est ensuite utilisé pour analyser la performance de l’approche évolutionnaire CFB-EA. L’une des forces de cette approche est de proposer rapidement un front de Pareto proche de l’optimum. Pour répondre au second point, une amélioration de cette méthode est proposée puis évaluée. L’idée est, à partir d’un premier front de Pareto approximatif déterminé très rapidement, de demander à l’utilisateur de choisir une zone d’intérêt et de restreindre la recherche de solutions uniquement sur cette zone. Cette amélioration entraine des gains de temps de calcul importants<br>In a context of mass customization, the concurrent configuration of the product and its production process constitute an important industrial challenge: Numerous options or alternatives, numerous links or constraints and a need to optimize the choices made. This problem is called O-CPPC (Optimization of Concurrent Product and Process Configuration). We consider this problem as a CSP (Constraints Satisfaction Problem) and optimize it with evolutionary algorithms. A state of the art shows that: i) most studies are illustrated with examples specific to an industrial or academic case and not representative of the existing diversity; ii) a need to improve optimization performance in order to gain interactivity and face larger problems. In response to the first point, this thesis proposes a generic model of the O-CPPC problem. This generic model is used to generate a realistic benchmark for evaluating optimization algorithms. This benchmark is then used to analyze the performance of the CFB-EA evolutionary approach. One of the strengths of this approach is to quickly propose a Pareto front near the optimum. To answer the second point, an improvement of this method is proposed and evaluated. The idea is, from a first approximate Pareto front, to ask the user to choose an area of interest and to restrict the search for solutions only on this area. This improvement results in significant computing time savings
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Tatiana, Khomikova. "Contribution of Knowledge Economy and Agglomeration Economies to Economic Growth in OECD Countries." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9729.
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Lariviere, Vincent. "A bibliometric analysis of Quebec's PhD students' contribution to the advancement of knowledge." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92362.
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Graduate students are an important part of the academic workforce. However, little is known on their overall contribution to science. Using the participation in Web of Science indexed peer-reviewed publications of the complete population of doctoral students in Quebec over the 2000-2007 period (N=27,393), this thesis achieves three main contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of information science, sociology of the scientific community and sociology of higher education.<br>The first contribution is a technical one and involves the creation of an algorithm that allows the automatic attribution of a large proportion of individual researchers' papers. Indeed, using the patterns found in Quebec university researchers' use of keywords, cited references and discipline of publication, the algorithm automatically attributes or rejects at least one scientific paper to 88% of doctoral students.<br>The second contribution is to provide a large-scale analysis of doctoral students' socialization to research, using the percentage of doctoral students who have published at least one paper during their program as an indicator. It shows that this integration varies greatly among disciplines, with students in the natural and medical sciences being more integrated into research than their colleagues of the social sciences and humanities. Collaboration is an important component of this socialization: disciplines in which student-faculty collaboration are higher are also those in which doctoral students are the most integrated into research. Access to research funds also influences doctoral students participation in peer-reviewed papers, as specialties where professors receive greater research funds are also those where students are the most likely to publish. Although the papers to which doctoral students contribute are most often written in collaboration, they are less likely to be the result of international collaboration. Such socialization to research is also positively linked with students' degree completion and the likelihood of a subsequent career in research.<br>Finally, the third contribution of this thesis is to measure the percentage of the research output of the research system produced by doctoral students. It provides evidence that, for all disciplines combined, PhD students account for 33% of the publication output of the province, a percentage that is considerably higher than that of Quebec hospital researchers taken together and more than 5 times higher than that of federal and industrial researchers of the province. In terms of scientific impact, papers to which doctoral students have contributed obtain significantly lower citation rates than other Quebec papers to which they have not contributed, although the average impact factor of the journals in which they publish is significantly higher. This suggests that the scientific impact of doctoral students' papers may suffer from a Matthew Effect, the sociological phenomenon observed by which recognition for discoveries is more easily attributed to well known scientists than to others less known.<br>Overall, this interdisciplinary thesis provides a significant insight into the extent, the context and the effect of socialization to research in the PhD curriculum, as well as a better understanding of the importance of doctoral students' scientific contributions within Quebec's research system. These findings should be of great interest to university administrators as well as for research councils and the science policy community in general.<br>Les étudiants gradués comptent pour une part importante de la main d'uvre académique. Toutefois, nous ne savons que très peu de choses sur leur contribution globale à l'avancement des connaissances. À partir des articles publiés dans des revues à comités de pairs et indexés dans le Web of Science par la population complète des étudiants au doctorat au Québec entre et 2000 et 2007 (N=27,393), cette thèse effectue trois contributions principales à l'avancement des connaissances en sciences de l'information et en sociologie de la communauté scientifique et de l'enseignement supérieur.<br>La première contribution est de nature technique et consiste en la création d'un algorithme qui permet l'attribution automatique à un chercheur d'un pourcentage important de ses articles scientifiques. En effet, en utilisant les régularités trouvées dans les mots-clés, références citées et la discipline de publication des chercheurs universitaires québécois, cet algorithme permet l'attribution ou le rejet automatique d'au moins un article à 88% des étudiants de doctorat.<br>La seconde contribution est l'analyse à grande échelle de la socialisation des doctorants à la recherche, en utilisant comme indicateur le pourcentage d'étudiants au doctorat qui ont publié au moins un papier au cours de leur programme. Les données montrent que cette intégration varie considérablement entre les disciplines : les étudiants des sciences naturelles et médicales étant plus intégrés à la recherche que leurs collègues des sciences sociales et humaines. La collaboration est un élément important de cette socialisation: les disciplines dans lesquelles la collaboration doctorant-professeur est la plus élevée étant celles où les doctorants sont les plus intégrés dans la recherche. L'accès à des fonds de recherche influence également la participation des étudiants à des publications; les spécialités où les professeurs reçoivent davantage de fonds étant également celles où les étudiants sont plus susceptibles de publier. Bien que les documents auxquels ont contribués les doctorants soient pratiquement tous écrits en collaboration, ils sont moins souvent le résultat d'une collaboration internationale. Cette socialisation à la recherche est également liée de façon positive avec l'obtention du diplôme et la poursuite d'une carrière en recherche.<br>Enfin, la troisième contribution de cette thèse est la mesure de l'importance, dans l'ensemble de la recherche québécoise, des résultats de recherche auxquels des étudiants de doctorat ont contribué. On y constate que, toutes disciplines confondues, les doctorants ont participé à 33% de la production scientifique de la province, un pourcentage considérablement plus élevé que celui des chercheurs en milieu hospitalier de la province combinés et plus de 5 fois supérieur à celui des chercheurs du gouvernement fédéral et du secteur industriel. En termes d'impact scientifique, les articles auxquels les doctorants ont contribué obtiennent un nombre moyen de citations significativement plus faible celui des autres papiers québécois auxquels ils n'ont pas contribué, même si le facteur d'impact moyen de revues dans lesquelles ils publient est, au contraire, significativement plus élevé. Cela suggère que les articles des doctorants souffrent de l'effet St-Matthieu, phénomène selon lequel la paternité d'une découverte sera plus aisément attribuée à un chercheur reconnu qu'à un autre l'étant moins.<br>Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse interdisciplinaire fournit une mesure unique de la prévalence, du contexte et de l'effet de la socialisation à la recherche dans les programmes de doctorat ainsi qu'une une meilleure compréhension de l'importance des doctorants au sein de la communauté scientifique québécoise. Ces résultats devraient être d'un grand intérêt pour les administrateurs d'université, les conseils subventionnaires ainsi que les chercheurs dans le domaine des politiques scientifiques.
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Pinto, Francisco das Chagas Lima. "Contribution to the knowledge of chemical plants of northeast Brazil: Solanum buddleifolium SENDTN." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11092.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>This work describes the chemical study of Solanum buddleifolium (Solanaceae) aimed the isolation and structural characterization of its secondary metabolites. The chemical prospection was realized using chromatographic techniques such as chromatography over silica gel Sephadex LH-20 and solid phase extraction (SPE) besides High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) From EtOH were isolated the known compounds β-sitosterol and estigmasterol betulinic acid 13-hidroxysolavetrivone polistachiol N-trans-feruloyltiramine N-cis-Feruloyltiramine N-trans-feruloyl-3-methyldopamine N-trans-coumaroyltiramine N-trans-caffeoyltiramine N-trans-feruloyldopamine (+)-lioniresinol (-)-lioniresinol (+)-3-metoxisolariciresinol and the alkaloid solamargine alangilignoside C and ligalbumoside A (+)-alangilignoside D and (-)-alangilignoside D β-sitosterol glucoside and N-trans-caffeoyldopamine The structures of all compounds were determined by using spectrometric techniques (IR MS and 1H and 13C NMR) including 2D experiments (COSY HSQC HMBC and NOESy) and comparison with published data This is the first report about S. buddleifolium All lignans are been described for the first time in the genus Solanum and consequently represent an important contribution for the chemiotaxonomy of the genus<br>Este trabalho descreve o estudo quÃmico realizado com Solanum buddleifolium (Solanaceae) visando o isolamento e a caracterizaÃÃo estrutural de seus metabÃlitos secundÃrios A investigaÃÃo quÃmica do extrato etanÃlico dos talos da referida espÃcie foi realizada atravÃs de tÃcnicas cromatogrÃficas cromatografia em gel de sÃlica e por exclusÃo molecular (Sephadex L-20) cromatografia por extraÃÃo em fase sÃlida (SPE) e Cromatografia LÃquida de Alta EficiÃncia (CLAE) Do procedimento de extraÃÃo Ãcido/base da fraÃÃo hidroalcoÃlica do extrato etanÃlico foram isolados (+)-lioniresinol (SB-1) (-)-lioniresinol (SB-2) (+)-3-metoxisolariciresinol (SB-3) e o alcalÃide solamargina (SB-4) Da fraÃÃo diclorometano do extrato etanÃlico dos talos de S. buddleifolium foram isolados e caracterizados os seguintes compostos β-sitosterol (SB-5A) e estigmasterol (SB-5B) Ãcido betulÃnico (SB-6) 13-hidroxisolavetivona (SB-7) polistachiol (SB-8) N-trans-feruloiltiramina (SB-9A) N-cis-feruloiltiramina (SB-9B) N-trans-feruloil-3-metildopamina (SB-10) N-trans-coumaroiltiramina (SB-11) N-trans-caffeoiltiramina (SB-12) N-trans-feruloildopamina (SB-13) o glicosÃdeo do β-sitosterol (SB-14) alangilignoside C (SB-15A) e ligalbumoside A (SB-15B) (+)-alangilignoside D (SB-16A) e (-)-alangilignoside D (SB-16B) e N-trans-cafferoildopamina (SB-17) As estruturas de todos os compostos foram determinadas com base em tÃcnicas espectromÃtricas (IV EM-IES e RMN 1H e 13C 1D e 2D) alÃm de comparaÃÃo com dados jà registrados na literatura. Este à o primeiro estudo envolvendo S. buddleifolium e todas as lignanas caracterizadas estÃo sendo descritas pela primeira vez no gÃnero Solanum representando uma importante contribuiÃÃo para o conhecimento quÃmico deste
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Mwagiru, Njeri. "Women's knowledge systems and their potential contribution to leadership and socio-political transformation." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20477.
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At a theoretical and practical level of inquiry, the research presented in this thesis explores the potential of women's contributions to epistemology and knowledge for enhanced leadership, organisational performance and sustainable processes of socio-political transformation. The research inquiry is informed by a commitment to promote diversity, equity and sustainability, and prompted by the need to investigate women's continued low representation at senior and leadership levels in organisations, and characteristics of persistent gender bias. The main focus of the practical research is the experience of women in senior and leadership positions in organisations. The practical research inquiry focuses on how organisations facilitate or impede women's contributions to knowledge and leadership processes at senior and leadership levels. The objective of the research was to identify organisational facilitators and obstacles that respectively support or constrict women in senior and leadership positions, particularly with reference to the motivations, collegial relations and decision making capacity of women in leadership. A main stipulation of the research theoretical discussion is that current emergence of knowledge economies and societies, in environments of complexity and uncertainty, presents an opportune moment to explore diverse knowledges which may enhance leadership, organisational innovation and performance, as well as sustainable processes of socio-political transformation. In particular, focus is on the potential of women's contributions to knowledge and leadership towards expanded and alternative epistemologies and theoretical frameworks, conceptual models and practical approaches for improved organisational performance and sustainable socio-political transformation. The principal context of interest is Africa, motivated by optimism related to positive patterns of recent economic growth, ongoing processes of democratisation, and a youthful population expanding the region's potential. The discussion references widely however (see References and Bibliography), and may be relevantly applied for a variety of international contexts.
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Oliveira, João Pedro de Frias Rodrigues de. "O contributo das Comunidades de Prática para o Customer Knowledge Management: um estudo de caso." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2761.
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Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais<br>As empresas procuram estar na vanguarda da tecnologia e do conhecimento. Como tal, adoptam sistemas de Customer Relationship Management (CRM) e de Gestão de Conhecimento (GC) para fazerem face aos desafios que lhes são apresentados. Como o mercado é muito competitivo e dinâmico, os sistemas de CRM e de GC actuam de forma interligada, dando origem ao Customer Knowledge Management (CKM). Devido à implementação de novos sistemas e consequentemente de novos mecanismos, as empresas optam por adoptar Comunidades de Prática (CoP) com os objectivos de melhorar os processos de partilha de conhecimento, de formação dos colaboradores, de identificação de novos talentos e de criação inovações. Neste contexto, emerge a questão de investigação: "Qual o contributo das CoPs para o CKM?". Com base em entrevistas e estudo de documentos secundários da empresa CapGemini, procurou-se responder à questão de investigação seguindo a metodologia de estudo de caso único. Este estudo procura contribuir para uma reflexão sobre a utilidade das CoPs no que diz respeito ao tratamento do conhecimento do cliente, por parte das empresas. Esta investigação engloba a análise ao modo como as CoPs podem influenciar os processos internos bem como os processos externos das empresas, dado que o cliente é o co-produtor dos bens/serviços, devido à sua pró-actividade.<br>The companies seek to be in the forefront of technology and knowledge. Therefore, they choose systems such as Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and of Knowledge Management (Gestão de Conhecimento (GC) to face the challenges they are confronted with. As the market is highly competitive and dynamic, the CRM and GC systems function in a connected way, originating in the Customer Knowledge Management (CKM). Due to the implementation of new systems and, as a consequence, of new mechanisms, companies choose to adopt Practice Communities (Comunidades de Prática (CoP) aiming to improve the processes of knowledge sharing, the training of employees, the identifying of emerging talents and the creation of innovation. In this context, an investigation question emerges: "What is the contribution of CoP's to CKM?" Based on interviews and the study of secondary documents of the company CapGemini, the methodology of unique case study was followed in order to find an answer to this investigation question. This study seeks to contribute to the thought process in regards to the usefulness of CoP's, as far as the client knowledge is concerned, and from the companies' point of view. This investigation comprises an analysis to the way CoP's may influence the companies' internal processes as well as the external, given that the client is a co-producer of goods and services due to the clients' proven pro-activity.
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Papoutsakis, Charalampos. "The Contribution of Shared Knowledge and Information Technology to Manufacturing Performance: An Evaluation Model." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6771.
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The Doctoral Thesis builds and tests a theoretical model that evaluates the contribution of shared knowledge and information technology to manufacturing performance. This is achieved through a sectorial research study among Manufacturing, Quality and R&D groups in the global economy era of the 21st century. <br/><br/>Theoretically, our research stands uponthe 'knowledge-based theory of the firm'. The theory has received influences from earlier research lines. It is considered to originate from the 'epistemology' of the cognitive philosophers and -through contradiction to the 'transaction cost economics' and the traditional product-based or competitive advantage view-it builds heavily upon the 'resource-based theory'. Starting with an analysis of previous empirical studies and by means of a productive synthesis, we develop the Shared Knowle! dge and Information Technology evaluation model which we later use in order to test the investigation hypotheses. Survey data collected from 51 medium to large sizeindustrial companies with a total of 112 manufacturing groups, representing 5 industrial sectors (alimentation, automotive, chemical and pharmaceutical, electro-mechanical,and textile) were analyzed to test the model. <br/><br/>A methodology, particularly deployed for the Thesis and the proposed evaluation model, was developed. Its key elements are:<br/><br/>(a) Two types of questionnaires, addressing the inter-group relationships andthe performance issues respectively, were developed and pilot tested prior to being used as the principal researchinstruments.<br/><br/>(b) Design of the indicators and measures has been carried out using two types of measures, general and multiplicative, for all the variables. Manufacturing group performance has been conceptualized in two parts: operational and service performance. <br/><br/>(c) Key-informant methodology has been used for selecting ourresearch responders.<br/><br/>(d) Validity threats have been given special attention and three different types of validity criteria are applied. <br/><br/>(e) Path analysis, a regression-based technique that permits testing of causal models, has been used. The investigation hypotheses have been tested and found to be fully or partially supported, by the significance -or insignificance- of the relevant paths.<br/><br/>(f) Finally, four confirmatory tests have been conducted in order to further secure the validity of the hypotheses.<br/><br/>As shared knowledge and information technology (IT) are central points of our investigation, we have focused on the issues of Knowledge Management (KM), and we have purposely directed our research on specific IT Systems for Supporting Collaboration and Knowledge-based Work. Our final target was to connect both shared knowledge and information technology to manufacturing performance, the subject matter of our investigation. Today's global economy era is the environment of our study, so it was under this perspective als! o that: (a) we have examined theinfluences of the globalization phenomenon to the recent information technology developments; (b) we have regarded KM and sharing knowledge in practice as an answer to globalization. <br/><br/>Finally, our conclusions are presented together with a reference to the study's limitations and some recommendations for future research. Based on the literature and the results of our research we are demonstrating that the two main findings of the study -the proved significant contributions of (a) shared knowledge to the manufacturing group performance, and (b) information technology to, mainly, the manufacturing group performance and, secondarily, to sharing knowledge- are useful to researchers and the business community alike. Manufacturing, Quality and R&D groups have the opportunity to increase shared knowledge and, in this manner, to positively affect manufacturing performance by developing mutual trust and influence through repeated periods of positive face-to-face or IT-based communication, social interaction and common goal accomplishment.
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Ramik, Dominik Maximilián. "Contribution to complex visual information processing and autonomous knowledge extraction : application to autonomous robotics." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802399.
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The work accomplished in this thesis concerns development of an autonomous machine cognition system. The proposed solution reposes on the assumption that it is the curiosity which motivates a cognitive system to acquire new knowledge. Further, two distinct kinds of curiosity are identified in conformity to human cognitive system. On this I build a two level cognitive architecture. I identify its lower level with the perceptual saliency mechanism, while the higher level performs knowledge acquisition from observation and interaction with the environment. This thesis brings the following contribution: A) Investigation of the state of the art in autonomous knowledge acquisition. B) Realization of a lower cognitive level in the ensemble of the mentioned system, which is realizing the perceptual curiosity mechanism through a novel fast, real-world robust algorithm for salient object detection and learning. C) Realization of a higher cognitive level through a general framework for knowledge acquisition from observation and interaction with the environment including humans. Based on the epistemic curiosity, the high-level cognitive system enables a machine (e.g. a robot) to be itself the actor of its learning. An important consequence of this system is the possibility to confer high level multimodal cognitive capabilities to robots to increase their autonomy in real-world environment (human environment). D) Realization of the strategy proposed in the context of autonomous robotics. The studies and experimental validations done had confirmed notably that our approach allows increasing the autonomy of robots in real-world environment
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Essafi, Salma. "3D Knowledge-based Segmentation Using Sparse Hierarchical Models : contribution and Applications in Medical Imaging." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00534805.
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CETTE thèse est consacrée à la conception d'un système d'aide au diagnostic dédiéau muscle squelettique humain. Au cours du premier volet de ce manuscrit nousproposons une nouvelle représentation basée sur les modèles parcimonieux dans le cadrede la segmentation d'Images de Résonances Magnétiques (IRM) T1 du muscle squelettiquedu mollet. Notre méthode Sparse Shape Model/ Modèle de Formes Parcimonieux(MFP), apprend un modèle statistique de formes et de textures locales annoté et réussità en tirer une représentation réduite afin de reconstruire le mécanisme musculaire sur unexemple test. Dans la seconde partie du manuscrit, nous présentons une approche baséesur des ondelettes de diffusion pour la segmentation du muscle squelettique. Contrairementaux méthodes de l'état de l'art, notre approche au cours de la phase d'apprentissagepermet à optimiser les coefficients des ondelettes, ainsi que leur nombres et leur positions.Le modèle prend en charge aussi bien les hiérarchies dans l'espace de recherche,que l'encodage des dépendances géométriques complexes et photométriques de la structured'intérêt. Notre modélisation offre ainsi l'avantage de traiter des topologies arbitraires.L'évaluation expérimentale a été effectué sur un ensemble de mollets acquisespar un scanner IRM, ainsi qu'un ensemble d'images tomodensitométriques du ventriculegauche.
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Smith, Angela K. "The Great War and the emergence of female modernism : an original contribution to knowledge." Thesis, Roehampton University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390849.
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Jonin, Pierre-Yves. "Prior knowledge contribution to declarative learning : a study in amnesia, aging and Alzheimer's disease." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30104.
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L'étude expérimentale de la mémoire humaine a connu deux moments historiques dans les soixante dernières années. 1957 marque la découverte du rôle du lobe temporal interne bilatéral dans l'apprentissage conscient, déclaratif. 1997 marque la découverte de deux systèmes de mémoire déclarative, épisodique et sémantique. Ces découvertes résultent d'études de cas en neuropsychologie. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la tradition neuropsychologique: sa genèse doit tout à un patient souffrant d'une forme atypique d'amnésie développementale, le patient KA. Son point de départ est une étude de cas approfondie, avec deux résultats surprenants. Malgré une amnésie sévère, KA dispose de connaissances sémantiques exceptionnelles. Par ailleurs, il montre des capacités préservées d'apprentissage explicite, mais uniquement pour des stimuli concrets, pas abstraits. En conséquence, cette thèse a exploré deux pistes de recherche. Premièrement, nous avons caractérisé les processus préservés d'apprentissage déclaratif et l'anatomie cérébrale chez ce patient. Deuxièmement, nous avons étudié le rôle des connaissances préalables dans l'apprentissage: comment ce que l'on sait influence ce dont nous nous souvenons ? Une première série d'expériences montre chez ce patient une atteinte sévère et sélective de l'ensemble du système hippocampique, alors que les structures sous- hippocampiques (cortex entorhinal, périrhinal et parahippocampique) sont préservées. Malgré une amnésie épisodique sévère, nous montrons des connaissances sémantiques supranormales et des aptitudes d'apprentissage explicite rapide. Ces aptitudes sont toutefois restreintes aux stimuli associés à des connaissances préalables. Une seconde série d'expériences explore l'hypothèse selon laquelle les connaissances préalables facilitent l'apprentissage en mémoire déclarative, même dans les situations où le lobe temporal interne est fragilisé, comme dans le vieillissement, ou lésé, comme chez le patient KA ou dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. Nos résultats suggèrent l'existence de processus d'apprentissage rapide en mémoire déclarative, indépendants du système hippocampique et sensibles à la présence de représentations préexistantes. Ces processus semblent affectés par la maladie d'Alzheimer, et ce en lien avec un défaut d'activité des régions sous-hippocampiques antérieures. A l'inverse, les sujets âgés sains peuvent utiliser les connaissances préalables et pourraient ainsi compenser le déclin de la mémoire associative. Ce travail s'accorde avec les modèles postulant une dissociation fonctionnelle au sein du lobe temporal interne pour l'apprentissage déclaratif. Il soutient les propositions neurocognitives et computationnelles récentes, suggérant une voie d'apprentissage néocortical rapide mobilisable dans certaines circonstances. Il met en exergue la dynamique des apprentissages en mémoire déclarative et notamment l'intrication fondamentale entre "savoir" et "se souvenir". Ce que je sais a un impact profond sur ce dont je vais me souvenir. Cette thèse permet d'envisager de nouveaux outils cognitifs pour le diagnostic de la maladie d'Alzheimer. De plus, il semble que des lésions temporales internes auront un impact distinct sur l'apprentissage selon le statut des informations à mémoriser en mémoire à long terme, offrant un regard nouveau sur les effets stimulus-dépendants dans l'amnésie. Une considération approfondie des connaissances préalables associées au contenu de nos expériences, et leur caractérisation détaillée, est requise pour affiner les modèles de la mémoire déclarative. Ces résultats apportent de nouvelles pistes de recherche quant aux circonstances épargnant l'apprentissage, notamment associatif, lors du vieillissement. Plus généralement, ils contribuent à la compréhension des déterminants d'un apprentissage réussi, en mettant l'accent sur les recouvrements entre processus de récupération et d'acquisition. Des applications potentielles en découlent dans le domaine éducatif<br>The experimental study of human memory has had two historic moments in the last sixty years. 1957 marks the discovery of the role of the medial temporal lobes in conscious learning. 1997 marks the discovery of two systems of declarative memory, namely episodic and semantic memories. These major breakthroughs are owed to clinical case studies in neuropsychology. This thesis follows on from the neuropsychological tradition: its genesis owes everything to a patient suffering from an atypical form of developmental amnesia, the patient KA. The starting point of this work was a thorough neuropsychological study of this patient. Two striking findings shortly arose. First, despite lifelong amnesia, KA had acquired exceptional levels of knowledge about the world. Second, remaining explicit learning abilities were restricted to meaningful, not meaningless, memoranda. As a consequence, we have investigated two research pathways in that thesis. First, we aimed at better characterizing preserved learning abilities and brain structure of the patient KA. Second, our goal was to explore how prior knowledge affects new declarative learning or, put simply, how do we learn what we know? In a first series of behavioural and neuroimaging experiments, we have shown in this patient a severe and selective damage of the whole extended hippocampal system, but preserved subhippocampal structures (entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex). The patient suffers from severe episodic amnesia, but we bring striking evidence for supranormal semantic knowledge as well as normal explicit learning skills. These skills were, however, restricted to familiar stimuli, that is, stimuli carrying pre-experimental knowledge. In a second series of behavioural and neuroimaging experiments, we explored the hypothesis that prior knowledge can facilitate new learning in declarative memory, even in aging or in situations where structures of the medial temporal lobe are or injured, as in amnesia or Alzheimer's disease. Our results suggest the existence of processes allowing fast learning in declarative memory, independently of the hippocampal system, and that are sensitive to the presence of pre-existing representations in long-term memory. Such learning processes appear to be selectively affected by Alzheimer's disease at the pre-dementia stage, in relation to a lack of activation of subhippocampal regions. In contrast, healthy elderly were able to rely on these learning processes to compensate for the decline in associative memory associated with aging. This work lends support to the models postulating a functional dissociation with respect to learning in declarative memory. It indeed strengthens recent neurocognitive and computational accounts that suggest a rapid neocortical learning path under certain circumstances. It highlights the dynamics of learning in declarative memory and in particular the fundamental entanglement between "knowing" and "remembering". What I know profoundly impacts what I will remember. The present thesis points towards new cognitive tools for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. It further brings evidence that medial temporal lesions differentially impact learning depending on the status of the memoranda in long-term memory, which sheds a new light on material-specific effects in amnesia. Our work speaks for a thorough consideration of whether the contents of events have prior representations within long-term memory, and to further better characterize their nature if we are to better understand learning mechanisms. It also brings additional clues for a deeper understanding of how learning and memory can be preserved in aging. More generally, it contributes to a better understanding of the factors determining successful learning, with a focus on how retrieval and acquisition processes overlap during learning. Such findings have potential applications in the educational field
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Romero, Sarmiento Maria Fernanda. "Contribution of molecular biomarkers to the knowledge of terrestrial plants development during the Palaeozoic." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10041/document.
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Le contenu en biomarqueurs aliphatiques et aromatiques de sédiments d’origine terrestre et marine de l’Ordovicien supérieur au Carbonifère inferieur a été comparé aux assemblages de palynomorphes (acritarches, prasinophytes, chitinozoaires, cryptospores, spores trilètes et mégaspores) afin de contribuer à la connaissance de l’évolution des plantes terrestres au cours du Paléozoïque. Cette étude est donc basée sur les biomarqueurs d’origine terrestre et leur attribution à une espèce de plantes. L’enregistrement des biomarqueurs dans les successions clastiques du Silurien moyen – Dévonien inferieur de Tunisie méridionale, dans le basin de Ghadamis (Gondwana) révèle la présence de rétène, cadalène, kaurane, norabiétane, tetrahydroretene, C19 isohexylalkylnaphthalene et simonellite. Les premières bryophytes et les trachéophytes du Paléozoïque (par exemple Cooksonia, lycophytes et zosterophylles) peuvent donc être considérés comme de potentiels précurseurs pour le rétène et ses composés moléculaires associés dans les sédiments du Silurien Moyen au Dévonien Inférieur. En contrepartie, la flore du Carbonifère inferieur formée principalement de lycopodes arborescents, sphenopsides et pteridospermes est proposée comme une possible source pour le phyllocladane, abiétane, ent-béyerane, bisnorsimonellite, totarane diaromatique,sempervirane diaromatique et 2-méthylrétène dans les dépôts de charbon du Carbonifère inférieur (Viséan) de Dunbar (Est Lothian, Ecosse). Parmi les autres biomarqueurs identifiés dans nos échantillons, ionène, alkyldibenzofuranes, pérylène et les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs) dérivés de combustion indiquent la contribution de pollens, lichens, champignons et végétation carbonisée, respectivement. La plupart des biomarqueurs identifiés ici ont été généralement associées aux conifères, qui ne se sont développés qu’après le Carbonifère supérieur. Il apparait donc que ces composés sont également caractéristiques des premières plantes terrestres<br>The aliphatic and aromatic biomarker content from terrestrial and marine sediments of Late Ordovician to Early Carboniferous age have been related to their palynomorph assemblages (e.g. acritarchs, prasinophytes, chitinozoans, cryptospores, trilete spores and megaspores) in order to contribute to the knowledge of land plant evolution during the Palaeozoic. This investigation is therefore focused on the land-derived biomarkers and their attributions to specific kind of plants. The biomarker record of middle Silurian – lower Devonian sediments from southern Tunisia, Ghadamis Basin (Gondwana) reveals the presence of retene, cadalene, kaurane, norabietane, tetrahydroretene, C19 isohexylalkylnaphthalene and simonellite. The early Palaeozoic bryophytes and tracheophytes (e.g. Cooksonia, lycophytes and zosterophylls) may therefore be considered as potential precursors for retene and its related molecular compounds in sediments of Middle Silurian to Early Devonian age. In contrast, the Early Carboniferous flora formed by arborescent lycopods, sphenopsids and pteridosperms have been suggested here as apossible terrestrial source for phyllocladane, abietane, ent-beyerane, bisnorsimonellite, diaromatic totarane, diaromatic sempervirane and 2-methylretene in the Lower Carboniferous (Viséan) coal deposits at Dunbar (East Lothian, Scotland). Among the other biomarkers detected in our samples, ionene, alkyldibenzofurans, perylene and combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indicate pollen, lichens, fungi and vegetation fire contributions, respectively. Most of the biomarkers identified here had been so far generally associated to conifers, though conifers only evolved during Late Carboniferous. Thesecompounds therefore are also characteristic of early land plants
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Reynolds, Mary E. "The contribution of knowledge management to learning an exploration of its practice and potential in Australian and New Zealand schools /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07022005-062930/.
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Rosenthal, Robert. "How does student teacher research contribute to knowledge creation within the secondary school context?" Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51479/.
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The extent to which participation in research is seen as an essential part of Initial Teacher Education programmes is very variable across time and institutions. Where it is a necessary part of the programme, student teachers are expected to engage in classroom enquiry and this is considered beneficial for them, the schools involved and to others more widely. This thesis explores student teacher research as knowledge creation, how the knowledge created by examples of the University of Sussex PGCE Special Study was used by the students, their school-based mentors and professional tutors and what effect this had on the culture of the schools. The research is presented through multiple embedded case studies derived from interviews with three participants in each of three schools: a student teacher researcher, their departmental mentor and the professional tutor. These are discussed through a micro-political lens by cross-section according to their collective role and holistically in relation to each school case. This analysis is further developed using a Bourdieusian analysis to support an understanding of how participants used the Special Studies to further their individual interests. The place of student research in the contested field of national initial teacher education policy is also discussed in order to highlight conflicted constructs of teacher professionalism. The ‘insider-outsider' binary is explored throughout the thesis and is reflected in its iterative methodology, types of knowledge, models of research, communities of practice and the researcher's own biography. Conflict and disruption are reviewed as offering creative potential and it is proposed that student teachers and their research are uniquely positioned to constitute a hybrid ‘semi-insider/outsider'. It is argued that by occupying this mid-space they can make a unique contribution to their school communities and the professional knowledge of teachers. However, the extent to which this takes place will depend on the potential that agents see for student research to further their own positional interests in a contested field. The thesis concludes that research projects can not only prepare student teachers for a research-active model of teacher professionalism, but also allow them to make an important contribution to partnership schools.
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Fong, Patrick Sik-wah. "Understanding knowledge creation : a study of the processes, interrelationships and contributory factors within multidisciplinary project teams." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/106978/.
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The growing importance of introducing unique products to the market has made firms more conscious of organisational knowledge creation. Knowledge creation is recognised to be important in creating and sustaining competitive advantage as well as in meeting organisational goals in modem societies. Multidisciplinary project teams have gained increased popularity owing to their diversity of knowledge resources, drawing upon different organisational functions and professional disciplines. They are viewed as having high potential to innovate due to their heterogeneous nature. Their activities are fundamental to learning within wider organisations, and not just in the form of temporarily disconnected project units. The research empirically investigates the creation of new technical knowledge and develops a conceptual model of the knowledge creation process. It broadens the organisational knowledge creation theory developed by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), into the area of multidisciplinary project teams. This research focuses on three major aspects: the key processes that underlie knowledge creation within multidisciplinary project teams, the interrelationships between these key knowledge creation processes and the factors that influence the processes of multidisciplinary knowledge creation. Empirical evidence was collected from a large property development company, using a qualitative case study approach. Two multidisciplinary project teams, working on infra-structural and residential developments, were selected for the in-depth study. The research reviews existing theories of organisational knowledge creation and team processes. It seeks to contribute to the theory of knowledge creation within multidisciplinary project teams through technological innovation or problem solving, by providing an explorative account supported by empirical evidence. Secondly, it contributes to the development of the knowledge creation theory within multidisciplinary project teams by adopting a social construction perspective and by focusing on its processes and their interrelationship. In addition, factors are identified that affect these processes. The proposed framework provides not only for future research to systematically examine and test knowledge creation processes against different backgrounds, but it also allows management to continuously anticipate and support knowledge creation activities related to the successful management of collaborative team projects within their particular organisations.
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Leung, Po-yee Polly, and 梁寶兒. "The contribution of working memory and vocabulary knowledge to Englishreading comprehension in Cantonese-speaking children." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31577313.
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Cook, N. M. "Conditions and limits : contemporary female biographers and the biographical paradigm : an original contribution to knowledge." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843670/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aims to interrogate the notion that biography is a 'traditional, old-fashioned' genre immune to change through an investigation of the work of contemporary female biographers. Whilst biography is constrained by what could be defined as an historicist definition of fact, evidence that is immutable and cannot be altered to make a psychological or artistic point, the genre has been transformed because women's life writing has taught us that conventional biography is inadequate for telling the narratives of women's lives. Women writing biography have made experiments. Whilst some have failed, female biographers have demonstrated that the form can be adapted to incorporate a post-modern understanding of the self and the role of the author, and act as a valuable medium for telling the stories of the lives of women who have been hidden or ignored by history. The first two chapters provide a theoretical and historical framework for the writing of individual female biographers. Today a feminist epistemology has emerged- a more sophisticated post-modern form that is concerned with the theories or grounds of Knowledge rather than with the politics of feminism that dominated the biographies of the seventies. Chapters Three to Seven are devoted to contemporary female biographers who have made a significant contribution to the genre and thus helped to redefine the form. The final chapter is a synthesis of the conversations undertaken with women biographers for this thesis in order to provide a conceptual framework for my conclusions.
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Santos, Gislene Diniz dos. "O saber ambiental dos assentados do projeto Darci Ribeiro no contributo para o desenvolvimento sustentável." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4176.
Full textAbstract:
Now a days there is a world wide concern about the environment and this subject has affected all countries. However the commitment among the countries is not the same. The exploration of natural resources without rationality results in an environmental disaster, compromising the future of generations to come. Slashing the forest is a habit of the
modern mankind that is the prejudicial not only to himself but also to other animals on earth. The settlers especially those from the Land Reform Program, organize themselves to
preserve the environment after receiving the land. This study was focused in an investigation to understand the environmental knowledge of settlers from Darci Ribera s
Project, located at Itaporanga County, to verify in loco, how they explain and organize themselves, in order to preserve the environment to reach a sustainable development. The
work was based on theoretical concepts shown by Leff, Diegues and others thinkers, and was based on semi structured interviews, applications forms, and by observations of the day by day of settlers. The results obtained showed that settlers have a great amount of environmental knowledge, based in a potential of conservation and preservation, which has been passed from generation to generation, in how to use native vegetation not only as
human food, but also as medicines, called by them jungle medicines . It was also pointed out, their productive capacity in order to provide surviving products, with a potential for
the internal market, in order to promote a sustainable development.
.<br>Na atualidade mundial a questão ambiental tem sido o assunto que tem afetado todos os países muito embora essa preocupação não se tenha por igual responsabilidade. A
exploração dos recursos naturais provocando o desequilíbrio ambiental é a razão de ser das preocupações com o futuro da vida no Planeta e o desmatamento é a prática cultural do
homem moderno mais nociva para a sua própria existência e dos demais seres bióticos. Os assentados, em particular aquele em Projetos de Assentamento da Reforma Agrária tem se organizado para conservar e ou preservar o meio ambiente após o recebimento da terra. O presente estudo teve como foco principal de investigação compreender os saberes
ambientais dos assentados no Projeto de Assentamento Darci Ribeiro, localizado no município de Itaporanga D Ajuda/SE, na perspectiva de verificar in loco as formas explicativas da sua organização em relação com o meio ambiente e sua lógica de
conservação e preservação de modo a promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Para a concretização, o lume teórico revelado por Leff, Diegues e outros pensadores no assunto que direcionaram os rumos das investigações. Para tanto, foram realizadas por entrevistas semi-estruturadas, aplicação de questionários e da observação do cotidiano dos assentados. Os resultados alcançados revelaram que os assentados possuem um saber ambiental com base num potencial de preservação e conservação dos saberes adquiridos de geração a geração referente, em essência, ao uso da vegetação nativa tanto na alimentação humana
como no uso e consumo de remédios ou remédios do mato , como dizem os assentados. Ressalta-se ainda sua capacidade produtiva como fonte abastecedora de produtos para a
sua sobrevivência e em potencial para o mercado interno, promovendo o desenvolvimento sustentável.
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Rodrigues, Ricardo Miguel. "O contributo da arquitectura na apreensão do saber." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Arquitectura de Lisboa, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2928.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de Mestrado em Arquitectura<br>Os espaços para a aprendizagem educam e a sua dimensão educativa transmite-se por formas. Isto faz com que o espaço e o homem se aproximem um do outro, estabelecendo-se uma troca. Entender que a arquitectura, enquanto disciplina, possui uma dimensão artística, onde a capacidade de determinar o meio do homem, se transforma numa responsabilidade, a de inscrever nos espaços onde actua: um caractér colectivo e comunitário, de modo a que estes se tornem significantes enquanto lugar antropológico, que se tece de uma perspectiva sistémica. A arquitectura Universitária, constitui-se deste modo, como, um agente físico de expressão cultural no processo de construção de uma identidade humana através de uma articulação entre educação e arte. É desde logo a forma, que dá corpo aos mundos do saber e estudo do homem, interligando pela sua dimensão artística outras formas de saber, dentro de uma prática comum, a da aprendizagem.<br>Spaces for learning educate and education is transmitted by forms. Understanding this makes the space and the man approach one another, establishing an exchange. Understanding architecture as a discipline, has a dimension of art, where the ability to determine the meaning of man becomes a liability, in order to enter in areas where it operates: a collective character and community, so that they become significant while anthropological place, weaving a systemic perspective. University Architecture is in this way a physical agent of cultural expression in the process of building a human identity through a language between education and art. It is at once a way that gives body to the worlds of knowledge and study of man, his artistic dimension by linking other forms of knowledge within a common practice, learning.
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Leung, Po-yee Polly. "The contribution of working memory and vocabulary knowledge to English reading comprehension in Cantonese-speaking children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31577313.
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Liu, Tong. "Contribution to lithiasic process knowledge. Characterization of physiological aspect and novel material to determine key inhibitors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/326754.
Full textAbstract:
La urolitiasis es una de las enfermedades urológicas más frecuentes, que se producen tanto en
los países industrializados como en vías de desarrollo. La tasa de incidencia es de hasta el 15% en
hombres de raza blanca y el 6% de todas las mujeres. La recurrencia afecta aproximadamente a
la mitad de los afectados. Los cálculos renales son agregados cristalinos que causan la obstrucción
de la orina en el sistema colector renal, uréteres o uretra, resultando en dolor severo, sangrado o
erosión local del tejido renal. La etiología del cálculo urinario formado es resultado de diferentes
mecanismos que todavía no son bien entendidos. Los retos que plantea la litiasis urinarias son
entre otros, mejores opciones terapéuticas, diagnóstico interdisciplinario y prevención
secundaria.
El propósito de esta tesis es ofrecer conocimiento a los retos mencionados utilizando nuevos
métodos científicos o materiales. La tesis expone el trabajo desarrollado en tres áreas relativas a
la urolitiasis: extracción de inhibidores clave de alimentos, determinación de inhibidores de
fósforo mediante un nuevo material desarrollado, y el análisis de fraccionamiento isotópico de
cobre de pacientes de urolitiasis
En la primera sección se evalúa el uso de la extracción asistida por microondas (MAE) para extraer
cuantitativamente los inhibidoresde litiasis ácido fítico (IP6) y pirofosfato (PPi) de nueces. Se
escogieron nueces son un componente importante de la dieta humana, ricas en ácidos grasos
poliinsaturados y tienen capacidad antioxidante Se optimizaron los parámetros: concentración
del ácido utilizado para la extracción, el tiempo y la temperatura de tratamiento. También se ha
evaluado la hidrólisis del ácido fítico. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron para una mezcla de
0,52 M de H2SO4 y 0,66 M HCl a 100 °C durante 10 min. En comparación con el método de
extracción convencional, MAE reduce el tiempo de extracción de 3h a 10 min obteniendo los
mismos resultados de recuperación.
La segunda sección de la tesis está dedicada a desarrollar un nuevo Polímero de Impresión
Molecular (MIP) para adsorber y separar IP6 y PPi. En este trabajo, los polímeros han sido
desarrollados utilizando tres compuesto organofosforados como plantilla, ácido fenilfosfónico
(PA), Di‐ (2‐etilhexil) ácido fosfórico (DEHPA) y ácido pirofosfórico. El MIP se preparó mediante
polimerización térmica utilizando N‐aliltiourea (AT) como monómero y dimetacrilato de
etilenglicol (EGDMA) como agente de reticulación. Los resultados muestran que el MIP formado
usando DEHPA presenta la mejor adsorción para IP6 y el proceso de adsorción es bastante rápido.
El pH tiene un efecto significativo sobre el comportamiento de adsorción de IP6, PPi y fosfato por
lo que utilizando diferentes concentraciones de pH IP6, PPi y fosfato pueden separarse mediante
el uso del MIP en una extracción en fase sólida.
La tercera parte de la tesis considera un aspecto fisiológico de la urolitiasis. En la literatura se
describe al Cobre como inhibidor del crecimiento de cálculos renales y una disfunción en el
metabolismo del cobre puede estar relacionado con la etiología de la enfermedad. El estudio de
la relación isotópica de cobre en sangre (suero y glóbulos rojos) de pacientes urolitiásicos del área
de Barcelona se analizó y comparó con controles sanos. El Cu se separó y purificó mediante
cromatografía de intercambio aniónico y analizó con un multi‐colector ICP‐MS. Los resultados
muestran que, para la población considerada en este estudio, tanto la concentración como la
relación isotópica (65Cu/63Cu) muestran diferencias entre pacientes y controles. Aunque se
necesitan más estudios con un número mayor de muestras, los resultados son alentadores en
cuanto a la utilización del análisis isotópico de Cu para el estudio de la enfermedad urolitiásica.<br>Urolithiasis is one of the most prevalent urological diseases, occurring in both industrialized and
developing countries. The incidence rate is up to 15% of white men and 6% of all women and the
recurrence affect about half of those people. Kidney stones are aggregates of crystals that cause
obstruction of urine flow in the renal collecting system, ureters, or urethra and result in severe pain,
bleeding or local erosion of kidney tissue. The etiological diversity of urinary stone formed as a
result of different mechanisms which is still not well understood. The challenges posed by urinary
lithiasis demands enhanced interdisciplinary diagnostic, therapeutic options and secondary
prevention.
The purpose of this thesis is to offer knowledge to the previous mentioned challenges using novel
scientific methods or materials. The dissertation exposes the work developed in three areas
concerning urolithiasis, which embeds urolithiasis key inhibitors extraction from food,
phosphorous inhibitors determination by using novel material, and copper isotopic fractionation
analysis from urolithiasis patients
The first section in the dissertation is devoted to the use of microwave assisted extraction (MAE)
technique to quantitatively extract the two phosphorous inhibitors of urolithiasis, phytic acid (IP6)
and pyrophosphate (PPi), from walnut since the existing extraction method and quantitative
analysis show inconveniences. Walnuts were chosen since they are highly consumed, rich in
polyunsaturated fatty acid and provide significant benefits due to the antioxidant capacity. Three
main parameters were considered to optimize the condition of microwave-assisted extraction: acid
content of extracting solvent, extraction time and treatment temperature. The hydrolysis of phytic
acid by microwave treatment was also investigated for all the tested conditions. The extraction
using mixture of 0.52 M H2SO4 and 0.66 M HCl under MAE condition (100°C, 10min) shows a
better extract ability for both IP6 and PPi. Compared with the conventional acid extraction method,
the microwave-assisted extraction method developed reduces extraction time from 3h to 10 min
obtaining the same recovery results.
The second section in the dissertation is devoted to develop a novel material based on molecular
imprinted technology for selectively adsorb and separate the IP6 and PPi. In this work, polymers
have been molecularly imprinted using three organophosphorus compounds as template,
phenylphosphonic acid (PA), Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA) and pyrophosphoric
acid. The Molecularly Imprinted Polymer, MIP, was prepared by thermal polymerization using Nallylthiourea
(AT) as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinker.
The batch adsorption experiments show that the MIP using DEHPA has the best specific
adsorption for IP6 and the adsorption process is quite fast. The pH has a significant effect on the
adsorption behavior of IP6, PPi and phosphate. Through modification of the pH of the eluting
solvent, IP6, PPi and phosphate can be separated by SPE procedure using the developed MIP.
The third part of the thesis considers the physiological aspect of urolithiasis. In the literature Copper
has shown inhibitory effect on the growth of kidney stone and disordered in copper metabolism
may be important in the aetiology of disease. The blood Copper isotope fractionation from
urolithiasis patients from Barcelona area was analyzed and compared to healthy controls. The
serum and red cell samples Cu isotope compositions was measured by multi-collector ICP-MS after
separation and purification by anion exchange chromatography. Our results show that, for the
population considered in this study, Cu concentration and Cu isotopic ratio (65Cu/63Cu) show
different value between the urolithiasis patients and the healthy people. Although further studies
with a larger number of samples are needed, results are encouraging as far as the use of Cu isotopic
analysis for the study of urolithiasis disease.
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Pilgrim, Lesley Karen. "The functional and neural organisation of semantic knowledge : the contribution of right and left cerebral hemispheres." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619680.
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Gumboreshumba, Laina. "Understanding form and technique : Andrew Tracey's contribution to knowledge of lamellophone (mbira) music of Southern Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002303.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis interrogates Andrew Tracey’s career as an ethnomusicologist and the significance of his research and publications on lamellophone (mbira) music of the Shona/Sena in Zimbabwe and Mozambique to subsequent scholarship of lamellophones throughout southern Africa. Through a survey of authors who have cited Tracey’s publications, this study assess how his use of the pulse notation transcription method and his theory of form and harmonic structure in mbira music, which he terms ‘the system of the mbira’ (A. Tracey, 1989) have influenced and contributed to the work of ethnomusicologists, musicologists and composers. Further this research evaluates the impact on subsequent publications by other scholars of Tracey's technical analysis of mbira music. Organizing and indexing Andrew Tracey's field collection in the ILAM archive gave direct knowledge of the scope of his work. The thesis consists of six chapters. The first chapter contains a general introduction to the thesis and outlines the goals of the research. Chapter Two presents a biographical sketch of Andrew Tracey. A general introduction to the lamellophone (mbira) family of musical instruments in Zimbabwe and elsewhere in Africa is presented in Chapter Three, which also addresses the social function of lamellophone music. Chapter Four gives a summary of Andrew Tracey’s research on the Shona mbira (his publications, recordings, films etc), and it analyzes his theory - “The system of the mbira” - in which he defines the form and structure of mbira music. Chapter Five examines the impact of Andrew Tracey’s research and publications on mbira music to subsequent scholarship and makes an analysis and evaluation of the significance of his contribution to the body of knowledge of the instrument and its music. In addition I relate my personal experiences with mbira music as a Shona person and mbira player and give my opinions on Tracey’s and subsequent scholars’ theories on mbira music. Chapter Six concludes with a summary of outcomes of this research. Basing on the analyses of presented data, it is deduced that, despite a few shortcomings, Andrew Tracey’s research on mbira music is crucial for it laid the groundwork for subsequent mbira scholarship.
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Mohanty, Pooja. "Knowledge aggregation from experts and customers: A contribution to new product innovation with artificial intelligence techniques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672428.
Full textAbstract:
La innovació de nous productes amb la participació del client, ha ajudat a reforçar el canvi de paradigma de les organitzacions cap a una lògica centrada en el client. Els beneficis de participar en la co-creació de nous productes són especialment prolífics per als clients, donant lloc al fenomen de crowdsourcing amb tornejos, retransmissions i concursos. No obstant això, amb una major participació, les empreses s'enfronten a un nou repte: aprendre a filtrar les millors solucions o idees per als seus problemes. Per a això, proposem un enfoc basat en el nivell d'adopció de clients.
Primer, identifiquem 72 articles que examinen l'adopció de la innovació per part dels clients en una revisió sistemàtica de la literatura durant 30 anys, en múltiples disciplines. Sintetitzar el coneixement existent ens ha permès dibuixar un marc conceptual que relaciona el segment de clients innovadors (IG) amb el rendiment de nous productes. A l'igual que els usuaris principals, el paper dels Innovadors és crucial en el procés de desenvolupament de nous productes (NPD). roposem formes per identificar aquests clients i vincular-los al procés de desenvolupament de nous productes mitjançant la utilització dels seus coneixements i preferències, la generació d'idees o la difusió i promoció dels nous llançaments. Tot i la seva contribució en el procés d'innovació, identificar els clients més innovadors (també anomenats early adopters) no ha estat sistemàtica. Investigacions anteriors inclouen tècniques de netnografia, piramidación i detecció combinades amb enquestes per capturar el potencial IG. No obstant això, segueix existint una bretxa en la forma sistemàtica d'identificar aquests clients.
Per tancar la bretxa, explorem formes específiques de selecció de clients de Big-Data i així mitigar les limitacions del crowdsourcing en el procés de co-creació. Desenvolupem un sistema intel·ligent combinant el coneixement d'experts i la informació comportamental de la base de dades de clients existent. A l'emprar models d'aprenentatge automàtic supervisats, ajudem a identificar i predir quins són els primers clients (de tota la base de dades de l'empresa) que adoptaran / adquiriran abans el nou producte. Al fer-ho, mostrem als directius que poden desenvolupar models d'Intel·ligència
Artificial (IA) que els permet identificar els seus early adopters de la Big-Data existent a l'empresa. Acadèmicament, mostrem que combinant el coneixement dels experts en matèria d'identificació de early adopters i llançaments de productes, amb la informació emmagatzemada sobre clients a la base de dades de l'empresa, i analitzant aquest coneixement amb tècniques d'IA, es pot identificar millor als IGs que amb els mètodes existents. També avancem en el coneixement dels factors clau que més afecten als IGs en les seves decisions d'adquisició de nous productes. Teòricament, contribuïm a la literatura de classificació de clients i NPD amb algoritmes d'aprenentatge automàtic aplicats. A més, proporcionem coneixements i suggerim línies futures per avançar en la investigación de la investigació de la co-creació i el crowdsourcing.<br>La innovación de nuevos productos con la participación del cliente, ha ayudado a reforzar el cambio de paradigma de las organizaciones hacia una lógica centrada en el cliente. Los beneficios de participar en la cocreación de nuevos productos son especialmente prolíficos para los clientes, dando lugar al fenómeno de crowdsourcing con torneos, retransmisiones y concursos. Sin embargo, con una mayor participación, las empresas se enfrentan a un nuevo reto: aprender a filtrar las mejores soluciones o ideas para sus problemas. Para ello, proponemos un enfoque basado en el nivel de adopción del cliente. Primero, identificamos 72 artículos que examinan la adopción de la innovación por parte de los clientes en una revisión sistemática de la literatura durante 30 años, en múltiples disciplinas. Sintetizar el conocimiento existente nos ha permitido dibujar un marco conceptual que relaciona el segmento de clientes innovadores (IG) con el rendimiento de nuevos productos. Al igual que los usuarios principales, el papel de los Innovadores es crucial en el proceso de desarrollo de nuevos productos (NPD). Proponemos formas para identificar a estos clientes y vincularlos al proceso de desarrollo de nuevos productos mediante la utilización de sus conocimientos y preferencias, la generación de ideas o la difusión y promoción de los nuevos lanzamientos. A pesar de su contribución en el proceso de innovación, identificar los clientes más innovadores (early adopters) no ha sido sistemática. Investigaciones anteriores incluyen técnicas de netnografía, piramidación y detección combinadas con encuestas para capturar el potencial IG. Sin embargo, sigue existiendo una brecha en la forma sistemática de identificar a estos clientes.
Para cerrar la brecha, exploramos formas específicas de selección de clientes de Big-Data y así mitigar las limitaciones del crowdsourcing en el proceso de cocreación. Desarrollamos un sistema inteligente combinando el conocimiento de expertos y la información comportamental de la base de datos de clientes existente. Al emplear modelos de aprendizaje automático supervisados, ayudamos a identificar y predecir cuáles son los primeros clientes (de toda la base de datos de la empresa) que adoptarán/adquirirán antes el nuevo producto. Al hacerlo, mostramos a los directivos que pueden desarrollar modelos de Inteligencia Artificial (IA) que les permite identificar sus early adopters de la Big-Data existente en la empresa. Académicamente, mostramos que combinando el conocimiento de los expertos en materia de identificación de early adopters y lanzamientos de productos con la información almacenada sobre clientes en la base de datos de la empresa, y analizando este conocimiento con técnicas de IA, se puede identificar mejor a los early adopters que con los métodos existentes. También avanzamos en el conocimiento de los factores clave que más afectan a los IGs en sus decisiones de adopción de nuevos productos. Teóricamente, contribuimos a la literatura de clasificación de clientes y NPD con algoritmos de aprendizaje automático aplicados. Además, proporcionamos conocimientos y sugerimos direcciones futuras para avanzar en la investigación de la cocreación y el crowdsourcing.<br>New product innovation with customer participation has helped reinforce the paradigm shift from organisation to customer centric logic. The benefits of customers’ participation for cocreation in new products are specifically prolific, giving rise to interesting phenomenon of crowdsourcing with tournaments, broadcasting and contests. However, with increased participation, firms face challenges in filtering the best solutions or ideas for their problems. Acknowledging these facts, we employ a customer-adoption perspective to investigate the problem. First, we identify 72 articles that examine customer adoption of innovation in a systematic literature review of 30 years across multiple disciplines. By synthesising the existing knowledge, we propose a conceptual framework linking Innovator Group (IG) customers to new product performance. Similar to lead users, the role of IG customers is crucial in New Product Development (NPD) process, and we propose ways to identify these customers and link them to new product performance by utilize their knowledge for preference dissemination, idea generation or new product information diffusion. Despite their contribution and usage in the innovation process, identification of these early adopters has remained unsystematic. Prior research has included netnography, pyramiding and screening techniques with surveys to capture the potential IG. However, there remains a gap in the systematic way to identify these customers.
To bridge the gap, we explore specific ways to select these customers from Big-Data for mitigating the challenges of overcrowding in cocreation process. We developed an intelligent system framework by combining knowledge from experts and knowledge on customer behavioural information. By employing supervised machine learning models, we help identify and predict the early adopters from the firm’s database. By doing so, we show managers that they can develop Artificial Intelligence (AI) models to utilise the Big-Data they have on customers for early adopter identification. For academia, we show with knowledge aggregation from experts and customers, AI techniques perform in identification better than the existing methods. We also advance the knowledge on the key factors that affect the early adopters the most in their new product adoption decisions. Theoretically, we contribute to the NPD and customer classification literatures with applied machine learning algorithms. We also provide insights and suggest future directions for advancing knowledge in the cocreation and crowdsourcing research.