Journal articles: 'Knowledge operator'

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Sakarinto, Wikan, Hiroshi Narazaki, and Keiichi Shirase. "A Knowledge-Based Model for Capturing and Managing the Knowledge of CNC Operators for Integrating CAM-CNC Operation." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 4 (July 5, 2011): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0575.

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This study is aimed at filling the gap between CAM and CNC operations. The problem is important in practice but has been rarely addressed in the resarch community. In practice, the machining parameters designed by a CAM operator are not always applicable to the machining process by a CNC operator due to several reasons such as tool wear, in-availability, inefficiency, etc. This is mainly due to the discrepancy of knowledge between CAM and CNC operators. To deal with this situation, this study proposes a knowledgebased model for capturing the know-how of CNC operators in the assessment of the product data (CAM files) produced by CAM operators. The assessment determines whether the designed machining parameters are appropriate or not before proceeding further to the machining process. This assessment is the main process where the know-how of a CNC operator is actualized. Based on the data extracted from CAM files, this study discusses a method that captures the knowledge of CNC operators in the process of an assessment. In this work, the discussion is focused on common CNC milling operations.

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JI, JIANMIN, FANGFANG LIU, and JIA-HUAI YOU. "Well-founded operators for normal hybrid MKNF knowledge bases." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 17, no. 5-6 (September 2017): 889–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068417000291.

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AbstractHybrid MKNF knowledge bases have been considered one of the dominant approaches to combining open world ontology languages with closed world rule-based languages. Currently, the only known inference methods are based on the approach of guess-and-verify, while most modern SAT/ASP solvers are built under the DPLL architecture. The central impediment here is that it is not clear what constitutes a constraint propagator, a key component employed in any DPLL-based solver. In this paper, we address this problem by formulating the notion of unfounded sets for non-disjunctive hybrid MKNF knowledge bases, based on which we propose and study two new well-founded operators. We show that by employing a well-founded operator as a constraint propagator, a sound and complete DPLL search engine can be readily defined. We compare our approach with the operator based on the alternating fixpoint construction by Knorr et al. (2011. Artificial Intelligence 175, 9, 1528–1554) and show that, when applied to arbitrary partial partitions, the new well-founded operators not only propagate more truth values but also circumvent the non-converging behavior of the latter. In addition, we study the possibility of simplifying a given hybrid MKNF knowledge base by employing a well-founded operator and show that, out of the two operators proposed in this paper, the weaker one can be applied for this purpose and the stronger one cannot. These observations are useful in implementing a grounder for hybrid MKNF knowledge bases, which can be applied before the computation of MKNF models.

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Choudhury, M. A., S. I. Zaman, and Yaqoub Al-Nassar. "A knowledge-Induced Operator Model." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol12iss1pp19-40.

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Learning systems are in the forefront of analytical investigation in the sciences. In the social sciences they occupy the study of complexity and strongly interactive world-systems. Sometimes they are diversely referred to as symbiotics and semiotics when studied in conjunction with logical expressions. In the mathematical sciences the methodology underlying learning systems with complex behavior is based on formal logic or systems analysis. In this paper relationally learning systems are shown to transcend the space-time domain of scientific investigation into the knowledge dimension. Such a knowledge domain is explained by pervasive interaction leading to integration and followed by continuous evolution as complementary processes existing between entities and systemic domains in world-systems, thus the abbreviation IIE-processes. This paper establishes a mathematical characterization of the properties of knowledge-induced process-based world-systems in the light of the epistemology of unity of knowledge signified in this paper by extensive complementarities caused by the epistemic and ontological foundation of the text of unity of knowledge, the prime example of which is the realm of the divine laws. The result is formalism in mathematical generalization of the learning phenomenon by means of an operator. This operator summarizes the properties of interaction, integration and evolution (IIE) in the continuum domain of knowledge formation signified by universal complementarities across entities, systems and sub-systems in unifying world-systems. The opposite case of ‘de-knowledge’ and its operator is also briefly formalized.

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SLOTA, MARTIN, JOÃO LEITE, and TERRANCE SWIFT. "Splitting and updating hybrid knowledge bases." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 11, no. 4-5 (July 2011): 801–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068411000317.

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AbstractOver the years, nonmonotonic rules have proven to be a very expressive and useful knowledge representation paradigm. They have recently been used to complement the expressive power of Description Logics (DLs), leading to the study of integrative formal frameworks, generally referred to ashybrid knowledge bases, where both DL axioms and rules can be used to represent knowledge. The need to use these hybrid knowledge bases in dynamic domains has called for the development of update operators, which, given the substantially different way DLs and rules are usually updated, has turned out to be an extremely difficult task. In Slota and Leite (2010b Towards Closed World Reasoning in Dynamic Open Worlds.Theory and Practice of Logic Programming, 26th Int'l. Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP'10) Special Issue10(4–6) (July), 547–564.), a first step towards addressing this problem was taken, and an update operator for hybrid knowledge bases was proposed. Despite its significance—not only for being the first update operator for hybrid knowledge bases in the literature, but also because it has some applications—this operator was defined for a restricted class of problems where only the ABox was allowed to change, which considerably diminished its applicability. Many applications that use hybrid knowledge bases in dynamic scenarios require both DL axioms and rules to be updated. In this paper, motivated by real world applications, we introduce an update operator for a large class of hybrid knowledge bases where both the DL component as well as the rule component are allowed to dynamically change. We introduce splitting sequences and splitting theorem for hybrid knowledge bases, use them to define a modular update semantics, investigate its basic properties, and illustrate its use on a realistic example about cargo imports.

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Doncescu, Andrei, Sebastien Regis, Katsumi Inoue, and Richard Emilion. "Analysis of New Aggregation Operators: Mean 3Π." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 11, no. 6 (July 20, 2007): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2007.p0561.

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Knowledge based systems need to deal with aggregation and fusion of data with uncertainty. To use many sources of information in numerical forms for the purpose of decision or conclusion, systems suppose to have tools able to represent the knowledge in a mathematical form. One of the solutions is to use fuzzy logic operators. We present in this article an improvement of the triple Π operator introduced by Yager and Rybalov, which is calledmean3Π. Whereas triple Π is an operator completely reinforced, the presented operator is a mean operator, which makes it more robust to noise.

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BARNES, NICK, and ZHI-QIANG LIU. "KNOWLEDGE-BASED SHAPE-FROM-SHADING." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 13, no. 01 (February 1999): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001499000021.

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In this paper, we study the problem of recovering approximate shape from the shading of a three-dimensional object in a single image when knowledge about the object is available. The application of knowledge-based methods to low-level image processing tasks will help overcome problems that arise from processing images using a pixel-based approach. Shape-from-shading has generally been approached by precognitive vision methods where a standard operator is applied to the image based on assumptions about the imaging process and generic properties of what appears. This paper explores some advantages of applying knowledge and hypotheses about what appears in the image. The knowledge and hypotheses used here come from domain knowledge and edge-matching. Specifically, we are able to find solutions to some problems that cannot be solved by other methods and gain advantages in terms of computation speed over similar approaches. Further, we can fully automate the derivation of the approximate shape of an object. This paper demonstrates the efficacy of using knowledge in the basic operation of an early vision operator, and so introduces a new paradigm for computer vision that may be applied to other early vision operators.

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Delgrande, J., Y. Jin, and F. J. Pelletier. "Compositional Belief Update." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 32 (August 14, 2008): 757–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.2539.

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In this paper we explore a class of belief update operators, in which the definition of the operator is compositional with respect to the sentence to be added. The goal is to provide an update operator that is intuitive, in that its definition is based on a recursive decomposition of the update sentence's structure, and that may be reasonably implemented. In addressing update, we first provide a definition phrased in terms of the models of a knowledge base. While this operator satisfies a core group of the benchmark Katsuno-Mendelzon update postulates, not all of the postulates are satisfied. Other Katsuno-Mendelzon postulates can be obtained by suitably restricting the syntactic form of the sentence for update, as we show. In restricting the syntactic form of the sentence for update, we also obtain a hierarchy of update operators with Winslett's standard semantics as the most basic interesting approach captured. We subsequently give an algorithm which captures this approach; in the general case the algorithm is exponential, but with some not-unreasonable assumptions we obtain an algorithm that is linear in the size of the knowledge base. Hence the resulting approach has much better complexity characteristics than other operators in some situations. We also explore other compositional belief change operators: erasure is developed as a dual operator to update; we show that a forget operator is definable in terms of update; and we give a definition of the compositional revision operator. We obtain that compositional revision, under the most natural definition, yields the Satoh revision operator.

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Esra'a Alkafaween and Ahmad B. A. Hassanat. "Improving TSP Solutions Using GA with a New Hybrid Mutation Based on Knowledge and Randomness." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 22, no. 3 (July 8, 2020): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2020.3.128-139.

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Genetic algorithm (GA) is an efficient tool for solving optimization problems by evolving solutions, as it mimics the Darwinian theory of natural evolution. The mutation operator is one of the key success factors in GA, as it is considered the exploration operator of GA. Various mutation operators exist to solve hard combinatorial problems such as the TSP. In this paper, we propose a hybrid mutation operator called "IRGIBNNM", this mutation is a combination of two existing mutations; a knowledgebased mutation, and a random-based mutation. We also improve the existing “select best mutation” strategy using the proposed mutation. We conducted several experiments on twelve benchmark Symmetric traveling salesman problem (STSP) instances. The results of our experiments show the efficiency of the proposed mutation, particularly when we use it with some other mutations.

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Zhao, Jing, and Hang Zhang. "Solving Split Common Fixed-Point Problem of Firmly Quasi-Nonexpansive Mappings without Prior Knowledge of Operators Norms." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/389689.

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Very recently, Moudafi introduced alternating CQ-algorithms and simultaneous iterative algorithms for the split common fixed-point problem concerned two bounded linear operators. However, to employ Moudafi’s algorithms, one needs to know a prior norm (or at least an estimate of the norm) of the bounded linear operators. To estimate the norm of an operator is very difficult, if it is not an impossible task. It is the purpose of this paper to introduce a viscosity iterative algorithm with a way of selecting the stepsizes such that the implementation of the algorithm does not need any prior information about the operator norms. We prove the strong convergence of the proposed algorithms for split common fixed-point problem governed by the firmly quasi-nonexpansive operators. As a consequence, we obtain strong convergence theorems for split feasibility problem and split common null point problems of maximal monotone operators. Our results improve and extend the corresponding results announced by many others.

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Tzannatos, Ernestos. "GMDSS Operability: The Operator-Equipment Interface." Journal of Navigation 55, no. 1 (January 2002): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346330100162x.

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In this paper, the operability of the GMDSS is studied to identify those aspects that are hindering its successful use. Particular emphasis is placed upon the operator-equipment interface within the working environment of the ship's bridge. The results of a relevant survey, based on the opinion of recently G.O. certified navigation officers, indicate that – despite the automation in GMDSS and the resulting reduction of the human factor – there is a definite need to improve the knowledge-based proficiency of the operator. The current design of the system, and the increasing workload on the ship's bridge, constitute the main drawbacks to operability and dictate the requirement for improved knowledge and hence improved certification and refresher training for operators.

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Cherid, A., M. A. El-Gebeily, Donal O′Regan, and Ravi Agarwal. "Deblurring and denoising of images with minimization of variation and negative norms." ANZIAM Journal 49, no. 2 (October 2007): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181100012761.

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AbstractA method based on the minimization of variation is presented for the identification of a completely unknown blur operator. We assume the knowledge of a blurred image and its original version. The class of blurring operators is identified in the class of compact operators. A variational method with negative norms is then used for the restoration of a blurred and noised image. The restoration method works for a wide class of blurring operators and we do not assume that the blur operator commutes with the Laplacian.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "The Composition operator on hardy space H2 Induced by ?(z)=sz+t where , and." Baghdad Science Journal 7, no. 3 (September 5, 2010): 1275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.7.3.1275-1281.

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We study in this paper the composition operator of induced by the function ?(z)=sz+t where , and We characterize the normal composition operator C? on Hardy space H2 and other related classes of operators. In addition to that we study the essential normality of C? and give some other partial results which are new to the best of our knowledge.

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Dougherty, Edward R. "A Nonmathematical Review of Optimal Operator and Experimental Design for Uncertain Scientific Models with Application to Genomics." Current Genomics 20, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389202919666181213095743.

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Introduction: The most basic aspect of modern engineering is the design of operators to act on physical systems in an optimal manner relative to a desired objective – for instance, designing a control policy to autonomously direct a system or designing a classifier to make decisions regarding the system. These kinds of problems appear in biomedical science, where physical models are created with the intention of using them to design tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Methods: In the classical paradigm, our knowledge regarding the model is certain; however, in practice, especially with complex systems, our knowledge is uncertain and operators must be designed while taking this uncertainty into account. The related concepts of intrinsically Bayesian robust operators and optimal Bayesian operators treat operator design under uncertainty. An objective-based experimental design procedure is naturally related to operator design: We would like to perform an experiment that maximally reduces our uncertainty as it pertains to our objective. Results & Discussion: This paper provides a nonmathematical review of optimal Bayesian operators directed at biomedical scientists. It considers two applications important to genomics, structural intervention in gene regulatory networks and classification. Conclusion: The salient point regarding intrinsically Bayesian operators is that uncertainty is quantified relative to the scientific model, and the prior distribution is on the parameters of this model. Optimization has direct physical (biological) meaning. This is opposed to the common method of placing prior distributions on the parameters of the operator, in which case there is a scientific gap between operator design and the phenomena.

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JAKUBSKÝ, VÍT. "THERMODYNAMICS OF PSEUDO-HERMITIAN SYSTEMS IN EQUILIBRIUM." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 15 (May 20, 2007): 1075–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307023419.

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In the study of pseudo(quasi)-hermitian operators, the key role is played by the positive-definite metric operator. It enables physical interpretation of the considered systems. In this paper, we study the pseudo-hermitian systems with constant number of particles in equilibrium. We show that the explicit knowledge of the metric operator is not essential for the study of thermodynamic properties of the system. We introduce a simple example where the physically relevant quantities are derived without explicit calculation of either metric operator or spectrum of the Hamiltonian.

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Arief, Ikhwan, and Alfajri Nalda. "Indikator Proses Utama pada Proses Grinding dengan Pendekatan Manajemen Pengetahuan." Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri 13, no. 2 (April 22, 2016): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/josi.v13.n2.p743-759.2014.

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This study discusses aboutkey process indicators in grinding with the knowledge management approach. Common/key indicators used in the machine are workpiece, grinding wheel, dressing tool and coolant. The resulting key processeswill benefit firms and their operators especially new ones in managing scienceson grinding process that will allow knowledge transferred to new operators quickly. Process indicators are described with IDEF0 diagrams which will define the inputs, outputs, mechanisms and controls.Keywords: Knowledge Management, Grinding, IDEF0AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas tentang indikator proses utama pada proses grinding/gerinda dengan pendekatan manajemen pengetahuan. Indikator umum yang dipakai yaitu mesin, benda kerja, grinding wheel, dressing tool dan coolant. Hasil ini akan bermanfaat untuk membantu perusahaan dalam mengelola ilmu pengetahuan pada proses grinding sehingga akan memudahkan pewarisan ilmu pengetahuan kepada operator baru dari operator senior. Indikator proses digambarkan dengan IDEF0 yang memperlihatkan masukan, luaran, mekanisme dan kontrol pada proses.Kata kunci: Manajemen Pengetahuan, Grinding, IDEF0

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Crowhurst, James A., Mark Whitby, Nicholas Aroney, Rustem Dautov, Darren Walters, and Owen Raffel. "Primary operator radiation dose in the cardiac catheter laboratory." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1112 (August 2020): 20200018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200018.

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Objectives: Radiation from cardiac angiography procedures is harmful to patients and the staff performing them. This study sought to investigate operator radiation dose for a range of procedures and different operators in order to investigate trends and optimise dose. Methods: Real-time dosemeters (RTDs) were worn by operators for angiography procedures for 3 years. Dose–area product (DAP) and RTD were collected. RTD was normalised to DAP (RTD/DAP) to compare radiation dose and radiation protection measures. Comparisons were made across procedure categories and individual operators. Results: In 7626 procedures, median and 75th percentile levels were established for operator dose for 8 procedure categories. There was a significant difference in all operator dose measures and DAP across procedure categories (p<0.001). DAP, RTD, and RTD/DAP were significantly different across 22 individual operators (p<0.001). Conclusion: DAP was significantly different across procedure categories and a higher RTD was seen with higher DAP. RTD/DAP can demonstrate radiation protection effectiveness and identified differences between procedures and individual operators with this measure. Procedures and individuals were identified where further optimisation of radiation protection measures may be beneficial. A reference level for operator dose can be created and audited against on a regular basis. Advances in knowledge: This study demonstrates that operator dose can be easily and routinely measured on a case by case basis to investigate dose trends for different procedures. Normalising the operator dose to DAP demonstrates radiation protection effectiveness for the individual operator which can then be optimised as part of an ongoing audit program.

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Pons, Wendy, Scott A. McEwen, Katarina Pintar, Andria Jones-Bitton, Ian Young, and Andrew Papadopoulos. "Experience, training and confidence among small, non-community drinking water system operators in Ontario, Canada." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 4 (June 6, 2014): 782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.163.

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The water operator plays an important role in water safety; however, little published research exists that has examined this role. The purpose of this study was to develop a greater understanding of the experience, existing knowledge, confidence and future training needs of the small, non-community drinking water operator in Ontario in order to help guide future outreach and training opportunities. A cross-sectional telephone survey of 332 small, non-community drinking water operators in Ontario was conducted in July and August 2011. Survey questions pertained to respondents' experience as operators, formal training, perceived importance of water safety issues, confidence in handling water safety issues, and future training needs. Approximately 16% (54/330) of respondents had one year or less experience as a water operator, and 60% (199/332) reported that being a water operator was not a chosen profession. Only 37% (124/332) of operators reported completing operator training. Respondents reported a preference for online training courses or on-site training (compared with a classroom setting). Low training rates, inexperience, and in certain situations, low confidence, among many small water system operators highlight a need to provide continued support to the development of ongoing training opportunities in this population.

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Weiland, Monica Zubritzky, Boyd Cooke, and Brad Peterson. "Designing and Implementing Decision Aids for a Complex Environment Using Goal Hierarchies." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 4 (October 1992): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203600428.

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In dynamic tactical environments such as Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), operators must continuously balance goals for safety with mission goals and objectives as the tactical situation evolves. These high-level goals introduce specific constraints on operator actions that often conflict with one another. Being able to assess and balance conflicting constraints is thus a key element of the operator's cognitive processes. This design effort extends the COGNET (COGnition as a NEtwork of Tasks) modelling methodology in order to identify and resolve goal/constraint conflicts as they arise in the tactical context. COGNET is a meta-model, or architecture, for building and embedding models of human operators in real-time, multi-tasking systems. It integrates the GOMS notation for building operator task models with the blackboard architecture for building a knowledge representation, and production rules that link the tactical situation with the changing knowledge representation. An extension to the model was added in the form of AND/OR tree diagrams that represent the relationship between high level goals and lower level constraints on operator actions. The goal/constraint trees were modelled for the Submarine Operational Automation System (SOAS) operator using expert knowledge elicitation techniques. Results of the modelling effort indicate that operators must often keep track of many conflicting constraints in making decisions on ship course, speed, and depth, and often do not consider the complete set of constraints because of the limits on working memory. This finding highlights the need for decision aids for managing goals and goal conflicts. Applications of the goal/constraint hierarchies with a COGNET model framework to the design and implementation of SOAS decision aids are discussed.

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Wei, Li, Liling Duan, and Haiyun Zhou. "Solution of Nonlinear Elliptic Boundary Value Problems and Its Iterative Construction." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/210325.

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We study a kind of nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems with generalizedp-Laplacian operator. The unique solution is proved to be existing and the relationship between this solution and the zero point of a suitably defined nonlinear maximal monotone operator is investigated. Moreover, an iterative scheme is constructed to be strongly convergent to the unique solution. The work done in this paper is meaningful since it combines the knowledge of ranges for nonlinear operators, zero point of nonlinear operators, iterative schemes, and boundary value problems together. Some new techniques of constructing appropriate operators and decomposing the equations are employed, which extend and complement some of the previous work.

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Kitkuan, Duangkamon, Poom Kumam, Vasile Berinde, and Anantachai Padcharoen. "Adaptive algorithm for solving the SCFPP of demicontractive operators without a priori knowledge of operator norms." Analele Universitatii "Ovidius" Constanta - Seria Matematica 27, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 153–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auom-2019-0039.

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AbstractIn this paper, we study the split common fixed point problem in Hilbert spaces. We find a common solution of the split common fixed point problem for two demicontractive operators without a priori knowledge of operator norms. A strong convergence theorem is obtained under some additional conditions and numerical examples are included to illustrate the applications in signal compressed sensing and image restoration.

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Lei, Yinbin, and Jun Zhang. "Closure System and Its Semantics." Axioms 10, no. 3 (August 23, 2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms10030198.

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It is well known that topological spaces are axiomatically characterized by the topological closure operator satisfying the Kuratowski Closure Axioms. Equivalently, they can be axiomatized by other set operators encoding primitive semantics of topology, such as interior operator, exterior operator, boundary operator, or derived-set operator (or dually, co-derived-set operator). It is also known that a topological closure operator (and dually, a topological interior operator) can be weakened into generalized closure (interior) systems. What about boundary operator, exterior operator, and derived-set (and co-derived-set) operator in the weakened systems? Our paper completely answers this question by showing that the above six set operators can all be weakened (from their topological counterparts) in an appropriate way such that their inter-relationships remain essentially the same as in topological systems. Moreover, we show that the semantics of an interior point, an exterior point, a boundary point, an accumulation point, a co-accumulation point, an isolated point, a repelling point, etc. with respect to a given set, can be extended to an arbitrary subset system simply by treating the subset system as a base of a generalized interior system (and hence its dual, a generalized closure system). This allows us to extend topological semantics, namely the characterization of points with respect to an arbitrary set, in terms of both its spatial relations (interior, exterior, or boundary) and its dynamic convergence of any sequence (accumulation, co-accumulation, and isolation), to much weakened systems and hence with wider applicability. Examples from the theory of matroid and of Knowledge/Learning Spaces are used as an illustration.

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Wang, Ping, and Tai Shan Yan. "A Knowledge Rule Mining Method for the Evaluation of Library Service Quality Based on Genetic Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 532-533 (June 2012): 1588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.532-533.1588.

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In this study, the evaluation index system of library service quality is established and the representation method of knowledge rule is analyzed firstly. Then, a knowledge rule mining method for the evaluation of library service quality based on an improved genetic algorithm is proposed. In the algorithm, selection operator, help operator, crossover operator and mutation operator are used to generate new knowledge rules. Knowledge rules are evaluated by their accuracy, coverage and reliability. Experimental results show that this knowledge rule mining method is feasible and valid. It is helpful for us to evaluate the library service quality fairly and objectively.

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Roth, Emilie M., Randall J. Mumaw, Kim J. Vicente, and Catherine M. Burns. "Operator Monitoring during Normal Operations: Vigilance or Problem-Solving?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100137.

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Monitoring during emergencies in dynamic environments is widely recognized to be an active, selective attention, process. In contrast monitoring during normal operations is often thought to more closely resemble a vigilance task. This paper describes a field study of power plant operator monitor during normal operations. We observed and interviewed 27 operators at two different plants for a total of over 200 hours. Despite differences in control room technology, we found that in both cases operators devised active strategies to remove or reduce meaningless changes from the interface, create information different from that intended by the designers, and make important information more salient. These findings were integrated into a model of operator monitoring, that emphasizes operators' use of strategies for knowledge-driven monitoring and proactive adaptation of the control room interface. The model is equally applicable for normal and emergency operations and underscores the commonality in cognitive demands in both environments.

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Ross, Jennifer M., James L. Szalma, and Peter A. Hancock. "Empirical Examination of Trust in Automation Across Multiple Agents in a Search and Rescue Operation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 22 (October 2007): 1501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705102207.

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Automation has become increasingly prevalent in modern day society. With this progress, the shift from operators serving as active controllers (directly involved with the system) to supervisory controllers (indirect management of a system) has become more common. Accompanying this evolution of the operator from their original role, there is a need to explore the components that influence effective cooperation between operators and semi-autonomous agents. Two key factors moderating this relationship are operator trust in the agent and the complexity of the task itself (i.e., number of agents an operator monitors). This work examines trust and automation theory as it applies to an operator monitoring a complex, two agent, simulated search-and-rescue task. The effect of source characteristics of the two automated systems will be evaluated across reliability conditions for their impact upon reliance and perceived trust of automation. The purpose of this research is to extend knowledge in the theory of human-agent trust interaction and offers potential applied benefits in leveraging the aspects of system design that lead to optimizing human-agent interaction in a complex and possibly imperfect system.

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Jailoka, Pachara, and Suthep Suantai. "Viscosity approximation methods for split common fixed point problems without prior knowledge of the operator norm." Filomat 34, no. 3 (2020): 761–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil2003761j.

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In this work, we study the split common fixed point problem which was first introduced by Censor and Segal [14]. We introduce an algorithm based on the viscosity approximation method without prior knowledge of the operator norm by selecting the stepsizes in the same adaptive way as L?opez et al. [22] for solving the problem for two attracting quasi-nonexpansive operators in real Hilbert spaces. A strong convergence result of the proposed algorithm is established under some suitable conditions. We also modify our algorithm to extend to the class of demicontractive operators and the class of hemicontractive operators, and obtain strong convergence results. Moreover, we apply our main result to other split problems, that is, the split feasibility problem and the split variational inequality problem. Finally, a numerical result is also given to illustrate the convergence behavior of our algorithm.

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Sakarinto, Wikan, Hiroshi Narazaki, and Keiichi Shirase. "A Decision Support System for Capturing CNC Operator Knowledge." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 5 (September 5, 2011): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0655.

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The main job of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) operators is to capture and use knowledge to assess product data. CNC operators assess Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) files before proceeding to CNC machining processes. Decision Support Systems (DSS), for these operators, is provided by Expert Systems (ES) designed to manage and learn intelligently from previous data and information and produce recommended actions and decisions. The purpose of the DSS is (i) to assist inexperienced operators in assessment using stored know-how of experienced operators and to collect additional knowledge in interaction between the DSS and experienced operators during semiautomatic assessment, and (ii) to present collected knowledge to users based on contexts or constraints the user must deal with in product data assessment. After outlining the DSS, the discussion is about its usefulness in dealing information and knowledge discrepancies between CAM and CNC operators - an important problem in practice that has been rather neglected so far - focusing on CNC milling operations.

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Kostenko, K. I. "The Rules for Abstract Knowledge Spaces Inference Operator." PROGRAMMNAYA INGENERIA 7, no. 6 (June 2016): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/prin.7.258-267.

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Wrubel, Joseph N. "Contingency Selection Using an Operator Derived Knowledge Base." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2, no. 4 (1987): 922–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.1987.4335275.

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Cullen, Ralph H., Cory-Ann Smarr, Daniel Serrano-Baquero, Sara E. McBride, Jenay M. Beer, and Wendy A. Rogers. "The smooth (tractor) operator: Insights of knowledge engineering." Applied Ergonomics 43, no. 6 (November 2012): 1122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2012.04.002.

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Beddor, Bob, and Simon Goldstein. "Mighty Knowledge." Journal of Philosophy 118, no. 5 (2021): 229–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil2021118518.

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We often claim to know what might be—or probably is—the case. Modal knowledge along these lines creates a puzzle for information-sensitive semantics for epistemic modals. This paper develops a solution. We start with the idea that knowledge requires safe belief: a belief amounts to knowledge only if it could not easily have been held falsely. We then develop an interpretation of the modal operator in safety (could have) that allows it to non-trivially embed information-sensitive contents. The resulting theory avoids various paradoxes that arise from other accounts of modal knowledge. It also delivers plausible predictions about modal Gettier cases.

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Blanco-Mesa, Fabio, Ernesto León-Castro, and Jorge Romero-Muñoz. "Pythagorean Membership Grade Aggregation Operators: Application in Financial knowledge." Mathematics 9, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9172136.

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This paper presents the Pythagorean membership grade induced ordered weighted moving average (PMGIOWMA) operator with some particular cases and theorems. The main advantage of this new operator is that can include the knowledge, expectation, and aptitude of the decision maker into the Pythagorean membership function by using a weighting vector and induced variables. An application in financial knowledge based on a survey conducted in 13 provinces in Boyacá, Colombia, is presented.

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Tei, Yin Zhen, Yuan Wen Hau, N. Shaikh-Husin, and M. N. Marsono. "Network Partitioning Domain Knowledge Multiobjective Application Mapping for Large-Scale Network-on-Chip." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/867612.

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This paper proposes a multiobjective application mapping technique targeted for large-scale network-on-chip (NoC). As the number of intellectual property (IP) cores in multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC) increases, NoC application mapping to find optimum core-to-topology mapping becomes more challenging. Besides, the conflicting cost and performance trade-off makes multiobjective application mapping techniques even more complex. This paper proposes an application mapping technique that incorporates domain knowledge into genetic algorithm (GA). The initial population of GA is initialized with network partitioning (NP) while the crossover operator is guided with knowledge on communication demands. NP reduces the large-scale application mapping complexity and provides GA with a potential mapping search space. The proposed genetic operator is compared with state-of-the-art genetic operators in terms of solution quality. In this work, multiobjective optimization of energy and thermal-balance is considered. Through simulation, knowledge-based initial mapping shows significant improvement in Pareto front compared to random initial mapping that is widely used. The proposed knowledge-based crossover also shows better Pareto front compared to state-of-the-art knowledge-based crossover.

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Brown, Alan S. "A Smooth Operator." Mechanical Engineering 139, no. 03 (March 1, 2017): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2017-mar-3.

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This article focuses on various features and advantages of the Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot (STAR), a robot being developed to perform tissue surgeries. Scientists believe that by embedding the knowledge of the best surgeons in digital systems, autonomous and semiautonomous robots could deliver universal access to the best surgical techniques. An autonomous robot must not only manipulate a needle and thread, but also follow—and react to—the shifting shapes that it creates in real time. STAR started its surgical career by working on rubbery pads with small protrusions. Surgeons use them to learn to stitch together wounds or tissues. The STAR research team plans to integrate additional sensors onto their robot to give surgeons better surgical information. Using a combination of force sensors and sophisticated multispectral cameras that see more than visible light, future robots might advise surgeons about tissue health, thickness, strength, and blood circulation. This would quantify knowledge that surgeons now learn only through experience.

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Shumikhin, A. G., and A. O. Kolykhmatov. "Evaluation of man-operator actions based on the production model of experienced operators knowledge." Automation, Telemechanization and Communication in Oil Industry, no. 7 (2018): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30713/0132-2222-2018-7-35-38.

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Parahin, Anatoliy, and Yulia Zotova. "Method for Professional Selection of Human-Operator for Technical System." Safety in Technosphere 8, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1998-071x-2019-30-35.

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The human-operator occupies a key place in the uninterruptable operation of automated control systems. However, his reaction is limited in time, and his mistake can lead to both operational disorders of economics objects and a negative impact on the staff and population. To minimize such situations the professional selection of human-operators should be carefully carry out. In this study based on a computer program has been proposed a technique for the initial selection of human-operators, have been established the basic patterns, on which the time of mental activity depends, and the effect of noise on human-operators’ working capacity has been considered. The study has showed that the proposed technique is effective for initial selection of human-operators, and takes into account the information presentation nature, and, accordingly, the time required by the human-operator to solve the task in hand. The study results allow join the ranks of techniques for professional selection and expand knowledge about the noise effect on the humanoperator’s working capacity.

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Sundström, Gunilla A. "Modeling Information Search Behavior for Design Purposes: An Example from Process Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 19 (October 1988): 1376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803201915.

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Current models on operator behavior in supervisory control systems are reviewed with special focus on their usefulness for graphical design of human-machine interfaces in dynamic technical systems. An alternative framework is described and used in a knowledge based approach to represent information search behavior of operators for graphical design purposes.

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Weise, Thomas, Yan Jiang, Qi Qi, and Weichen Liu. "A Branch-and-Bound-Based Crossover Operator for the Traveling Salesman Problem." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 13, no. 3 (July 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.2019070101.

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In this article, the new crossover operator BBX for Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) for traveling salesman problems (TSPs) is introduced. It uses branch-and-bound to find the optimal combination of the (directed) edges present in the parent solutions. The offspring solutions created are at least as good as their parents and are only composed of parental building blocks. The operator is closer to the ideal concept of crossover in EAs than existing operators. This article provides the most extensive study on crossover operators on the TSP, comparing BBX to ten other operators on the 110 instances of the TSPLib benchmark set in EAs with four different population sizes. BBX, with its better ability to reuse and combine building blocks, surprisingly does not generally outperform the other operators. However, it performs well in certain scenarios. Besides presenting a novel approach to crossover on the TSP, the study significantly extends and refines the body of knowledge on the field with new conclusions and comparison results.

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Cpalka, Krzysztof, Krystian Łapa, and Andrzej Przybył. "A new approach to design of control systems using genetic programming." Information Technology And Control 44, no. 4 (December 18, 2015): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.44.4.10214.

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In this paper a new approach to automatic design of control systems is proposed. It is based on a knowledge about modelling object and capabilities of the genetic programming. In particular, a new type of the problem encoding, new evolutionary operators (tuning operator and mutation operator) and new initialization method are proposed. Moreover, we present a modified block schema of genetic algorithm and modification of genetic operators: insertion, pruning, crossover were introduced. Combination of mentioned elements allows us to simplify a design of control systems. It also provides a lot of possibilities in the selection of the control system parameters and its structure. Our method was tested on the model of quarter car active suspension system.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.44.4.10214

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VAN DER HOEK, W., and J. J. CH MEYER. "MAKING SOME ISSUES OF IMPLICIT KNOWLEDGE EXPLICIT." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 03, no. 02 (June 1992): 193–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054192000139.

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We discuss issues of expressibility and completeness of the logic of implicit knowledge (I) and “everybody’s knowledge” (E), as introduced in a system with a number m of epistemic agents by Halpern & Moses. The operator E is defined as a conjunction and corresponds semantically to the union of the m accessibility relations. Dually, the operator I is semantically associated with an intersection, but it is, surprisingly, not equivalent with a disjunction. From the view of Kripke structures there is a related asymmetry: although union can be modally defined, intersection cannot! We discuss consequences (in terms of (in)expressibility, correspondence and completeness) of this property for the epistemic logic under consideration and also present an extension of modal logic in which intersection is expressible.

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Xu, Zitai, Chunfang Chen, and Yutao Yang. "Generalized Fuzzy Soft Power Bonferroni Mean Operators and Their Application in Decision Making." Symmetry 13, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13050810.

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In decision-making process, decision-makers may make different decisions because of their different experiences and knowledge. The abnormal preference value given by the biased decision-maker (the value that is too large or too small in the original data) may affect the decision result. To make the decision fair and objective, this paper combines the advantages of the power average (PA) operator and the Bonferroni mean (BM) operator to define the generalized fuzzy soft power Bonferroni mean (GFSPBM) operator and the generalized fuzzy soft weighted power Bonferroni mean (GFSWPBM) operator. The new operator not only considers the overall balance between data and information but also considers the possible interrelationships between attributes. The excellent properties and special cases of these ensemble operators are studied. On this basis, the idea of the bidirectional projection method based on the GFSWPBM operator is introduced, and a multi-attribute decision-making method, with a correlation between attributes, is proposed. The decision method proposed in this paper is applied to a software selection problem and compared to the existing methods to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.

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MARTÍNEZ, ANA BELÉN BARRAGÁNS, JOSÉ J. PAZOS ARIAS, ANA FERNÁNDEZ VILAS, JORGE GARCÍA DUQUE, MARTÍN LÓPEZ NORES, REBECA P. DÍAZ REDONDO, and YOLANDA BLANCO FERNÁNDEZ. "COMPOSING MULTI-PERSPECTIVE SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 18, no. 01 (February 2008): 119–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194008003581.

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One of the main needs when dealing with multi-perspective specifications is to be able to have at our disposal, at intermediate stages of the development process, a merged view which properly reflects the knowledge of each participant in the elicitation tasks (and over which we can reason, even in the presence of disagreement and incompleteness). We show in this paper to what extent there can be many merged models, having all of them useful application. So there is not a unique operator which can be qualified as the best; on the contrary, there will be a suitable merging operator depending on the goal of the merging process. More concretely, we will propose a set of four composition operators: ∐ max , ∐ min , ∐ maj and ∐ maj + inc . They will be evaluated making use of a list of desired algebraic properties proposed by researchers on merging and which should be held by an ideal merging operator. This analysis can help us to compare the different operators, revealing the key features of each, and identifying weaknesses that may require further research. The conclusion drawn after this analysis points out that these properties are not useful enough to adequately characterize a merging operator. Therefore, new properties will be provided in order to complete the previous list and help to define better the behavior of the different merging operators.

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Meusel, Chase, Chase Grimm, Stephen Gilbert, and Greg Luecke. "An Agricultural Harvest Knowledge Survey to Distinguish Types of Expertise." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 2048–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601465.

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Gaining insight into the unique characteristics of participants during user research is a valuable tool for both recruitment and understanding differences within the target population. This work describes an agricultural harvest knowledge survey that was created for user research studies that observed experienced combine operators driving a combine simulator in virtual crop fields. Two variations of the survey were designed, utilized, and evaluated in two separate studies. Both studies found a difference between low and high knowledge operators' performance on the knowledge survey in addition to performance differences. Based on the success of this survey as a population segmentation tool, the authors recommend three criteria for the design of future knowledge surveys in other domains: 1) use real world scenarios, 2) ensure question are neither too difficult nor too easy, and 3) ask the minimum number of questions to identify operator knowledge successfully. Future research aims to create a tool that can discern between system experts (with deep understanding of the system) and practice experts (who primarily have the wisdom of experience).

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MIHALCEA, RADA F. "GOING BEYOND EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE FOR IMPROVED SEMANTIC BASED INFORMATION RETRIEVAL." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 11, no. 04 (December 2002): 553–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213002001040.

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This paper proposes a novel model that incorporates word semantics into information retrieval, enabling a whole new range of semantic based retrieval applications. Concepts can be sought instead of simple words, and the retrieval of words that are semantically related to the input keywords is also possible. A novel encoding scheme applied to words creates the groundwork for this model and enables the application of complex semantic operators. One of the most powerful operators introduced by the model is the semantic wildcard, able to fulfill information requests expressed along general-specific lines. For instance, a search for animal# will match any concept that is of type animal, going beyond the explicit knowledge stated in texts. Additionally, a new lexical locality operator is introduced, making possible the retrieval of paragraphs rather than entire documents. Both semantic indexing and paragraph indexing paradigms proposed in the model have been implemented in a system that was tested on questions run against an index of 130,000 documents. A significant improvement was observed over classic keyword based retrieval systems, in terms of precision, recall and success rate.

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Vojtig, Peter. "Fuzzy Reasoning with Tunable t-Operators." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 2, no. 4 (August 20, 1998): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.1998.p0121.

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We introduce a model of fuzzy logic programming in a truth functional fuzzy logic with arbitrary and/or tunable t-operators. This t-operator tuning is the subject of different learning from neural networks to evolutionary calculation. The choice of an operator mostly depends on the real world problem modeled, often depending on user environments and/or stereotypes. To model aggregations of different witnesses, our rules have body in disjunctive normal form. We develop fuzzy fixpoint theory and show soundness and completeness of our semantics. To control calculational efficiency, we introduce a cut with threshold. For knowledge mining and tuning of the t-operator, we restrict the problem to finding a tnorm fitting finitely many values. We show that our model of fuzzy logic programs semantically coincides with a fuzzy controller model.

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Batra, Sanjay, and Ram R. Bishu. "Operator Mental Models in Contemporary Manufacturing: A Study of Electrodischarge Machining Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100150.

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This research investigates the operator mental models during the control electrodischarge machining (EDM) and compares the results to tradition lathe control. The study required nine experienced tool makers to verbalize or “think aloud” as they created a mold cavity using an EDM. The results of this research showed that operators did transfer mental models from traditional manufacturing experience, but needed to develop significant knowledge specific to EDM. They also experienced difficulty visualizing and establishing cause-and-effect relationships between EDM process parameters. Operators exhibited aspects of discrete and continuous control behavior.

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Uridia, Levan, and Dirk Walther. "Completeness by Modal Deﬁnitions. Application to the Epistemic Logic With Hypotheses." Inteligencia Artificial 23, no. 65 (April 1, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4114/intartif.vol23iss65pp1-18.

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We investigate the variant of epistemic logic S5 for reasoning about knowledge under hypotheses. The logic is equipped with a modal operator of necessity that can be parameterized with a hypothesis representing background assumptions. The modal operator can be described as relative necessity and the resulting logic turns out to be a variant of Chellas’ Conditional Logic. We present an axiomatization of the logic and its extension with the common knowledge operator and distributed knowledge operator. We show that the logics are decidable, complete w.r.t. Kripke as well as topological structures. The topological completeness results are obtained by utilizing the Alexandroﬀ connection between preorders and Alexandroﬀ spaces.

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Georgieva, Veselina, Daniela Hristova, and Tanya Srebreva. "TOUR OPERATOR PROJECT." Education and Technologies Journal 11, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26883/2010.202.2377.

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Project work provides active participation of students, covering activities with an emphasis on independent work and the combination of different information sources. The end result is creating your own product. Students from the third grade of „Alexander Georgiev-Kodzhakafaliyata“ Primary School did Project „Tour Operator“, which integrates the subjects Local History, Information Technology and Computer Modeling. In order to complete their tourist offers, student must have a wide range of knowledge and skills. The teams study cultural and historical sites along a certain tourist route. They visit the exhibitions of Regional Historical Museum-Burgas to gather information according to pre-set criteria. For the purpose of the project different methods and means are used such as: dictation; surplus information method; search for information on the Internet (text and images) by keywords. The design of the offers requires the teams to apply knowledge and skills related to entering and formatting text in a word processing program, inserting an image. For each offer the students calculate the prices for visiting in two variants, and in order to intrigue their future clients, they make a virtual walk in Burgas in Scratch. The indirect result is related to positive emotions and attitudes in students, with the formation of social experience.

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Kostenko, K. I. "Simulation of Inference Operator for Hierarchical Knowledge Representation Formalisms." PROGRAMMNAYA INGENERIA 7, no. 9 (September 2016): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/prin.7.424-431.

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Clancey, W. J., and M. Barbanson. "Using the system-model-operator metaphor for knowledge acquisition." IEEE Expert 6, no. 5 (October 1991): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/64.97792.

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Harris, Regina M., Susan G. Hill, and Robert J. Lysaght. "Operator Workload Knowledge-Based Expert System Tool (OWLKNEST) Demonstration." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 17 (October 1989): 1140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118189786758049.

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Objectives The Operator Workload Knowledge-based Expert System Tool (OWLKNEST) is a tool that provides guidance in selecting the most appropriate technique(s) for estimating or predicting Operator Workload (OWL). This demonstration will provide hands-on usage for interested parties in utilizing OWLKNEST to determine the most appropriate OWL technique for their particular situation, interpreting the resulting outputs, and performing sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of changing responses. Description of subject matter A variety of OWL estimation techniques are available, but information about these techniques and their appropriateness for particular situations may be difficult to assimilate. Furthermore, information on practical issues concerning the applicability of a particular tool is often unavailable—e.g., time, cost, personnel issues, etc. The selection of the appropriate technique(s) for assessing OWL is complex and beyond the scope of many practitioners. Therefore, an expert system approach was selected to provide a tool which can serve as a clearinghouse of knowledge as well as providing recommendations for workload estimation techniques. OWLKNEST requires an IBM PC type microcomputer equipped with a minimum of 640 Kb memory and two floppy diskette drives of at least 360Kb. Exsys Professional, a rule-based, backward-chaining system, is the expert system shell used for OWLKNEST. OWLKNEST incorporates an hierarchical logic structure that quickly focuses on the most applicable technique(s) and minimizes the number of questions posed by the system. It is based upon a taxonomy which divides OWL techniques into analytical and empirical techniques. OWLKNEST utilizes a question-and-answer dialogue to facilitates use by inexperienced analysts and is supplemented by embedded help features. The inputs are fed into the expert system, which applies rules and knowledge based on user information. The result is a suggested list of appropriate techniques. The user can obtain brief descriptions of the recommended technique(s) including references and descriptions of prior applications. OWLKNEST assumes that users have at least a fundamental knowledge of OWL concepts but can be novice computer and expert system users. The development of OWLKNEST was sponsored by the Army Research Institute and free copies of the runtime version of OWLKNEST are available to interested parties. Additional details about OWLKNEST are available in Hill and Harris, 1989 and Harris et al, 1989. More complete information about utilizing OWLKNEST can be obtained in the user's guide—Handbook for Operation of the OWLKNEST Tool (HOOT) (Harris et al., 1989). Importance The increasing criticality of performing OWL assessments throughout the system development cycle has Id to the recognition that a comprehensive, easy-to-use tool to recommend the appropriate OWL techniques is needed. OWLKNEST provides this capability and supplies information on the appropriate OWL techniques based on individual needs and resources. Possible Applications OWLKNEST will be useful in military application as well as other application areas where prediction and evaluation of operator workload is of interest. Similarly, the workload techniques are not application specific, but can be used in a variety of domains. OWLKNEST can provide the information and guidance of an appropriate selection of workload techniques for a broad range of applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Knowledge operator'

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