Academic literature on the topic 'Kofein'

Uvod: Kofein je prirodni alkaloid, izolovan iz više od 60 biljnih vrsta. Preko 80% svetske populacije svakodnevno unosi kofein u organizam kroz konzumaciju kafe, čajeva, čokolade i, u poslednje vreme, energetskih pića. Ne treba zanemariti da kao farmaceutski aktivna supstanca jakog delovanja ulazi u sastav mnogih lekova, koji se na tržištu Republike Srbije izdaju bez lekarskog recepta. Sem toga, kofein je psihoaktivni stimulans, blag je diuretik i pokazuje interakciju sa nekim lekovima usled indukcije CYP1 i CYP2 izoenzima zbog čega je potrebno voditi računa o količini koja se unese u organizam. U skladu sa tim, važno je i da sadržaj kofeina u energetskim pićima odgovara podacima koje proizvođači navode na deklaraciji. Cilj: Cilj ovog rada bio je spektrofotometrijsko sadržaja kofeina u uzorcima energetskih pića i čajeva, proizvođača dostupnih na tržištu R. Srbije. Materijal i metode: Kofein je određivan metodom UV-VIS spektrofotometrije u devet vrsta energetskih pića i po četiri uzorka crnog i zelenog čaja. Rezultati: U uzorcima energetskih pića određeni sadržaj kofeina je u opsegu od 26,81 do 35,44 mg/100 mL i u skladu je sa deklarisanim sadržajem. Sadržaj kofeina u uzorcima čajeva varira u odnosu na vrstu (11,27-22,61 mg/100 mL zeleni i 13,85-22,73 mg/100 mL crni), ali je vezan i za poreklo, uslove gajenja i proces prerade čajeva. Zaključak: UV/VIS spektrofotometrija se pokazala kao brza, precizna i jednostavna metoda za određivanje kofeina u energetskim pićima i čajevima. Imajući u vidu dobijene rezultate, važno je istaći da unos kofeina kroz uobičajenu dnevnu konzumaciju čajeva i energetskih pića ne bi trebalo da utiče negativno na zdravlje ljudi. Svakako treba imati u vidu da se ovaj alkaloid dodatno može uneti i putem drugih izvora, što je posebno važno za određene grupe pacijenata. Ključne reči: kofein, čaj, energetska pića, UV/VIS spektrofotometrija

Telah dilakukan penelitian analisis kadar kofein kopi luwak dengan variasi jenis kopi, spesies luwak dan cara pengolahan dengan metoda TLC Scanner. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan 8 sampel kopi luwak R.Ab.K ; R.Ab.B ; R.Ph.K ; R.Ph.B ; A.Ab.K ; A.Ab.B ; A.Ph.K ; A.Ph.B yang diekstraksi dengan pelarut diklorometana ( DCM ). Pemisahan dengan KLT dilakukan dengan fasa diam plat silika gel GF254 dan fasa gerak campuran diklorometana : metanol ( 9,5 : 0,5 ). Kadar kofein dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan regresi y = 2715,112 + 4,389x dan memberikan persentase kadar berturut-turut 1,91 ; 2,04 ; 1,30 ; 1,89 ; 1,29 ; 1,45 ; 1,25 ; 1,42 %. Kadar kofein paling tinggi diberikan oleh kopi robusta yang diberikan pada luwak A. binturong dan diolah secara basah dengan persentase 2,04 %. Sedangkan kadar kofein paling rendah diberikan oleh kopi arabika yang diberikan pada luwak P. hermophroditus dengan persentase 1,25 %. Pengolahan data dengan statistik anova tiga jalan SPSS 21 menunjukkan hasil bahwa jenis kopi, variasi luwak dan cara pengolahan memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kadar kofein dengan p < 0,05.

<p><span>The influence of different species of civet on caffeine content of Robusta civet coffee ( Coffea Robusta) had been done. The Civet species used are </span><em>Paradoxurus Hermophroditus </em><span>(Pandan civet) and </span><em>Arctictis Binturong</em><span> ( Bulan civet). The Coffee used is Robusta varieties ( Coffea Robusta). Caffeine’s level of robusta civet coffee has been given to two species of civet and after that they are analyzed using TLC Scanner Method quantitatively. The process of robusta civet coffee extraction was done by using Dichloromethane solvent and sonicated for 15 minutes on themperature 40 º C, then the filtrate obtained was filtered with whatmant filter paper, then concentrated by using rotary evaporator. The quantitative analysis measured from the caffeine was measured using Thin Layer Chromatograpy ( TLC ) then Scanned by Densitometry ( TLC Scanner ) to obtain the content of caffeine from the civet coffee. Robusta coffee beans given to the civet Bulan (</span><em>Arctictis Binturong)</em><span> species have 1,91 % caffeine content where the caffeine content is higher when compared to robusta coffee given to Pandan civet (</span><em>Paradoxurus Hermophroditus)</em><span> which has only 1,30 % caffeine. Based on the SPSS 21 anne-ment using anava Three Roads, it is known that differences in civet species affect the levels of robusta civet coffee caffeine.</span></p><p>Telah dilakukan Penelitian Pengaruh Perbedaan Spesies Luwak Terhadap Kadar Kofein dari Kopi Luwak Jenis Robusta (<em>Coffea Robusta</em>). Spesies Luwak yang digunakan adalah <em>Paradoxurus Hermophroditus</em> ( Luwak Pandan) dan <em>Arctictis Binturong</em> ( Luwak Bulan). Kopi yang dipakai adalah spesies Robusta ( <em>Coffea Robusta</em>). Kadar kofein kopi luwak robusta yang diberikan kepada dua spesies luwak tersebut kemudian dianalisis menggunakan metode TLC Scanner secara kuantitatif. Proses Ekstraksi Kopi luwak robusta dilakukan dengan menggunakan pelarut diklorometan dan disonikasi selama 15 menit kemudian filtrate yang diperoleh disaring dengan kertas saring Whatman kemudian dipekatkan dengan rotary evaporator. Analisis kuantitatif dari kofein di ukur dengan menggunakan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis ( KLT ) kemudian di Scanning dengan alat Densitometri (TLC Scanner) sehingga diperoleh kadar kofein dari kopi luwak tersebut. Biji Kopi Robusta yang diberikan pada Spesies luwak Bulan ( Arctictis Binturong ) mempunyai kadar kofein 1, 91 % dimana kadar kofein ini lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan kopi robusta yang diberikan kepada luwak pandan (<em>Paradoxurus Hermophroditus)</em> yang hanya memiliki kadar kofein 1, 30 %. Berdasarkan analisis SPSS 21 menggunakan Anava tiga Jalan diketahui bahwa perbedaan spesies luwak mempengaruhi kadar kofein kopi luwak robusta.</p>

ZusammenfassungDie Kaffeepflanze aus der Familie der Rötegewächse (Rubiaceae) wurde erstmals 1558 in medizinischen und botanischen Werken Europas erwähnt. Angeregt durch den Kaffeeliebhaber Johann Wolfgang von Goethe gelang es dem Apotheker und Chemiker Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge 1820, reines Koffein aus Kaffeebohnen zu isolieren. Koffein ist ein Xanthinderivat, das in Kaffee, Tee, Cola, Mate, Guaraná, Energy-Drinks und Schokolade enthalten ist.Koffein ist weltweit die am häufigsten konsumierte pharmakologisch aktive Substanz. Seit einigen Jahren ist es Gegenstand intensiver Forschungen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Koffein vielfältige Wirkungen im peripheren und zentralen Nervensystem hat 1. Koffein ist als Monosubstanz zur Behandlung von Ermüdungserscheinungen nicht rezeptpflichtig sowie rezeptpflichtig zur Therapie der primären Apnoe bei Frühgeborenen in Deutschland zugelassen. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert auf die schmerzhemmende Wirkung des Koffeins als adjuvantes Analgetikum und bei Muskelschmerzen nach körperlicher Belastung.

ZusammenfassungEssenzieller Bestandteil der Selbstmedikation primärer Kopfschmerzerkrankungen sind Kombinationsanalgetika, die Acetylsalicylsäure, Paracetamol und Koffein enthalten. Sie sind den Monosubstanzen Acetylsalicylsäure, Paracetamol, Ibuprofen und Sumatriptan in ihrer Wirksamkeit überlegen. Durch die Kombination mehrerer Wirkstoffe und des Koffeins als Adjuvans erklärt sich die Erhöhung der Ansprechrate, der Ansprechwahrscheinlichkeit, der Konsistenz und des Ausmaßes sowie der Dauer der Symptomverbesserung. Durch die Dosisreduktion der Einzelsubstanzen wird eine Verbesserung des Sicherheits- und Verträglichkeitsprofils erreicht. Bedenken, dass Kombinationsanalgetika eine Analgetikanephropathie induzieren oder unterhalten würden, sind widerlegt und konnten ursächlich dem Phenacetin zugeordnet werden, das in Westeuropa verboten ist. Für ein höheres Risiko der Entwicklung eines Medikamentenübergebrauchkopfschmerzes bzw. eines nicht bestimmungsgemäßen Mehr- oder Vielgebrauchs durch Koffein ergibt sich aus den Studien keine wissenschaftliche Evidenz.

This master thesis is focused on characterization of some energy drinks and formulation of their modified composition. The theoretical part was focused on summary of energy drinks and some of their natural components - guarana, goji as well as on techniques of encapsulation. In the experimental part concentrations of caffeine, vitamin C, polyphenols and carbohydrates in commercially purchased drinks was evaluated. Subsequently, three kinds of particles (particles with caffeine, particles with guarana and particles with guarana and goji) by 6 different techniques were prepared. The efficiency of encapsulation was determined by HPLC/UV-VIS (caffeine, vitamin C) and by spectrophotometry (phenolics). Stability of the particles was followed in real food and in a model physiological environment of artificial digestive juices. Size of prepared particles was determined by dynamic light scattering. In this work it was found that particles with best activity and stability were obtained by encapsulator. For manual particles the best results were found in the liposome particles. Liposomes exhibited the smallest particle size, the highest efficiency encapsulation, excellent stability in real food and juices and the best value of zeta potential.

This diploma thesis was focused on basic physicochemical properties of caffeine and investigation of the interaction between the polysaccharide sodium hyaluronan (HA), pectin (PEC) or lignohumate (HUM) and the alkaloid caffeine (CAF). The reason why this thesis was focused on study of aqueous solutions of hyaluronan or pectin with caffeine is that the presence of polysaccharide- caffeine complex could be beneficial for slowing the absorption of caffeine. In the theoretical part of the diploma thesis there is described a group of alkaloids, which caffeine belongs to and also polysaccharides hyaluronic acid and pectin. The most attention has been paid to caffeine, its properties and effects on the human organism. This diploma thesis also deals with non-alcoholic beverages with caffeine, 4-methylimidazole, and phosphoric acid. The last chapter of the theoretical part is dedicated to fluorescence spectroscopy. In the experimental part of this work I deal with the basic properties of caffeine and interaction between the caffeine and selected polysaccharides or lignohumate. At first, the chemical and physical properties of caffeine were determined. Based on these results the interaction of caffeine and hyaluronan or pectin was studied by using the fluorescence and absorbance. The HA of molecular weight of 1,7 MDa and pectin from citrus fruits were chosen for the study of the interaction with the caffeine. These two substances were mixed with the caffeine of concentration contained in Coca-Cola. The results of interaction that would lead to the influence of the emission or absorption properties of caffeine, were not proved. As a part of the work there was determined how pectin behaves in strongly acidic solution and then there was monitored the pH, conductivity and solubility of caffeine in water by using thermogravimetry and visual experiments. The obtained results of the interaction of hyaluronan-caffeine, pectin caffeine or caffeine-lignohumate can be used for description of the behavior of caffeine in the presence of selected polysaccharides and natural organic substance.

Benzofenoni  i  kofein  su  sveprisutni,  kako  u  otpadnim,  tako  i  upovršinskim vodama, u koncentracijama od nekoliko ng/l do mg/l. Koriste seu proizvodnji kozmetičkih preparata, kao  pojačivači mirisa i ukusa, fiksatoriu  parfemima,  aditivi  u  plastici,  sredstvima  za  čišćenje,  u  proizvodnjipesticida.  Benzofenoni  su  UV  filteri  pa  se  često  koriste  u  proizvodnjisunčanih  naočara,  kao  i  u  proizvodnji  sapuna  i  parfema,  sprečavajući  UVzrake  da  oštete  miris  ili  boju  proizvoda.  BP-3  se  najčešće  koristi  ukozmetičkoj  industriji  kao  UV  filter  u  kremama  za  sunčanje,  losionima  zatelo,  šamponima,  bojama  i  sprejevima  za  kosu.  Kofein  se  primenjuje  uproizvodnji  prehrambenih  proizvoda,  lekova  i  kozmetičkih  preparata.Značajno  se  razlikuju  po  hidrofilnosti  (benzofenon  log  Kow  3,18;benzofenon-3  log  Kow  3,79;  kofein  log  Kow  -0,07).  Usled  nedostatkapodataka o sadržaju odabranih predstavnika benzofenona (benzofenon (BP) ibenzofenon-3(BP-3)) i kofeina (CF)  u različitim tipovima vode  (pre svega ulokalnim  otpadnim  vodama  i  rečnoj  vodi)  i  njihovom  ponašanju  utretmanima  voda,  izvršena  su  ispitivanja  u  efluentu  tipičnog  postrojenja  zapreradu  otpadnih  voda  i  rečnoj  vodi  Dunava.  Utvrđeno  je  da  su  sve  trikomponente  prisutne  u  efluentu  WWTP  (BP  od  0,112  µg/l  do  0,146  µg/l;BP-3 od 0,00718 µg/l do 0,42 µg/l; CF od 0,2 µg/l do 12 µg/l) i u Dunavu(maksimalno detektovana koncentracija je za BP 0,95 µg/l, za BP-3 0,62 µg/li  za  CF  0,7  µg/l).  Pored  ispitivanja  sadržaja  ovih  jedinjenja  ispitana  jeefikasnost nekonvencionalnih procesa u obradi efluenta WWTP  (adsorpcija,koagulacije,  PAC/CoA,  PAC/UF)  i  konvencionalnih  (adsorpcija,koagulacija)  i  nekonvencionalnih procesa (PAC/CoA, PAC/UF, CoA/UF)  uobradi  rečne  vode.  Pored  toga  ispitani  su  efekti  prirodnih  procesaprečišćavanja u rečnoj vodi.Nekonvencionalni  procesi  za  prečišćavanje  otpadnih  voda  su  ispitani  pripočetnoj  koncentraciji  supstanci  od  0,96  µg/l  do  2  µg/l.  Adsorpcija  naaktivnom  uglju  u  prahu  se  pokazala  efikasnom  (benzofenoni  se  uklanjaju>84%  -  >94% u zavisnosti od doze uglja, a kofein je moguće ukloniti i do84%).  Koagulacija  dozama  prirodnog  koagulanta  od  0,0375  ml/l  ikomercijalnog koagulanta  FeCl₃ od 4 mg Fe ³⁺ /l se  pokazala  neefikasnom zasve  supstance  (<20%).  Hibridni  PAC/CoA  koji  je  ispitivan  sa  različitimdozama  aktivnog  uglja  u  prahu  (5  i  20  mg/l),  prirodnim  koagulantom(0,0375 ml/l)  ili  komercijalnim  koagulantom  (4 mg Fe ³⁺ /l),  pokazao  se  kaoefikasan za uklanjanje BP, BP-3 i CF sa većom dozom  uglja A od 20 mg/l (>88%).  Hibridni membranski proces  PAC/UF je pokazao  visoku efikasnost za uklanjanje BP-3 (>68%) i CF (>99,95%) sa dozom uglja od 20 mg/l. Ispitivanjem  biodegradacije  BP,  BP-3  i  CF  primenom  laboratorijskog  test filtra, postignuta je efikasnost uklanjanja pri koncentraciji od 20 µg/l od  90% do  99%  i  pokazano  da  su  supstance  biodegradabilne.  Testovi  toksičnosti pokazali  su  značajno  smanjenje  ukupne  toksičnosti  smeša  tokom laboratorijskog  testa,  a  rezidualna  toksičnost  u  odnosu  na  D.  magna  može biti  posledica  nedetektovanih  transformacionih  produkata.  Transportom supstanci kroz sediment Dunava  uočeno je da  sediment predstavlja efikasnu barijeru  za  oba  testirana  benzofenona,  dok  CF  lako  prolazi  usled  svoje mobilnosti (log Kow -0,07). Eksperimentima fotodegradacije potvrđeno je da degradacija benzofenona UV zračanjem  zavisi od prisustva  anjona (HCO₃ -, Cl i SO₄ ^2-)  i DOC  u vodenom matriksu. Iako primenjeno UV zračenje nije bilo  realno  za  dezinfekciju  u  tretmanima  voda,  rezultati  su  pokazali značaj detaljnije  procene  kvaliteta  vode  u  slučajevima  kada  se  UV  zračenje primenjuje.Za uklanjanje odabranih supstanci iz rečne vode ispitani su  konvencionalni procesi  (zasebno  adsorpcija  na  aktivnom  uglju  u  prahu  i  koagulacija komercijalnim  koagulantom,  BOPAC ® )  i  hibridni  ili  nekonvencionalniprocesi  adsorpcije/koagulacije  (PAC/CoA),  adsorpcije/ultrafiltracije (PAC/UF) kao i koagulacije/ultrafiltracije (CoA/UF). Tokom ispitivanja PAC/CoA sa ugljem B (2 mg/l) i BOPAC ® (2 mg Al ³⁺ /l) u određenim  procesnim  kombinacijama,  (tokom  sukcesivnog  dodavanja  prvo uglja  B,  a  zatim  koagulanta)  uočene  su  specifičnosti  za  BP,  efikasnost uklanjanja BP je iznosila 92%. U slučaju doziranja prvo koagulanta, a zatim uglja  B  i  tokom  simultanog  doziranja  koagulanta  i  uglja  B,  efikasnosti  su iznosile  23  i  20%,  redom.  To  je  verovatno  posledica  kompeticije  iliblokiranja pora  uglja  POM iz rečne vode.  BP-3 se efikasno uklanjao tokom svih procesnih kombinacija sa ugljem B (87-93%), dok je za CF efikasnostuklanjanja iznosila  od 0-12%.  Hibridni procesi su se pokazali efikasniji priprimeni uglja C. U slučaju BP efikasnost je iznosila 81-90% i za CF 17-27% ,dok  je  za  BP-3  efikasnost  iznosila  od  71%  do  96%.  Hibridni  membranski procesi  PAC/UF  i  CoA/UF  u  obradi  rečne  vode  efikasni  su  u  uklanjanju supstanci  sa  visokim  log  Kow.  Benzofenoni  su  u  hibridnim  membranskim procesima  uklonjeni  od  69%-96% iz rečne  vode, dok su za kofein utvrđeni promenljivi rezultati i potreba za daljim istraživanjima.
Benzophenones and caffeine are ubiquitous  in wastewaters  and in surface  waters,  in  concentrations  that  vary  from  ng/L  to  mg/L. Benzophenones  are  used  as:  smell  and  flavor  enhancers,  perfume  fixers, plastic additives, cleaning agents, as well as in the pesticide manufacturing processes.  Their  UV-resistant  properties,  makes  benzophenones  a  suitable packaging component  –  to  prevent UV light from damaging the odor or the color of the product. Similarly, benzophenone-3 is most commonly used in the  cosmetics  industry;  as  a  UV  filter  agent  in  sunscreens,  body  lotions, shampoos, paints and hair sprays.  On the other hand, caffeine is prevalent in food-,  pharmaceutical-  and  cosmetics-manufacturing.  However, benzophenones  and  caffeine  have  significantly  different  log  Kow  values. Log Kow values for benzophenone and benzophenone-3 are 3.18 and 3.79,respectively, while for caffeine log Kow is  -0.07.  Due to the lack of data on the  content  of  selected  benzophenones,  (benzophenone  (BP)  and benzophenone-3  (BP-3))  and  caffeine  (CF)  in  different  types  of  water (primarily in local wastewater and  river water) and their behavior in water treatments, tests were  carried out: a) in the effluent of a typical wastewater treatment  plant (WWTP);  b) and  in  the river Danube.  In case of the WWTP effluent, the presence of all three compounds was detected in the following ranges: 0.112 μg/L to 0.146 μg/L for BP, 0.00718 μg/L to 0.42 μg/L for BP-3,  and  0.2  μg/L  to  12  μg/L  for  CF.  With  respect  to  the  Danube  river,  the highest  detected  concentration  for  BP  was  0.95 μg/L,  for  BP-3  was 0.62 μg/L,  while  CF  in  Danube  river  sample  was  measured  in  only  one sample, resulting in a concentration of 0.7 μg/L. In addition, this  work has investigated  the  efficacy  of  several  treatment  processes:  unconventional processes  in  the  WWTP  effluent  treatment  (adsorption,  coagulation, PAC/CoA, PAC/UF);  as well as the  conventional (adsorption, coagulation) and  unconventional  processes  (PAC/CoA,  PAC/UF,  CoA/UF)  in  the treatment  of  river  waters.  Furthermore,  the  effects  of  natural  purification processes  in  river  water  had  also  been  examined  within  the  scope  of  this research.Unconventional  wastewater  treatment  processes  were  investigated  at  initial concentrations  of  selected substances  that ranged  from 0.96 μg/L to 2 μg/L. Adsorption  on  powder  activated  carbon  was  effective  for  removal  of benzophenones  (> 84%  -> 94%)  and caffeine  (84%),  depending on the  dose of PAC A. Coagulation with doses of  natural coagulant of 0.0375 mL/L  and commercial  coagulant  FeCl 3 of  4  mg  Fe 3+ /L  was  ineffective  for  all substances  (<20%).  Hybrid  PAC/CoA  process,  investigated  with  different doses  of  PAC  A  (5  and  20  mg/L),  natural  coagulant  (0.0375  mL/L)  or commercial coagulant (4 mg Fe 3+ /L), proved to be effective for  the removal of BP, BP-3 and CF at a higher PAC A dose of 20 mg/L (> 88%). The hybrid membrane process PAC/UF proved to be highly effective in the  removal of BP-3 (> 68%) and CF (> 99.95%) with  20 mg/L  of  PAC A.  Biodegradation of BP, BP-3 and CF had been confirmed in Danube river water sample using a  laboratory  test  filter  filled  with  inert  material.  The  removal  efficacy  was 90-99%  at  a  concentration  of  20  μg/L.  Toxicity  tests  showed  significant reduction in total toxicity of the mixture during the  course of the  laboratory test,  whereas  the  residual  toxicity  in  relation  to  D.  magna  may  be  due  to undetected transformation products. Transportation of the substances through the  Danube  sediment,  indicated that sediment  acts as  an  effective barrier for both tested benzophenones, while  this is not  the  case with  CF.  Its mobility (log Kow  -0.07) allows CF to pass through the sediment.  Photodegradation experiments have confirmed that  BP  degradation  occurs due to  the presence of  anions  (HCO 3-, Cl  2-) and DOC in the aqueous matrix. Although the applied UV radiation was  not a realistic representation of disinfection in conventional water treatments, the results showed the importance of a more detailed  assessment  of  the  water  quality  in  cases  where  UV  radiation  is applied.  Herien  investigated  are  also  conventional  processes  (separately adsorption on PAC,  and coagulation  with commercial coagulant -  BOPAC ® ) and hybrid or unconventional  adsorption/coagulation  processes (PAC/CoA), adsorption/ultrafiltration (PAC/UF) and coagulation/ultrafiltration (CoA/UF) for the  removal of the selected substances from river water.The efficiency of BP  removal  via  PAC/CoA  with  PAC  B  (2  mg/L)  and  BOPAC ® (2 mg Al 3+ /L)  observed  specificity  of  removal  of  BP  in  certain  process combinations, such as successive addition of first PAC B and then coagulant. The efficacy of such BP removal was 92%. In case of the initial coagulant dosing, then PAC B, and in the case of simultaneous dosage of coagulant anPAC  B,  efficacy  were:  23%  and  20%,  respectively.  Such  outcome  is probably  a  result  of  the  competition/blocking  of  natural  organic  matter  in river  water.  BP-3  was  efficiently  removed  during  all  process  combinations with  PAC  B  (87-93%),  while  the  efficiency  of  CF  ranged  from  0-12%.  In general, hybrid process proved to be more efficient in case of PAC C. For BP and  CF,  the  efficacy  of  removal  amounted  to  81-90%  and  17-27%, respectively, wheareas the efficiency of BP-3 removal was found to be in the range  of  71-96%.  For  the  treatment  of  river  water,  hybrid  membrane processes PAC/UF and  CoA/UF are effective in the removal of  substances with  high  log  Kow.  Benzophenones  were  removed  from  hybrid  membrane processes  by  69%-96% from river water, while caffeine was found to have less consistent results and requires further research.

The theoretical part of the master’s thesis is focused on a brief botanical characterization of the cacao tree and its most famous varieties discussed. Furthermore, the chemical composition of cocoa beans is described with an emphasis on theobromine and caffeine. There is also mention of the cocoa beans the cocoa bean processing technology for cocoa liquor and cocoa powder, which are then used in food industry. Additionally there is a shorta short description of the legal requirements relating to cocoa. In this part are also two chapters are devoted to the description of instrumentation of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The experimental part deals with analyzes of cocoa powder, cocoa beans, cocoa liquor and waste cocoa beans sold as a "tea mixture". A total of 10 legislation-recommended parameters have been identified in the listed raw materials, such as caffeine, theobromine and sucrose, heavy metal and potassium, fat content etc. The highest content of theobromine was determined in cocoa powder 178.363 mgl-1, caffeine in cocoa beans 16.096 mgl-1. All samples analyzed contained a little amount of sucrose as expected, the highest concentration was found in the tea mixture samples in both the water: ethanol sample of 84.069 mgl-1, and the sample solution in water of 65.897 mgl-1.

The aim of this thesis is the development and preparation of a new energy drink. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on the comparison of the drinks available in market, the presentation of the main active ingredients and the proposal of enriching the new energy drink. It also describes the possibility of using an encapsulation and the method used to determine specific compound in energy drink or encapsulated particles. In the experimental part of the work, at the beginning, the main content of energy drinks were characterized, for instance caffeine, sugar, polyphenol and vitamin C. Subsequently the energy drink based on selected types of loose teas that were enriched with the encapsulated extract of acai, acerola, maca, goji and ginseng was designed. All extracts contained large amounts of polyphenols and antioxidants. In addition, acerola extracts contained very high amounts of vitamin C. Two types of particles, alginate particles and liposomes were prepared for encapsulation. For all particles, encapsulation efficiency, size, stability, and antioxidant activity were determined. Long-term stability was then monitored within three months. The particles were also exposed to artificial gastric, pancreatic and bile juice. All tested particles showed very good encapsulation efficiency. In terms of long-term storage stability in an aqueous environment. Particularly liposome particles, which also showed high stability by zeta potential measurement, were suitable. On the contrary, in case of alginate particles, when stored in an aqueous medium, the release of active substances occurred. Finally, an energy drink was created and subjected to sensory analysis. The best energy drink was based on black or green tea with alginate particles acai, goji and ginseng.

Present diploma thesis is focused on natural antimicrobial substances. The aim of the experimental part of thesis was testing of antimicrobial activity of selected natural substances in free and encapsulated forms, preparation of particles and monitoring of their long-term stability. Various teas extracts (aqueous, ethanoic and DMSO) and aqueous herbs extracts were used as plant antimicrobial substances. Liposomes and chitosan particles with encapsulated aqueous teas extracts were prepared by ultrasonication. Encapsulation efficiency, size, stability and antioxidant activity for all particles were specified. Consequently, within a two months period, long-term stability for these particles was monitored. Spectrophotometric method for determining total polyphenols was used for evaluating encapsulation efficiency as well as for monitoring of long-term stability. The DLS method was used for determination of size and stability of particles. Antioxidation activity was monitored by using spectrophotometric method using ABTS. For testing antimicrobial activity of various types of teas, herbs extracts and their mixtures and combianitons with lysozyme and antibiotics, broth dilution methods were used while using both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial test strains. Antimicrobial activity of prepared particles was also monitored, the antimicrobial activity was especially significant with the chitosan particles. Suitable combinations of natural substances whatever with antimicrobial or antioxidation effect either in free or encapsulated form could be used for applications for example in cosmetics industry, food processing or in medicine.

Mnogi lekovi registrovani za razne druge indikacije mogu da deluju selektivno na tumorske receptore, signalne puteve, metaboličke procese, bioenergetske faktore, enzime, proteine, gene koji regulišu proliferaciju, apoptozu i neoangiogenezu tumora ne pogađajući ove procese kod zdravih ćelija. Uvođenje novih lekova je izrazito dug, složen i skup proces istraživanja. Korišćenjem principa otkrivanja antikancerskog efekta kod već registrovanih lekova za druge indikacije, direktno se utiče na skraćivanje vremena i troškova istraživanja. Eksperimentalno je ispitana efikasnost antitumorskog delovanja mebendazola, metformina, itrakonazola, diklofenaka, nitroglicerina i deoksiholne kiseline na fibrosarkom hrčka izazvan BHK21/C13 tumorskom ćelijskom linijom praćenjem veličine i histologije lečenih tumora. Eksperimentalno je ispitana mogućnost primene deoksiholne kiseline, nitroglicerina, kofeina i itrakonazola kao adjuvansa u kombinaciji sa pojedinim ispitivanim lekovima (metformin, itrakonazol, diklofenak) za lečenje fibrosarkoma hrčka. Kako je ispitivanje vršeno na mladuncima imladim hrčkovima i kako su sarkomi najčešći u dečijem uzrastu, definisanje potencijalne antikancerske uloge ispitivanih lekova se odnosi prvenstveno na njihovu primenu u pedijatriji. Pokazano je da metformin, kombinacije metformina sa kofeinom, metformina sa itrakonazolom i metformina sa nitroglicerinom deluju u pogledu svih ispitivanih parametara tumora antitumorski na fibrosarkom hrčka. Kofein, itrakonazol i nitroglicerin pojačavaju antitumorsko dejstvo metformina na fibrosarkom hrčka. Tokom svih eksperimenata realizovanih u okviru ove disertacije, pokazalo se da nije bilo delotvornog tretmana, koji ne sadrži metformin.
Many drugs registered for various other indications can act selectively to tumor receptors, signaling pathways, metabolic processes, bioenergetic factors, enzymes, proteins, genes that regulate proliferation, apoptosis, and neoangiogenesis of the tumor without affecting these processes in the healthy cells. The introduction of new drugs is a very long, complex and expensive process of research. Using the principle of detecting the anticancer effect in already registered drugs for other indications, directly affects the reduction of time and cost of research. The efficacy of mebendazole, metformin, itraconazole, diclofenac, nitroglycerin and deoxycholic acid antitumor activity on hamster fibrosarcinoma induced experimentally by the BHK21/C13 tumor cell line was tested by monitoring the size and histology of the treated tumors. The possibility of using deoxycholic acid, nitroglycerin, caffeine and itraconazole as an adjuvant in combination with investigated drugs (metformin, itraconazole, diclofenac) for the treatment of hamster fibrosarcoma has been experimentally tested. As the examination was carried out on young cubs and young hamsters and that sarcomas are the most common in childhood, defining the potential anti-cancer role of the investigated drugs relates primarily to their application in pediatrics. Metformin, combinations of metformin with caffeine, metformin with itraconazole and metformin with nitroglycerin have shown antitumor action on the hamster fibrosarcoma in terms of all tested tumor parameters. Caffeine, itraconazole and nitroglycerin increase the antitumor effect of metformin on the hamster fibrosarcoma. During all the experiments carried out within this dissertation, there has been no effective treatment, which does not contain metformin.

Koffein har sedan 1962 fram och tillbaka varit dopingklassat men är sedan 2004 ett tillåtet ergogent preparat inom idrotten. Flera studier har visat positiva resultat i uthållighetsidrotter och på maximal styrkeförmåga. Syftet med denna studie var att se om koffein har någon ergogen effekt på power i överkroppsmuskulaturen. I denna studie användes en dubbel-blindad, randomiserad cross-over design. En slumpmässig indelning inför det första testtillfället avgjorde ifall deltagarna började studien med koffein- eller placebosupplementering och bytte sedan supplementering inför testtillfälle två. Som supplementeringsmetod användes koffein i tuggummiform på grund av att det ger ett snabbare upptag. Power mättes genom testet sittande stöt med en kula på 5 kg. Resultatet visar på en mycket svag (ES=0,13) positiv förbättring av stötlängderna mellan interventionerna. En av anledningarna till det triviala resultatet tros kunna bero på att det urval som användes ej bestod av en homogengrupp vad gäller träningsbakgrund och prestationsnivå. På grund av detta är det svårt att dra några slutsatser om koffeinet har eller inte har några ergogena effekter på power i överkroppen.
Since 1962 Caffeine has been off and on the doping classification list, since 2004, it has been permitted as an ergogenic agent in sport. Several studies have shown positive ergogenic effects in endurance sports and in maximum strength capacity. The purpose of this study was to determine if caffeine has any ergogenic effect on power in the upper body. In this study, a double-blind, randomized cross-over design was used. Participants were randomly selected to start the intervention with either caffeine or placebo supplementation and then have the alternative supplementation before a second test, held after a 48 hour washout period. A supplementation method Caffeinated chewing gum was used as a supplementation method due to its faster uptake by the body. The distance that a 5 kg shot put could be launched from a sitting position was used as a measure of upper body power. The results showed a 1,7 % but trivial (ES = 0.13) difference in shot put lengths between the interventions, in favour of the caffeine 3 intervention. One of the reasons for the lack of a clear ergogenic effect is believed to be due to the non-homogenous group, in terms of training background, level of performance and the resulting low level of within-participant reliability. Because of this it is difficult to draw any conclusions regarding caffeine and its ergogenic effects on power in the upper body.

Syfte: Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka om ett intag av koffein kan påverka tårproduktionen med hjälp av Schirmer 1 test. Metod: I det här arbetet deltog 30 personer i åldrarna18 – 28 år (medelåldern var 22,3 ± 2,1 år) som var uppdelade i två grupper med 15 personer i varje grupp. Den ena gruppen fick 200 ml vatten och 300 mg koffein och den andra fick bara 200 ml vatten. Alla deltagares tårproduktion mättes fyra gånger, en gång före intag, efter intag mättes tårproduktionen efter både 30, 60 och 90 minuter. Tårproduktionen mättes med hjälp av Schirmer 1 test, vilket är en pappersfilters remsa med en graderad mm-skala som hängs fast i deltagarens undre ögonlock, där den absorberar ögats tårar. Resultat: Det fanns ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad (p > 0,05) efter koffeinintag, men det fanns det efter vattenintag på höger öga där tårproduktionen minskning var statistiskt signifikant mellan första och sista mätningen (p = 0,011). Slutsats: Det fanns ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad (p > 0,05) efter koffeinintag. Vilket innebär att en normal dos med koffein inte kan ge upphov till torra ögon.