Academic literature on the topic 'Kohlberg, Lawrence - Moral development'

This paper reflects on the work of Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan as a missing chapter in the counseling curricula, and discusses the explanatory power of each theory. The paper illustrates how Kohlberg's theory mirrors the “separate” truth of theories of development, and the alternative truths suggested by Gilligan.

AbstractThe substantial work on cognitive moral development (CMD) by Lawrence Kohlberg and James Rest popularized the use of this construct in the literature on business ethics. This construct has been prominently used in models attempting to explain ethical/unethical behavior in management, marketing, and accounting, even though Kohlberg did not intend for the construct to be used in that manner. As a predictor of behavior, CMD has been attacked on the theoretical level, and its empirical performance has been weak. This article uses another established construct, which seems to satisfy the central criticisms of CMD, as a means of testing those complaints. The comparative multidimensional ethics scale (MES) substantially outperforms CMD, operationalized using Rest's Defining Issues Test, in every test. These results seem to suggest that other options perform better than CMD when the purpose is to model ethical/unethical behavior or even ethical judgment.

Straipsnyje analizuojami argumentai, pagrindžiantys paralelizmą tarp kognityvinės ir moralinės raidos. Keliamas klausimas, ar šios dvi universalios raidos formos yra fundamentaliai tarpusavyje susijusios, jei taip, tai kokiu būdu? Straipsnyje keliamiems uždaviniams spręsti visų pirma privalu pateikti universalius šio paralelizmo tipus. Tam geriausiai pasitarnauja Lawrenso Kohlbergo pateikta chrestomatine tapusi kognityvinės ir moralinės raidos komplementarumo hierarchija, savo ruožtu įkvėpta J. Piaget idėjų. Nors Kohlbergo sistema padeda struktūruoti psichologinius ir moralinius procesus, konstruoti praktinę veiklą numatančius argumentus, joje yra daug keblumų, kuriuos ir pasistengsime išryškinti bei aptarti. Visų pirma, straipsnyje kritiškai analizuojami pamatiniai Kohlbergo pateikti asmens raidos viziją apibūdinantys principai. Antra, kvestionuojamas bendrasis šios vizijos principas, tai yra paralelizmas tarp kognityvinės ir moralinės brandos. Pamatinių Kohlbergo sistemos aspektų pristatymas, revizija, kritika ir yra šio straipsnio probleminė ašis. Moralės filosofijos bei kognityviosios psichologijos gretinimas iš naujo pateikia pamatinius šių disciplinų teorinės žiūros objektus – žmogaus pažintinę veiklą ir moralinę brandą. Tai leidžia ne tik praplėsti kognityviosios psichologijos nagrinėjamų problemų lauką, bet ir parodyti, kaip naudojant kognityviosios psichologijos metodologiją, psichologija gali prisidėti prie moralės filosofijos problemų sprendimo. Straipsnio tematika reikalauja tarpdisciplininio požiūrio, todėl leidžia svarbiausiuose probleminiuose kognityvumo ir moralės problematikos laukuose sudurti filosofiją ir psichologiją, kartu numatant platesnes išvadas šių disciplinų savivokos klausimais. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: moralinė raida, kognityvinė raida, raidos stadijos, moralės filosofija, psichologija.Cognitive Psychology and Moral Philosophy: How Strong are Parallels between Cognitive and Moral Development?Evaldas Kazlauskas, Mindaugas Briedis Summary The analysis presented in the article is devoted to the implied parallelism between cognitive and moral development. We discuss whether these universal aspects of human development are fundamentally interrelated, and if the answer is yes, then how this is possible. In order to reach our tasks, we refer to the widely known theory of cognitive and moral development formulated by Lawrence Kohlberg who was directly influenced by the prominent Swiss scientist Jean Piaget. Kohlberg’s theory of moral development emphasizes cognitive processes as the key component in moral judgments. Development of cognitive abilities has a huge impact on moral development. Although Kohlberg’s stages of moral development enable to structure cognitive and in a broader sense the psychological processes and probably help to predict moral actions, there are a number of weak arguments in his theory which we discuss in thes article. Presentation of Kohlberg’s theory, as well as its revision, and critics are the key points of the article. A juxtaposition of moral philosophy and cognitive psychology reveals new trends in the analysis of relevant moral issues, while the main focus of these different fields is still contradictory – human cognitive processes and moral maturity. Utilization of cognitive psychology defining moral issues while using cognitive methods definitely broadens the scope of cognitive psychology, and contributes to moral philosophy. The interdisciplinary approach to psychology and philosophy which we choose in the article enables us to confront the complex issues of cognition and the moral problems using different approaches, and at the same time we conclude that this discussion contributes to a broader understanding of the role and boundaries of both psychology and philosophy. Keywords: moral development, cognitive development, stages of development, moral philosophy, psychology.

A decline in moral is among the impacts of technological development. For this reason, Thomas Lickona and Lawrence Kohlberg developed a concept of moral development, a concept which has also been discussed in the Holy Quran. Lickona stated that moral development stages are started with the ownership of moral knowledge (moral knowing) and move to moral feeling and moral action. Kohlberg stated that there are six stages in moral development. The stages are in three phases. First phase is called pre-conventional, which consists of stage 1 and stage 2. In this phase, people are more concerned about being right and wrong and getting reward or punishment. The next phase is called conventional phase, which consists of stage 3 and stage 4. In this level, people are more driven by internal motivation and how they are perceived by society. The final phase is post conventional phase, consisting of stage 5 and stage 6. In this level, people are able to independently interpret moral values and are driven by more universal values. The Quran divided the stages into some classes which are mentioned as ulul ilm (those of knowledge), ulin nuha (those of intelligence), ulil abshar (those of vision), ulil albab (those of understanding), ulil amri (those in authority), ulil aidi (those of strength) dan ulil azmi (those of determination).

Based on differing theories of moral development proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg, Martin Hoffman, and John Gibbs, this paper posits that listening to Bruce Springsteen’s music can increase moral growth. Scores of Springsteen songs parallel psychological techniques used to increase moral development, such as being exposed to two or more beliefs that are contradictory, social perspective-taking by listening to moral dilemmas, gaining empathy with the distress that another person experiences, hypothetical contemplation, and meta-ethical reflection. Through qualitative-based autoethnographical storytelling, the author outlines how his moral development was enabled through such Springsteen songs as “Factory,” “Highway Patrolman,” “Independence Day,” “Johnny 99,” and “Used Cars,” as well as two self-disclosures from Springsteen’s Live 1975-85 album.

In this article the authors present results from research that tested well-established assumptions and explored longstanding dissatisfactions concerning questions about the relationship between moral development and religious development. Relying upon classical constructs derived from the work of Lawrence Kohlberg, Fritz Oser, and certain of their colleagues, the authors translated, revalidated, and employed a measure developed by John Gibbs for the measurement of moral judgment, and developed, validated, and employed a new measure of religious judgment for the purpose of comparing moral judgment and religious judgment levels in a population of French-speaking Belgian adolescents and young adults. Their findings introduce the beginning of a large-scale empirical effort in the testing of claims central to the literature of developmental psychology and the practice of developmental education where moral and religious judgment are concerned. The results of their research also raise a series of interesting questions about conflict and convergence in moral and religious development. Readers are invited to regard these findings both as a source of reinvigoration for the constructivist case about the relatedness of moral and religious development, and as an opportunity to enquire collaboratively into a series of perplexing questions which arise therein.

<p>El presente artículo pretende realizar un acercamiento a los estudios sobre el razonamiento moral humano desarrollados por Lawrence Kohlberg<a href="file:///C:/Users/windows/Dropbox/Doctorat/Articles%20en%20revistes/Daimon%20n%C2%BA63/La%20%C3%A9tica%20del%20cuidado%20y%20Carol%20Gilligan%20-%20Daimon%2063.doc#_ftn1">[1]</a> así como a la crítica realizada por parte de Carol Gilligan a dicho trabajo. Abordaremos pues, la teoría del desarrollo moral de Kohlberg, adentrándonos en los niveles morales preconvencional, convencional y postconvencional, con el objetivo de discernir si esta explicación evolutiva de la moralidad humana adquiere un carácter universal, o si por el contrario, se refiere a las estructuras morales de un grupo humano concreto. Más tarde, nos introduciremos en la crítica de Gilligan<a href="file:///C:/Users/windows/Dropbox/Doctorat/Articles%20en%20revistes/Daimon%20n%C2%BA63/La%20%C3%A9tica%20del%20cuidado%20y%20Carol%20Gilligan%20-%20Daimon%2063.doc#_ftn2">[2]</a> hacia dichos niveles morales, haciendo hincapié en la necesidad de incorporar las particularidades contextuales en la noción de razonamiento moral para definir un nivel postconvencional contextualista, que nos permita confrontar las nociones de ética de la justicia y ética del cuidado.</p><div><br /><hr size="1" /><div><p><a href="file:///C:/Users/windows/Dropbox/Doctorat/Articles%20en%20revistes/Daimon%20n%C2%BA63/La%20%C3%A9tica%20del%20cuidado%20y%20Carol%20Gilligan%20-%20Daimon%2063.doc#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Kohlberg, L., <em>The Philosophy of Moral Development</em>, San Francisco, Harper & Row, 1981.</p></div><div><p><a href="file:///C:/Users/windows/Dropbox/Doctorat/Articles%20en%20revistes/Daimon%20n%C2%BA63/La%20%C3%A9tica%20del%20cuidado%20y%20Carol%20Gilligan%20-%20Daimon%2063.doc#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Gilligan, C., <em>In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development</em>, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1982.</p></div></div>