Journal articles: 'Kola nuts'

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U., Nnyagu, and Igwedibia A. "Material Lore as an Appendage of Folklore: The Kola Nut Example." African Journal of Culture, History, Religion and Traditions 6, no. 2 (October 14, 2023): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajchrt-h8mg2bgp.

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Kolanut is an indispensable aspect of the Igbo tradition. As an integral part of the Igbo tradition, kolanut is present in every traditional and customary festival in all parts of the Igbo society. It is held in high esteem in Igbo as no festival would take place without the presence of kola. According to the tradition, kola nuts must be prayed with, broken and eaten by the people present before any occasion can progress. In the same vein, any visitor to an Igbo person, not offered a kola nut by the guest is simply understood to mean that he is not welcomed by the guest. Despite the role of kolanut in the Igbo society, many Igbo people are ignorant of the significance of kolanut and the right way to use kola nuts for an occasion. The researchers are aware that many people have written on kola nuts but the writers concentrated solely on the importance of kola nuts. In this paper, the researchers have decided to take a different part by vividly analysing the significance of kolanut in the Igbo society, with emphasis on the symbolic implications of each type of the Igbo kola nuts. As the research bothers on culture, the researchers see New Historicism as the most appropriate theoretical framework for the study.

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Amon-Armah, Frederick, Solomon Sefa Oduro, Eric Kofi Doe, Moses Asani, Daniel Nyadanu, and Sampson Konlan. "Supply-Side Practices and Constraints of the Kola Nut (Cola nitida (Vent) Schott. and Endl.) Value Chain in Ghana: A Descriptive Evidence." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (May 30, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9942699.

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The use of kola nut, including natural or alternative medicinal sources, has inevitably created an increased global market demand in excess of its production and provides great prospects for the growth of the kola nut industry in producing countries like Ghana. Nonetheless, there is a great dearth of information on Ghana’s kola nut supply-side practices and constraints that can provide a basis for the development of the industry. This study fills the research gap by describing the practices and constraints of farmers, processors, and marketers of kola nut in Ghana. Using a survey methodology, results showed that nearly all (99.5%) farmers interviewed had not received any extension training on agronomic practices. Low market price of nuts (61.5%) and pests and diseases (60.4%) were the most reported constraints to kola nut production. Chiefs among motivating factors for cultivating kola nut were alternative livelihood support (58%). Some processors (28.6%) who rinsed nuts after depulping used a solution of Akate Master (bifenthrin) and others (51.0%) used fumigation tablets (aluminium phosphide) (91.0%) for storing the nuts. However, these chemicals may be dangerous to the health of consumers in the long run. The low selling price of kola nuts was perceived to be the most (74.8%) constraint to kola nut processing and marketing. Respondents noted that the red nuts were preferred for their durability during transportation and longer shelf life, while the white nuts were preferred for their taste. The results suggest the need for further agronomic, postharvest handling, preservation, and storage, as well as breeding research to provide recommendations to farmers and processors. To overcome some marketing challenges, there is a need for policy support to standardize pricing and grading systems for the mutual benefit of all the stakeholders.

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Abaka, Edmund. "“Eating Kola”: The Pharmacological and Therapeutic Significance of Kola Nuts." Ghana Studies 1, no. 1 (1998): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ghs.1998.0000.

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Abaka, Edmund. ""Eating Kola": The Pharmacological and Therapeutic Significance of Kola Nuts." Ghana Studies 21, no. 1 (2018): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ghs.2018.0012.

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Abaka, Edmund. "“Eating Kola”: The Pharmacological and Therapeutic Significance of Kola Nuts." Ghana Studies 1, no. 1 (1998): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/ghs.1998.0000.

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Francis Adetunji Adesida, Kayode Akanni Oluyole, Foluso.Temitope Agulanna, Yetunde Olasimbo Oladokun, Adejoke Adebusola Adelusi, Lydia Ololade Agboola, Qudus Adebayo Ogunwolu, Ephraim Ikechukwu Ujunwa, and Fatimoh Bolanle Mustopha. "Kola as an Indispensable Article of Trade in West Africa." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.2.0533.

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This study examines the origin of kola-nuts trade and the indispensability of kola-nut trade in West Africa. Desk research was carried out using past published literature. The study established the fact that kola nut production was indigenous to the West Africa Forest and pinpointed the actual origin of kola-nut especially Cola nitida to be along the western coast of Africa from Sierra Leone to the republic of Benin. On the other hand, the areas of Ijare and Idanre in Ondo State of Nigeria are currently believed to be the places where Cola acumunata originated. The dominant variety of kola-nut grown in Western and Eastern parts of Nigeria was cola acumunata and Cola verticillata. However, in terms of production, before the 19th century the production of cola nitida was limited to the forests west of the Volta River in Ghana. Both linguistic and ethnographic data were used to trace the origin of kola-nut and developed a chronology with regard to the origins and trade routes for kola-nuts. The research work however established the importance of kola-nut production and trade to the economies of West Africa countries where they are produced and traded. It was however recommended that considering the indispensability of kola-nut trade to West Africa particularly Nigeria, the government should take proactive steps to increase the scope of production and trade of this crop in order to improve the livelihoods of kola-nuts farmers and traders as well as increase it contributions to the national economy.

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Nyadanu, Daniel, Samuel Tetteh Lowor, Abraham Akpertey, Dèdéou Apocalypse Tchokponhoué, Prince Pobee, Jerome Agbesi Dogbatse, Daniel Okyere, Frederick Amon-Armah, and Micheal Brako-Marfo. "Genetic variability of bioactive compounds and selection for nutraceutical quality in kola [Cola nitida (Vent) Schott. and Endl.]." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): e0242972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242972.

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Cola nitida known as Kola serves as flavouring ingredient in the food industry and is also of great importance during traditional rites in Africa. Despite the well-known pharmaceutical values of the species, efforts to develop improved varieties with enhanced nutraceutical quality is limited due to unavailability of information on variation of genotypes in bioactive compounds in the nuts. The objectives of this research were to evaluate 25 genotypes of kola for bioactive contents, determine relationship between nutritional and phenolic traits and to identify kola genotypes with good nutraceutical quality for use in developing improved varieties. The kola genotypes were established in the field using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Nuts harvested from the blocks, were bulked and used to quantify soluble and insoluble sugars, total protein, moisture, ash, fats, pH, polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids using completely randomized design with three replicates in the laboratory. Data were analysed by combining Analysis of Variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, correlation test and multivariate analysis. Significant variations (P < 0.05) were observed among the kola genotypes for the bioactive traits evaluated. Phenolic traits were more heritable than nutritional traits. Although not significant (P > 0.05), correlation between nutritional and phenolic traits was negative, whereas correlations among nutritional traits were weak. On the contrary, significant and positive correlations (P < 0.05) were observed among phenolic traits. The hierarchical clustering analysis based on the traits evaluated grouped the 25 genotypes of kola evaluated into four clusters. Genotypes A12, JB4, JB19, JB36, P2-1b, and P2-1c were identified as potential parental lines for phenolic traits selection in kola whereas genotypes A10, Club, Atta1 and JB10 can be considered for soluble and insoluble sugar-rich variety development. These findings represent an important step towards improving nutritional and nutraceutical quality of kola nuts.

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Ogunlade, Ibiyinka, Ifeoluwa A. Awosanmi, and Olukemi A. Osukoya. "Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of some nuts commonly consumed in South-Western Nigeria." Journal of Phytopharmacology 3, no. 4 (August 25, 2014): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2014.3405.

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Improved health associated with frequent eating of nuts as one of the most unexpected nutritional discovery of the 1990s formed the basis of this study. Hence, the evaluation of some selected nuts commonly consumed as snacks in the South West of Nigeria for antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC) using ferric-ion reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay and Folin-Coicalteau method. Results show that AA of nuts such as kola nuts (Cola acuminata; Cola nitida), coconut (Cocos nucifera), bitter kola (Garcina cola), African walnut (Plukenetia conophora), and cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) ranged from 13.0 to 53.21 µmol Trolox Equivalent/100 g dry weight while the total phenolic content ranged from 204.95 to 1955.14 mg Gallic acid Equivalent/100 g of dry sample. Statistical analysis of the relationship between AA and TPC showed a random, nonlinear relationship between the two parameters, suggesting that the antioxidant activity of the nuts is not dependent on phenolics. The result also indicates that the nuts can be utilized as scavenger/mopping agents of free radicals, which are usually generated by essential metabolic processes in the body and environmental pollutions; thereby alleviating the symptoms of chronic and degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension and any other age-related diseases reported to be on the increase in developing countries.

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Okwunodulu, Innocent N., and S. C. Ukeje. "Influence of Sprouting on Proximate and Sensory Properties of Gworo (Cola nitida) and Ojigbo (Cola acuminata) Kola Nuts." Sustainable Food Production 2 (June 2018): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/sfp.2.29.

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Influence of sprouting on proximate and sensory properties ofgworo(oji-housa) (Colanitida) andojigbo(Colaacuminate) kola nuts were explored. The two varieties of kola nuts were sprouted at ambient temperature (25 to 32°C) for 4 weeks separately in a regularly moistened serviette wrapped with black polyethylene. Both proximate and sensory properties were conducted before and after sprouting on the mash prepared separately from them. Proximate composition showed that moisture content, ash and protein increased, while fat, crude fiber and carbohydrate decreased with sprouting in both varieties of kola nuts. Sproutedojigbokola nut had higher moisture content (56.80%), ash (2.25%), and fat (2.90%) than sproutedgworowith respective 50.18%, 1.90% and1.40% for moisture, ash and fat. Also, un-sproutedojigbohad higher moisture (47.00%), ash (2.03%) and fat (6.44%) as against respective 43.10%, 1.50% and 4.44% from un-sproutedgworofor moisture, ash and fat. Un-sproutedgworohad higher protein (5.95%), fiber (7.27%) and carbohydrate (37.75%) as against 5.33%, 6.80% and 32.42% from un-sproutedojigbokola nut for protein, fiber and carbohydrate. Similarly, sproutedgworohad higher protein (6.65%), fiber (6.60%) and carbohydrate (32.65%) than respective 6.30%, 5.30% and 26.45% from sproutedojigbo. Sensory scores showed that sprouting reduced all the sensory attributes evaluated in bothgworoandojigbo.Colour was reduced from 6.60 to 5.50 and 5.85 to 5.65 respectively in un-sproutedgworoand sproutedojigbo.Also, crispness was reduced from 6.55 to 5.95 and 6.55 to 5.45 respectively from un-sproutedgworoand sproutedojigbokola nuts. Bitterness was reduced from 6.05 to 5.85 and 6.40 to 5.25 respectively from un-sproutedgworoto sproutedojigbo. Similarly, general acceptability was reduced from 6.55 to 5.35 in un-sproutedgworoand sproutedojigbowhile acceptability reduction of 6.10 to 5.40 was obtained in un-sprouted and sproutedojigbokola nuts respectively.

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Garuba, T., Fatimoh Adeola Ajala, Ganiyu Shittu Olahan, and Azeez Adebola Lateef. "Molecular Identification of Dominant Microbes in Kola nut (Cola nitida)." BADEGGI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENT 6, no. 1 (April 22, 2024): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35849/bjare202401/141/002.

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Kola nut is an important dehiscent fruit but its supply fails to meet the demand due to limitations such as inadequate post-harvest practices leading to spoilage during transportation and storage. Identification of microbial contaminants is a necessary step in reducing the loss. Hence, this work aimed at characterizing the genome of dominant fungus and bacteria associated with kola nut (Cola nitida). Samples of kola nuts were collected from Oje and Oja-oba markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. Isolates were extracted from the lesion region of the samples using the standard method. Macro-morphological and micro-morphological observations of the pure culture of the isolates were conducted. After genomic DNA extraction of fungal and bacterial isolates, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried out using Internal Transcribed Sequence (ITS 1 and ITS 4) and 27F primers for fungal and bacterial genome respectively. Sanger sequencing of the purified DNA fragments was conducted utilizing the Nimagen, BrilliantDye™ Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit V3.1, BRD3-100/1000. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA version 6) was used for phylogenetic analysis. The result revealed that one fungus and two bacteria were associated with kola nuts. The fungal isolate showed 100% identity with Aspergillus wentii from the National Center for Biotechnology Information data base. The fungus showed a good relationship with A. dimorphicus and A. europaeus. The two bacterial isolates were also identified through the phylogenic analysis as Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis. B. cereus is closely related to B. thuringiensis. This research provides background information on the Kola nut microbial contaminant. Keywords: Bacteria, Contaminant, Fungus, Identification, Primers, Sequencing

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Akinoso, Rahman, Ademola K. Aremu, and Ismail S. Balogun. "Some Physical Properties of Kola Nuts – A Response Surface Approach." International Agrophysics 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intag-2014-0014.

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Abstract This work studied the effect of drying temperature and duration on some physical and mechanical properties of two varieties of kola nuts using a response surface methodology approach. Physical properties determined were length, breadth, thickness, sphericity, aspect ratio, colour and moisture loss, while mechanical properties were force at break, yield, and peak, deformation at break and peak, energy to peak, energy to break, and yield, and Young modulus. At 5% level of significance, only mass, moisture loss, and sphericity were the physical properties affected. However, all measured mechanical properties were affected by drying temperature and duration (p<0.05).

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Alkali, Z. D. "Residual Content of Persistent Insecticides in the Fresh Nuts of Cola Acuminata Cohac from Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano State and Implication for Public Health." Nigerian Journal of Entomology 36, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/nje/0202/63.01.70.

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The pesticide residues in kola nut, Cola acuminata obtained from Mariri Market, Kumbotso Local Government Area, Kano state of Nigeria was investigated. The study consisted of a survey and laboratory analysis of kola nut samples. One hundred structured questionnaires were administered through an open market format in the major kola nut market in the state. In addition, 1kg sample of kola nut was collected randomly from ten major kola nut sellers in the market for analysis. A 100g sample of the kola nut was pounded into paste in a blender of which 50g was soaked in 150mL acetone for 24h. The extracted sample was filtered through anhydrous sodium sulfate while the extract was evaporated to near dryness using a rotary evaporator at 28oC in the Laboratory. Residue was redissolved in 2 mL acetone and kept in the refrigerator for GCMS Analysis. Ten pesticidal compounds were detected from a comparison of data with reference to mass spectrometry data (NIST05.LIB) and significant occurrence in kola nut sample which had a corresponding molecules affiliated to some pesticides standards were detected in the sample

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Apiamu, Augustine, I. Orhonigbe, Uduenevwo F. Evuen, Helen E. Kadiri, Israel O. Okoro, and Enyohwo D. Kpomah. "IN-VITRO NUTRITIONAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ANALYSES INDICATED DISPARITY IN Cola nitida L. and Garcinia kola Heckel USED IN NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0703-1827.

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The research affirmed that Cola nitida L. and Garcinia kola Heckel used in Nigeria are quite different medicinally and nutritionally. The proportions of all nutrients analyzed quantitatively (lipid, moisture, fibre, ash, and protein except carbohydrate) were greater in C. nitida than in G. kola Heckel (p<0.05). C. nitida has a lower energy density than G. kola Heckel (332.20 kcal/g vs 349.10 kcal/g sample) (p<0.05). Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and cardiac glycosides were all significantly greater in G. kola Heckel than C. nitida at p<0.05, in addition to saponin, tannin, and steroids. A 72-hour methanol extraction of kola nuts by cold maceration showed that C. nitida had significantly lower total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents than G. kola Heckel (TPCs: 1815.38±125.90 µg GAE; TFCs: 385.80±37.24 µg QE; and TTCs: 2643.75±36.08 µg TAE/g sample). 2.2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays showed that G. kola Heckel (IC50 = 133.70 ± 0.11 µg/mL) was more effective than C. nitida (IC50 = 226.70 ± 0.21 µg/mL) at the 0.05 level. Studies on anti-inflammation found similar effects for G. kola Heckel and C. nitida (antiproteinase activity IC50 = 162.90 and 223.60 µg/mL; albumin denaturation: IC50 = 155.10 and 347.20 µg/mL; and membrane stabilization: IC50 = 183.50 and 271.70 µg/mL). Thus, it is proposed here that G. kola Heckel, in comparison to C. nitida, may be an acceptable source of energy, an antioxidant, and an anti-inflammatory agent in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors for the benefit of humans.

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Ugwu, J. A., and I. U. Mokwunye. "Bioassay and efficacy of ethanol extracts of selected plant materials for the management of kola weevil Balanogastris kolae (Coleoptera; Curculionidae) on stored kola nuts." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 23, no. 6 (July 19, 2019): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i6.18.

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Facheux, C., Z. Tchoundjeu, D. Foundjem, C. Mbosso, and T. T. Manga. "FROM RESEARCH TO FARMER ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT IN CAMEROON: CASE STUDY OF KOLA NUTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 699 (January 2006): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.699.20.

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Umar, I. M., and R. Blackburn. "Determination of trace elements in Nigerian kola-nuts by instrumental neutron activation analysis." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 132, no. 1 (July 1989): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02060980.

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Alsaeedi, Hamdah, Rowaid Qahwaji, and Talal Qadah. "Induction of apoptosis by Kola nut extract as a recent and promising treatment strategy for Leukemia." Bionatura 6, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 1725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2021.06.02.10.

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Kola nut extracts have recently been reported to contain chemopreventive compounds providing several pharmacological benefits. This study investigated Kola nut extracts' anti-cancer activity on human immortalized myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 through apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Fresh Kola nuts were prepared as powder and dissolved in DMSO. Different concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μg/ml) of working solutions were prepared. The K562 cells were treated with the different concentrations of Kola nut extract or vehicle control (10% DMSO) followed by incubation at 37°C for 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Treatment activity was investigated in K562 cells; by Resazurin, and FITC/Propidium Iodide and 7-AAD stained cells to evaluate apoptotic cells and the cell cycle's progression. Inhibition of leukemia cell proliferation was observed. The extract effectively induced cell death, early and late apoptosis by approximately 30% after 24 and 48 hours incubation, and an increase in the rate of dead cells by 50% was observed after 72 hours of incubation. Also, cell growth reduction was seen at high dose concentrations (150 and 200 µg/ml), as evident by cell count once treated with Kola nut extract. The total number of apoptotic cells increased from 5.8% of the control group to 27.4% at 250 µg/ml concentration. Moreover, Kola nut extracts' effects on K562 cells increased gradually in a dose and time-dependent manner. It was observed that Kola nut extracts could arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase as an increase in the number of cells by 29.8% and 14.6 % were observed from 9.8% and 5.2% after 24 and 48 hours of incubation, respectively. This increase was detected in a dose and time-dependent manner. Kola nut extracts can be used as a novel anti-cancer agent in Leukemia treatment as it has shown significant therapeutic potential and therefore provides new insights in understanding the mechanisms of its action. Keywords: Kola nut extracts, Leukemia, K562 cell line, Apoptosis, Cancer.

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Adedire, C. O., and R. A. Balogun. "Amylase activity in the gut homogenate of the kola weevil, Sophrorhinus insperatus Faust and its response to inhibitors from kola nuts." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 13, no. 02 (April 1992): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400014399.

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Aikpokpodion, Paul. "Appraisal of Pesticide Residues in Kola Nuts Obtained from Selected Markets in Southwestern, Nigeria." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 2, no. 2 (January 10, 2013): 582–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2013/5435.

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Jean-Marc, N’Guessan, Konan Brou Roger, Nimaga Daouda, Chatigre Kouamé Olivier, and Amani N’Guessan Georges. "Evaluation of Loss Rate and Organoleptic Characterisation of Kola Nuts (Cola nitida) during Conservation." Asian Food Science Journal 5, no. 3 (November 6, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/afsj/2018/44696.

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Adejoke Adebusola Adelusi, Ayodele Oladipo Akinpelu, and Qudus Adebayo Ogunwolu. "Kolanut curing, storage and trade: Panacea for increased kolanut production in Nigeria." Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 046–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2021.2.2.0041.

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The article examined kolanut curing, storage and trade. Kolanut thrives well in Africa, the Americas, Brazil and the West Indies. It is the fruit of the kola tree originating from the Cola genus. A desk research was employed using various published literatures on kolanut. It was unveiled that most farmers use chemical insecticides such as gammalin 20 and phostoxin in preventing kolanut from insect pests attack before storage, which is hazardous to the human body. Also, the methods used in extracting kolanuts from the pod, the methods used in curing and storage significantly determine the quality of the nuts. Furthermore, kolanut farmers can make more profits through exportation of the nuts rather than through domestic sales. Hence, efforts should be geared towards provision of better kolanut curing and storage methods and more awareness should be created about the benefits of exporting kolanuts to other countries.

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Rufa’i, Fatihu Ahmad, Daniel Baecker, and Muhammad Dauda Mukhtar. "Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis, and Evaluating In Vivo Antitrypanosomal Effects of a Methanolic Extract of Garcinia kola Nuts on Rats." Antibiotics 12, no. 4 (April 6, 2023): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12040713.

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Trypanosomiasis is a serious disease that affects both humans and animals, causing social and economic losses. Efforts to find new therapeutic approaches are warranted to improve treatment options. Therefore, the purpose of this communication includes the phytochemical screening of a methanolic extract of Garcinia kola nuts and the in vivo evaluation of its biological activity against rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and treated with 4 different concentrations of the extract (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg). Treatment with suramin served as a positive control, while the negative control received no drug. Since the general toxicity of the extract could be ruled out, efficacy was evaluated based on physiological changes, such as induction of trypanosome parasitemia, influence on body temperature, and body weight. Survival was assessed during this study. Physical parameters, behavioral characteristics, and various hematological indices were also monitored. Based on the (patho)physiological and behavioral parameters (e.g., no parasitemia, no increase in body temperature, an increase in body weight, no loss of condition, no alopecia, and no gangrene), the efficacy of the extract was evident, which was also confirmed by 100% survival, while in the negative control, all rats died during the observation period. Since overall very similar results were obtained as a result of treatment with the established suramin, the in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of a methanolic extract of G. kola nuts on rats can be demonstrated in this communication. This opens the way, for example, for further development of drug formulations based on this methanolic extract.

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Osim, E. E., S. K. Arthur, and K. M. Etta. "Influence of Kola Nuts (Cola Nitida Alba) On in Vivo Secretion of Gastric Acid in Cats." International Journal of Pharmacognosy 29, no. 3 (January 1991): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209109082881.

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Adeyeye, E. I., S. S. Asaolu, and A. O. Aluko. "Amino acid composition of two masticatory nuts (Cola acuminataandGarcinia kola) and a snack nut (Anacardium occidentale)." International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 58, no. 4 (January 2007): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637480701486108.

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Abhadionmhen, Abel Onolunosen, Vivian Ifeoma Anyiam, Edobor Peter Kenneth Imarenezor, and Pius Amiegbebhor. "Antimicrobial Effects of Aqueous Extract of Garcinia Kola Nuts on Salmonella Isolates from Chicken Dropping in Southern Taraba, North East, Nigeria." South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology 16, no. 2 (August 9, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2023/v16i2301.

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Aim: The onerous threat of antimicrobial resistance to public health highlights the need for continuous research that will discover more potential medicinal plants that possess inhibitory potentials on bacteria especially those with multidrug-resistant qualities. Hence, this study investigated the antibacterial effect of hot and cold aqueous extracts of Garcinia Kola on Salmonella isolates. Study Design: This is experimental research involving fecal sample of chicken. Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out in Wukari metropolis. Study Design: Sterile universal containers were used to collect one gram each of chicken fecal samples from domestic chicken coops and dissolved in Buffered Peptone Water to recover injured cell. A loop-full of the sample was streaked on prepared Salmonella-Shigella Agar plates. Suspected isolates were confirmed molecularly using PCR to identify the invA virulent gene from the isolate. Hot and cold water served as a menstruum for extracting bioactive contents from Garcinia Kola. Following evaporation of the crude hot and cold-water extracts, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, and 2.0 mg of the extract were respectively dissolved into 10 ml of distilled water. The Agar-well diffusion method was used in conducting the antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Results: Significant zone of inhibition (ZIB) of 9 mm, 12 mm and 17 mm was observed for isolates subjected to 0.50 mg-10 ml, 1.00mg-10 ml, and 2.00 mg-10 ml concentrations of cold-water extracts respectively while No zone of Inhibition (NZI) was observed at 0.25 g-10 ml concentrations. For hot water extracts, growth inhibition ranging from 9 mm, 11 mm, 15 mm, and 23 mm was respectively noticed for concentrates of 0.25 mg-10 ml, 0.50 mg-10, 1.00 mg-10 ml, and 2.00 mg-10 ml. Heavy growth persisted for the negative control plate which contained distilled water without extracts. Augmentin 30 µg was used as a positive control (≥31 mm). Conclusion: This research simply has amplified the medicinal importance of the consumption of Garcinia Kola particularly as it relates to the management of gastroenteritis caused by Zoonotic Non-enteric Salmonella. However, the clinical toxicity and safety of the plant need more understanding.

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Lingadahalli Puttachar, Srikrishna, Shawna Reyhan Correia, Vinisha Mascarenhas, Teja Moreshwar Godkar, Desiree Delicia Fernandes, Saisha Ningappa Patil, Sebastian Thomas, et al. "NATURAL CAFFEINE, SOURCES, EXTRACTION, USAGE, AND EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON HUMAN HEALTH." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 06 (June 30, 2024): 843–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/18948.

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The primary method of absorbing natural caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is through the consumption of coffee.Natural Caffeine is a white crystalline purine containing methylxanthine alkaloids with a harsh flavour. It is the most often consumed bioactive substance across the world. It is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in over 60 plants, including coffee beans, tea leaves, cola nuts, and cocoa pods. Natural Caffeineis extracted from Coffee arabica beans . It can be found in various plant sources such as Coffee beans, tea leaves ,Cacao Beans , Yerba mate ,Guarana ,Kola nuts. It can have a favourable or harmful impact on human health. Natural sources of caffeine frequently include plant polyphenols (phenol-carboxylic acids, catechins) with known antioxidant properties however, stimulant drinks and dietary supplements frequently contain sugars or artificial sweeteners, which can significantly reduce caffeines effects on oxidative stress.C-14 testconducted for Natural Caffeine by Mangalore University and the University of California. An Inhouse testing method by HPLC has been developed by Bio-Med Ingredients Pvt. Ltd for determining Caffeine content in samples. Caffeine finds many applications, as it is used in dietary supplements ,Vitamin Premixes , Cosmetics and for energy performance benefits including improved physical endurance and reduced fatigue.

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Nyamien, Yves, Olivier Chatigre, Emmanuel Koffi, Augustin Adima, and Henri Biego. "Optimization of Polyphenols Extraction Method from Kola Nuts (Cola nitida Vent. Schott & Endl.) Using Experimental Design." British Biotechnology Journal 7, no. 1 (January 10, 2015): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bbj/2015/17030.

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Agbeniyi, S. O., and B. Fawole. "Effect of curing and pre-storage dip treatments on the control of storage mould of kola nuts." Zeitschrift f�r Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A 208, no. 1 (January 18, 1999): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170050373.

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Rathod, Hetal. "Caffeine – An Enigma." Healthline 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51957/healthline_533_2023.

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Considering the growing public health significance of some forms of caffeine use, such as the consumption of energy drinks with high caffeine content that are currently largely unregulated or combinations of caffeine and methamphetamine, the International Classification of Diseases 11 (ICD 11) separates caffeine from other stimulants. A stimulant and diuretic, caffeine is a bitter alkaloid that is mostly found in coffee, tea, cacao, and kola nuts. As a stimulant of the Central Nervous System(CNS) it boosts the body's flow of hormone like cortisol. Caffeine promotes relative brain hypoperfusion by increasing energy metabolism while simultaneously diminishing cerebral blood flow. Caffeine stimulates noradrenaline neurons, and appears to affect releaseof dopamine locally.Caffeine is quickly and nearly entirely (up to 99%) absorbed into the bloodstream after consumption.

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ADEDIRE, O. C. "Distribution of Carbohydrases and Proteases in the Intestine of the Kola Nut Weevil, Sophrorhinus insperatus FAUST (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Response of Proteases to Inhibitors from Kola Nuts." Applied Entomology and Zoology 29, no. 3 (1994): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.29.331.

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Eze Chinwe N, Owhoeli Ovutor, Goodhead Dakuru A, and Nwankwo, FC. "Parasitological, Bacterial and Fungal Evaluation of Some Ready-to-Eat Foods Sold by Vendors in Port Harcourt, Rivers State." Microbiology Research Journal International 34, no. 2 (March 15, 2024): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2024/v34i21430.

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Aims: To determine the prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal parasites, bacteria and fungi in Date, Wet Tiger nut, Dry Tiger nut, Kuli-kuli and kola nuts sold by roadside vendors in nine locations in Rivers State. Study Design: A total of 270 samples were procured randomly from roadside sellers. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Animal and Environmental Biology [parasitology unit), University of Port Harcourt, between March and July 2022. Methodology: The 270 samples were examined for gastrointestinal parasites using direct wet preparation and sedimentation techniques, while 135 of the samples selected based on type and location were examined for bacteria and fungi using standard microbial techniques. Results: Out of the 270 samples examined, 124(49.9%) were positive for gastrointestinal parasites as follows; Ascaris lumbricoides 52(19.3%), Ancylostoma spp 39(14.4%), Trichuris trichiura 19(7.0%) and Giardia lamblia 14(5.2%). dry Tiger nut recorded the highest prevalence 39(72.2%) and Kola nut 11(20.4%) had the least prevalence. Aluu had the highest prevalence 21(70.0%) while Rumuokoro recorded the least 3(10.0%) p=05. Of the 135 samples, 96(71.1%) was positive for bacteria while 19(14.1%) was positive for Candida species (fungi). The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli 48(35.5%), Klebsiella species 32(23.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus 16(11.9%). Kola nut recorded the highest bacterial contamination 26(96.3%) and Date the lowest 10 (37.0). Samples from Choba had the highest bacterial contamination 12(80%) while Alakahia had the least bacterial contamination 7(46.7%) p=05. Dry Tiger nut 12(44.4%) and Wet Tiger nut 7(25.9%) were the only sample types with fungal contamination. Conclusion: Vendors and consumers should be educated on the possible health implications of poorly handled RTE foods, and government should implement and enforce sanitary rules to preserve the environmental quality of areas where RTE foods are being processed and sold.

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BYFIELD, JUDITH. "INNOVATION AND CONFLICT: CLOTH DYERS AND THE INTERWAR DEPRESSION IN ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA." Journal of African History 38, no. 1 (March 1997): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796006883.

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BY the twentieth century, the southern Yoruba town of Abeokuta was integrated into the international economy both as an exporter of cash crops and an importer of manufactured products. It became one of the primary producing areas of cocoa and kola nuts in western Nigeria. Abeokuta's integration into the international economy had a profound effect on its local textile industry. As weavers gained access to European threads and dyers gained access to European cloth, relations of production were transformed. Both sets of producers became dependent on European trading firms for their raw materials and were thus brought squarely into the nexus of international trade. Dyeing, which was predominantly a women's industry, benefited substantially from this economic relationship. Dyers' access to cloth as well as credit from the European firms allowed them to become autonomous producers of tie-dyed cloth, adire, that was in great demand across Nigeria, the Gold Coast, Senegal and the Belgian Congo.

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Dah-Nouvlessounon, Durand, Adolphe Adjanohoun, Haziz Sina, Pacôme A. Noumavo, Nafan Diarrasouba, Charles Parkouda, Yann E. Madodé, Mamoudou H. Dicko, and Lamine Baba-Moussa. "Nutritional and Anti-Nutrient Composition of Three Kola Nuts (<i> Cola nitida, Cola acuminata </i> and <i> Garcinia kola </i>) Produced in Benin." Food and Nutrition Sciences 06, no. 15 (2015): 1395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2015.615145.

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Arsan, Andrew Kerim. "Failing to Stem the Tide: Lebanese Migration to French West Africa and the Competing Prerogatives of the Imperial State." Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, no. 3 (June 30, 2011): 450–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417511000211.

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In the years before 1939, the functionaries of Afrique Occidentale Française, or AOF, as France's West African possessions were known, consistently failed to introduce effective legislative controls upon Eastern Mediterranean migration under their purview. This was not for lack of trying; from 1905 onwards, administrators both in the territorial government of Guinea and in the Government-General of the Federation in Dakar repeatedly attempted to close their gates to these interlopers of empire, most of them from present-day Lebanon, who first began to venture into West Africa in the last years of the nineteenth century. By the late 1930s, some six thousand citizens of the Mandatory states of Lebanon and Syria resided across AOF. Most worked as produce brokers, shopkeepers, and traders, buying up groundnuts, palm oil, or kola nuts from African producers, and supplying them in turn with consumer goods such as textiles and clothes, processed foodstuffs, alcohol, and matches. Despite their attempts to channel and stem this flow of men and women, AOF administrators proved unable to impose effective legislative checks upon their movements.

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Yesika, Relin. "STUDI ETNOBOTANI TANAMAN OBAT SEBAGAI PENCEGAH STUNTING OLEH MASYARAKAT WALI NAGARI SIJUNJUNG KABUPATEN SIJUNJUNG, SUMATERA BARAT." Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi & Herbal 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36656/jpfh.v5i2.1201.

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Stunting is the impaired growth and development that children experience from poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. Children are defined as stunted if their height-for-age is more than two standard deviations below the WHO Child Growth Standards median. Malnutrition that occurs during pregnancy can lead to stunting which usually appears after the baby is 2 years old. One of the efforts to prevent stunting is consuming a balanced nutritious diet. Many plants and herbs have good nutritional value that can prevent stunting. Plants that have nutritional value can be processed into food that can prevent stunting. This research is a qualitative descriptive method, research has been carried out with the stages of compiling research objectives, observations, interviews, documentation. This research was carried out to answer the need for information related to plant data used to prevent stunting by the community in Wali Nagari, Sijunjung Regency, West sumatera. There were 41 residents in Wali nagari as respondents. The plants most commonly used by the community in Wali Nagari as stunting prevention plants are cassava leaves, spinach leaves, legumes or nuts, katuk leaves, aromatic ginger, kelor leaves, temulawak, pegagan or gotu kola leaves, etc

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Habakkuk Ozoffor, Chinedu, Ngozi Felicia Onyemelukwe, and Elochukwu Ogbuagu. "Proximate Analysis and Pathological Studies of Extracts of Cola acuminata and Cola nitida in Some Visceral Organs (Kidney and Liver) of Albino Rats in Southern Nigeria." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (April 10, 2024): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2024.1304.003.

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The proximate values and pathological effects of the consumption of kolanuts were determined. A total of thirty albino rats aged 8-16 weeks were procured from the Animal House of Department of Biochemistry University of Nigeria Nsukka. LD50 was carried out using eighteen kmn albino rats within 14 days. Rats were divided into 3 groups A, B, and C. Group A were given 0.02g of Cola acuminata and Cola nitida paste daily while group B consumed 0.04g daily and group C (Control) were fed on pellets. Drinking water was given to both the control rats and experimental rats and libitum. Statistical analysis of the weight using student ‘t’ test for comparison of weight before experimentation and after showed significant decrease in rats weight P<0.05. The results obtained revealed normal liver tissues in control with normal parenchyma. However, the liver of rats exposed to kola nuts showed evidence of vacuolation, infiltration of inflammatory cells and mild to moderate necrosis as shown in the photomicrographs. The kidney tissues revealed the presence of casts in the tubular lumen, mild erosion of tubules and constriction of capillary turf. However, the proximate values of kolanuts revealed Moisture, Ash, Protein, Fat, Fibre, Carbohydrate and Calories.

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Amadiume. "Of Kola Nuts, Taboos, Leadership, Women’s Rights, and Freedom: New Challenges from Chinua Achebe’s There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra." Journal of West African History 1, no. 2 (2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.2.0119.

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Folahan, J. T., S. T. Boateng, T. Roy, R. K. Yadav, M. Mahmud, and J. Chamcheu. "1110 Bioassay-guided fractions of garcinia kola nuts inhibit cell proliferation via modulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 143, no. 5 (May 2023): S190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.1122.

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Olorundare, B. O., A. O. Ogunsowo, C. O. Akinola, E. F. Odeyemi, and C. O. Jayeola. "Effects of Drying Procedures on the Nutritional, Biochemical and Phytochemical Compositions of Cola nitida Seeds." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 24, no. 5 (August 23, 2023): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2023/v24i5553.

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The effects of drying methods on the proximate compositions and phytochemical constituents of Cola nitida seeds were investigated by exposing the kola nuts to different drying procedures. The fresh C. nitida seeds were sorted and divided into four portions with each portion subjected to air-drying (AID), solar drying (SOD), oven-drying (OVD) and sun-drying (SUD) respectively. The results obtained markedly revealed that the proximate property of C. nitida seeds varies from one drying method to the other with OVD retaining the highest moisture and fat contents but has the least ash contents. On the other hand, air-dried C. nitida samples with the maximum carbohydrate composition had the lowest fat, protein and fiber contents. The protein and ash contents of the sun-dried samples were the highest while SOD showed the least moisture and peak fiber contents respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that the phytochemical composition of C. nitida seeds on exposure to these drying procedures differs with the drying methods. Apparently, the air-dried nitida samples had the highest level of total phenols, tannins, alkaloids with good amounts of saponins. However, solar-dried C. nitida seeds which are rich in alkaloids had the least tannins, phenols and saponins composition. The trend of result from this present study revealed that the different drying methods employed in the post-harvest processing of Cola nitida seeds markedly affect the nutrient retention and bioactive constituents of kolanut.

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Umar, Sheriff Itopa, Samson Adehuga Omogbehin, and Olufemi Joseph Agunbiade. "Hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological evaluation following sub-chronic administration of Halea ciliata in experimental rats." BIOMED natural and applied science 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 09–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/bnas02020918.

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Background: This study Background: Halea ciliata (Mitragyna ciliata Aubrev. Et Pellegr) also known as Abura leaves are common among the Yoruba groups of Nigeria for wrapping Kola nuts. The plants have been used traditionally to treat wide variety of conditions, however, there is limited information and literature reports concerning the toxicity and safety of this plant. The present study was conducted to evaluate the sub-chronic toxicity of the crude methanolic extract of Halea ciliata in Wistar rats. Methods: The methanolic extract of Halea ciliata was administered orally at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg bw /day respectively for 3 weeks to healthy Wistar rats. At the end of the experimental period, certain haematological, serum biochemical and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Results: The activities of ALP and concentrations of total proteins, sodium, potassium, RBC count, PCV, PLT, and HB were not significantly (p>0.05) different among all the groups, including the control. On the other hand, a significant (p<0.05) increase in the WBC counts serum concentrations of urea and creatinine were observed when compared with the control group. A significant (p<0.05) difference between the 200 mg/kg dose treatment group was observed when compared with the control group with respect to AST, and ALT activities. However, there was no difference between the control group and the highest treatment group of 400 mg/kg, with respect to ALT and AST. Conclusion: Administration of crude methanol extract of Halea ciliata at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW significantly altered the serum urea and creatinine in rats. However, rats dosed with the same extracts at 400 mg/kg were devoid of biochemical anomalies in liver serum biomarkers when compared with the control counterpart. This study, therefore, suggested the use of Halea ciliata is relatively safe for the liver but its effect on kidney markers calls for further investigation.

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Grygiel, Marcin. "Narzędnik afirmacji w wybranych językach słowiańskich." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 47 (September 25, 2015): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2012.008.

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Instrumental of affirmation in selected Slavic languagesIn the present article I argue that apart from the genitive of negation, Slavic also makes use of the instrumental of affirmation – but its recognition requires a more sophisticated, function-oriented analytic model, firmly grounded in the real linguistic usage and sensitive to semantic conditioning – such as cognitive semantics. The discussion offered seems to suggest that the Slavic instrumental is an inherently affirmative case, as opposed to genitive which has specialized in expressing partition, disjunction and negation, e.g. compare Pol. ciasto z orzechami/ Srb. kolač sa orasima ‘a cake with nuts INSTR’ vs. Pol. ciasto bez orzechów/ Srb. kolač bez oraha ‘a cake without nuts GEN’. Furthermore, because of its semantic properties, the instrumental case is attracted by positive contexts and acts as an intensifier of affirmation. Slavic instrumentals can be classified, on the basis of the positive meanings they imply, as instrumentals of completeness, instrumentals of conjunction and instrumentals of existence. The proposed semantic classification becomes more refined when image-schemas of CONTAINER, PATH, SURFACE and conceptual metaphors related to the physical relation of COVERAGE are included in the model.

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Jandrić, Maja, Dejan Molnar, and Svetozar Tanasković. "SOCIOEKONOMSKI I MIGRATORNI PROFILI NUTS 3 OBLASTI U SRBIJI." Ekonomske ideje i praksa, no. 53 (June 30, 2024): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54318/eip.2024.mj.373.

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Cilj ovog rada je analiza osnovnih socioekonomskih i migratornih obeležja pojedinih NUTS 3 oblasti u Srbiji i utvrđivanje grupa sa sličnim karakteristikama. U analizu je uključen veliki broj ekonomskih i demografskih pokazatelja koji se odnose na pojedine oblasti, kao i njihove performanse po pitanju internih i eksternih migracija. Primenom analize glavnih komponenata (engl. Principal Component Analysis − PCA), socioekonomska obeležja su podeljena u dve grupe (dva faktora): elemente koji upućuju na razvijenost i one koji ukazuju na demografsku sliku oblasti. U narednom koraku je izvršena klaster analiza koja je pokazala da postoje tri relativno homogene grupe oblasti. Kako bi se prevazišli nedostaci K-means metoda grupisanja, primenjen je LCCA (engl. Latent Class Cluster Analysis) metod, koji je potvrdio postojanje tri grupe na nivou NUTS 3 oblasti: Beogradska i Južnobačka oblast se ističu kao oblasti sa višim nivoom razvoja i boljim pokazateljima internih i eksternih migracija; Pomoravska, Borska i Braničevska oblast imaju najlošiju poziciju po pitanju eksternih migracija, dok sve ostale oblasti pripadaju trećem klasteru.

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T.C., Gopal. "Melittopalynological studies of Apis dorsata honey samples from Kolar District, Karnataka, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 654–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2189.

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Honeybees, while foraging for nectar on flowers, also gather some pollen which retains in the honey even after extraction. Pollen grains are the essential tools in the analysis of honey. The aim of the present report was to find the Apis dorsata honey floral resources in Kolar district state Karnataka. In the present study, the pollen content of 28 A. dorsata honey samples were collected from 5 different locations of Kolar district, Karnataka, India. Samples were subjected to Melittopalynological studies to identify their honey plant resources and colour, optic density and collection places were documented. A wide variety of pollen types represent their plant sources and their frequency classes were recognized in each honey sample. Among 28 honey samples analysed, 10 samples were identified as multifloral, 18 unifloral with predominant pollen types such as Syzygium cumini, Pongamia pinnata, Eucalyptus sp, Guizotia abyssinica, Psidium guajava and Coriandrum sativum, each count was found above 45%. Pollen spectra indicated a total of 56 pollen types belonging to 27 plant families. Fabaceae was represented as the largest family with 14 species contributing honey production. Among the habit, tree was dominant with 51.78%, followed by herbs (32.14%) and shrubs (16.07%). The economic importance of identified plants with apiculture importance was categorized as medicinal, ornamental, vegetable, timber and oil yielding, weeds, fruits and nuts. A. dorsata depends on wild trees and cultivated plants bloom throughout the year as pollen and nectar source. From the results, it is evident that there is a lot of potential in establishing beekeeping industries in the study area.

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Diatta, Athanase, Mohamed Mahamoud Charahabil, and Landing Ndiaye. "Effet de l’apiculture sur les Plantations d’anacardiers (Anacardium Occidentale L.) dans les Regions de Sedhiou et Kolda au Sud du Senegal." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, no. 24 (August 31, 2023): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n24p222.

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La filière anacarde occupe une place importante dans la vie socioéconomique des paysans des pays producteurs. Au Sénégal, cette filière se heurte à plusieurs contraintes qui inhibe son essor. Face à ces contraintes, les ruches ont été introduites dans plantations d’anacardiers afin de booster la production de l’espèce et augmenter les revenus des producteurs. L’objectif de la présente étude est de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de l’effet des ruches sur les plantations d’anacardiers dans les régions de Sédhiou et de Kolda au sud du Sénégal. Méthodes d’études : La comparaison entre les deux systèmes de production (plantation sans et avec ruche) a été faite sur la base du ratio floral, du rendement en noix de cajou, de leur qualité et de la rentabilité économique. Cette dernière a été évaluée en trois années successives (2019, 2020 et 2021). De l’analyse des résultats, ressort que les plantations d’anacardiers avec ruches ont enregistré les ratios floraux les plus élevés, soit en moyenne 8,5% à Sédhiou et 7% à Kolda contre 6% et 5% pour les plantations sans ruches respectivement dans les mêmes localités. Aussi, les anacardiers des plantations avec ruches de Sédhiou et Kolda produisent respectivement en moyenne 2,75 kg.arbre-1 et 2 kg.arbre-1 contre 1,75 kg.arbre-1 et 1,5 kg.arbre-1 dans les plantations sans ruches. L’importance de la présence des abeilles dans les plantations d’anacardiers a été notée sur la qualité des noix à Sédhiou comme à Kolda avec des Kernel Out-turn Ratio (KOR) respectifs de : 52 contre 50 lbs et 51,5 contre 49,8 lbs. Sur le plan économique, les plantations apicoles de Kolda sont en moyenne plus rentables de quatre cent quatre-vingt mille quatre cent seize virgule six cent soixante-sept (480416,667 FCFA) que celles sans ruches. Le même scénario est observé au niveau des plantations avec ruches et sans ruches de Sédhiou où le différentiel économique des trois années de suivi de production est chiffré à six cent vingt-sept mille neuf cent seize virgule six cent soixante-sept (627916,667 FCFA). Conclusion : L’apiculture dans les plantations de cajou s’est avérée être une source de revenu additionnel surtout favorable pour les producteurs. Elle permet une meilleure amélioration de la productivité et de la qualité des noix d’anacardiers en Casamance. The cashew sector occupies an important place in the socio-economic life of farmers in producing countries. In Senegal, this sector faces several constraints that inhibit its development. Faced with these constraints, hives have been introduced into cashew tree plantations in order to boost the production of the species and increase the income of producers. The objective of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the effect of hives on cashew plantations in the regions of Sédhiou and Kolda in southern Senegal. Study methods: The comparison between the two production systems (plantation without and with hive) was made on the basis of the floral ratio, cashew nut yield, quality and economic profitability. The latter was assessed in three successive years (2019, 2020 and 2021). From the analysis of the results, it appears that cashew plantations with hives recorded the highest floral ratios, i.e. on average 8.5% in Sédhiou and 7% in Kolda against 6% and 5% for plantations without hives. respectively in the same localities. Also, the cashew trees of the plantations with hives of Sédhiou and Kolda produce respectively on average 2.75 kg.tree-1 and 2 kg.tree-1 against 1.75 kg.tree-1 and 1.5 kg.tree-1 in plantations without hives. The importance of the presence of bees in the cashew tree plantations was noted on the quality of the nuts in Sédhiou as in Kolda with respective Kernel Out-turn Ratio (KOR) of: 52 against 50 lbs and 51.5 versus 49.8 lbs. On the economic plan, Kolda's beekeeping plantations are on average four hundred and eighty thousand four hundred and sixteen point six hundred and sixty-seven (480,416.667 FCFA) more profitable than those without hives. The same scenario is observed at the level of plantations with hives and without hives of Sédhiou where the economic differential of the three years of production monitoring is calculated at six hundred and twenty-seven thousand nine hundred and sixteen point six hundred and sixty-seven (627916.667 FCFA). Conclusion: Beekeeping in cashew plantations has proven to be a particularly favorable source of additional income for producers. She allows a better improvement of the productivity and the quality of cashew nuts in Casamance.

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Faye, Omar Kata, Philippe Bernard Himbane, and Lat Grand Ndiaye. "Optimization of the Co-Production between the Rice Husk and the Pulp of the Cashew Apple Produced in the Natural Region of Casamance." Materials Science Forum 1122 (May 21, 2024): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-k8uyif.

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Anaerobic digestion or anaerobic digestion is a biological process of degradation of organic matter in an anaerobic environment. It involves the degradation and stabilization of complex organic matter by a consortium of micro-organisms leading to methane-rich biogas that can be used as an alternative energy to fossil fuels. In addition, the use of biogas allows for the preservation of the environment and the sustainable development of rural areas and landlocked regions, as well as the diversification of energy resources, but also contributes to the development of agriculture through the production of organic fertilizer. In 2018, Senegal was ranked as the 15th world exporter of cashew nuts with a production of around 18,000 tons per year according to a study by PADEC (Support Program for the Development of Casamance). Four regions mainly invest in it: Kolda, Ziguinchor, Sédhiou, and Fatick. However, in the natural region of Casamance ( Kolda, Ziguinchor, and Sédhiou), each year, after the cashew nut campaign, more than 342,000 tons of cashew apples, pressed or not, are rejected without any recovery, thus degrading in the environment. In addition, rice is traditionally grown in Casamance and in some Diola circles, it had become one of the criteria of wealth, which explains why it occupied most of the cultivated areas and each year thousands of tons of rice husk are burned for elimination/reduction without any recovery. These immense annual productions of waste, without any recovery, in a context dominated by a deficit in cooking and lighting energy constitutes a form of energy resilience and motivates us to study the co-digestion of the rice husk (with a report of C/N equal to 101.317) on cashew apple pulp (having a C/N ratio of 23.201 ). The study of the co-digestion of rice husk and apple pulp at the laboratory scale with the inoculum reveals, that the co-digestion with pH correction contains 39.40% methane and 51.50% carbon dioxide after 49 days of production and 64.04% methane (CH4) and 25.86% carbon dioxide (CO2) on the 96th day. For co-digestion without adjustment, production stopped on the 49th day with a production of 23.68% methane and 45.65% carbon dioxide.

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Pittman, Phillip R., James W. Martin, Placide Mbala Kingebeni, Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum, Gaston Mwema, Qingwen Wan, Pierre Ewala, et al. "Clinical characterization and placental pathology of mpox infection in hospitalized patients in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 4 (April 20, 2023): e0010384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010384.

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We describe the results of a prospective observational study of the clinical natural history of human monkeypox (mpox) virus (MPXV) infections at the remote L’Hopital General de Reference de Kole (Kole hospital), the rainforest of the Congo River basin of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from March 2007 until August 2011. The research was conducted jointly by the Institute National de Recherche Biomedical (INRB) and the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). The Kole hospital was one of the two previous WHO Mpox study sites (1981–1986). The hospital is staffed by a Spanish Order of Catholic Nuns from La Congregation Des Seours Missionnaires Du Christ Jesus including two Spanish physicians, who were members of the Order as well, were part of the WHO study on human mpox. Of 244 patients admitted with a clinical diagnosis of MPXV infection, 216 were positive in both the Pan-Orthopox and MPXV specific PCR. The cardinal observations of these 216 patients are summarized in this report. There were three deaths (3/216) among these hospitalized patients; fetal death occurred in 3 of 4 patients who were pregnant at admission, with the placenta of one fetus demonstrating prominent MPXV infection of the chorionic villi. The most common complaints were rash (96.8%), malaise (85.2%), sore throat (78.2%), and lymphadenopathy/adenopathy (57.4%). The most common physical exam findings were mpox rash (99.5%) and lymphadenopathy (98.6%). The single patient without the classic mpox rash had been previously vaccinated against smallpox. Age group of less than 5 years had the highest lesion count. Primary household cases tended to have higher lesion counts than secondary or later same household cases. Of the 216 patients, 200 were tested for IgM & IgG antibodies (Abs) to Orthopoxviruses. All 200 patients had anti-orthopoxvirus IgG Abs; whereas 189/200 were positive for IgM. Patients with hypoalbuminemia had a high risk of severe disease. Patients with fatal disease had higher maximum geometric mean values than survivors for the following variables, respectively: viral DNA in blood (DNAemia); maximum lesion count; day of admission mean AST and ALT.

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Žmegač, Davor. "Organizational optimization of the subnational level of Croatia." Acta economica et turistica 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46672/aet.9.2.5.

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U radu se istražuju i analiziraju pokazatelji organizacije subnacionalne razine Hrvatske i Europske unije. Cilj rada je temeljem provedene komparativne analize utvrditi aktualne trendove EU-a u organizaciji subnacionalne razine te sukladno rezultatima dati preporuke kao smjernice za institucionalne reforme na nacionalnoj razini. Naglasak u istraživanju i analizi stavljen je na fragmentaciju regionalne razine država članica EU-a u usporedbi s Hrvatskom te trendove u optimizaciji i regionalnoj kompetitivnosti subnacionalne razine na području EU-a. U radu se naglašava i važnost institucija u provođenju aktivnosti na unaprjeđenju i razvoju regionalne i lokalne razine, kao važne osnovice za društveni i ekonomski razvoj svakog nacionalnog sustava. Istraživanje je smješteno unutar teorijskog okvira regionalne ekonomike. Metodološki, temeljem cilja istraživanja najprije su istraženi makro pokazatelji Hrvatske i EU-a u dijelu fragmentacije regionalne razine, nakon čega je izvedena usporedna analiza organizacije Hrvatske i sličnih država EU-a prema kriteriju broja stanovnika, a u zadnjem dijelu dan je naglasak na važnost institucija u upravljanju i ekonomskim politikama rasta i razvoja te kompetitivnosti regionalne i lokalne razine. Koriste se zadnji javno dostupni podaci vezani uz odabrane pokazatelje regionalne ekonomike Hrvatske i EU-a te odgovarajući podaci OECD-a. Usporedbom s državama članicama EU-27 te posebno s odabranim državama koje imaju sličnosti s Hrvatskom (po kriteriju broja stanovnika), rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da je fragmentacija organizacije u Hrvatskoj značajnija nego u usporednim državama. Isto tako, pokazuje se i da je kompetitivnost na razini NUTS 2 regija oko 20% niža od usporedivih regija EU-27, pri čemu je osobito izraženo da je institucionalni okvir jedan od temeljnih problema u izraženom zaostajanju u kompetitivnosti subnacionalne razine Hrvatske. Rezultati istraživanja i izvedene preporuke dovode do zaključnih razmatranja, koja utvrđuju moguće smjernice za institucionalne reforme i odgovarajuće politike regionalne ekonomike Republike Hrvatske, što je ujedno i glavni doprinos ovog rada.

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Egbujor, M. C., S. E. Ike, E. O. Anieze, U. L. Kanayochukwu, N. E. Nwankwo, I. C. Chidebelu, and C. G. Okenwa-Ani. "A Comparative Study of the Phytochemical Activities of Some Nigerian Indigenous Kola Nuts Kola acuminate (Igbo Kola Nut), Kola vera (Hausa Kola Nut), and Garcinia kola (Bitter Kola)." Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research, June 28, 2019, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2019/v3i230090.

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Aims: Nigerian indigenous kola nuts (Garcinia kola, Kola acuminate, Kola vera) were evaluated for potential phytochemical properties. Study Design: Phytochemical analysis. Place and duration of Study: Renaissance University, Ugbawka, Enugu State, Nigeria, July 2016. Methodology: The nuts were dried, ground and extracted by cold maceration with 99.5% methanol for 72 hours after which the methanol was allowed to evaporate. Results: The phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of saponin glycosides, glycoside, volatile oil, steroid and alkaloid in Kola vera; saponin, saponin glycoside, glycoside, tannins, pseudo tannins, volatile oil, steroid and alkaloid in Kola acuminate while flavonoid, alkaloid and steroid were found in Garcinia kola. Conclusion: The phytochemical activities results showed that kola acuminate and Garcinia kola extracts exhibited more phytochemical than kola vera.

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Akande, O. O., O. O. Kolawole, A. A. Afolabi, S. A. Okewole, and L. O. Oyekunle. "Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Retail Kola Nuts in Ibadan Metropolis." Asian Food Science Journal, May 29, 2021, 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/afsj/2021/v20i730315.

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Aim: This study was designed to determine Aflatoxins present in kola nuts sold in Ibadan metropolis. Study design: Kola nuts were randomly purchased from different markets in Ibadan, Oyo State. Methodology: Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and spectrophotometric method were used for the determination of aflatoxins in the kola nuts samples. Results: All the samples collected were contaminated with aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 were present in the kola nuts samples ranging from 9.73 - 25.43 μg/kg and 10.90 - 29.67 μg/kg respectively. Conclusion: The levels of aflatoxins in the sampled kola nuts were mostly above recommended tolerable limits. It is imperative to enlighten stakeholders on possible ways of handling kola nuts towards reducing the aflatoxin incidences to the barest minimum in order to safeguard the health of the populace.

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Viviane, Deigna-Mockey, Biego Godi Henri, Kouadio Kan Rodrigue, Nyamien Yves Bleouh, and Coulibaly Adama. "Organochlorine Pesticide Residue Levels in Kola Nuts (Cola nitida Schott & Endl.) and Estimation of Risk Exposition in Côte d’Ivoire." European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, December 8, 2021, 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2021/v13i830440.

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Background: The kola nut represents a significant economic interest for Côte d’Ivoire as well as many households and public authorities. Despite its obvious importance, the kola nut sector is facing a delicate sanitary quality of the marketed product. About 90% of produced kolanut is consumed daily fresh by people and poses a serious organochlorine pesticide toxicity health problem for consumers. Aims: This study aimed to determine the organochlorine pesticide residue levels in kola nuts and assess the risks of kola nuts consumption on population health in Côte d'Ivoire. Study Design: Samples were collected from Farmers, rural Collectors, urban Stores in Districts (Mountains, Comoe, Lagoons, Down-Sassandra) and big storage Centers of Anyama and Bouake for three separate periods of kola nuts harvesting (2016-2017 ; 2017-2018 and 2018-2019). Methodology: Concentrations of 24 organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues were measured using a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Results: The OCPs concentrations ranging from 5.19 to 92.93 µg/kg for Aldrin and Lindane. The results indicate that Methoxychlor, DDE (op'), Endrin ketone, Hexachlorobenzene, Chlorfenapyr, Chlorthal dimethyl and Quitozene concentrations are below the quantification limit (LOQ). Based on the concentrations and the daily consumption of kola nuts estimated at 0.6 g/person in Côte d'Ivoire, the intakes values estimated of OCPs vary from 5.4.10-5 to 7.96.10-4 µg/kg/day for Aldrin and Lindane, respectively. The Exposure Daily Doses (EDD) are all lower than the toxicological reference values. Thus, the occurrence of a toxic effect from OCPs after kola nuts consumption is very unlikely since the hazard quotient HQ sum is less than 1 (∑HQ = 0.13 < 1). Consumption of kola nuts from Côte d’Ivoire does not pose a health risk to consumers. Conclusion: Kola nuts would not represent a health risk for humans and would be safe for comsumption.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Kola nuts'

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