Academic literature on the topic 'Komoditní riziko'

Air Product, 2014, Cellulosic Biofuels (Pembakaran/Gasifikasi Lignin Hidrolisis). Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. http://www.airpro-ducts.co.id/industries/Energy/Bioenergy/Cellulosic-Biofuels/product-list/ com-bustiongasification-of-hydrolyis-lignin-cellulosic-biofuels.aspx?itemId =8F39-9214FA4A462FA14588FE4F 86D3C2, Diakses tanggal 27 Oktober 2014Alejandro R., L. Serranoa, A. Morala, A. Pereza dan L. Jimeneza, 2007, Bioresource Tehnology, 98 (3): 554-559.Andaka Ganjar, 2011, Hidrolisis Ampas Tebu Menjadi Furfural Dengan Katalisator Asam Sulfat, Jurnal Teknologi, Volume 4 Nomor 2, Desember 2011, 180-188Anindyawati, Trisanti, 2009, Prospek Enzim dan Limbah Lignoselulosa Untuk Produksi Bioetanol, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi-LIPI, CibinongAnnisa, Gina, 2012, Hidrodeoksigenasi Bio-Oil menggunakan katalis CoMo/C untuk Optimalisasi Produksi Alkana dan Alkohol, Skripsi Universitas Indonesia, Depok.Artati, K., Enny, E., Novia Margareta, H. Widhie Vissia, 2010, Konstanta Kecepatan Reaksi Sebagai Suhu Hidrolisa Selulosa Dari Ampas tebu dengan Katalisator Asam Sulfat. Ekuilibrum Volume 9 Nomor 1 Januari 2010 Hal. 1-4. ISSN 1412-9124Darnako, 1992, Potensi Pemanfataan Limbah Lignoselulosa Kelapa Sawit Melalui Bioonversi, Berita Penelitian Perkebunan, 2 (2) : 85 – 87.Dea, I. A., 2009, Kajian Awal Biokonversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Menjadi Etanol Melalui Sakarifikasi dan fermentasi Alkoholik, Institut Teknologi Bandung, BandungDinas Perkebunan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, 2013, Komoditi Kelapa Sawit, SamarindaFadiarwaty Diyah dan Susanto Herri, 2005, Penghematan Konsumsi Katalis Dalam Proses Hidrolisis Tandan kosong kelapa sawit Untuk Produksi Furfural, Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia Volume 4 Nomor 3 Desember 2005 hal. 279 – 286Hambali, E., S. Mujdalipah, A. H. Tambunan, A. W. Pattiwiri dan Roy H. 2007, Teknologi Bioenergi, Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.Hidajati, Nurul, 2006, Pengolahan Tongkol Jagung Sebagai Bahan Pembuatan Furfural, Jurnal Ilmu Dasar Volume 8 No. 1, Universitas Negeri Surabaya. SurabayaIriani, P. I., 2009, Kajian Awal Biokonversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Menjadi Etanol Melalui Skarifikasi dan Fermentasi Alkoholik, Diakses dari http://www.sith.itob.ac.id pada tanggal 16 April 2012.Juwita Rinna, Syarif Rizki Lailan, Tuhuloala Abubakar, 2012, Pengaruh dan Konsentrasi Asam Terhadap Sintesis furfural Dari Sekam Padi. Konversi, Volume 1 Nomor 1, Oktober 2012. Hal. 34 -38.Ketaren, S., 2005, Minyak dan Lemak Pangan., Universitas Indonesia Press, JakartaKirk, R. E., dan Othmer, D., 1995, Furan Derivatives : Supplement Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons. New YorkLewis, J. Richard., 2001, Condensed Chemical Dictionary Fourteenth Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York.Nist Standard Reference Data, 2011, 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- Material Measturement Laboratory. The U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. AmericaOthmer dan Kirk, 1969, Furfural and other furan compounds,”encyclopedia of chemical Technology2nd. Ed., Vol.10Padil, Yelmida A., dan Masfika Candra, 2011, Optimasi Hidrolisis Tandan kosong kelapa sawit Dengan Ekstrak Abu Tks Menggunakan Rancangan Percobaan Response Surface Methode. Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi 10 (1), Maret 2011: 42-46.Peby, Agrian 2010, Biomass to liquid: Proses Konversi tandan kosong sawit kelapa sawit menjadi biooil dengan metode pirolisis, Skripsi, Universitas Indonesia, DepokPurwito dan Firmanti, 2005, Pemanfaatan Limbah Sawit dan Asbuton Untuk Bahan Pencegah Seranggan Rayap Tanah: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, BandungRohana Aulina Nova, Mardiah Elida dan Afrizal, 2013, Produksi Selulase Dari Aspergillus Niger Dan Kemampuannya Menghidrolisis Ampas Tebu, Jurnal Kimia Unand (ISSN No. 2303-3401), Volume 2 Nomor 2, Mei 2013Roliadi, H dan Fatriasari, W., 2011, Kemungkinan Pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Papan Serat Berkerapatan Sedang, Universitas Sriwijaya, PalembangSampepana, Eldha, Yustini Eka Paluphy, Renaldi Adhytia, Amiroh, 2013, Optimalisasi Proses Hidrolisis Furfural dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit, Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Samarinda, SamarindaSugiarta, Karmila Dian, 2009, Prarancangan Pabrik Furfural Dari Sekam Padi Dengan Proses Quaker Oats Kapasitas 1.550 Ton Per Tahun, Jurusan Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, SurakartaSuharto, 2006, Pemanfaatan Limbah Tandan Kosong Sawit untuk Produksi Commercial Grade Furfural, Laporan Akhir Kumulatif – Program Penelitian dan Pengembangan IPTEK, LIPISunarko, 2007, Petunjuk Praktis Budi Daya dan Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit, Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.Sun, Y. dan Cheng, J., 2002, Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review, Bioresource Technology, 83(1), 1-11Suryadi, H., T., Katsuragi, N., Yoshida, S. Suzuki, dan Y. Tani., 2000, Polyol production by culture of methanol utilizing yeast. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 89 (3): -Taherzadeh, M. J., dan Karimi, K., 2007, Enzyme-based hydrolysis processes for ethanol from lignocellulosic materials: A review, BioResources, 2(4), 707-738Wahyuni, Susilowati Ari, Setyaningsih Ratna, 2004, Optimasi Produksi Xilitol Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Hidrolisat Hemiselulosa Bagase Oleh Candida Tropicalis. Biofarmasi 2 (1): 29-34, Pebruari 2004, ISSN: 1693-2242Wijanarko Anondho, Witono Anton Johanes, Wiguna Satria Made, 2006, Tinjauan Komprehensif Perancangan Awal Pabrik Furfural Berbasis Ampas Tebu Di Indonesia, Journal Of The Indonesian Oil And Gas Community. Published By “Komunitas Migas Indonesia”, ISSN: 1829-9466Wijaya Mohammad, Noor Erliza, Irawadi Tedja Tun Dan Pari Gustan, 2008, Perubahan Suhu Pirolisis Terhadap Struktur Kimia Asap Cair Dari Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Pinus, Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan 1(2): 73-77 (2008)Wilson, W.C., 1941,"Furan", Org. Synth, Coll. Vol. 1: 274

Abstract Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi atau yang dikenal dengan istilah Information and Communication Technology (ICT), saat ini semakin merambah ke-berbagai bidang kehidupan masyarakat tidak terkecuali bidang ketahanan pangan. Dari sisi yang berbeda dapat dilihat bahwa dengan adanya ICT bagaimana suatu proses transfer informasi dapat dilakukan kapan saja tanpa adanya batasan ruang dan waktu. Pasar merupakan kegiatan ekonomi masyarakat, hal ini didasari atau didorong faktor perkembangan ekonomi yang pada awalnya hanya bersumber pada problem untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup manusia (kebutuhan pokok). Produk yang dapat kita temukan di pasar salah satunya adalah produk pangan khususnya sembilan bahan pokok (SEMBAKO), sembako adalah kebutuhan pokok masyarakat kita, dan merupakan komoditi utama sebagai acuan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah : a) Dapat mengumpulkan sumber data harga yang valid dari relawan pedagang dan stakeholder untuk diinformasikan kepada masyarakat. b)Dapat membangun aplikasi informasi harga produk pangan dan berbasis Mobile yang dapat berjalan di Sistem Operasi Android. Dalam menentukan harga digunakan suatu metode perhitungan, menurut Marcelina Rizka Falevy dkk (2012),[5] Simple Moving Average atau juga disingkat SMA adalah Moving Average paling sederhana dan tidak menggunakan pembobotannya dalam perhitungan terhadap pergerakan closing price. Meskipun sederhana, SMA cukup efektif dalam menentukan trend yang sedang terjadi di market. Cara pembacaannya pun sederhana. Keywords: ICT, pasar, produk pangan dan sembako, Mobile, Android,Moving Average.

This thesis deals with commodity risk and its context. It concerns the commodity market, types of traded commodities, exchanges on which commodities are traded and pricing method usual for commodity market. The first section of the thesis consists of a theoretical perspective on measuring commodity risk and describes the derivatives used to hedging commodities. In the second section is a key part of the work calculations of the statistical characteristics of commodities, practical methods of measuring risk, modeling Value at Risk, stress scenarios and measuring risk using hedging transactions in the financial market. The aim is to measure the commodity risk for various risk situations on a commodity market.

The main intention of this thesis is to provide theoretical and practical insight on commodity markets, specifically on gold and silver markets. The introductory section defines the basic characteristics and relationships between commodity and financial markets.The second section describes in detail the fundamentals of commodity markets. From a view on history, definition and distribution of basic commodities, it specifies the largest operators organizing trade with commodities. The last sub chapter of the second section is a description of the most popular ways of investing in commodities. In the third section, the content of the work reaches its core -- an analysis of the gold market. The first chapter of this section gives a picture of the general determinants of demand, supply and price of gold. The following analytical chapter discusses these essential characteristics from a dynamic perspective -- the development over time. Based on the dependencies and calculations, the work analyzes the rate of return and risk of gold and compares them with alternative investments. Final passage of the third section brings the specific investment opportunities in gold. In particular, for their inclusion in the core group of precious metals, as in the case of gold, the fourth section is devoted to the definition a marginal nature of the silver market.

In connection to the process of financialization of commodity markets which is caused by the sharp increase of money flowing into the commodity markets, the question of which factors affect commodity and commodity indices prices is discussed. The aim of the dissertation is to determine and quantify the factors affecting the prices of industrial metals during the period of financialization of commodity markets and derive the pricing model of industrial metals, which would be able to generate signals of a possible overvaluation or undervaluation. The paper examined non-ferrous industrial metals traded on the Commodity Exchange LME (London Metal Exchange), namely aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin and zinc. These metals are also included in the most of the world's composite commodity indices. The dissertation analyzes the contemporary developments in commodity markets; relationship between the price volatility and fundamental factors (including production, consumption and stocks of chosen metals and a wide range of macroeconomic determinants) or the relationship between risk and return of industrial metals. The closing part of the dissertation focuses on the creating of composite pricing indicator for copper and tin by using the Boosted Trees method. The results obtained in the research show that created indicator is able to explain the volatility of the 3m copper futures contracts by 94.25% and 3m futures contracts of tin by 96, 79% in the period from 1/2000 to 3/2015.

This thesis is concerning the problematic of derivatives which can be applicable for commodity risk hedging. The futures contracts and options are utilized for hedging commodity risk on oil market. For purposes of this work is designed a trading strategy, which consists of exponential moving average and expiration cycle of the options. The strategy is tested on historical oil prices. Because the strategy shows promising outputs it was employed on setting options strategy as well. The hedging options strategy collar is tested on historical prices of oil. Testing on historical prices discovered that it is profitable for processor to hedge the oil price by futures contracts. For producer it is more profitable to hedge the price by employing standard collar strategy. On the other side the bear collar strategy generated quite unconvincing outputs for processor. When the out-the-money bear collar war modified into in-the-money bear collar the outputs were satisfactorily profitable.

The subject of the thesis is the investment recommendations of companies operating in the automotive industry to purchase strategic raw materials, such as in particular platinum, palladium and rhodium. Thesis include a theoretical description of the topic, respectively certain forms of hedging, instruments used to hedge and brief characteristics of precious metals. Analytical and proposed section of the thesis contains specific methods, procedures and its own approach used to meet the global target of thesis.

This thesis deals with the prediction of trading at financial markets and by using the prediction is trying to reduce the risks of entering at the market. The prediction has been work out by using of artificial intelligence. The artificial intelligence is in this thesis represented by neural networks witch model and predict market behavior. The thesis contains a description of the financial markets, exchange trading and its analysis, and artificial intelligence methods. The main part of this thesis is a model for prediction of prices of a particular instrument. This model was developed in MATLAB and should serve as a support for making business decisions. Its aim is to predict the direction and magnitude of movement the price level for the next trading day. The output of this model is processed using the platform MetaTrader 4. At the end are evaluated possible gains from this solution.

This diploma thesis is focused on a comparison of mutual funds in the Czech Re-public. The theoretical part is about collective investment characteristics, alterna-tive and standard investments and one part is focused on the current capital mar-ket situation in the Czech Republic. The main part of this thesis compares real es-tate funds, commodity funds and standard mutual funds based on their risk and yield according to different lengths of the investment horizon. The main aim of this thesis is to make investment recommendations based on empirical analysis re-sults.

The diploma thesis deals with energy commodities investments. The content of thesis is trough analysis of markets to identify key factors affecting supply, demand and prices of energy commodities. By correlation analysis examines the relationships between energy commodities, stocks and the business cycle. Processing time series models create predictions of energy commodities prices. Using the Value at Risk method to quantify the risk, which investor has to accept in the case of investing in energy commodities. In conclusion, based on the results obtained, formulates investment recommendation.

The thesis deals with current opportunities for investing in precious and industrial metals. The literature overview introduces the reader with the current knowledge about commodity investments and provides results of various authors dealing with factors important for commodity price develop and with relation of commodity prices and inflation. Trough metal markets analysis identifies key factors with impact on sup-ply, demand and price of specific metal. Based on historical prices explores the relationship of metal prices, relationship of metal prices and stock market and business cycle. Quantify risk, which the investor has to accept in the case of investing in metals by using Value at Risk methods. The risk is compared with the level of risk on stock market. The thesis summarises all these results and formulate investment recommendation.