Academic literature on the topic 'Kongzi jia yu'

Abstract: Kong-Zi Jia Yu is a book that recorded many Confucius and his disciples’ conversations and thoughts, making it an indispensable source to explore traditional Chinese culture and ideas. In particular, the governance ideas presented in the book are still highly relevant today. People-oriented thoughts were the core of governance wisdom, paradigmatic kingcraft and virtuous courtiers were a sensible part of governance, and the penological ideas further ensured the robust operations of it. In the new era, new ideas like “putting the people as the top priority”, Xi Jinping’s thoughts on building cadre teams and governing China by the rule of law have successively proposed as creative converts and innovative development of Chinese culture that has been carried forward over thousands of years. Inheriting and promoting these cultural “genes”, refining their ideological essence, are of great reference value for cultivating the current political landscape, enriching the connotation of the construction of the cadre team in the new era, adhering to the rule of law and providing ideas for the formulation of current rural governance policies.

Th. doct.--Philosophie--Taibei--National Taiwan University = Guo li Tai Wan da xue, 2000.
Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : "Sunyata", "Dravysati" & "yo", "wo" : ontological research for the combination of Chinese metaphysic and Indian Prajna philosophy in A.D.300-500. Bibliogr. p. 385-399.

This dissertation constitutes a detailed investigation of the history of the Lok Sin Tong Free School. It discusses how benevolent societies expanded their service scope in Hong Kong, as well as how the reforms in the education system and teaching curriculum of mainland China affected those in Hong Kong in the 1930s. Lok Sin Tong, one of the most remarkable charitable organizations in pre-war Hong Kong, formally expanded into the education field in 1929 with the establishment of the Lok Sin Tong Free School. The School was located at 32 Dai Tit Street, and its aim was to provide free education to children from Kowloon City who had formerly been deprived of schooling. The School began accepting male applicants in 1930. The first principal was Tam Kit-Sang, and the second was Wong Bun-Po. The School offered primary education and a four-year curriculum focusing on Chinese education. By 1938, when a new campus was established, the School’s number of students exceeded 300. However, soon after the outbreak of the Pacific War and Japanese occupation of Hong Kong in December 1941, the School was forced to close its doors. This dissertation comprises six chapters. The first defines the term “free school” and reviews the history of research on the Lok Sin Tong Free School. The second chapter outlines the historical development of Kowloon City and the Kowloon Walled City prior to 1941, and discusses how the local Kowloon City culture was key to the reestablishment of Lok Sin Tong’s services in the late 1920s following a suspension of services early in the century. The third chapter traces the origins and narrates the development of Lok Sin Tong from 1880 to 1941, with an emphasis on the improvement in its services under the leadership of Tam Kit-Sang and Chan Cho-Chak. The fourth chapter investigates the Lok Sin Tong Free School between 1929 and 1941, with special attention paid to its size, the quality of its teachers, its administration, curriculum and pedagogy, and student performance. An evaluation of the School’s overall effectiveness on the basis of these criteria follows. The fifth chapter presents a comparative study of the teaching and learning activities of the Lok Sin Tong Free School and those of the (1) Long Jin Free School and (2) Tung Sin Tong Free School. This comparison reveals the transformation of and changes in Chinese education in Hong Kong. The last chapter concludes the dissertation with a discussion of the interactions among free schools, benevolent societies, and the local community and culture in Hong Kong.
published_or_final_version
Chinese Historical Studies
Master
Master of Arts

This chapter studies the gender politics of a legendary queer icon, Dongfang Bubai, in post-Mao China. In Jin Yong’s original novel (1967–1969), this character is a self-castrated man who satirizes Mao Zedong and his Great Cultural Revolution, and then Tsui Hark’s film (1991) cast a female star into this role, invoking Hong Kong’s postcolonial experiences. In Yu Zheng’s television drama (2013), this character was changed to be a woman played by a female star. Yet, this seemly conservative change did not stifled fans’ queer reading tactics in cyberspaces. Using internet ethnography, the author found that at least three reading tactics had emerged: (1) gay readings which imagine Dongfang Bubai as a gay lover even though now a female role played by a female star; (2) heterosexual readings which understand Dongfang Bubai as a “leftover woman,” which is a newly coined term that stigmatizes those unmarried highly educated women with relatively high age and high professional status; (3) lesbian readings which celebrate transgressing both incest taboo and heterosexuality but at once reject gay readings. By studying the complicated case of Dongfang Bubai, this chapter contends that there are simultaneous symbiosis and conflicts of queer and nonqueer articulations in fan cultures.

Several new methods for the direct functionalization of Ar-H have appeared. Hisao Yoshida of Nagoya University observed (Chem. Comm. 2008, 4634) that under irradiation, TiO2 in water effected meta hydroxylation of benzonitrile 1 to give the phenol 2. Anisole showed ortho selectivity, while halo and alkyl aromatics gave mixtures. Melanie S. Sanford of the University of Michigan reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13285) a complementary study of Pd-catalyzed ortho acetoxylation. Jin-Quan Yu of Scripps/La Jolla developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 5215) a Pd-catalyzed protocol for ortho halogenation of aromatic carboxylates such as 3. A related protocol (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 17676) led to ortho arylation. Trond Vidar Hansen of the University of Oslo devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 4443) a one-pot procedure for the net ortho cyanation of phenols such as 5 to the salicylnitrile 6. Robin B. Bedford of the University of Bristol, Andrew J. M. Caffyn of the University of the West Indies and Sanjiv Prashar of the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos established (Chem. Comm. 2008, 990) a Rh-catalyzed protocol for ortho arylation of phenols such as 7. Laurent Désaubry of the Université Louis Pasteur observed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 4588) regioselective coupling of unsymmetrical difluorobenzenes such as 9 to give the ether 10. Fuk Yee Kwong of Hong Kong Polytechnic University extended (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6402) Pd-mediated amination to the notoriously difficult mesylates, such as 11. John F. Hartwig of the University of Illinois reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13848) a related method for the amination of aryl tosylates. Hong Liu of the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica found (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 4513) that the Fe-catalyzed amination of aryl halides such as 13 sometimes gave mixtures of regioisomers. Hideki Yorimitsu and Koichiro Oshima of Kyoto University effected (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 5833) Ag-catalyzed Grignard cross coupling with aryl halides, converting 15 into 16. Note that silyl aromatics such as 16 are readily reduced under dissolving metal conditions to give allyl silanes.

Stephen L. Buchwald of MIT established (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 14076) a Pd-catalyzed protocol for conversion of an aryl triflate 1 to the halide 2. Jie Wu of Fudan University prepared (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 6646) aromatic halides from the corresponding carboxylic acids. Yong-Chua Teo of Nanyang Technological University described (Tetrahedron Lett . 2010, 51, 3910) the Mn-mediated conversion of 3 to 5, suggesting a benzyne intermediate. Takanori Shibata of Waseda University effected (Synlett 2010, 2601) the direct Ru-mediated coupling of aryl halides with amines, and Paul Helquist of the University of Notre Dame prepared (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 4887) anilines by coupling aryl halides with NaN3 . Chao-Jun Li of McGill University devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 5486) the Pd-catalyzed decarbonylative Heck coupling of 6 with 7 to give 8. Mats Larhed of Uppsala University showed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 7733) that Pd could also catalyze the decarboxylative coupling of an aromatic acid 9 with a nitrile to give the ketone 10. Dennis G. Hall of the University of Alberta found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 4256) that an areneboronic acid could promote the Zr-catalyzed ortho condensation of a phenol 11 with an aldehyde, leading to 12, which could then be carried on to a range of other products. Professor Hall also showed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 2883) that areneboronic acids are stable to many standard organic transformations, and that the product boronic acids can be readily purified by extraction into sorbitol/Na2CO3. Professor Buchwald reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 14073) an optimized source of Pd for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, allowing the room-temperature participation even of unstable boronic acids such as 13. Wing-Yiu Yu of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University observed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 12862) that 17 was an effective donor for the Pd-catalyzed ortho C-H amination of 16. Nicholas C. O. Tomkinson of Cardiff University uncovered (Synlett 2010, 2471) the facile rearrangement of 19 to 20. Professor Buchwald described (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 9990) the coupling of 21, prepared from the aryl halide, with 22 to give the benzofuran 23.

ABSTRACT Proppant conductivity was usually measured under static or designed proppant concentration. The ISO 13503-5 standard provides specific experimental procedures for measuring the long-term conductivities of proppants. However, it does not consider the proppant migration and placement during the slurry process of the hydraulic fracturing operation. In fact, the fracture was not fully propped and the proppant settlement shape highly dependent on the slurry viscosity, proppant concentration, and pump rate. This paper designed a dynamic sand placement apparatus to evaluate the dynamic proppant placement and its conductivity. Formation rock was cut and splitted into the API standard shape and size. Both smooth and rough fracture surface morphology quantitative data was obtained by 3D scanning technology to further evaluate the effect of fracture roughness on proppant migration and settlement pattern. Dynamic fracture conductivities were measured under different slurry viscosity, proppant concentration, and pump rate. Results showed that among the three influence factors of the dynamic flow conductivity, the effects of pump rate is greatest, then is the sand ratio and the viscosity of fracturing fluid. The dynamic conductivity of rough rock plate is lower than that of smooth rock plate with rough fracture conductivity decreasing about 10%- 15%. It is suggested that the proppant conductivity should be evaluated under real formation fracture roughness. The design of slurry operation parameters should use dynamic proppant conductivity measurement results to enhance the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing. INTRODUCTION At present, the fracture conductivity is mainly divided into propped fracture conductivity and unsupported fracture conductivity (Wang et al. 2022; Chen et al. 2019; Naik and Singh. 2021; Li et al. 2020). The main evaluation methods of proppant conductivity are the API static sanding conductivity test and numerical simulation test (Zhu et al. 2022; Wang et al. 2022; Jia et al. 2020; Li et al. 2020), most researchers idealize the placement method as that proppant is evenly placed in the fracture to study the conductivity. This process fails to combine the settlement and migration process of proppant in the fracture, which is a certain gap from the field. Researchers published API RP 61 as the standard for static conductivity test in 1989 (Duenkel et al. 2019). With the improvement of the accuracy of conductivity measurement in the oilfield, Marpaung et al. (2008) developed the laboratory steps for dynamic conductivity test to simulate the reservoir conditions of the oilfield. The process of dynamic conductivity test is divided into three different units: the pre-fluid/sand-carrying fluid pumping unit to simulate the fracturing process, the gas backflow to simulate the backflow and production unit, and the proppant conductivity test unit. The simulation results showed that the internal friction angle and other mechanical properties of the proppant jointly determine the conductivity of the fracture in the support section, and the lack of interlock of the proppant will still lead to the closure of the fracture in the case of low differential stress. Well-classified proppant filling layers with different particle sizes can provide better conductivity and improve production in a longer time. During the study, the roughness of cracks and the settlement of proppant were not considered into the influence factors, and the stress was taken as the main influence factor (Mehdi et al. 2016; Li et al. 2019). Mollanouri-Shamsi et al. (2018) also got the conclusion that the well-graded proppant filling layer can obtain better conductivity. At the same time, the shape of proppant was studied, and the conclusion that the medium proppant with irregular shape may be better in practical application was obtained. Jia et al. (2016) studied the impact of dynamic fracture conductivity in the production process, and simulated the conductivity in the fracture by constructing the fracture closure and injection model (FIPM). The model is constructed based on the force acting on the proppant, fluid filtration, wall effect, proppant concentration and the interaction between proppants. The study found that the proppant distribution in the fracture is not uniform and the effect of fracture height yield and proppant distribution on the production is obtained. Kong et al. (2022) studied the fracture conductivity and stress sensitivity of fully supported split shale, and studied the change of fracture capacity under different particle size proppant and different stress. The study showed that the use of large particle size proppant in the near wellbore zone and the use of small particle size proppant in the far wellbore zone can effectively improve the conductivity. When the larger particle size proppant is used, the conductivity and fracture sensitivity will increase accordingly. The author used the split rough fracture core, but failed to take the influence of fracture surface into account. Kathryn et al. (2014) designed three groups of contrast tests for shale with different properties, including two groups of proppant concentrations: no sand, 0.15 kg/m2 and 0.5 kg/m2. It is found that under the condition of low concentration of proppant, the fracture conductivity largely depends on the rock property and the roughness of the fracture surface. The degree of debris shedding, sliding and self-supporting of rocks with different properties during fracture shear fracture is different, which has a great impact on the fracture conductivity under the condition of low closure stress and low sand concentration. Zou et al. (2021) carried out static conductivity test for rough cracks and found that the migration distance of support agent in rough cracks was significantly limited. With the increase of closure pressure, the conductivity decreased by more than 80%. Finally, the conclusion was put forward that the sand laying concentration should be increased and the conductivity of cracks should be increased by using proportionally small-size support agent. Yu et al. (2021) quantifies the degree of reduction and sensitivity of the proppant under different stresses and verifies that the values obtained by the long-term diversion method are not significantly different from those obtained by the short-term method. In most cases, the short-term diversion can be used instead of the long-term one to test the proppant to reduce test costs.