Academic literature on the topic 'Konvergente Evolution'

Artificial AlgaeAlgorithm (AAA) is an optimization algorithm that has advantages of swarm algorithm model and evolution model. AAA consists of three phases of helical movement phase, reproduction, and adaptation. Helical movement is a three-dimensional movement with the direction of x, y, and z which is very influential in the rate of convergence and diversity of solutions. Helical motion optimization aims to increase the convergence rate by moving the algae to the best colony in the population. Algae Algorithm Optimization (AAA ') was tested with 25 objective functions of CEC'05 and implemented in case of pressure vessel design optimization. The results of the CEC'05 function test show that there is an increase in convergence rate at AAA ', but at worst condition of AAA' becomes less stable and trapped in local optima. The complexity analysis shows that AAA has the complexity of O (M3N2O) and AAA 'has the complexity of O (M2N2O) with M is the number of colonies, N is the number of algae individuals, and O is the maximum of the evaluation function. The results of the implementation of pressure vessel design optimization show that AAA's execution time increased 1,103 times faster than AAA. The increase in speed is due to the tournament selection process in AAA performed before the helical motion, whereas in AAA 'is done if the solution after movement is no better than before. At its best, AAA 'found a solution 4.5921 times faster than AAA. At worst, AAA 'stuck on local optima because helical movement is too focused on global best that is not necessarily global optima.

ZusammenfassungDer Aufsatz prüft das Arrangement von System- und Evolutionstheorie im Werk Luhmanns vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Funktionalismusdebatte der Wissenschaftstheorie und der modernen, synthetischen Evolutionsbiologie. Beide Diskussionen legen nahe, dieses Arrangement genau anders herum anzuordnen als es Luhmann tut. Die strukturelle Vielfältigkeit der modernen Gesellschaft muss sodann nicht über funktionale Differenzierung in Systemen, sondern über die evolutionäre Diversifizierung beschrieben werden.

The group of pleurocarpous mosses comprises approximately 5000 species, which corresponds to about half of all mosses. The pleurocarpous mosses (i.e. “the Core Pleurocarps”) form a monophylum, which consists typically of perennial mosses with creeping stems and abundant lateral branches. In pleurocarpous mosses the archegonium and thus also sporophyte development is restricted to the apices of short, specialized lateral branches, in contrast to most other mosses, where archegonia and sporophytes develop terminally on the main axis (acrocarpous) or on major branches (cladocarpous). Traditionally, pleurocarpous mosses have been divided into three orders based mainly on their sporophytic characters. Brotherus described the Neckeraceae in 1925 and placed it into the Leucodontales, later the family has alternatively been divided into two or three separate families: the Thamnobryaceae, the Neckeraceae and the Leptodontaceae. These families have been placed even in different orders (Neckeraceae and Leptodontaceae among the leucodontalean mosses and Thamnobryaceae among hypnalean mosses) according to their peristome structure and the grade of peristome reduction. A growing amount of evidence indicates that a grouping based on sporophytic characters is artificial and based on convergent evolution. According to the latest phylogenetic studies of pleurocarpous mosses, based on molecular data, the Neckeraceae belong to the order Hypnales and share a sister group relationship with the Lembophyllaceae. In the most recent comprehensive classification 28 genera were included in the Neckeraceae family. This classification was based on both morphological and molecular data, but done with limited taxon sampling that did not cover all species of the family. Some previous studies based on molecular data have challenged the family concept of the Neckeraceae, indicating the need for a revision of the family. Here the family concept of the Neckeraceae is revisited, the closest relatives of the family are resolved and its position within pleurocarpous mosses is shown. In addition, new insights into the morphological evolution of the family are provided. Previous phylogenetic studies indicated that branch lengths among pleurocarpous mosses are usually extremely short. Therefore we chose to use mainly non-coding DNA sequences from rapidly evolving DNA regions. The phylogenetic reconstructions are based on extensive sequence data from all genomes: plastid trnS-trnF and rpl16, nuclear ITS1 & 2 and mitochondrial nad5. Both parsimony (PAUP and PRAP2) and Bayesian statistics (MrBayes) were employed for phylogenetic reconstructions. In order to use the information provided by length mutations indels were included in the analyses as binary data using a simple indel coding approach. No severe conflicts appeared between the different methods used, but the indel coding affected the support values of the inferred topologies. Therefore, all support values resulting from different methods are shown along the phylogenetic trees. The morphological features are studied and synapomorphies for each clade formed in the phylogenetic analyses are interpreted. A new delimitation of the family makes it necessary to reconsider the relevance of the morphological description and the morphological features characteristic of the family need to be reconsidered. Due to new groupings, some changes in the morphological circumscriptions of the genera are necessary, resulting in two new genera and several new combinations. Chapter 1 gives a broad overview of the relationships of the pleurocarpous mosses and shows the need for changes in the definition of genera, families and the corresponding nomenclature in this group. Chapter 2 is a population genetic study on the genus Thamnobryum. The main aim of this chapter is to test the species concept in Thamnobryum that are endemic to strictly restricted regions showing only minor differences in the morphological features in comparison to some more common species. In Chapter 3 the monophyly of the Neckeraceae is tested. In addition, in this chapter the ancestral character states of some morphological characters within the Neckeraceae are reconstructed. Chapters 4 and 5 resolve the genus composition and the relationships within the family in more detail. The results of this thesis show that the Neckeraceae need re-circumscription; this includes changes in the genus composition. The Lembophyllaceae is confirmed to be the sister group of the Neckeraceae. In addition to the new phylogeny, the potential evolution of several characters as a result of environmental selection pressures is analyzed. From the ancestral state reconstructions made (using BayesTraits) for both the habitat and a selection of morphological characters, character state distributions and habitat shift appear congruent, peristome reduction being a good example. However, some character states do not correlate with the habitat, suggesting very complex evolutionary patterns underlying these morphological characters. Many widely distributed genera that are composed of several species and seem to be morphologically coherent (Echinodium, Homalia, Thamnobryum, partly Neckera), are shown in this thesis to be polyphyletic. They are replaced by smaller, geographically more restricted genera that at least in some cases (e.g. Thamnomalia, Homalia s.str., Neckera s.str.) seem to form morphologically heterogeneous genera. In other words, morphology can be misleading in the family Neckeraceae even at the genus level and convergent evolution in both morphological and sequence level characters are common within the family. Special habitat conditions have been shown to result in similar morphological structures also in several other moss groups. This kind of convergent evolution occurs in aquatic mosses, and seems to have occurred among the neckeraceous species Thamnobryum alopecurum and its allies. However, similar morphological structure in similar aquatic habitats can also be due to true phylogenetic relationships as is the case within the Neckeraceae for Handeliobryum sikkimense and Hydrocryphae wardii, or the members of Touwia. The geographical grouping seems to be more strongly correlated with the phylogenetic grouping than thought before.

Background: Heat-shock proteins of the 70 kDa family (Hsp70s) are essential chaperones required for key cellular functions. In eukaryotes, four subfamilies can be distinguished according to their function and localisation in different cellular compartments: cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Generally, multiple cytosol-type Hsp70s can be found in metazoans that show either constitutive expression and/or stress-inducibility, arguing for the evolution of different tasks and functions. Information about the hsp70 copy number and diversity in microbial eukaryotes is, however, scarce, and detailed knowledge about the differential gene expression in most protists is lacking. Therefore, we have characterised the Hsp70 gene family of Paramecium caudatum to gain insight into the evolution and differential heat stress response of the distinct family members in protists and to investigate the diversification of eukaryotic hsp70s focusing on the evolution of heat-inducibility. Results: Eleven putative hsp70 genes could be detected in P. caudatum comprising homologs of three major Hsp70-subfamilies. Phylogenetic analyses revealed five evolutionarily distinct Hsp70-groups, each with a closer relationship to orthologous sequences of Paramecium tetraurelia than to another P. caudatum Hsp70-group. These highly diverse, paralogous groups resulted from duplications preceding Paramecium speciation, underwent divergent evolution and were subject to purifying selection. Heat-shock treatments were performed to test for differential expression patterns among the five Hsp70-groups as well as for a functional conservation within Paramecium. These treatments induced exceptionally high mRNA up-regulations in one cytosolic group with a low basal expression, indicative for the major heat inducible hsp70s. All other groups showed comparatively high basal expression levels and moderate heat-inducibility, signifying constitutively expressed genes. Comparative EST analyses for P. tetraurelia hsp70s unveiled a corresponding expression pattern, which supports a functionally conserved evolution of the Hsp70 gene family in Paramecium. Conclusions: Our analyses suggest an independent evolution of the heat-inducible cytosol-type hsp70s in Paramecium and in its close relative Tetrahymena, as well as within higher eukaryotes. This result indicates convergent evolution during hsp70 subfunctionalization and implies that heat-inducibility evolved several times during the course of eukaryotic evolution.

Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit EDP-Konvergenz. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Konvergenzbegriff auf dem Gebiet der verallgemeinerten Gradientensysteme und metrischen Gradientensysteme, der geeignet ist für Gradientenflüsse, die von einem kleinen Parameter abhängen. EDP-Konvergenz liefert einen Algorithmus, der es erlaubt in der Energie und dem Dissipationspotenzial zum Grenzwert überzugehen. Es ist die fundamentale Frage evolutionärer Γ-Konvergenz, wie das Limes-Dissipationspotenzial berechnet werden kann. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es aufzuzeigen, dass EDP-Konvergenz das mikro- und das makroskopische Dissipationspotenzial in einer sinnvollen und eindeutigen Art und Weise in Beziehung setzt. Anhand von drei Beispielen wird der Konvergenzbegriff untersucht: die Diffusionsgleichung auf einem dünnen, dreischichtigen Gebiet, die Poröse-Medien-Gleichung mit einer dünnen Membran und ein Modell mit oszillierender Energie. Es wird die Definition von relaxierter EDP-Konvergenz und EDP-Konvergenz mit Kippung motiviert. EDP-Konvergenz basiert auf dem Prinzip, dass es ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Energie und Dissipation gibt – das Energie-Dissipations-Prinzip (EDP). Mittels Γ-Konvergenz wird sowohl in der Energie, als auch dem totalen Dissipationsfunktional zum Grenzwert übergegangen. Durch die zusätzliche Entkopplung von Zustand und Triebkraft wird die Dissipationslandschaft erkundet und die kinetische Beziehung des Limessystems ermittelt. Das Modell mit oszillierender Energie zeigt die Bedeutung der kinetischen Beziehung – und damit der Kippung – für die Herleitung des Limes-Dissipationspotenzials auf. Die Modelle mit Wasserstein-Dissipation zeigen, dass das Limes-Dissipationspotenzial nicht der naive Grenzwert ist. Insbesondere können klassische Gradientensysteme mit quadratischer Dissipation zu verallgemeinerten Gradientensysteme konvergieren.
In the realm of generalized gradient systems and metric gradient systems we study a notion of convergence suited for gradient flows which depend on a small parameter. This notion is called EDP-convergence. In order to understand the convergence of gradient systems we need an algorithm to derive the limiting energy as well as the limiting dissipation potential. The fundamental question of evolutionary Γ-convergence is how to compute the limit dissipation potential. The aim of this thesis is to show that EDP-convergence connects the microscopic dissipation potential with the macroscopic, i.e. limiting, dissipation potential in a meaningful and unique way. As a proof of concept 3 different examples are presented: (i) the diffusion equation on a thin sandwich-like domain, (ii) the porous medium equation with a thin interface and (iii) a wiggly energy model. We show how the gradient flow concept that is used in this thesis can be used to obtain also gradient flows with respect to the Wasserstein metric. We motivate the definition of relaxed EDP-convergence and EDP- convergence with tilting. EDP-convergence is based upon the principle that there is an energy-dissipation-balance involving the total dissipation functional and the energy difference – the energy-dissipation-principle (EDP). The limit passage, in both the energy and the total dissipation functional, is performed in terms of Γ-convergence. By perturbing the flow as well as the driving force, the dissipation-landscape is explored and a kinetic relation for the limit system can be established. The wiggly energy model demonstrates the importance of the kinetic relation for the construction of the limiting dissipation potential and thus the introduction of tilts. The models with a Wasserstein dissipation show that the limiting dissipation potential is not the naive limit. In particular, classical gradient systems with a quadratic dissipation potential converge to a generalized gradient systems.

This work introduces a brief summary of softcomputing and the solutions to NP-hard problems. It especially deals with evolution algorithms and their basic types. The next part involves the study of cartesian genetic programming, which belongs to the field of evolution algorithms, used mainly in the evolution of digital circuits, symbolic regression, etc. A special chapter is devoted to the studies of new technique Age layered population structure, which deals with the problems of premature convergence, which suggests the way of how the population could be divided into subpopulations split up according to the age criteria. Thanks to the maintaining of sufficient diversity, it achieves substantially better solutions in comparison to the classical evolution algorithms. This papier includes the suggestion of two ways of incorporation of the ALPS technique into CGP. In the next part of work there were carried out tests on the classic problems, that would be solved with evolution algorithms. These tests were made with and without using ALPS technique. In the part of work "Experimental results" there was discussed a contribution of using ALPS technique in CGP against the classic CGP.

The aim of this work was to provide a comprehensive overview of the issues of economic development of Spain and its operation within the EC / EU.In the first chapter is mentioned basic information on the country. These data are important for understanding the circumstances that led to the integration of Spain into European structures. Then second chapter describes the negotiation process and the economic and political effects of enlargement of the EC.The third chapter contains information about the economic development of Spain before and after joining the EC. It also addresses the problem of unemployment, immigration and economic consequences of the current economic crisis.The last chapter is devoted to the role of Spain and its position on the most important issues of the integration process.

Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der rigorosen Herleitung effektiver Modelle zur Beschreibung von Schädigungsprozessen. Diese effektiven Modelle werden für verschiedene raten-unabhängige Schädigungsmodelle linear elastischer Materialien hergeleitet. Den Ausgangspunkt stellt dabei ein unidirektionales Mikrostrukturevolutionsmodell dar, dessen Fundament eine Familie geordneter zulässiger Mikrostrukturen bildet. Jede Mikrostruktur dieser Familie besitzt die gleiche intrinsische Längenskala. Zur Herleitung eines effektiven Modells wird das asymptotische Verhalten dieser Längenskala mittels Techniken der Zwei-Skalen-Konvergenz untersucht. Um das Grenzmodell zu identifizieren, bedarf es einer Mikrostrukturregularisierung, die als diskreter Gradient für stückweise konstante Funktionen aufgefasst werden kann. Die Mikrostruktur des effektiven Modells ist punktweise durch ein Einheitszellenproblem gegeben, welches die Mikro- von der Makroskala trennt. Ausgehend vom Homogenisierungsresultat für die unidirektionale Mikrostrukturevolution werden effektive Modelle für Zwei-Phasen-Schädungsprozesse hergeleitet. Die aus zwei Phasen bestehende Mikrostruktur der mikroskopischen Modelle ermöglicht z.B. die Modellierung von Schädigung durch das Wachstum von Inklusionen aus geschädigtem Material verschiedener Form und Größe. Außerdem kann Schädigung durch das Wachstum mikroskopischer Hohlräume und Mikrorissen betrachtet werden. Die Größe der Defekte skaliert mit der intrinsischen Längenskala und die unidirektionale Mikrostrukturevolution verhindert, dass bei fixierter Längenskala die Defekte für fortlaufende Zeit schrumpfen. Das Material des Grenzmodells ist dann in jedem Punkt als Mischung von ungeschädigtem und geschädigtem Material durch das Einheitszellenproblem gegeben. Dabei liefert das Einheitszellenproblem nicht nur das Mischungsverhältnis sondern auch die genaue geometrische Mischungsverteilung, die dem effektiven Material des jeweiligen Materialpunktes zugrunde liegt.
This dissertation at hand deals with the rigorous derivation of such effective models used to describe damage processes. For different rate-independent damage processes in linear elastic material these effective models are derived as the asymptotic limit of microscopic models. The starting point is represented by a unidirectional microstructure evolution model which is based on a family of ordered admissible microstructures. Each microstructure of that family possesses the same intrinsic length scale. To derive an effective model, the asymptotic behavior of this intrinsic length scale is investigated with the help of techniques of the two-scale convergence. For this purpose, a microstructure-regularizing term, which can be understood as a discrete gradient for piecewise constant functions, is needed to identify the limit model. The microstructure of the effective model is given pointwisely by a so-called unit cell problem which separates the microscopic scale from the macroscopic scale. Based on these homogenization results for unidirectional microstructure evolution models, effective models for brutal damage processes are provided. There, the microstructure consists of only two phases, namely undamaged material which comprises defects of damaged material with various sizes and shapes. In this way damage progression can be modeled by the growth of inclusions of weak material, the growth of voids, or the growth of microscopic cracks. The size of the defects is scaled by the intrinsic length scale and the unidirectional microstructure evolution prevents that, for a fixed length scale, the defects shrink for progressing time. According to the unit cell problem, the material of the limit model is then given as a mixture of damaged and undamaged material. In a specific material point of the limit model, that unit cell problem does not only define the mixture ratio but also the exact geometrical mixture distribution.

This paper estimates the determinants of exchange rate variability for 21 developed economies in 1980-1998. The results show that traditional criteria implied by the optimum currency area (OCA) theory, such as business cycle synchronisation, trade linkages and economy size, determine to a large extent bilateral exchange rate variability. Using the ordinary least squares estimation, we compute OCA indices for European economies vis-à-vis Germany and identify countries showing consistently large or little signs of convergence. We find that since 1998, most European developed economies have converged to Germany whether or not they are using the euro, suggesting that structural similarity is not driven solely by monetary integration. Our results from the model estimated by the generalized method of moments suggest that two additional criteria reflecting labour market flexibility and private credit growth are significant in explaining the exchange rate variability and lead to a ranking of countries different from the traditional approach. We find a positive relationship between the OCA indices and GDP decline during the economic crisis of 2008-09, which further supports the view that the OCA index is a useful indicator of the candidates' readiness to join the Euro Area. We apply the results to the...