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Journal articles on the topic 'KÖPPEN'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Borchardt, Knut. "Eine Alternative zu Brünings Sparkurs?" Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 63, no. 2 (April 15, 2015): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vfzg-2015-0012.

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Vorspann Gab es doch eine Alternative zur restriktiven Finanz- und Haushaltspolitik der von Heinrich Brüning geführten Präsidialkabinette? Hätte Weimars Ende vielleicht verhindert werden können, wenn der Reichskanzler nicht so stur gewesen wäre und ein französisches Kreditangebot akzeptiert hätte? Paul Köppen bejahte diese Fragen in der Juliausgabe 2014 der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Knut Borchardt, einer der international angesehensten deutschen Wirtschaftshistoriker, entzieht Köppens Thesen die Grundlage; er weist nach, dass es ein französisches Kreditangebot nicht gegeben hat.

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2

Yılmaz, Erkan, and İhsan Çiçek. "Detailed Köppen-Geiger climate regions of TurkeyTürkiye’nin detaylandırılmış Köppen-Geiger iklim bölgeleri." Journal of Human Sciences 15, no. 1 (February 21, 2018): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v15i1.5040.

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Turkey is situated in the temperate zone as the macro climate zone. The fact that it remains under the influence of different air masses in every season due to its mathematical position causes differences are experienced in terms of the climate types. Besides its mathematical position, its special position also causes this influence grows stronger and the differences become clear much more. The fact that it is surrounded with seas from three sides, there are high mountain ranges in its northern and southern, its altitude increases from the west to the east, the roughness is high due to the tectonic effects and river erosion cause different climate types are dominant. The distribution of the dispersion areas of these climate types can be made by means of various climate classifications. Köppen-Geiger climate classification is a classification which is used at most in the world and which is used in the comparison of the past environmental conditions and the current environmental conditions and in the comparison of the future climate differences with our present day. Even if the dispersion areas of the climate types are shown according to Köppen-Geiger climate classification by different researchers at global scale, these classifications cannot reflect the diversity in Turkey in the exact manner due to the lack of data and scale problem. In this study, the monthly average temperature and monthly average total precipitation data of 249 meteorological station associated to the General Directorate of Meteorology and the global monthly average temperature and monthly average total precipitation data of the model printouts having 30-minute (approximately 1 km) resolution were used for the purpose of revealing the climate types which are dominant in Turkey according to Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Two different Köppen-Geiger climate types distribution maps were created depending on these two different data set. According to Köppen-Geiger climate classification, it was revealed that there are 13 different Köppen-Geiger climate zones in Turkey. According to this classification, the Mediterranean coasts were revealed to be in the "temperate-dry-hot summer climate- Csa" class, Konya Region and the southern of the Southeast Anatolia was revealed to be of the "dry-hot and cold steppe climate - Bsh-k" type and ET, that's tundra areas were designated in the Northeast Anatolia and Ararat Mountain. Köppen-Geiger climate zones of Turkey which were produced at low resolution in the previous studies were detailed much more in this study.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetTürkiye, makro iklim bölgesi olarak ılıman kuşakta yer almaktadır. Matematik konumu nedeniyle her mevsimde farklı hava kütlelerinin etkisi altında kalması iklim tipleri bakımından farklılıkların yaşanmasına neden olmaktadır. Matematik konumu yanında özel konumu da bu etkinin kuvvetlenmesine ve farklıkların daha da belirginleşmesine neden olur. Üç tarafının denizlerde çevrili olması, kuzey ve güneyinde yüksek dağ sıralarının bulunması, yükseltisinin batıdan doğuya doğru artması, tektonik etkiler ve akarsu aşındırması nedeniyle engebenin fazla olması kısa mesafelerde farklı iklim tiplerinin hüküm sürmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu iklim tiplerinin yayılış alanlarının dağılışı, çeşitli iklim sınıflandırmaları ile yapılabilmektedir. Köppen-Geiger iklim tasnifi, dünyada en fazla kullanılan, geçmiş ortam şartları ile günümüz ortam şartlarının karşılaştırılmasında ve gelecekteki iklim farklılıklarının günümüzle karşılaştırılmasında kullanılan bir sınıflandırmadır. Küresel ölçekte farklı araştırmacılar tarafından Köppen-Geiger iklim sınıflandırmasına göre iklim tiplerinin yayılış alanları gösterilse bile bu sınıflandırmalar veri yetersizliği ve ölçek problemi nedeniyle Türkiye’deki çeşitliliği tam yansıtamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Köppen-Geiger iklim sınıflandırmasına göre Türkiye’de hüküm süren ikim tiplerini ortaya koymak amacıyla Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü’ne ait 249 meteoroloji istasyonuna ait aylık ortalama sıcaklık ve aylık ortalama toplam yağış verileri ile 30 dakikalık (yaklaşık 1 km) çözünürlüğe sahip model çıktılarına ait küresel aylık ortalama sıcaklık ve aylık ortalama toplam yağış verileri kullanılmıştır. Bu iki farklı veri setine bağlı iki farklı Köppen-Geiger iklim tipleri dağılışı haritası oluşturulmuştur. Köppen-Geiger iklim sınıflandırmasına göre Türkiye’de 13 farklı Köppen-Geiger iklim bölgesi olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bu sınıflandırmaya göre Akdeniz kıyıları “ılıman-kurak-sıcak yaza sahip iklim - Csa” sınıfında çıkarken, Konya Bölümü ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun güneyi “kurak-sıcak ve soğuk step iklim- Bsh-k” tipinde, Kuzeydoğu Anadolu’da ve Ağrı Dağı’nda ise ET yani tundra alanlar belirlenmiştir. Daha önceki çalışmalarda düşük çözünürlükte üretilen Türkiye Köppen-Geiger iklim bölgeleri bu çalışmada daha da ayrıntı kazanmıştır.

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3

Peel, M. C., B. L. Finlayson, and T. A. McMahon. "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 5 (October 11, 2007): 1633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007.

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Abstract. Although now over 100 years old, the classification of climate originally formulated by Wladimir Köppen and modified by his collaborators and successors, is still in widespread use. It is widely used in teaching school and undergraduate courses on climate. It is also still in regular use by researchers across a range of disciplines as a basis for climatic regionalisation of variables and for assessing the output of global climate models. Here we have produced a new global map of climate using the Köppen-Geiger system based on a large global data set of long-term monthly precipitation and temperature station time series. Climatic variables used in the Köppen-Geiger system were calculated at each station and interpolated between stations using a two-dimensional (latitude and longitude) thin-plate spline with tension onto a 0.1°×0.1° grid for each continent. We discuss some problems in dealing with sites that are not uniquely classified into one climate type by the Köppen-Geiger system and assess the outcomes on a continent by continent basis. Globally the most common climate type by land area is BWh (14.2%, Hot desert) followed by Aw (11.5%, Tropical savannah). The updated world Köppen-Geiger climate map is freely available electronically in the Supplementary Material Section.

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4

Peel, M. C., B. L. Finlayson, and T. A. McMahon. "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 439–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007.

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Abstract. Although now over 100 years old, the classification of climate originally formulated by Wladimir Köppen and modified by his collaborators and successors, is still in widespread use. It is widely used in teaching school and undergraduate courses on climate. It is also still in regular use by researchers across a range of disciplines as a basis for climatic regionalisation of variables and for assessing the output of global climate models. Here we have produced a new global map of climate using the Köppen-Geiger system based on a large global data set of long-term monthly precipitation and temperature station time series. Climatic variables used in the Köppen-Geiger system were calculated at each station and interpolated between stations using a two-dimensional (latitude and longitude) thin-plate spline with tension onto a 0.1°×0.1° grid for each continent. We discuss some problems in dealing with sites that are not uniquely classified into one climate type by the Köppen-Geiger system and assess the outcomes on a continent by continent basis. Globally the most common climate type by land area is BWh (14.2%, Hot desert) followed by Aw (11.5%, Tropical savannah). The updated world Köppen-Geiger climate map is freely available electronically at https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/????.

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5

De Medeiros, Raimundo Mainar, Romildo Morant De Holanda, Mirella Alexandre Viana, and Vicente De Paulo Silva. "CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION IN KÖPPEN MODEL FOR THE STATE OF PERNAMBUCO - BRAZIL." Revista de Geografia 35, no. 3 (September 13, 2018): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/2238-6211.2018.229388.

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O sistema de classificação climática Köppen é pouco utilizado nos estudos agrícolas devido à grande extensão das escalas de plantio em que são utilizadas. Foi utilizada a série de chuvas históricas observadas em 187 municípios do estado de Pernambuco. Para a espacialização dos resultados, utilizou-se o método de interpolação Kriging. As classificações indicadas mostraram-se muito sensíveis à orografia municipal, aos índices pluviométricos e às variações de temperatura resultando em três tipos climáticos de acordo com o modelo de Köppen. De acordo com os sistemas de classificação de Köppen, foram identificadas três características climáticas: do tipo AS em 108 municípios, o tipo semiárido quente com precipitação de verão e inverno seco (BSH), foi registrado em 55 municípios e o tipo Am predominou em 20 municípios. A classificação climática de acordo com Köppen para a área estudada está de acordo com as classificações de Camargo (1961). O modelo Kriging adaptou os resultados de forma satisfatória nos dados geoespaciais obtidos para o estado de Pernambuco. O sistema de classificação climática Köppen é eficiente apenas para a macro-escala e com baixa capacidade para separar os tipos de clima, levando em consideração a temperatura do ar, as chuvas e os elementos resultantes do balanço hídrico.

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6

Lehmann, Philipp N. "Else Wegener-Köppen (Editor). Wladimir Köppen—Scholar for Life / Wladimir Köppen—Ein Gelehrtenleben für die Meteorologie. 313 pp. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers, 2018. €34.80 (cloth)." Isis 111, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/710719.

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7

YILMAZ, Erkan, and İhsan ÇİÇEK. "Türkiye'de Köppen-Geiger İklim Tiplerindeki Zamanmekansal Değişimler." Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 59, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2019.59.1.9.

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Küresel ölçekte yapılan iklim projeksiyonlarına göre Türkiye'nin de içinde bulunduğu Akdeniz havzasında sıcaklıkların 21. yüzyıl sonuna doğru 4-6 °C civarında artacağı tahmin edilmekte, yağışın ise azalacağı öngörülmektedir. Ölçek küçültme yöntemiyle bölgesel iklim projeksiyonları da benzer sonuçlar vermektedir. Türkiye'de iklim elemanlarındaki eğilimleri araştıran çalışmalarda da özellikle yaz aylarındaki sıcaklık artışının çok belirgin olduğu, yağışta ise azalışların görüldüğü bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise iklim değişkenindeki eğilim yerine, Köppen-Geiger iklim tiplerindeki 1971- 2010 yılları arasındaki zamanmekansal değişimler incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü'nün (MGM) 183 istasyonuna ait aylık ortalama sıcaklık ve aylık toplam yağış verileri elde edilmiş ve her yıl için Köppen-Geiger iklim tasnifleri yapılmış ve iklim tiplerinin görüldüğü istasyon sayılarındaki eğilimler incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, özellikle Akdeniz iklimi olarak belirtilen yazı kurak ve sıcak ılıman iklim olan Csa tipi iklimde zamansal artış ve mekânsal genişleme eğilimleri belirlenmiştir. Bunun tersi olarak da D sınıfı soğuk iklim bölgelerinde daralmaların tespit edildiği çalışma, dünyanın başka bölgelerinde yapılan çalışmalarla benzer değişimlerin olduğunu göstermiştir. Elde edilen bulguların yorumlanması ile Köppen-Geiger iklim sınıflandırması açısından Türkiye için ana ve anahtar iklim tiplerinin olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda ayrıca Köppen-Geiger iklim sınıflandırmasının sadece iklim tipi ve iklim eğilimi belirleme yönüyle değil, kurak ve nemli dönemlerin tespitinde de kullanılabileceği anlaşılmıştır.

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8

Kahlig, P. "Wladimir Köppen schreibt an Julius von Hann." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 1, no. 6 (December 15, 1992): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/1/1992/310.

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9

Denk, T., G. W. Grimm, F. Grímsson, and R. Zetter. "Effective heat transport of Gulf Stream to subarctic North Atlantic during Miocene cooling: evidence from "Köppen signatures" of fossil plant assemblages." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2013): 13563–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-13563-2013.

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Abstract. Shallowing of the Panama Sill and the closure of the Central American Seaway initiated the modern Loop Current/Gulf Stream circulation pattern during the Miocene but no direct evidence has yet been provided for effective heat transport to the northern North Atlantic during that time. Climatic signals from 11 precisely-dated plant-bearing sedimentary rock formations in Iceland, spanning 15–0.8 million years (Myr), resolve the impacts of the developing Miocene global thermohaline circulation on terrestrial vegetation in the subarctic North Atlantic region. "Köppen signatures" were implemented to express climatic properties of fossil plant taxa and their potential modern analogues using the principal concept of the generic Köppen–Geiger climate system, which is based on plant distribution patterns. Using Köppen signatures and the correlation between Köppen climate zones and major global vegetation zones, fossil assemblages were used to trace major vegetation shifts. This evidence was combined with evidence from tectonics and palaeoceanography. In contrast to the global climatic trend, the vegetation record reveals no cooling between ~ 15 and 12 Myr, whereas periods of climatic deterioration between 12–10 Myr, 8–4 Myr, and in the Pleistocene are in phase with increased pulses of ice-rafted debris in the Northern Hemisphere. The observed sequence of climate change in the northern North Atlantic can only be explained by an effective Gulf Stream-mediated heat transport from the middle Miocene onwards.

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10

Cannon, A. J. "Köppen versus the computer: comparing Köppen-Geiger and multivariate regression tree climate classifications in terms of climate homogeneity." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 24, 2012): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-217-2012.

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Abstract. A global climate classification is defined using a multivariate regression tree (MRT). The MRT algorithm is automated, hierarchical, and rule-based, thus allowing a system of climate classes to be quickly defined and easily interpreted. Climate variables used in the MRT are restricted to those from the Köppen-Geiger classification system. The result is a set of classes that can be directly compared against those from the traditional system. The two climate classifications are compared at their 5, 13, and 30 class hierarchical levels in terms of climate homogeneity. Results indicate that both perform well in terms of identifying regions of homogeneous temperature variability, although the MRT still generally outperforms the Köppen-Geiger system. In terms of precipitation discrimination, the Köppen-Geiger classification performs poorly relative to the MRT. The data and algorithm implementation used in this study are freely available. Thus, the MRT climate classification offers instructors and students in the geosciences a simple instrument for exploring modern, computer-based climatological methods.

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11

Medeiros, Raimundo Mainar de, Romildo Morant de Holanda, Manoel Vieira de França, Luciano Marcelo Fallé Saboya, Fernando Cartaxo Rolim Neto, Wagner Rodolfo de Araújo, and Marcia Liana Freire Pereira. "CLASSIFICAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA DE KÖPPEN NA ZONA DA MATA PERNAMBUCANA – BRASIL." RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218 2, no. 5 (June 11, 2021): e25312. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v2i5.312.

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O método da classificação climática de Köppen é pouca aplicação em áreas de estudos agrícolas, devido as enormes extensões das escalas de plantio em que são usadas. Tem-se como objetivo realizar a classificação climática utilizando-se o modelo do aplicativo de Köppen para a área da Zona da Mata Pernambucana com a elaboração de gráficos e tabelas. Utilizou-se dos valores da temperatura média do ar dos últimos 67 anos estimados pelo software Estima_T para os 44 municípios que formam a Zona da Mata Pernambucana. As classificações climáticas resultantes demonstraram sensibilidade à orografia local, aos índices pluviais e as flutuações das temperaturas médias. O modelo de classificação de Köppen identificou duas características climáticas: do tipo climático Am em 12 municípios e o tipo climático As predominando em 32 municípios. A altitude é uma componente de controle climático, pois devido ao efeito da gravidade, a densidade da atmosfera diminui com a altura.

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12

Mohammed, Fahmy Osman, Anwar Othman Mohammad, Hivi Shawket Ibrahim, and Rozhgar Abdullah Hasan. "Future Scenario of Global Climate Map change according to the Köppen -Geiger Climate Classification." Baghdad Science Journal 18, no. 2(Suppl.) (June 20, 2021): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2(suppl.).1030.

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Earth’s climate changes rapidly due to the increases in human demands and rapid economic growth. These changes will affect the entire biosphere, mostly in negative ways. Predicting future changes will put us in a better position to minimize their catastrophic effects and to understand how humans can cope with the new changes beforehand. In this research, previous global climate data set observations from 1961-1990 have been used to predict the future climate change scenario for 2010-2039. The data were processed with Idrisi Andes software and the final Köppen-Geiger map was created with ArcGIS software. Based on Köppen climate classification, it was found that areas of Equator, Arid Steppes, and Snow will decrease by 3.9 %, 2.96%, and 0.09%, respectively. While the areas of Warm Temperature and Dessert will increase by 4.5% and 0.75%, respectively. The results of this study provide useful information on future climate Köppen-Geiger maps and areas that will most likely be affected by climate change in the following decades

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13

Denk, T., G. W. Grimm, F. Grímsson, and R. Zetter. "Evidence from "Köppen signatures" of fossil plant assemblages for effective heat transport of Gulf Stream to subarctic North Atlantic during Miocene cooling." Biogeosciences 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2013): 7927–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7927-2013.

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Abstract. Shallowing of the Panama Sill and the closure of the Central American Seaway initiated the modern Loop Current–Gulf Stream circulation pattern during the Miocene, but no direct evidence has yet been provided for effective heat transport to the northern North Atlantic during that time. Climatic signals from 11 precisely dated plant-bearing sedimentary rock formations in Iceland, spanning 15–0.8 million years (Myr), resolve the impacts of the developing Miocene global thermohaline circulation on terrestrial vegetation in the subarctic North Atlantic region. "Köppen signatures" were implemented to express climatic properties of fossil plant taxa and their potential modern analogues using the principal concept of the generic Köppen–Geiger climate system, which is based on plant distribution patterns. Using Köppen signatures and the correlation between Köppen climate zones and major global vegetation zones, fossil assemblages were used to trace major vegetation shifts. This evidence was combined with evidence from tectonics and palaeoceanography. In contrast to the global climatic trend, the vegetation record reveals no cooling between ~ 15 and 12 Myr, whereas periods of climatic deterioration between 12 and 10 Myr, 8 and 4 Myr, and in the Pleistocene are in phase with increased pulses of ice-rafted debris in the Northern Hemisphere. The observed sequence of climate change in the northern North Atlantic can most likely be explained by an effective Gulf Stream-mediated heat transport from the middle Miocene onwards.

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14

Cannon, A. J. "Köppen versus the computer: an objective comparison between the Köppen-Geiger climate classification and a multivariate regression tree." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 4, 2011): 2345–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-2345-2011.

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Abstract. A global climate classification is defined using a multivariate regression tree (MRT). The MRT algorithm is automated, which removes the need for a practitioner to manually define the classes; it is hierarchical, which allows a series of nested classes to be defined; and it is rule-based, which allows climate classes to be unambiguously defined and easily interpreted. Climate variables used in the MRT are restricted to those from the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The result is a hierarchical, rule-based climate classification that can be directly compared against the traditional system. An objective comparison between the two climate classifications at their 5, 13, and 30 class hierarchical levels indicates that both perform well in terms of identifying regions of homogeneous temperature variability, although the MRT still generally outperforms the Köppen-Geiger system. In terms of precipitation discrimination, the Köppen-Geiger classification performs poorly relative to the MRT. The data and algorithm implementation used in this study are freely available. Thus, the MRT climate classification offers instructors and students in the geosciences a simple instrument for exploring modern, computer-based climatological methods.

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15

Belda, M., E. Holtanová, T. Halenka, and J. Kalvová. "Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha." Climate Research 59, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01204.

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16

Lüdecke, Cornelia. "Buchrezension: <i>Wladimir Köppen – Scholar for Life/Wladimir Köppen – ein Gelehrtenleben für die Meteorologie</i>." Polarforschung 89, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/polf-89-103-2021.

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17

ÖZTÜRK, Muhammed Zeynel, Gülden ÇETİNKAYA, and Selman AYDIN. "Köppen-Geiger İklim Sınıflandırmasına Göre Türkiye’nin İklim Tipleri." Journal of Geography 35 (November 24, 2017): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26650/jgeog295515.

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18

Kitoh, Akio. "Changes in Köppen-type Climate by Mountain Uplift." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 111, no. 11 (2005): XIX. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.111.11.xix.

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19

Lewis, J. M. "Winds over the World Sea: Maury and Köppen." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77, no. 5 (May 1996): 935–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0935:wotwsm>2.0.co;2.

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20

Willmes, Christian, Daniel Becker, Sebastian Brocks, Christoph Hütt, and Georg Bareth. "High Resolution Köppen-Geiger Classifications of Paleoclimate Simulations." Transactions in GIS 21, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12187.

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21

Phillips, Thomas J., and Céline J. W. Bonfils. "Köppen bioclimatic evaluation of CMIP historical climate simulations." Environmental Research Letters 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2015): 064005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/6/064005.

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22

Kottek, Markus, Jürgen Grieser, Christoph Beck, Bruno Rudolf, and Franz Rubel. "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15, no. 3 (July 10, 2006): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.

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23

Cunha, Antonio Ribeiro da, and Dinival Martins. "CLASSIFICAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA PARA OS MUNICÍPIOS DE BOTUCATU E SÃO MANUEL, SP." IRRIGA 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2009v14n1p1-11.

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CLASSIFICAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA PARA OS MUNICÍPIOS DE BOTUCATU E SÃO MANUEL, SP Antonio Ribeiro da Cunha; Dinival Martins1 Departamento Recursos Naturais - Ciências Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, arcunha@fca.unesp.br 1 RESUMO A classificação climática procura definir os limites geográficos dos diferentes tipos de clima que ocorrem em todo mundo, sendo considerado um estudo básico para áreas afins. Este trabalho teve como objetivo classificar climaticamente os municípios Botucatu (Fazenda Experimental do Lageado) e de São Manuel (Fazenda Experimental de São Manuel) ambas da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, SP. Para tanto, utilizou-se das metodologias de Köppen e de Thornthwaite em dados normais de temperatura do ar e precipitação pluviométrica no período de 36 anos (1971 a2006). Os municípios de Botucatu e de São Manuel tiveram a mesma classificação climática pelo método de Köppen, como sendo Cfa, clima temperado quente (mesotérmico) úmido, e a temperatura média do mês mais quente é superior a 22 ºC. Pela classificação de Thornthwaite houve uma pequena diferença em função do índice de umidade, caracterizando como B2rB’3a’ (clima úmido com pequena deficiência hídrica - abril, julho e agosto, mesotérmico, com evapotranspiração potencial anual de 945,15 mm e concentração da evapotranspiração potencial no verão igual a 33%) o município de Botucatu, e como B1rB’3a’ (clima úmido com pequena deficiência hídrica - abril, julho e agosto, mesotérmico, com evapotranspiração potencial anual de994,21 mm e concentração da evapotranspiração potencial no verão igual a 33%) o município de São Manuel. UNITERMOS: temperatura do ar, precipitação, evapotranspiração, método de Köppen, método de Thornthwaite. CUNHA, A. R.; MARTINS, D. CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION FOR THE DISTRICTS OF BOTUCATU AND SÃO MANUEL, SP 2 ABSTRACT Climatic classification defines the geographical limits of different climate types all over the world, and it is considered essential to study similar areas. This work updates the climatic classification of the municipal districts of Botucatu and of São Manuel, State of Sao Paulo, where the experimental farms of the Schools of Agronomical Sciences - UNESP, Campus of Botucatu, State of São Paulo, are located. Köppen’s and Thornthwaite’s methods were used for the air temperature and precipitation data in a 36-year period (from 1971 to 2006). For both municipal districts of Botucatu and São Manuel, the climate was characterized as being Cfa, hot climate with rains in the summer and drought in the winter, and the average temperature in the hottest month is above 22 ºC. According to Thornthwaite’s classification, there was a small difference due to the humidity index, characterized as B2rB'3a' (humid climate with small hydro deficiency - April, July and August, with annual potential evapotranspiration of 945.15 mm and concentration of the potential evapotranspiration in the summer of 33%) in the district of Botucatu, and as B1rB'3a' (humid climate with small hidric deficiency - April, July and August, with annual potential evapotranspiration of994.21 mm and concentration of the potential evapotranspiration in the summer of 33%)in the district of São Manuel. KEY WORDS: air temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, Köppen method, Thornthwaite method.

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Milovanovic, Bosko, Vladan Ducic, Milan Radovanovic, and Milovan Milivojevic. "Climate regionalization of Serbia according to Köppen climate classification." Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA 67, no. 2 (2017): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ijgi1702103m.

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Saracoglu, Aziz, and D. Ugur Sanli. "Accuracy of GPS positioning concerning Köppen-Geiger climate classification." Measurement 181 (August 2021): 109629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109629.

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Valério, Diego Augusto, Andressa Tres, Alexandre França Tetto, Ronaldo Viana Soares, and William Thomaz Wendling. "CLASSIFICAÇÃO DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL SEGUNDO O SISTEMA DE ZONAS DE VIDA DE HOLDRIDGE." Ciência Florestal 28, no. 4 (December 16, 2018): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509835337.

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O clima é a síntese de elementos meteorológicos observados durante um longo período de tempo e possui estreita relação com a vegetação. A classificação climática de Holdridge define zonas de vida representativas para as diferentes regiões da Terra, que refletem a conjuntura destes elementos meteorológicos. Este trabalho objetivou a classificação do estado do Rio Grande do Sul segundo este sistema, visando comparar com a classificação climática de Köppen, bem como as fitogeografias do estado. Com base em uma série histórica não contínua mínima de 25 anos, de 1950 a 1990, de dados pluviométricos e de temperatura, associados às variáveis de latitude e altitude, foi possível calcular e determinar as zonas de vida individualmente para os 496 municípios do estado. Oito zonas de vida foram encontradas, das quais se destacaram: floresta úmida temperada basal (74,0%); floresta muito úmida/floresta úmida temperada basal (13,8%); e floresta úmida/floresta muito úmida temperada basal (8,0%). A relação entre Holdridge e Köppen apresentou correspondência acima de 90% em sete das oito zonas de vida encontradas (87,5% do território do estado), predominantemente com o tipo climático Cfa (clima temperado, com chuva o ano todo e verão quente). Regiões de Estepe e Savana-estépica obtiveram 100% de correspondência com as zonas de vida floresta muito úmida temperada basal e com as respectivas transições com floresta úmida temperada basal. O sistema de zonas de vida de Holdridge mostrou-se uma importante ferramenta para o zoneamento agrossilvicultural do estado, uma vez que houve uma interação satisfatória quando comparado com o sistema de classificação climática de Köppen e com algumas fitogeografias.

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Hammarström, Harald, and Tom Güldemann. "Quantifying Geographical Determinants of Large-Scale Distributions of Linguistic Features." Language Dynamics and Change 4, no. 1 (2014): 87–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00401002.

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In the recent past the work on large-scale linguistic distributions across the globe has intensified considerably. Work on macro-areal relationships in Africa (Güldemann, 2010) suggests that the shape of convergence areas may be determined by climatic factors and geophysical features such as mountains, water bodies, coastlines, etc. Worldwide data is now available for geophysical features as well as linguistic features, including numeral systems and basic constituent order. We explore the possibility that the shape of areal aggregations of individual features in these two linguistic domains correlates with Köppen-Geiger climate zones. Furthermore, we test the hypothesis that the shape of such areal feature aggregations is determined by the contour of adjacent geophysical features like mountain ranges or coastlines. In these first basic tests, we do not find clear evidence that either Köppen-Geiger climate zones or the contours of geophysical features are major predictors for the linguistic data at hand.

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Cuisinier, F., A. Acker, and J. Köppen. "Dependance of the Metallicity of Planetary Nebulae by the Galactic Height Above the Disk." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 155 (1993): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900172523.

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Abundances of O, N, He, S, Ar have been derived from the observations of PN at various heights above the plane with the plasma diagnosis code HOPPLA (Köppen et al. 1991). A gradient in O and N appears in the first 1000 pc. No correlation is found above.

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Nóbrega, Ranyére Silva. "UM PENSAMENTO CRÍTICO SOBRE CLASSIFICAÇÕES CLIMÁTICAS: DE KÖPPEN ATÉ STRAHLER." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 3, no. 1 (August 2, 2010): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v3i1.232646.

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O presente artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão literária a cerca de quatro classificações climáticas de maneira a lançar um pensamento crítico sobre os métodos utilizados por Köppen, Miller, Thornthwaite e Strahler em seus sistemas de classificação climática, como os limites utilizados e os fatores verdadeiramente ativos. Ao analisar o levantamento bibliográfico, o pensamento corrobora com o esperado, pois, de fato é difícil encontrar uma classificação climática que possa ser considerada satisfatória. No entanto, a aplicabilidade destes sistemas tem sua importância em todas as áreas das ciências, desde as classificações antigas (que vem sendo reelaboradas ao longo do tempo) até as mais atuais, levando-nos a entender que há a necessidade de conhecer não apenas o sistema e seus resultados, mas as suas limitações e falhas.

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Rohli, Robert V., T. Andrew Joyner, Stephen J. Reynolds, and Thomas J. Ballinger. "Overlap of global Köppen–Geiger climates, biomes, and soil orders." Physical Geography 36, no. 2 (March 4, 2015): 158–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2015.1016384.

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Rubel, Franz, and Markus Kottek. "Comments on: "The thermal zones of the Earth" by Wladimir Köppen (1884)." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 20, no. 3 (June 1, 2011): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2011/0285.

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Larson, Paul R., and C. Frederick Lohrengel. "A New Tool for Climatic Analysis Using the Köppen Climate Classification." Journal of Geography 110, no. 3 (May 3, 2011): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2011.537672.

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Jagai, J. S., D. A. Castronovo, and E. N. Naumova. "The Use of Köppen Climate Classification System for Public Health Research." Epidemiology 18, Suppl (September 2007): S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000276508.75400.ab.

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Ács, Ferenc, Annamária Zsákai, Erzsébet Kristóf, Amanda Imola Szabó, and Hajnalka Breuer. "Carpathian Basin climate according to Köppen and a clothing resistance scheme." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 141, no. 1-2 (April 19, 2020): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03199-z.

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de Oliveira Aparecido, Lucas Eduardo, José Reinaldo da Silva Cabral de Moraes, Kamila Cunha de Meneses, Guilherme Botega Torsoni, Rafael Fausto de Lima, and Cícero Teixeira Silva Costa. "Köppen-Geiger and Camargo climate classifications for the Midwest of Brasil." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 142, no. 3-4 (September 5, 2020): 1133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03358-2.

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He, Huili, Geping Luo, Peng Cai, Rafiq Hamdi, Piet Termonia, Philippe De Maeyer, Alishir Kurban, and Jianjun Li. "Assessment of Climate Change in Central Asia from 1980 to 2100 Using the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification." Atmosphere 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010123.

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The accelerated global warming and heterogeneous change in precipitation have been resulting in climate system shifts, which plays a key role in the stability of ecosystem and social economic development. Central Asia is account 80% of the temperate desert, characterized by fragile ecosystem; however, it has experienced the fastest warming in recent decades and projected warming in future. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is a useful tool to assess the potential impacts of climate change on regional ecosystem. The spatial shift and temporal evolution of each climatic zone based on Köppen-Geiger climate classification are analyzed in historical and future period under different scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), high risk regions that might experience more frequent climatic zone shifts are delimited in this study, which could provide the useful information for developing mitigate strategies in coping with the warming threat. The hotter and dryer subtypes of arid climatic zone and warmer subtypes of temperate climatic zone expanded their coverage in Central Asia, corresponding to the tundra climatic, cooler subtype of arid and temperate climatic zone contracted. Based on a method defining the climate-sensitivity, high risk regions are mainly distributed in northern Kazakhstan and Tianshan Mountains region.

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Marcelo Falle Saboya, Luciano, Raimundo Mainar de Medeiros, Romildo Morant de Holanda, Manoel Vieira de França, Wagner Rodolfo de Araújo, and Fernando Cartaxo Rolim Neto. "MÉTODOS DAS CLASSIFICAÇÕES CLIMÁTICAS DE THORNTWAITE E KÖPPEN PARA RECIFE – PE, BRASIL." RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218 2, no. 8 (September 5, 2021): e28575. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v2i8.575.

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As flutuações climáticas e hidrológicas de certa região são os parâmetros básicos na avaliação dos recursos hídricas desta área. Objetiva-se efetivar os métodos das classificações climáticas de Thornthwaite & Mather e Köppen para Recife - PE, Brasil visando auxiliar no desenvolvimento de projetos e planejamento agropecuário, bem como, contribuir para a utilização racional de terras do Estado gerando informações está muito importante para racionalização das suas diversas atividades produtiva e de políticas agrícolas. Utilizou-se dos valores médios mensais de precipitação e temperatura do ar adquiridos do banco de dados da estação meteorológica pertencente ao Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, correspondente ao período de 1962 a 2018, totalizando 56 anos de dados observados, com o intuito de gerar informações para os tomadores de decisões governamentais. O poder evapotranspirativo foi de 23,5% abaixo dos índices pluviais registrados, enquanto a precipitação foi superior à evaporação 60,5%. As deficiências hídricas ocorrem dentre os meses de abril a julho e totalizam 727,6 mm, os excedentes hídricos registram-se entre os meses de outubro a fevereiro na série dos dados estudado. Segundo a classificação de Köppen o clima de Recife é do tipo Am, (clima de monção), segundo a classificação de Thornthwaite para o município Recife é caracterizado como megatérmico com moderado excesso deverão, pequena ou nenhuma deficiência de água (wrA’a’).

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Santos, Robson Argolo dos, Daniel Lima Martins, and Rosangela Leal Santos. "BALANÇO HÍDRICO E CLASSIFICAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA DE KÖPPEN E THORNTHWAITE NO MUNICÍPIO DE FEIRA DE SANTANA (BA) / WATER BALANCE AND KÖPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION AND THORNTHWAITE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF FEIRA DE SANTANA (BA)." Geo UERJ, no. 33 (December 31, 2018): e34159. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/geouerj.2018.34159.

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O estudo da meteorologia se baseia nos fenômenos atmosféricos, seu comportamento e interações físicas, químicas e dinâmicas com os demais elementos da superfície terrestre. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar climaticamente o município de Feira de Santana (BA), quanto à disponibilidade de água para o cultivo agrícola, utilizando os dados disponibilizados pelo INMET, os quais foram processados através do método de balanço hídrico climático, a partir do qual se obteve o índice hídrico, índice de aridez e índice de umidade, e auxílio das chaves de classificação de Thornthwaite. O balanço hídrico mostrou que o município apresenta uma ETP de 1431,7 mm ano-1, ETR de 720,7 mm ano-1, DEF de 711,0 mm ano-1 e EXC igual a zero. O tipo climático pela metodologia de Köppen é “Asa”, megatérmico com chuvas de inverno e verão quente, enquanto que a de Thornthwaite é C1w2A’a’, clima Sub-úmido seco com largo excesso de verão, megatérmico e com concentração de evapotranspiração potencial no verão igual a 31,2%. O município de Feira de Santana apresenta uma alta ETP, influenciada pelas altas temperaturas. O período de menor deficiência hídricas é registrado nos meses de maio, junho e julho, sendo indicado para os cultivos de sequeiro. O método de classificação climática de Thornthwaite apresenta maior detalhes que o de Köppen.

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Silva, Guilherme Luiz dos Santos. "AGROMETEOROLOGIA APLICADA NA ANÁLISE DE MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS; BALANÇO HÍDRICO CLIMATOLÓGICO DE DIAMANTINO, MATO GROSSO, PARA AS CAD(S) DE 70 E 120." Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 884–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.51891/rease.v7i4.1026.

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O objetivo deste presente trabalho foi esclarecer os debates polemizados acerca do suposto acréscimo de temperatura e redução da pluviosidade em função do desmatamento e urbanização do Cerrado situado no Centro Oeste brasileiro. Para nível de comparação, foram utilizadas as normais climatológicas de 1961-1990 e 1981-2010, obtidas no banco de dados do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), vinculado ao Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento (MAPA). A localidade escolhida foi o município de Diamantino-MT, sendo que os resultados obtidos não foram significativos a nível de classificação, permanecendo imutáveis, para ambas as classificações (Köppen e Thornthwaite). Para culturas florestais, pertencentes ao Cerradão, exigentes de CAD média igual ou superior a 120, Segundo Köppen a classificação foi equivalente àquela CAD voltada a exploração extensiva agrícola de culturas anuais, ou seja, AW Megatérmico ou Tropical com seca no Inverno, para ambos os períodos. Já para a classificação de Thornthwaite, levando-se em consideração a CAD para espécies florestais de 120, para as normais climatológicas de 1961-1990 e de 1981-2010, o clima encontrado foi distinto daquele aplicado às culturas anuais, agora dado como B1rA'a' (Clima úmido, sem ou com pequena deficiência hídrica, Megatérmico ou com Evapotranspiração de Verão inferior a 48% da Evapotranspiração Potencial Anual).

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Remedio, Armelle Reca, Claas Teichmann, Lars Buntemeyer, Kevin Sieck, Torsten Weber, Diana Rechid, Peter Hoffmann, Christine Nam, Lola Kotova, and Daniela Jacob. "Evaluation of New CORDEX Simulations Using an Updated Köppen–Trewartha Climate Classification." Atmosphere 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2019): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110726.

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A new ensemble of climate and climate change simulations covering all major inhabited regions with a spatial resolution of about 25 km, from the WCRP CORDEX COmmon Regional Experiment (CORE) Framework, has been established in support of the growing demands for climate services. The main objective of this study is to assess the quality of the simulated climate and its fitness for climate change projections by REMO (REMO2015), a regional climate model of Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) and one of the RCMs used in the CORDEX-CORE Framework. The CORDEX-CORE REMO2015 simulations were driven by the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis and the simulations were evaluated in terms of biases and skill scores over ten CORDEX Domains against the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) TS version 4.02, from 1981 to 2010, according to the regions defined by the Köppen–Trewartha (K–T) Climate Classification types. The REMO simulations have a relatively low mean annual temperature bias (about ± 0.5 K) with low spatial standard deviation (about ± 1.5 K) in the European, African, North and Central American, and Southeast Asian domains. The relative mean annual precipitation biases of REMO are below ± 50 % in most domains; however, spatial standard deviation varies from ± 30 % to ± 200 %. The REMO results simulated most climate types relatively well with lowest biases and highest skill score found in the boreal, temperate, and subtropical regions. In dry and polar regions, the REMO results simulated a relatively high annual biases of precipitation and temperature and low skill. Biases were traced to: missing or misrepresented processes, observational uncertainty, and uncertainties due to input boundary forcing.

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Lohmann, U., R. Sausen, L. Bengtsson, U. Cubasch, J. Perlwitz, and E. Roeckner. "The Köppen climate classification as a diagnostic tool for general circulation models." Climate Research 3 (1993): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr003177.

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Belda, M., E. Holtanová, T. Halenka, J. Kalvová, and Z. Hlávka. "Evaluation of CMIP5 present climate simulations using the Köppen-Trewartha climate classification." Climate Research 64, no. 3 (August 31, 2015): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01316.

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Ying, Shi, Gao Xue-Jie, and Wu Jia. "Projected Changes in Köppen Climate Types in the 21st Century over China." Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 5, no. 6 (January 2012): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2012.11447043.

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Teuling, A. J. "Technical note: Towards a continuous classification of climate using bivariate colour mapping." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 10 (October 7, 2011): 3071–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3071-2011.

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Abstract. Climate is often defined in terms of discrete classes. Here I use bivariate colour mapping to show that the global distribution of Köppen-Geiger climate classes can largely be reproduced by combining the simple means of two key states of the climate system (i.e. air temperature and relative humidity). This allows for a classification that is not only continuous in space, but can be applied at and transferred between timescales ranging from days to decades.

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Teuling, A. J. "Technical note: Towards a continuous classification of climate using bivariate colour mapping." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 17, 2011): 5733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-5733-2011.

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Abstract. Climate is often defined in terms of discrete classes. Here I use bivariate colour mapping to show that the global distribution of Köppen-Geiger climate classes can largely be reproduced by combining the simple means of two key states of the climate system (i.e., air temperature and relative humidity). This allows for a classification that is not only continuous in space, but can be applied at and transferred between timescales ranging from minutes to decades.

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46

Morant de Holanda, Romildo, Raimundo Mainar de Medeiros, Manoel Vieira de França, Marcia Liana Freire Pereira, Wagner Rodolfo de Araújo, and Luciano Marcelo Fallé Saboya. "CLASSIFICAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA: THORNTHWAITE E KÖPPEN PARA A BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO IPOJUCA, PE - BRASIL." RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218 2, no. 6 (July 28, 2021): e26483. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v2i6.483.

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Os princípios de classificações climáticas são raramente empregados no domínio de estudos agropecuários e hídricos, pois, considera-se sua escala de atuação abrangente. Os regimes pluviais e as flutuações das temperaturas do ar foram decisivos para os cálculos e sua distribuição espacial. As classificações climáticas de Thornthwaite (1948,1955) permitiram separar eficazmente os climas na área da bacia em estudo. Dentre os métodos de classificação de regiões bioclimáticas, o de Köppen é o de maior utilização no Brasil, em virtude de se preocupar unicamente com as grandes divisões da vegetação e devido à menor rigidez da fórmula para determinação do mês úmido ou seco. Os dados de temperatura foram estimados pelo software estima_T, e os dados de precipitação foram adquiridos da superintendência do desenvolvimento do Nordeste e Agência Pernambucana de Águas e Clima. A determinação dos componentes do balanço hídrico permitiu um maior conhecimento da realidade climática da área estudada, ao mesmo tempo em que oferece condições de compatibilização entre a água retida no solo e as diferentes formas de utilização do mesmo, objetivando a minimização dos riscos para a agropecuária e para as populações. A Existência de três tipos climáticos segundo a classificação de Köppen e de cinco tipos climaticos de acordo a classificação de Thornthwaite e Mather (1955) na área em estudo. Objetivando informação importante para o planejamento e racionalização das suas diversas atividades produtiva e de políticas agrícolas.

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Schirmann, Sylvain. "Zur Frage französischer Kredite für Deutschland 1930/31." Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 65, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 581–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vfzg-2017-0032.

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Vorspann Hat Reichskanzler Brüning 1930/31 französische Kreditangebote ausgeschlagen und damit aus politischem Kalkül Hilfe in der Weltwirtschaftskrise zurückgewiesen oder waren diese Angebote ohnehin bedeutungslos und war Brünings Kurs somit ohne Alternative? Über diese Frage hat sich 2014/15 in den Vierteljahrsheften für Zeitgeschichte eine lebhafte Debatte zwischen Paul Köppen, Knut Borchardt und Roman Köster entwickelt. Nicht sehr stark beleuchtet wurde dabei allerdings die französische Seite. Sylvain Schirmann, ausgewiesener Kenner der Materie, erweitert nun die Perspektive mit einer Analyse der französischen Kreditpolitik.

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Shin, Sang Hoon, and Deg Hyo Bae. "Future Projections of Köppen Climate Shifts in the Asia Regions Using A2 Scenario." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 46, no. 3 (March 31, 2013): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2013.46.3.253.

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Szabó-Takács, Beáta, Aleš Farda, Petr Skalák, and Jan Meitner. "Influence of Bias Correction Methods on Simulated Köppen−Geiger Climate Zones in Europe." Climate 7, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7020018.

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Our goal was to investigate the influence of bias correction methods on climate simulations over the European domain. We calculated the Köppen−Geiger climate classification using five individual regional climate models (RCM) of the ENSEMBLES project in the European domain during the period 1961−1990. The simulated precipitation and temperature data were corrected using the European daily high-resolution gridded dataset (E-OBS) observed data by five methods: (i) the empirical quantile mapping of precipitation and temperature, (ii) the quantile mapping of precipitation and temperature based on gamma and Generalized Pareto Distribution of precipitation, (iii) local intensity scaling, (iv) the power transformation of precipitation and (v) the variance scaling of temperature bias corrections. The individual bias correction methods had a significant effect on the climate classification, but the degree of this effect varied among the RCMs. Our results on the performance of bias correction differ from previous results described in the literature where these corrections were implemented over river catchments. We conclude that the effect of bias correction may depend on the region of model domain. These results suggest that distribution free bias correction approaches are the most suitable for large domain sizes such as the pan-European domain.

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Djamila, Harimi, and Tay Lee Yong. "A study of Köppen-Geiger system for comfort temperature prediction in Melbourne city." Sustainable Cities and Society 27 (November 2016): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.009.

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