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1
Han, Daehoon. "Leader, Government, and Market: The Economic Development of South Korea and Taiwan in the 70s and 80s." Studies in Asian Social Science 5, no. 2 (May 7, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/sass.v5n2p1.
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South Korea and Taiwan experienced the extremely rare type of high-level, sustained postwar economic growth.While it has attracted the attention of many scholars who found out the identical pattern of economic developmentbetween South Korea and Taiwan by focusing on the similar structural conditions, relatively less attention has beengiven to the development mechanism South Korea and Taiwan employed to develop their economy. Furthermore,few studies have highlighted the role of actors in the process of economic development in South Korea and Taiwanbecause most of previous studies have focused on the structural conditions. This study aimed to examine how SouthKorea and Taiwan have developed their economy by discovering the type of a development mechanism employed.Based on using the set of secondary data source, this study found out that South Korea and Taiwan achieved aphenomenal economic development based on the export-oriented industrialization. However, South Korean economywas developed by the government-led development mechanism, while Taiwanese economy was developed by themarket-led development mechanism. And, the difference in the way of developing their economy was mainly causedby not only several structural conditions, such as the consensus between the government and private sector over thematter of economic development, the urgency of economic development, and the existence of vertical social system,but also the characteristics, such as the leadership style of key policy makers.
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Wang, Xiyuan. "Catch-up economics and authoritarian politics: A case study from South Korea." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 4 (December 12, 2022): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v4i.3533.
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Economic development is of great significance to all countries in the era of globalization. In the history of economic development of various countries, while some countries are still looking for the road of economic development, South Korea has made clear its goals and implemented quickly to make economic development. The economic theory of this is still of great reference to some countries today. In order to study the reasons for the rapid development of South Korea, based on the characteristics of South Korea's Catch-Up economy, combined with the Five-Year Plan and Authoritative Policies, summary and research. This article will use the method of case analysis and comparison, through case description, analysis, deficiencies, suggestions and conclusions to study and analyze the economic development of South Korea. The Korean model can be used for reference, but it needs to be implemented according to national conditions. Not every country is suitable for the Korean model.
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Schwekendiek, Daniel. "LONGEVITY IN NORTH KOREA AND SOUTH KOREA: PREVALENCE OF CENTENARIANS IN ONE THE POOREST AND ONE OF THE RICHEST NATIONS." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 2 (May 9, 2017): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000153.
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SummaryOver recent decades, economic living conditions have dramatically improved in South Korea, which now represents one of the most developed nations. At the same time, its twin in the North remains one of the poorest countries on earth. Thus, the Korean peninsula represents a unique historical experiment that allows for study of the effects of environment on human development under a variety of ceteris paribus cultural, genetic and climatic conditions. Previous studies comparing the biosocial performances of the two Koreas have focused on indicators such as weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference and age at menarche. The purpose of the present study was to investigate longevity based on the number of centenarians living in the two Koreas by drawing on censuses implemented around 1925 and 2010. The study found that North Korea had some 0.7 centenarians per one million persons in 1925, and this rate moderately improved to 2.7 around 2010. Conversely, rates skyrocketed in South Korea from 2.7 in 1925 to 38.2 around 2010. This suggests that the rate of centenarians in North Korea around 2010 corresponds to that of South Korea in 1925, suggesting a chronological lag in delayed human development of some 85 years. The prevalence of centenarians is fourteen times higher in contemporary South Korea compared with the North – broadly confirming previous biosocial studies on the two Koreas and two Germanies reporting improved human development in market-oriented systems compared with socialist ones.
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Jang, Jae Young, and Erdal Atukeren. "Sustainable Local Currency Debt: An Analysis of Foreigners’ Korea Treasury Bonds Investments Using a LA-VARX Model." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (June 30, 2019): 3603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133603.
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Foreign investors’ interest in Korean local currency bonds, and especially in Korea Treasury Bonds (KTBs) has increased significantly since the mid-2000s. This paper examines the determinants of foreign investors’ KTB investments by means of a lag-augmented vector autoregressive model with exogenous variables (LA-VARX). The model specification includes variables capturing the domestic, international, and risk factors. The risk factors are especially important in the context of South Korea since geopolitical tensions and economic policy uncertainty might adversely affect all investment decisions by foreigners. We find that expected return rates, country default risks, and global economic conditions have a significant impact on foreign investors’ KTB investment, but geopolitical risks have only a short-term negative impact. Our findings not for only provide a better understanding of the determinants of financial investments in South Korean financial markets, but they have broader implications in terms of the economic and social aspects of sustainability in South Korea. This is because KTBs provide a source of funding for the South Korean government for social projects and that KTBs are also held largely by long-term investors such as pension funds and insurers which require sTable Snd sustainable investments.
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Song, Yosung, and Justin E. Freedman. "The Construction and Embodiment of Dis/Ability for North Korean Refugees living in South Korea." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 124, no. 7 (July 2022): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01614681221111459.
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Background/Context: Every year, an unknown number of North Koreans flee their homeland. As of 2020, 33,752 North Koreans had arrived in South Korea. The political positioning of North Korean refugees in South Korean society is unique from other immigrants, in that they receive immediate South Korean citizenship and are considered members of the same ethnic group as South Koreans. However, North Korean refugees face discrimination in South Korea, including in schools. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: This paper extends the use of the intersectional analytical framework, disability critical race theory (DisCrit), outside of western settings to the Korean context. The purpose is to analyze the schooling experiences of North Korean refugees in South Korea. We provide a background about the divide between the nations of North and South Korea and discuss how this divide contributes to North Korean refugees’ position as outsiders. We also situate discrimination faced by North Korean refugees within South Korea as a broader response to changing demographics, by highlighting the experiences of immigrants and South Korean multicultural education policy. Drawing upon the voices of North Korean refugees, we analyze how the discrimination they experience constructs them as less capable and valued than their South Korean peers. Research Design: This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study that analyzes data from semi-structured interviews of North Korean refugees in South Korea. The interviews focus on participants’ schooling experiences in mainstream schools, at an alternative school, and in their transition to postsecondary education. Conclusions/Recommendations: Our analysis demonstrates how North Korean refugee students are positioned as dis/abled and come to embody disabling conditions as a result of discrimination based on their ethnicized North Korean identity in South Korea. The construction of North Korean refugees as dis/abled reflects the dominance of the ideals of South Korean ethnicity and an educational ideology that promotes assimilation for economic growth. We conclude by discussing the impact of normalizing processes of ethnocentrism, racism, and ableism, and the potential future development of multicultural education in South Korea.
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Kim, Min-jung, Min-joo Kim, Jyung-soo Kim, and Joon-ho Kim. "An improvement proposal: Protection and resettlement support act for North Korean defectors in order to propel social integration." International Social Work 61, no. 5 (July 1, 2016): 665–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872816651700.
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The purpose of this study is to critically examine how North Korean defectors adapt to South Korean society and how the South Korean government institutes policies to support their settlement in the perspective of social integration. In particular, economic and psychological support by the South Korean government will be analyzed among the current resettlement support policies. The aim of this study is also to suggest proper remedial actions for North Korean defectors based on empirical research on the actual conditions of North Korean defectors in South Korea.
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Kim, Jasper. "A socio-legal corporate governance model: Analyzing South Korea’s social enterprise promotion act using public-private partnerships." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 3 (2015): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i3c3p7.
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Can South Korea reregulate and reconstitute its current conglomerate-based, export-dependent “Korea, Inc.” model towards a more socio-legal corporate governance model more inclusive of socio-economic stakeholder equality concerns? By enacting the Social Enterprise Promotion Act (SEPA), a law expressly aimed at boosting domestic social enterprises through public-private partnerships (PPPs), South Korea became one of the few if only economies in the world to pass a social enterprise law at the national level (rather than at a state or governnment agency level, as in the US or UK). Historically, South Korea’s greatest economic strength in the post-1945 period was its ability to create a significant manufacturing and export sector dominated by large conglomerates (referred to as “chaebol,” such as Samsung, LG, and Hyundai) that still dominates the economic landscape today—creating “Korea, Inc.” Such corporate governance model allowed South Korea to become an economic success story based on its achievements in the twentieth century, at the risk of being highly export-dependent. However, South Korea has recently put forth regulatory efforts towards creating a new economic path based less on manufacturing and exports by large chaebol (the “Korea, Inc.” model) and greater focus on smaller-size social enterprises that can provide economic growth while also achieving certain socio-economic objectives, including furthering “economic democratization” and socio-economic inclusion by uniquely utilizing PPPs. As such, the nation’s policymakers enacted the Social Enterprise Promotion Act (SEPA). The main objective of SEPA was to provide a regulatory framework for the establishment, funding and regulation of social enterprises. This article provides a regulatory and socio-economic corporate governance perspective regarding SEPA, which includes policy arguments related to the benefits and barriers of the act, in addition to survey results from respondents in South Korea related to social enterprises and similar entities. If successful, SEPA would ideally foster a more sustainable twenty-first century South Korean economic ecosystem, based less on export-dependence, and more on incentive-taking and innovation, while improving the nation’s overall socio-economic conditions by utilizing a unique socio-legal corporate governance model within Asia’s fourth largest economy
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Renzin, O. M., and V. V. Kuchuk. "The Transformation of Institutional Instruments in NEA Countries: South Korea." POWER AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA 93, no. 4 (2020): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2020-93-4-8-15.
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The current socio-economic situation in Northeast Asia is closely related to overcoming the consequences of the unprecedented shocks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the countries of the region. First of all, it determined the widespread practice of forming and implementing operational anti-crisis programs aimed at minimizing the risks of social development. At the same time taking place both on nationally and globally level a significant change in the conditions of activity has caused the need to adjust strategic development projects, adapt and transform the used socio-economic models to the “new reality”. This process is especially important for the systemic economies of the region (Chinese, Japanese, South Korean), in which active institutional transformations are taking place, aimed at increasing the efficiency of economic development in the new conditions, strengthening the competitive positions of countries in regional and world markets. The content of the strategic institutional project "The Korean New Deal", developed in July 2020, and a comparative analysis of its main provisions with social and economic government programs implemented in the Republic of Korea in the last decade are examined in the presented article.
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Cory, Silvi. "The Increasing of South Korean Investment in Vietnam." Frequency of International Relations (FETRIAN) 3, no. 2 (March 6, 2022): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/fetrian.3.2.29-43.2021.
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South Korea as one of the countries that has actively invested in various countries. In recent years South Korean investment has shown a very significant increase in Vietnam. When compared to other countries, especially in the Asian region, Vietnam is not a country that rich in natural resources as many know that country that has many natural resources will get special key in investment. However, South Korea has different movement that its significant effort to build its investment in Vietnam. This paper aims to explains the factors that make South Korea significantly increase its investment in Vietnam. This research is a qualitative research using descriptive analysis method. This study finds that the stability of domestic political, social, cultural conditions, economic growth, human resources, stability in labor wages and various number of Vietnam's FTA cooperation with various countries have become factors that attract South Korea to invest in Vietnam.
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Dewi, Sannya Pestari, and Ulul Azmiyati Auliyah. "An Analysis of South Korean TRUST Diplomacy toward Indonesia in Pandemic Covid-19." Conference Series 4 (January 26, 2022): 116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34306/conferenceseries.v4i1.707.
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This paper analyzes the factors that influenced South Korea to issue TRUST diplomacy and made Indonesia as the object of its diplomacy during the Covid-19 pandemic. In previous year before Covid-19 outbreak, Indonesia and South Korea had experienced stagnation in strategic economic cooperation negotiations, but the two countries managed to reach the agreement in the early of 2020. This research will use qualitative research methods. Based on William D. Coplin's theory of foreign policy making, it was found that domestic political conditions, the influence of sentiment on trade liberalization from the business group, the decline in South Korean exports due to the trade war and South Korea's relations with Japan, and South Korea's status as a middle power country in the world as well as Indonesia's position as a bridge for South Korea to enter the ASEAN market which is the biggest driving factor for South Korea to carry out TRUST diplomacy in Indonesia. South Korea took advantage of the pandemic momentum to appear to form a positive image and increase the confidence of its strategic partner countries
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Kang, Woo Chang. "LOCAL ECONOMIC VOTING AND RESIDENCE-BASED REGIONALISM IN SOUTH KOREA: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2007 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION." Journal of East Asian Studies 16, no. 3 (September 28, 2016): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2016.19.
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AbstractRegional bloc voting in South Korea has been ascribed to voters’ psychological attachments to birthplace. This article seeks to expand the existing discussion of regionalism by showing that economic conditions in voters’ places of residence affect vote choices at the individual level and produce clustering of votes at the aggregate level in South Korea. While the idea of residence-based regionalism has previously been suggested, empirical scrutiny of the idea has been limited. Exploiting a Bayesian multilevel strategy, this article provides evidence that short-term economic changes at the province level affected voters’ choices in the 2007 presidential election in South Korea, independent of the long-term political affiliation between regional parties and their constituents. The positive association between local economic conditions and vote choices remains significant, controlling for perceptions of national economic conditions and other individual level covariates such as age and political attitudes.
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Kim, Jung Hyun, and Anja Leist. "Temporal Trends in the Prevalence of Dementia in South Korea." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.990.
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Abstract Background. Secular decreases in the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia have been observed in several Western countries, however, few systematic investigations of temporal trends in dementia have been conducted in South Korea. Method. Data came from N=8,006 individuals (N=2,110 assessed twice) aged 65 years and older participating in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging 2008 and 2018. Dementia was indicated by a score ≤ 17 on the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE). Dementia was regressed on the year of survey, adjusting for multiple demographic and socio-economic confounders, and, in additional models, also chronic diseases and lifestyle factors related to health, social, and religious activities. Results. Across waves, the share of individuals with low socio-economic status decreased. The prevalence of chronic diseases, including diabetes, heart diseases, stroke, and psychiatric diseases, increased over time. Alcohol consumption increased, whereas smoking rates, religious affiliation, and participation in religious activities decreased. Controlling for all covariates and compared to 2008, we observe decreases in dementia prevalence in 2018 by 52% (2018: OR 0.48, CI 0.42, 0.56). Women’s MMSE scores were more than two times as likely as men’s to indicate dementia (OR 2.59, CI 2.15, 3.14). Discussion. Decreases in dementia prevalence in Korea are partly attributable to improved socio-economic conditions and can be observed despite the increased prevalence of chronic conditions. However, secular trends were not fully explained by these and lifestyle factors. We discuss further individual-level and contextual-level mechanisms that may have contributed to these findings.
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Lee, Yong-Shik. "A Note on Economic Development in North Korea: Call for a Comprehensive Approach." Law and Development Review 12, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2018-0057.
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Abstract North Korea is currently one of the most impoverished countries with a history of famine, but the country has a significant potential for economic development that could lift its population from poverty. Neighbored by some of the largest and most advanced economies in the world (South Korea, Japan, and China) and endowed with abundant mineral resources, industrial experience, and a history of successful economic development in the past, North Korea can embark on the path to rapid economic development, as its southern counterpart (South Korea) did so successfully since the 1960s. Yet, the successful economic development of North Korea requires a comprehensive approach, including obtaining a fund for development; normalizing relations with the West and the neighboring countries; improving its human rights conditions; prioritizing key industrial development; and reforming its political-economic system. This note discusses the comprehensive approach necessary for the successful economic development of North Korea.
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Kim, Jasper, and Hannah Jun. "An Interdisciplinary Assessment of South Korea's Post-2002 Real Estate Anti-Speculation Policies." International Studies Review 12, no. 1 (October 15, 2011): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01201005.
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What factors fuelled the South Korean property boom since 2002, and whar (if anything) can be done to prevent a U.S.-style subprime crisis in the local real estate markers? This issue has grown even more urgent given observations of a potential bubble and burst scenario following the U.S. sub-prime crisis. This paper aims to bring together these concerns, from an interdisciplinary regulatory, economic and socio-cultural per-spective, by (1) providing a comprehensive and current overview of housing market dynamics in Korea, (2) examining South Korea's real estate regulatory policies since 2002 with-statistical evidence from the Bank of Korea (BOK), and (3) providinga brief policy implication and suggestion sectionre-garding the Korean housing marker conditions in the post-subprime crisis era.
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Ofosu-Anim, Duke O., and Seung-Hee Back. "Indigenous Community Development Practices as a Substratum in Designing Poverty Alleviation Policies for Ghana: Lessons from South Korea’s Saemaul Movement." Journal of Asian Research 4, no. 2 (March 25, 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jar.v4n2p1.
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Saemaul Movement was a community-based rural poverty alleviation policy of South Korea in the 1970s which contributed to ending poverty in rural communities. Its success can be attributed to how Koreans made use of indigenous community practices in policy design. The objective of the research was to evaluate the adaptation of Saemaul in Ghana, focusing on similarities in economic conditions and indigenous practices. The research utilised literature, interviews, and observations as the basis of methodology. The research findings revealed that the rural economic conditions in South Korea before Saemaul Movement was introduced was very similar to Ghana’s current rural economic indicators, which presents a reliable basis for comparative analysis on adaptation of Saemaul Movement in Ghana. Interviewees made a case for replicability of SM in Ghana. The results point to the existence of many similar indigenous rural community development practices which are prevalent in both case countries, and a possibility of developing poverty alleviation policies in Ghana based on existing indigenous practices as evidenced in the South Korean Saemaul Movement case. The researchers conclude that for poverty alleviation policies to work in Ghana, efforts in policy design must be based on utilising existing indigenous practices of rural communities.
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Valiakhmetova, G. N., and I. A. Musinova. "Relations between Republic of Korea and United Arab Emirates in Last Quarter of XX—XXI Centuries: from Economic Interaction to Special Strategic Partnership." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-5-327-337.
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The evolution of bilateral relations between the Republic of Korea and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the context of the formation of the Middle East direction of Seoul’s foreign policy in the 1980s and 2010s is considered. The author identifies and analyzes a set of factors that contributed to building of a constructive dialogue between South Korea and the Arab monarchies of the Persian Gulf and the Arab world as a whole. A periodization of the history of the development of the Korean-Emirati relations is proposed, a description of its main stages, as well as the legal and institutional foundations of bilateral cooperation is presented. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the transformation of conceptual approaches, methods and diplomatic tools for promoting the national interests of the Republic of Korea in the UAE. The author reveals the reasons for Seoul’s withdrawal from focusing solely on economic interaction with the UAE and the inclusion of South Korea in the political agenda of the Middle East, as well as the solution of urgent problems of ensuring regional security. The role of the South Korean presidents in strengthening the country’s geopolitical positions in the Middle East is emphasized. It is argued that the establishment of a strategic partnership with the UAE allowed the Republic of Korea to make a breakthrough in the Middle East and create favorable conditions for the integration of the UAE into world political and economic processes as an equal partner.
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Nam, Kwang-kyu. "The Yoon Seok-yeol Administration's Policy on North Korea and the Direction of ROK-U.S. Relations and Policy Tasks." Public Policy Research Institute, Korea University 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34266/jnks.2022.8.1.51.
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The direction of Yoon Seok-yeol's North Korea policy and foreign relations can be summarized as "first U.S.-South Korea relations, later inter-Korean relations," "first international cooperation after inter-Korean cooperation," and "first denuclearization after peace." At the same time, it is expected that the it will be more active on North Korean human rights issues than Moon Jae In government. The Yoon Seok-yeol administration's policy toward the U.S. is aimed at a "comprehensive strategic alliance" that expands the international role of the Korea-U.S. alliance by normalizing the Korea-U.S. alliance and restoring cooperation. This is expected to strength the Korea-U.S. economic alliance and technology alliance in the international supply chain. In order to smoothly operate the Korea-U.S. alliance, efforts to cooperate with South Korea, the U.S., and Japan are expected to be strengthened by restoring relations with Japan. If North Korea makes a high-intensity provocation, it will resume its strategy to deter the North Korea and will resume the actual joint exercise between South Korea and the U.S.. Since the Yoon Seok-yeol administration's foreign relations are likely to flow around the U.S., opposition and checks from China and Russia will be inevitable. In this regard, since a new Cold War atmosphere is likely to form in Northeast Asia, South Korea needs a high level of ability to coordinate diplomatic and security issues between the U.S., China, and the U.S. and Russia to prevent them from getting worse. In this regard, the additional THAAD deployment under the Yoon Seok-yeol administration will be the right time to proceed if North Korea resumes its nuclear test, and participation in the Quad should be strategically approached according to the timing and conditions.
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Ali, Sajid, and Choon-Man Jang. "Selection of Best-Suited Wind Turbines for New Wind Farm Sites Using Techno-Economic and GIS Analysis in South Korea." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 15, 2019): 3140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163140.
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South Korea greatly depends upon foreign countries to fulfill its energy requirements, and therefore imports billions of barrels of oil every year. For instance, 94.8% of the total primary energy supply (TPES) was imported from other countries in 2015, at the cost of 91.51 billion euros. There is a realistic challenge in front of the government to reduce these oil imports, and to find alternate (local) sources of energy. Renewable energy (RE) technologies can play a vital role in this regard. The South Korean government has shown a great interest in RE, and intends to achieve a target of 11% of the TPES being generated by RE by the end of 2035, as decided in the Korean Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS); which showed that only 4.9% of TPES was produced by RE at the end of 2015. The present study proposes ten potential onshore wind farm sites. These locations have been identified by using the GIS–MCDM (geographic information system–multi-criteria decision-making) methodology and a detailed techno-economic assessment has also been presented. Furthermore, the appropriate type of wind turbines has been recommended for each site using detailed analysis of wind conditions, 50-year extreme wind speed (EWS) and turbulence intensity (TI). The analysis showed that all the sites have excellent wind conditions, and they are also economically feasible. Parameters such as AEP (annual energy production), CF (capacity factor), LCOE (levelized cost of electricity), and NPV (net present value) have been estimated for each site, using five different wind turbines manufactured in South Korea. The present study can be very useful for the wind energy sector in South Korea.
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Kang, Byoung Yoong. "COVID-19 in North Korea and Its Effect on the Cooperation of North and South Korea in the Field of Health Care." Asian Studies 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2022.10.1.261-285.
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COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease that first appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and first spread throughout the country and then worldwide. WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, concerned about the rapid spread of COVID-19, officially declared a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) barred foreign tourists from China on January 21, 2020, and then completely closed its border with China. In this article, I will explore the impact of COVID-19 on North Korean society and research the cooperation plan between South and North Korea. I will also briefly introduce in the post-COVID-19 period. To better understand the health care system and health conditions in North Korea, I will first analyse the infectious disease management system and, in the context of this, then try to investigate in detail how COVID-19 has affected North Korea. From an economic point of view, I will examine the changes in economic cooperation between North Korea and China, and then try to explain the social changes caused by restrictions on movement and lack of goods, and the political situation in North Korea during the COVID-19 crisis. Finally, I will try to research the situation facing North Korea and suggest a way for cooperation between South and North Korea in the future. The basic aim of this research is to find a useful alternative for joint cooperation in the field of health care and safety and to improve cooperation between South and North Korea in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Rinna, Anthony V. "Moscow’s “turn to the East” and challenges to Russia–South Korea economic collaboration under the New Northern Policy." Journal of Eurasian Studies 10, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1879366519851984.
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The Republic of Korea (ROK) has not traditionally regarded the Russian Federation as an important partner in the Korean security crisis. Nevertheless, the ROK–Russia relationship has grown by leaps and bounds. Furthermore, the Moon Jae-in administration’s “New Northern Policy,” which focuses especially on economic collaboration with Russia, exhibits a great deal of compatibility with the “turn to the East” in the Russian Federation’s recent foreign and domestic policies. For Seoul, the “New Northern Policy” is not simply a means of generating economic benefits for the ROK but is also part of Seoul’s plans for promoting peace on the Korean Peninsula. Indeed, the Kremlin shares with South Korea not only the goal of increased economic interconnectivity but also a lasting peace on the Korean Peninsula. Nevertheless, two main barriers exist undermining aims outlined in the New Northern Policy. The continuation of the crisis over North Korea’s weapons of mass destruction (WMD) capabilities, particularly the perpetuation of the various layers of sanctions against Pyongyang, frustrate the economic integration as espoused in the New Northern Policy. Furthermore, economic conditions within Russia, namely, a lack of economic development within the Russian Far East, frustrate South Korean hopes for greater trade connectivity with Russia. Substantial changes to both the Northeast Asian sub-regional order as well as in the Russian Federation’s domestic economic situation, therefore, are necessary before the prospects envisioned in Seoul’s New Northern Policy can be realized.
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Hong, Jong-Wook. "Decolonization of Colonial Studies : Korea-Japan Joint Research on Korean Modern Economic History in the Late 1980s." Korean Association For Japanese History 59 (December 31, 2022): 51–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24939/kjh.2022.12.59.51.
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In the 1980s, Korea achieved economic growth and democratization. Changes in Korean society came along with the global post-Cold War era. Japanese critical intellectuals tried to interpret the changes in Korean society. Satoru Nakamura, a Marxist historian, paid attention to the development of Korea and presented a new world history statue based on semi-developed capitalism theory. Hideki Kajimura, who led the study of modern Korean historiography based on the theory of immanent development, explained Korea as peripheral capitalism that develops dependently. Until the mid-1980s, South Korean critical economist Ahn Byeong-jik adhered to the theory of colonial semi-feudal society that denied Korea’s capitalist development. In 1985, with Ahn Byeong-jik’s study in Japan, a Korea-Japan joint research was planned to explore the historical conditions of Korean economic development. Critical intellectuals from both countries put their heads together for the first time and discussed repeatedly to historicize the colonial experience. Decolonization is possible by facing and historicizing the colonial experience. Ahn Byeong-jik accepted Nakamura’s semi-developed capitalism theory in the course of his joint research. However, this joint research cannot be simplified as the origin of colonial modernization theory. The Korea-Japan joint research on the history of Korea’s modern economy can be positioned as the starting point of the colonial research that began in earnest after the 1990s in that it attempted various empirical and theoretical analyses.
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OZER, Ayhan, Mingyang Li, Fatima Diadhiou, Likun Fu, and Niels Vanthillo. "Socio-economic Comparison of Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea: Implications for Doing Business." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.86.8345.
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Both South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore are part of an exclusive group called ‘The Asian Tigers’. They are high-income economies that offer some of the world’s best living conditions and most competitive business environments. In the following paper, the history, socio-economic environment and industry of Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea will be compared and relevant differences highlighted. Through our research, we hope to provide a comprehensive summary for everyone with an interest in conducting business in Asia.
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Pospelova, T. V., and A. B. Yarygina. "Transformation of Innovation Processes and Socio-Cultural Specificity of South Korea in the framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution." MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research) 10, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18184/2079-4665.2019.10.1.54-65.
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Purpose: the main purpose of this article is to explore the specific characteristics of the innovation development of South Korea. To achieve this goal the following tasks must be solved in the article: research the main principles and steps in the development of South Korea; identify and analyze the successful factors of the South Korean «economic miracle» that will continue contributing to the development and growth of the country; describe the cultural and organizational factors limiting the speed of transformation of South Korea under the fourth industrial revolution.Methods: the main methods of the research are system, structural and qualitative analyses. For the study, statistical data and articles in Russian and foreign scientific and analytical publications were used. The article is contributed with the empirical findings from the case study conducted during direct involvement of the authors in one of the industrial companies of South Korea.Results: an in-depth analyses of the transformation periods during the innovation development of South Korea was carried out, which made it possible to formulate the conclusion about existing barriers originated in the organisational approaches used to achieve the former industrial success. The problems constraining the new paradigm shift are analyzed.Conclusions and Relevance: the materials stated in the article show that in modern conditions, transition of South Korea towards Industry 4.0 is constrained by several unique factors, that used to be the key success elements in the former stages of the innovation development of the country. The research conducted in this article represents the value to the activities of various organizations interested in the innovation development, especially for development of innovation policies from the aspect of the importance of oranisational and cultural behavior at a national level. Practical application of the suggested conclusions allows hierarchical and monocultural organisations to transition to the Industry 4.0 with the consideration of important economic and social dynamics.
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Bodomo, Adams, and Eun-Sook Chabal. "Africa – Asia Relations through the Prism of Television Drama." African and Asian Studies 13, no. 4 (December 10, 2014): 504–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341319.
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Even though many African and Asian countries share a common history of European colonialism and thus a model of economic development shaped within the aegis of center-periphery analysis, many Asian countries have been able to ride through the burden of center-periphery economics and built more successful political economies than most African countries. This state of affairs has often led many African analysts to point to Asian success stories like China and South Korea for comparative analysis and often see these Asian countries as models of socio-economic and socio-cultural success to emulate. In particular, Africans in the Diaspora, especially Africans in China, tend to compare very frequently the socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions of their host countries with those of their source countries. This paper outlines and discusses how a group of Africans living in Hong Kong and other parts of Asia see Korea and Korean culture through the prism of Korean television dramas, which constitute a popular cultural phenomenon among Hong Kong/Asian youths. Through qualitative and quantitative survey methods, participant-observation, and questionnaire surveys, the paper reports on how African community members of Hong Kong and others think of Koreans. We show that Africans draw a lot of comparisons between Korean and African ways of conceptualizing the world.
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Fedorovsky, A. N. "Сhallenge of COVID-19 and Priorities of Economic Development of the Republic of Korea." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 5 (November 27, 2020): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-12.
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The article analyzes the South Korean experience of dealing with the crisis phenomena that most countries faced at the national and global levels in 2020. The fact that the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the previously negative internal and external trends has made the problems of socio-economic development of the Republic of Korea more acute. Among them – the chronic difficulties of South Korean small and medium-sized businesses, the pressure by the president Trump’s protectionist measures in the US-South Korean and international trade in general, the consequences of the aggravation of the USChina standoff. The key challenges associated with the imposition of negative external factors on existing internal imbalances are evaluated. The analysis of the state policy to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 virus is carried out. The article examines the prerequisites for the stability of the national economy and the anti-crisis measures taken to resist internal and external challenges in the context of the pandemic, and assesses the prospects for correcting the development course that has developed in the Republic of Korea in recent years. The role of the created complex of innovative industries and modern medical support system is emphasized. The importance of public confidence in the government’s preventive health measures is noted. It shows, on the one hand, the importance of international value chains as a possible source of instability risk in the context of a pandemic, and, on the other hand, the potential of medical-related industries to maintain the dynamics of foreign economic relations. The importance of coordinating anti-crisis measures with China for the Republic of Korea in creating conditions that limit the spread of COVID-19 while maintaining the stable operation of major industries is noted. The prospects for Seoul’s participation in regional projects are evaluated, as an example, the activation of exports to ASEAN member countries of medical equipment and technologies aimed at combating the pandemic is given.
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Yap, O. Fiona. "A Strategic Model of Economic Performance and Democratization in South Korea and Taiwan." British Journal of Political Science 42, no. 1 (August 24, 2011): 213–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123411000287.
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A debate, fanned by the experiences of South Korea and Taiwan, persists over how economic growth leads to democratization. This article provides a theoretical model showing that economic downturns lead to democratization and evaluates the conclusion systematically with data from South Korea and Taiwan. The model and results corroborate the hypothesis that economic downturns motivate government and non-government actors to pursue political reforms and democratization and highlight several contributions. They show democratization as the outcome of strategic responses pursued under weak economic conditions. Further, the findings are robust to alternative specifications of democratization. The results also bring empirics into line with theoretical expectations about democratization while simultaneously revealing that it is not a panacea for lack of support.
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Rondinelli, Dennis A., and Gyula Vastag. "Assessing South Korea's Globalization Strategy and the International Competitiveness of the Seoul Metropolitan Area." Competition & Change 2, no. 3 (September 1997): 299–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949800200302.
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Korea's pursuit of globalization is being driven by its membership in international trade organizations, its international trade agreements, and the need to accelerate exports, its primary source of economic growth. Reforming its international trade regime, however, is only part of what Korea must do to make its corporations more competitive in international markets. National policies must be supported by favorable business conditions in cities and metropolitan areas where industries are located. The “international competitiveness” of the Seoul metropolitan area, together with national economic policies, liberalization of its international trade regime, and the development of agile firms and industries will determine how effectively and how quickly the Korean government achieves its objectives of globalizing Korea's economy and society.
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Im, Changmin, and Youngho Kim. "Spatial pattern of tuberculosis (TB) and related socio-environmental factors in South Korea, 2008-2016." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): e0255727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255727.
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Tuberculosis (TB) incidence and corresponding mortality rates in S. Korea are unusual and unique compared to other economically developed countries. Korea has the highest TB incidence rate in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. TB is known as a disease reflecting socio-economic and environmental conditions of a society. Besides, TB is an infectious disease spread through the air, naturally forming spatial dependence of its incidence. This study investigates TB incidences in Korea in socio-economic and environmental perspectives. Eigenvector spatial filtering applied accounts for spatial autocorrelation in the TB incidence, and Getis-Ord Gi* statistic tracks the changes of TB clusters at given time. The results show that population composition ratio, population growth rate, health insurance payment, and public health variables are significant throughout the study period. Environmental variables make minor effects on TB incidence. This study argues that unique demographic features of Korea are a potential threat to TB control in the future.
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Kim, Bok-Tae, and Cheon Geun Choi. "Understanding female marriage immigrants’ participation in economic activities and their working conditions in South Korea." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196818793737.
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Using data from the 2012 National Multicultural Family Survey, this study examines various factors that influence female marriage immigrants’ participation in economic activities and their working conditions in South Korea. The results suggest that household characteristics, human capital and social relations–discrimination factors, as well as experience with employment support services, have significant positive effects on female marriage immigrants’ participation in economic activities and their working conditions. While the government’s employment support services positively affect marriage immigrants’ decision to participate in economic activities, they do not contribute toward improving their working conditions. There is a need for governmental employment support services to take specific actions to help improve the working conditions of immigrant women.
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Son, Byunghwan. "ARE THE POOR THE WEAK LINK? DEMOCRATIC SUPPORT AND INCOME LEVELS IN POST-CRISIS SOUTH KOREA." Journal of East Asian Studies 16, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2016.1.
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AbstractExtant literature on democratization documents that ordinary citizens’ unconditional support for democracy is indispensable to democratic consolidation. Yet observers of nascent democracies have repeatedly witnessed that such support often hinges upon their economic conditions. This article argues that income levels have a conditioning effect on this relationship; the Korean poor see democracy as a tool for income redistribution and are less likely than the rich to support it when economic hardships appear to close windows of opportunities for such redistribution. Using survey data from the first round of the Asian Barometer Survey on South Korea, I find strong empirical support for this argument. The implication of this finding for broader literature on democratization is that the weakening of young democracies can be attributed to the poor in times of trouble, or the “weak link.”
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Yoo, Sang-Keun. "Necropolitical metamorphoses." Science Fiction Film & Television: Volume 14, Issue 1 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/sfftv.2021.3.
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This article analyses and compares two films by South Korean filmmaker Bong Joon-ho: his 2006 sf film Gwoemul (The Host; South Korea 2006) and his most recent film Gisaengchung (Parasite; South Korea 2019). I interpret these two films through the lens of outbreak narrative and socio-environmentalism. I argue the films foreground the way each class has a different power and ability to defend itself against environmental toxicity, even though our bodies share the same porosity to it. The films show that with the unequal distribution of power and wealth, the rich and necropolitical nation-states use outbreak narrative to (re)constitute communities based on class lines, drawing imaginary lines between them. As a fictionalised enemy, poor communities are pushed away to uninhabitable places - the exceptional places made for emergencies. Bong shows that those pushed away to live minimal lives metamorphosise into parasites in the mental, behavioural and somatic senses, and further demonstrates that the current economic and political conditions offer no possibilities of solidarity. The paper concludes that his films demand that humanities scholars rethink our approach to environmentalist discourses, reminding our audiences that environmental justice for the poor can never be achieved without changing the necropolitical system of politics and economics.
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Dworak, Edyta, and Witold Kasperkiewicz. "Conditions And Prospects For Development Of Innovation In EU Economies In Light Of The Europe 2020 Strategy." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 16, no. 4 (February 13, 2014): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2013-0027.
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The purpose of this paper is to explain the essence of the Europe 2020 Strategy, with particular emphasis on development projects in the field of innovation;to assess the level of innovation in the EU economies in comparison to the U.S., Japan and South Korea, and to describe the conditions for the development of the EU economic area in light of the Strategy program objectives. The paper consists of three parts. The first part outlines the essence and objectives of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The second part contains an analysis of the level of innovativeness of the EU economies compared with U.S., Japan and South Korea. The third part focuses on the conditions and prospects for the development of innovative economies in the European Union.
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Piccolotto, Pablo. "Milagro sobre el río Han. / Miracle on the Han river." Revista de Ciencias Empresariales │Universidad Blas Pascal, no. 1 (2015) (March 30, 2020): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37767/2468-9785(2015)005.
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El caso de estudio que se presenta a continuación pretende exponer las variables económicas, políticas, sociales y culturales que fueron instrumentales para el desarrollo económico de Corea del Sur, luego de finalizada la Guerra de Corea y hasta mediados de los 90s. El fin último que persigue este artículo es descubrir y hacer explícitas aquellas buenas prácticas que podrían ser aplicadas por otras naciones emergentes, para generar condiciones de crecimiento similares a las de Corea del Sur. El trabajo se encuentra complementado por un análisis comparativo sobre los valores culturales de Corea del Sur y Argentina, ya que la cultura es un aspecto clave que debe ser considerado a la hora de analizar e instanciar las lecciones que se exponen en el artículo. La información expuesta se encuentra respaldada por una amplia investigación de literatura e información estadística actualizada, así como también, se nutre de la experiencia vivencial del autor tras estudiar dichos aspectos en Corea del Sur.
ABSTRACT:
The study case presented below, aims to expose the economic, political, social and cultural variables that were instrumental in the economic development of South Korea, after the Korean War ended to the mid-90s. The ultimate purpose of this paper is to discover and make explicit those good practices that could be applied by other emerging economy nations to generate similar growth conditions as South Korea. The work is complemented by a comparative analysis of the cultural values of South Korea and Argentina, since culture is a key aspect that must be taken into account when analyzing and instantiating any of the lessons outlined in this article. The material presented is supported by an extensive updated literature and statistical information research; also it draws on the author´s experience having studied these aspects in South Korea.
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Park, Jin-sol, and Jong-Seok Nam. "Social and Economic Conditions of Democratisation and Development of Capitalism of South Korea in 1980s." Journal of Regional Studies 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31324/jrs.2018.03.26.1.151.
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Jeon, Sangwoo. "Corona Virus (COVID19) Risk Groups: Scrutinizing the Death Cases Reported in South Korea." Frontiers in Health Informatics 9, no. 1 (September 26, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/fhi.v9i1.232.
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Introduction: The outbreak of COVID19 has led to a global health and economic crisis. Although no approved treatment exists to date, vaccine prototypes, antiviral medication, preventive measures, and treatment strategies are studied by scientists and pharmaceutical companies worldwide. The objective of this paper is to examine the COVID19 death cases in South Korea in order to identify the distinct features of the deceased, such as sex, age, underlying medical conditions, which can be targeted when searching for a COVID19 treatment strategy. Material and Methods: Data regarding sex, age, and underlying conditions of the deceased and current cases was obtained from South Korea’s Centers for Disease Control and the Korean Statistical Information Service (data retrieved on May 21, 2020). The data were examined to identify any trends between the parameters using direct statistical analysis. Personal variables of COVID19 patients were studied, such as their sex, age, and preexisting health conditions. The data were analyzed in terms of possible factors leading to COVID19 complications and resulting in patients' deaths.Results: As of May 21, 2020, 11142 confirmed cases and 264 deaths were reported in South Korea. Sex has not had an impact on the death rate, but it directly correlates with age. No deaths were reported for cases of individuals under 30 years old, and only five deaths were reported between the ages of 30 and 50. Additionally, 98.5 % of victims suffered from an underlying condition. The primary underlying condition in deceased cases was related to circulatory system disorders. The results of the statistical analysis were further used to devise a classification of COVID19 risk factors. It consists of three categories ranging from low to high-risk levels. Conclusion: Treatment targeted at patients over 60 years old and with circulatory system disorders can reduce the death rate of COVID19 infected patients in South Korea.
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Coe, Neil M., Yong-Sook Lee, and Steve Wood. "Conceptualising contemporary retail divestment: Tesco's departure from South Korea." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 12 (October 2, 2017): 2739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17733265.
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In this article, we critically analyse the September 2015 decision of the UK retailer Tesco to sell its highly profitable South Korean subsidiary Homeplus to private investors. For over a decade since market entry in 1999, Homeplus had grown steadily to achieve a market-leading position through a process of strategic localization in which Tesco's global business practices were selectively adapted to meet the specific needs of the South Korean market. Against this backdrop, we explain the exit decision through theorising the dynamic intersection of home and host market factors that developed contemporaneously from 2010 onwards. On the one hand, worsening market conditions and financial pressures in a post-crisis UK domestic market drove Tesco to refocus on its home operations and, ultimately, identify saleable assets to offset mounting debts. On the other hand, steadily growing resistance within the South Korean market from competitors, regulators, labour and consumers caused sales growth to stall and then start to decline. Our analysis contributes to the economic geography literature on retail divestment by conceptualising the relational process of divestment decision-making that encompasses the intersection of home and host market pressures as well as conditions across the wider portfolio of subsidiaries. The research is particularly distinctive in its profiling of this coevolution of drivers, and in distilling the different ‘domains’ of host market contestation. The analysis also has wider significance in the context of the broader literatures on economic globalization that have tended to focus heavily on processes of expansion and market entry and far less on the instances of failure and exit that are an integral and inevitable part of these wider dynamics.
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Park, Myung-Bae, Eun Woo Nam, Chun-Bae Kim, Hae Jong Lee, Kwang-Soo Lee, and Sang-Baek Koh. "Favorable and unfavorable health conditions within OECD countries: An exploratory study." SAGE Open Medicine 6 (January 1, 2018): 205031211775384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312117753847.
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Objectives: This study compared the physical, mental, and social health levels among Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Methods: We sampled from 34 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries and divided physical, mental, and social health into three domains based on World Health Organization health definitions. Results: A multivariate hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to group countries that were similar in terms of health. Regarding physical health, Japan, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, and ten more countries reported favorable health conditions. For mental health, Australia, Canada and eight more countries revealed favorable conditions. Finally, in terms of social health, Austria, Finland, Iceland, and seven more countries reported favorable conditions. Sweden and Switzerland reported the best health conditions aggregated across all three domains. Conversely, Estonia, Hungary, and Turkey reported comparatively poorer health across all three domains when compared with other Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Conclusions: We suggested that mental health policy should be further strengthened in cases of Korea and Japan. In case of the Eastern Bloc countries, health policies should be established focusing on health equity for effective improvement of indicators.
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Song, Yosung, and Justin Freedman. "Childhood Experiences of North Korean Refugees at the Intersection of Disability and Refugee Status." Canadian Journal of Children's Rights / Revue canadienne des droits des enfants 6, no. 1 (November 8, 2019): 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/cjcr.v6i1.2201.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine how the intersection of disability and refugee is experienced by North Korean refugees during their childhood. A Critical Disability Studies theoretical framework is used to understand the interplay of social and embodied aspects of disability within the conditions faced by North Korean refugees across multiple borders and contexts. Data is reported from interviews with two teachers and eight young adults and students about their childhood experiences before, during, and after their journey to relocate in South Korea. We report findings of the violence that North Korean refugee children and adolescents experience and the structural, political, economic, and cultural conditions that shape North Korean refugee children’s access to rights, such as health care and education. Further, we highlight how identities, such as gender and ethnicity, impact the embodied experiences of North Korean refugee children, and their relationship to multiple nation-states.
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Choi, Bongseok, and Seon Tae Kim. "Global Value Chain and Misallocation: Evidence from South Korea." Journal of Korea Trade 26, no. 4 (June 30, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2022.26.4.1.
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Purpose - This paper empirically investigates the effect of a rise in the global value chain (GVC) on the industry-level efficiency of resource allocation (based on plant-level inefficiency measures) in Korea, with a focus on various channels through which a rise in the GVC can increase competition among firms and thus induce resources to be allocated more efficiently across firms.
Design/methodology - We empirically investigate the relationship between the industry-specific importance of GVC and the industry-level allocative inefficiency that is measured as the dispersion of the plant-level marginal revenue of capital (MRK) as in Hsieh and Klenow’s (2009) influential model. We compute MRK dispersion for industries sorted by various characteristics that are closely related to firm/industry sensitivity to the GVC. In other words, we compute the average industry-level MRK dispersion for industries sorted by industry-specific importance of GVC and compute the difference between the two groups of industries (higher vs. lower than the median GVC); we also calculate the difference between industries sorted by industry-specific export (import) intensity. This is our difference-in-difference estimate of the MRK dispersion associated with the GVC for the export (import)-intensive industry versus the non-export (non-import)-intensive industry. This differencein- difference estimate of the MRK dispersion conditional vs. unconditional on firm-level productivity is then calculated further (triple-difference estimate).
Findings - A rise in GVC is associated with a decrease in the MRK dispersion in the export-intensive industry compared to the non-export-intensive industry. The same is true for industries that rely heavily on imports versus those that do not (i.e., import intensive vs. non-intensive). Furthermore, the reduction in the MRK dispersion in the export-intensive industry associated with an increase in the GVC is disproportionately greater for high-productivity firms. In contrast, the negative relationship between GVC and MRK dispersion in the import-intensive industry is disproportionately smaller for high-productivity firms.
Originality/value - Existing studies focus on the relationship between GVC and aggregate output, exports, and imports at the country level. We investigate detailed firm/industry-level mechanisms that determine the relationship between GVC, trade, and productivity. Using the plant-level data in South Korea, we investigate how GVC is related to the cross-firm MRK dispersion, an important measure of allocative inefficiency, based on Hsieh and Klenow’s (2009) influential economic theory. This is the first study to provide plant-level evidence of how GVC affects MRK dispersion. Furthermore, we examine how the relationship between GVC and MRK-dispersion varies across export intensity, import intensity, and firm-level productivity, providing insight into how GVC can affect firms’ exposure to competition in the global market differently depending on market conditions and thus generate trade-related productivity gains.
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Matray, James I. "Development Delayed: U.S. Economic Policy in Occupied Korea, 1945–1948." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 10, no. 1-2 (2001): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656101793645579.
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AbstractOn 9 September 1945, U.S. military forces landed at Inchon to begin American occupation of southern Korea. For almost three years thereafter, a U.S. military government under the command of Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was responsible for civil affairs south of the 38th parallel. Its policies resulted in delaying Korea's economic development. Early in World War II, the U.S. government had begun preparations for the postwar administration of military government and civil affairs. At first, the focus was on Germany and its occupied territories, but during 1944, training began for 1,500 army and navy officers to serve in occupied Japan. The program ignored Korea, with the exception of a one-hour lecture in some classes near the end of the war. Plans to prepare civil affairs handbooks summarizing conditions in target areas for over thirty nations did not include Korea. Not surprisingly, many civil affairs officers who served in postwar Korea had trained for duty in Japan. They knew nothing about the country they were to govern and of course did not speak the language. Historians have argued that this lack of preparation was largely responsible for the failures of the American occupation. But other factors were more important in explaining the lack,
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Kim, Ji Young, Eun Saem Choi, and Ki Hoon Ahn. "The Present and Future Status of Maternal and Child Health From the Perspective of Unification Medicine." Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health 26, no. 3 (July 31, 2022): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21896/jksmch.2022.26.3.132.
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As North Korea’s healthcare sector loses functionality under the collapsing socialist system, the gap in medical care between North and South Korea is widening. As a result, we expect that the social safety network will disintegrate in the medical field after unification, and in view of this, our study analyzes the infants and mothers who are likely to be most affected at this time to establish a direction for the promotion of unification in the future. Maternal health in North and South Korea was analyzed by the prevalence of anemia, maternal mortality ratio, prenatal and postpartum visits, and child health was analyzed by chronic malnutrition, vaccination penetration rate, and infant mortality rate to evaluate North Korea's poor nutritional conditions and medical system. The introduction of the legal system related to maternal and child health in North and South Korea includes prenatal and postpartum management and labor. Under this legal system, North Korea includes accessibility to hospitals and children's nutrition management issues, and South Korea includes subfertility treatment and postpartum care centers. As a countermeasure to the low birth rate problem emerging in both countries, the governments are providing work leave and economic support. In order to make effective use of the maternal health indicators from a unified scientific perspective, they should be calculated and codeveloped by both North and South Korea, and a multifaceted approach is needed through the setting of additional indicators such as the perinatal mortality rate.
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Kim, Sumin, Ho Young Rho, and Sojung Kim. "The Effects of Climate Change on Heading Type Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Pekinensis) Economic Production in South Korea." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 3172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123172.
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Since Chinese cabbage is consumed fresh, its wholesale price varies with the total amount supplied on the market. However, in these days, climate variability presents a large threat to sustainable Chinese cabbage production in South Korea. To manage Chinese cabbage production well under unexpected weather conditions, it is important to study the impacts of climate variability on Chinese cabbage economic yields in South Korea. In this study, 2-year field trials were conducted in multiple locations across seven provinces in South Korea. The collected morphological data from 24 different varieties were used to develop a yield prediction model using a machine learning technique. Three Chinese cabbage groups were carried out through the clustering analysis, and a yield model was developed for each cluster group. The developed model was used to predict the cabbage economic yields under different combinations of climate change and cropping management plans. According to simulation results, Group 1 had the shortest growing degree days and produced higher yields than the other two groups. However, the overproduction of Group 1 led to a price reduction in the market of (USD(0.04–0.08) per kg), which suggested that producing Group 2 of (USD(0.31–0.96) per kg) is more beneficial to farmers. Based on the production results of the groups, their revenue varied by location and cropping management. The results of this study provide farmers with a better understanding of the relationship between production and economic benefits in future climate change scenarios.
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OH, KYEUNG MI, and ANTHONY M. WARNES. "Care services for frail older people in South Korea." Ageing and Society 21, no. 6 (November 2001): 701–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x01008479.
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This paper examines the changed social circumstances of older people in South Korea and specifically the increased need for formal health and social services for those who are frail and have no informal carers. The article begins with a summary account of the country's exceptionally rapid demographic, economic and social transformations, which demonstrates a widening gap between the population's expectations and needs, and health and social service provision. It then examines the recently initiated and now burgeoning welfare programmes, with particular attention to health and social services for sick and frail older people. Most extant care services are accessed mainly by two minorities: the very poor and the rich. The dominant policy influence of physicians and a history of conflict between traditional and western medicine probably underlies the low current priority for ‘care’ as opposed to ‘cure’, as also for the management of chronic conditions and rehabilitation. Neither long-term care services nor personal social services are well developed. There is a marked disparity between the acute services, which are predominantly provided by private sector organisations in a highly competitive market and broadly achieve high standards, and public primary care and rudimentary residential services. The latter are weakly regulated and there are many instances of low standards of care.
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Nebrat, Victoria. "Post-war economic recovery policy: experience of the Republic of Korea." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2022, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2022.04.043.
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The development of a strategy for post-war recovery of Ukraine's economy determines the advisability and importance of taking into account international experience. An urgent task is to assess the possibility to implement those economic policy tools that have proven their practical effectiveness. At the same time, it is necessary to define the reservations and risks associated with the implementation of certain aspects in the recovery policy. The purpose of the article is to identify institutional factors and economic mechanisms that provided the successful post-war recovery and development of the Republic of Korea in the 1960s and 1970s. Revealing the positive experience of the restructuring involves the account of historical conditions, and the role of foreign aid and internal sources of economic growth. The author has used the methods of comparative and problem-logical analysis, the institutional-evolutionary approach, the principle of integrability as a basis for the synthesis of empirical and theoretical knowledge, and the methodological approach of F. List regarding the historical conditioning of forms of economic nationalism. It is established that after the end of the Korean War, in 1953–1960, domestic policy and foreign aid were focused on solving the primary tasks of overcoming devastation and hunger. The author considers the forms of interaction between the state, the business environment and foreign aid in ensuring the recovery and development of the economy of the Republic of Korea in the 1960s and 1970s. Contrary to the recommendations aimed at liberalizing the economy with a focus on the development of traditional industries, the government of Park Chung-hee gradually implemented a national strategy aimed at industrialization and achieving global competitiveness on high-tech markets. This was facilitated by the introduction of the national planning system, the financial strategy of public-private partnership, and the support for export-oriented industrial production. The agrarian reform, focused on the development of highly productive family farming, contributed to the consolidation of food self-sufficiency and expansion of the domestic market. The strict policy of the redistribution of donor funds by the state provided a so-called export discipline for big business, thanks to which the national corporations - chaebols - became the drivers of investment and innovation based modernization of the economy. The author defines the main components of the Republic of Korea's success in realizing the national interests of economic development under the conditions of foreign aid in post-war reconstruction. An assessment is made of the possibility and expediency of using South Korean experience in Ukraine.
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Eich-Born, Marion, and Robert Hassink. "On the Battle between Shipbuilding Regions in Germany and South Korea." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 4 (April 2005): 635–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37122.
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Over time we can observe a dramatic global shift in shipbuilding activities, from Great Britain to Continental Europe to Japan to South Korea; most recently China is gaining ground. Every transition is accompanied by institutional and political reactions, leading to protectionism and trade conflicts. The most recent of these battles is being fought out between the European Commission, in particular Germany as a major player in this market, and South Korea, which is accused of illegally supporting its shipyards. As state support has traditionally played an important role, both in establishing and in protecting shipbuilding as a strategic industry within a national economy, the concept of political lock-in appears to provide a promising method for explaining both the rise, through its enabling element, and delayed fall, through its constraining element, of these specific regional economies. Against the background of this theoretical concept, an empirical study comparing two competing shipbuilding regions—Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in eastern Germany and Gyeongnam in South Korea—was conducted; the results are twofold. First, restructuring the shipbuilding industry in these two regions seems less affected by local and regional factors than it is by national and international organisations. National and international organisations are, under globalisation conditions, increasingly responsible for regulating the conditions of competition, but are failing to do so. Second, because of the multiscale involvement of political and economic actors and, hence, the increasing complexity of the restructuring process, the concept of political lock-in needs to be integrated into a much broader explanatory framework—which the authors develop.
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Jaung, Hoon. "Politics, Economy, and Dynamics of Presidential Popularity in the Kim Dae Jung Government in South Korea." Journal of East Asian Studies 2, no. 1 (February 2002): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800000746.
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What determines the public evaluation of South Korean president? Is it a temporal cycle of presidential tenure, the economy or political events? This paper explores these questions by examining the case of President Kim Dae Jung who enjoyed high popularity in the early phase of his tenure but experienced consistent decline of popularity after 18 months in office, much like his predecessors did. The paper argues that the high and low of public support for the president is not simply a function of the temporal cycle and that the fluctuation of public rating is strongly influenced by the public's consideration of economic matters and corruption scandals. In the case of the current South Korean president, one's performance in resuscitating the economy could not rescue a president besieged by one corruption scandal after another. Also, the improved economic conditions did not save Kim Dae Jung's public approval rate from tumbling, because reforms failed to alleviate the economic hardship felt by the lower class. All of this demonstrates that the public does separate economic and political issues and weigh them disproportionately in evaluating presidential performance.
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Gong, Qian, and Gary Rawnsley. "Media freedom and responsibility in South Korea: The perceptions of journalists and politicians during the Roh Moo-hyun presidency." Journalism 19, no. 9-10 (January 22, 2017): 1257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916688287.
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This article analyses the perceptions of media freedom and responsibility by journalists and politicians in South Korea during the Presidency of Roh Moo-huyn (2003–2008). It draws on in-depth interviews with 10 journalists and 10 politicians with different political affiliations and interests. Findings suggest that both groups had positive appraisals of the country’s media democratisation. For them, the media could function as a watchdog on political power without having to fear direct political reprisals for doing so. However, the political press remained partially shackled to specific legacies and economic conditions. The most pressing example is the way the paternal power of conservative media owners challenged the editorial independence of journalists. While the Internet media offered some hope to rebalance the power relationship between the conservative and progressive forces, the sensational and hyper-adversarial media motivated by market and political competition emerged as more worrying concerns for the consolidation of democratic political communication in post-transition South Korea. Setbacks in press freedom since 2008 have undermined some of the positive evaluations of the political communication in South Korea, suggesting that the democratic transition in this country resembles ‘a circle rather a straight line’.
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Kim, Sea Jin, Chul-Hee Lim, Gang Sun Kim, Jongyeol Lee, Tobias Geiger, Omid Rahmati, Yowhan Son, and Woo-Kyun Lee. "Multi-Temporal Analysis of Forest Fire Probability Using Socio-Economic and Environmental Variables." Remote Sensing 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11010086.
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As most of the forest fires in South Korea are related to human activity, socio-economic factors are critical in estimating their probability. To estimate and analyze how human activity is influencing forest fire probability, this study considered not only environmental factors such as precipitation, elevation, topographic wetness index, and forest type, but also socio-economic factors such as population density and distance from urban area. The machine learning Maximum Entropy (Maxent) and Random Forest models were used to predict and analyze the spatial distribution of forest fire probability in South Korea. The model performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method, and models’ outputs were compared based on the area under the ROC curve (AUC). In addition, a multi-temporal analysis was conducted to determine the relationships between forest fire probability and socio-economic or environmental changes from the 1980s to the 2000s. The analysis revealed that the spatial distribution was concentrated in or around cities, and the probability had a strong correlation with variables related to human activity and accessibility over the decades. The AUC values for validation were higher in the Random Forest result compared to the Maxent result throughout the decades. Our findings can be useful for developing preventive measures for forest fire risk reduction considering socio-economic development and environmental conditions.
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Korgun, I. A. "30 Years of Trade and Investment Cooperation between Russia and South Korea." Economics and Management 26, no. 10 (December 26, 2020): 1048–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-10-1048-1059.
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The presented study analyses the results of trade and investment cooperation between the Russian Federation and South Korea over the past 30 years — since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1990.Aim. The study aims to analyze major trends in commodity and investment flows between the two countries to identify the main features of bilateral cooperation over 30 years.Tasks. The author identifies the main stages of bilateral cooperation; assesses the initial conditions at the time of its origin and how these conditions changed over time; identifies the features of merchandise trade between the two countries; analyzes regional investment structure; describes possible ways to enhance cooperation.Methods. This study uses systematic methods of statistical analysis of trade and investment, synthesis of information from various uses, including general scientific methods of induction and deduction.Results. The author determines general trends in the development of trade between the countries — in particular, the increasing concentration of trade flows in several commodity categories, both from Russia and from Korea. Disproportions associated with the amount and orientation of investment and the nature of the business involved in cooperation are identified. Emphasis is placed on the asymmetry in the degree of government involvement in bilateral economic relations.Conclusions. To enhance cooperation, it is important to create mechanisms and institutions that could serve bilateral trade and investment flows without reference to third countries.
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Booth, Anne. "Initial Conditions and Miraculous Growth: Why is South East Asia Different From Taiwan and South Korea?" World Development 27, no. 2 (February 1999): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(98)00126-0.
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