Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Korean type'

Applied research project (D. Min.)--School of Theology and Missions, Oral Roberts University, 2008.
Includes abstract and vita. Translated from Korean. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-205).

Thesis advisor: Thanh V. Tran
Diabetes management is a major part of treatment but many ethnic/racial minorities with type 2 diabetes do not make the needed adjustment. A key component of healthcare access is health acculturation, defined as a level of success in navigating the mainstream healthcare system. The overall goal of this study is to develop a measure of health acculturation and examine its relationship with diabetes management across several ethnic minority groups in the US. The first purpose is to investigate the relationship between health acculturation and type 2 diabetes management behaviors in a sample of foreign-born Vietnamese, Chinese, Korean and Latino adults. The second purpose is to assess ethnic differences by testing the interaction between health acculturation and ethnicity on diabetes management behaviors. Merged dataset from CHIS 2009 and 2011-2 were used for analysis. Multiple and logistic regression analysis revealed that those with high health acculturation skills performed more diabetes management than their counterparts. Latinos performed better than all Asian subgroups on most diabetes management behaviors regardless of the level of health acculturation. The study has implications for social workers and healthcare providers working with ethnic and minority populations. The results suggest that the health acculturation measure would be a good screening tool to identify immigrant populations who will most benefit from health intervention within the culture of western medicine. In addition, the results help to identify specific skills and tools needed by social workers and healthcare providers to better serve these populations
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work
Discipline: Social Work

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This research starts from the question of how North Korea decides upon the types of its provocations against the South. To find the answer, the author divides the major provocations into three periods, according to their characteristics, and examines how the major decisive factors of the Norths crisis policy making, such as military strength, relations with China and the Soviet Union (Russia), regime stability, and economic power, affected its choice of provocation types. The results of the analysis suggest that Pyongyang has chosen the targets, scale, and methods of provocation by thoroughly evaluating its current military, diplomatic, political, and economic conditions. Therefore, what types of provocations will be initiated by North Korea in the future? One of the obvious points is that Pyongyangs confidence to defeat Seoul will not be restored soon, and the unexpected strong response of the United States and South Korea will confuse the Norths strategic decision making. For that reason, the most effective way for South Korea to deter any possible provocations by the North is to put more pressure on the Kim regime by using its overwhelming national power and conveying its strong intention to retaliate against the Norths threats on the basis of the firm ROK-U.S. military alliance.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 18, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Linguistics." Discipline: Linguistics; Department/School: Linguistics.

Korean middle school students have shown outstanding performance in various international assessments since a decade ago. The current study focused on parental variables and their relations to their children's achievement. In this study, the researcher sought to explore how parental variables such as parental involvement, attributions, education, and income influence performance of Korean youths. Completed questionnaires from 138 Korean parents whose children are middle school students were analyzed to answer the research questions. The analyses of data in this study confirmed that parents' educational level, private tutoring expenditure, satisfaction with private tutoring, parents' home and school based involvement, parents' perception of their children's GPA, parents' attribution of luck, effort, and strategy to their children's academic success were associated with children's achievement in Korean families. The results of this study indicated that not only parental involvement in home based and school based activities, but also private tutoring based activities, were positively associated with Korean middle school students' achievement. In particular, parents' involvement in private tutoring based activities was a strong factor to enhance children's achievement in core academic subjects (math, Korean, English). The findings of this study suggested that Korean parents' involvement includes the private tutoring system as well as home and school involvement, and this unique aspect of parental involvement is used as an important strategy to promote children's academic achievement by current Korean parents.

Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1994.
Thesis advisor(s): Mark W. Stone, Rebecca J. Adams. "December 1994." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Over the past few decades, South Korea has experienced economic development and urbanisation, the effects of which have included environmental degradation and social problems. The principles of sustainable development have gained support as an approach to dealing with these issues; and the compact city has been proposed as a means of delivering sustainable development without the sprawl of Western cities. This thesis examines the applicability of the compact city to South Korea, particularly to large-scale developments, through the perspective of sustainable development. The research questions, ‘How and why have urban developments in South Korea been accompanied by compactness?’ and, ‘What implications does this have for sustainable development?’ are examined through two case studies: Yong-in, a city developed by diverse methods; and Se-jong, a city developed as a single new project. The case studies demonstrate that new settlements by high-rise apartments in South Korea have achieved a high degree of compactness, and residents have appreciated their liveability and made them their popular housing choice. The thesis concludes that the compact city in South Korean urban development is not only feasible, but is acceptable to residents; and it suggests a compact city model and strategies applicable in the South Korean context.

A new retail institution type has emerged in South Korea that is unique in comparison to any previous retail institution type. The study of this emergence and its growth has implications for the future structure of retail both in South Korea and in other parts of the world. To proceed with a study of this new retail institution type, appropriate theory base and research findings about past retailing in South Korea were needed; however, a search of literature indicated that South Korean retailing has been the subject of limited and mostly fragmented research. Historically, many researchers have endeavored to study retail evolution in Western countries. Although extensively studied, used in conceptual work, and applied as foundation in empirical work, some limitations exist with previous retail evolution theories: inability to cover all types of retail institutions, lack of geographic universality, and limited quantification. In conjunction with these limitations, the historic evolution and current structures of retail institution types in South Korea, on the surface, appear to be very different from the evolution and structure of retailing in the Western hemisphere. Several reasons for this difference appear to involve the unique features of South Korea and its culture: retailing types were imported to South Korea within a very compressed time period, unique geography includes small land size and high population concentration in South Korea, the government control and the political insulation of South Korea are different from Western cultures. The purpose of this study was to examine the evolution of retail institution types in South Korea with a proposed model. To examine the evolution of retail institution types in South Korea and to develop a more universal research model to explain this evolution, a qualitative research design was used. Specifically, a modified grounded theory type of design, with a historical/ comparative analysis method, was used in this study. First, the grounded theory process was used to develop a graphical representation or model using information from previous research. Second, the researcher collected publicly available data in South Korea from government offices, trade and industry associations, public libraries, and websites on the Internet. Through comparative analysis, data from the South Korean retail industry were examined and compared to the working model. According to the data analysis, the CREM was partially supported. Regarding the spiral evolution, all types of indicators (e.g., sales, profit, market share, operating cost) did not continuously increase as retail institutions mature, which was in contrast to the CREM, but fluctuated whenever environmental influences interrupted the growth. Four spiral endings were found: (1) upgrade, (2) stay and eventually go out of business, (3) downgrade, and (4) change types of retail institution. In the conflict part, a new retail institution type started competing with its own type, other traditional retail institution types, and a new retail institution type; therefore, the conflict portion in the CREM was also supported. Environmental influences affected not only the emergence of a new retail institution type but also the conflict among retail institution types and the evolution process. In addition, a new reciprocal relationship was found between environmental influences and a new retail institution type and between consumer preference of store/product attributes and a new retail institution type. The environmental influence part was therefore partially supported. The consumer influence variables in the CREM were also supported. For future research, the final CREM could be the base of research in many types of retail institution and in any countries that have unique retail environments. Using the CREM from this study of retail evolution in South Korea, current and future retail institutions could predict both consumers' changes depending on environmental influences and what competitive advantages they must achieve to provide benefits to these consumers. In addition, researchers, both academic and retail, could use the final CREM to study the emergence and characteristics of a new retail institution type by analyzing current retail institution types
Ph. D.

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of social capital on organizational performance of local government and whether the effect varies across national cultures. The study hypothesized that organizational level social capital in a public sector organization has a positive influence on organizational performance. To investigate the relationship, surveys were sent to public officials of local government organizations in the city of Omaha in the United States and Wonju city in South Korea. Based on Hofstede’s definition of national culture, these two countries contrast strongly on important cultural characteristics. The two cities were selected as typical representatives of each country. Social capital was operationalized as structural, relational, and cognitive, and organizational performance was measured in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, responsiveness, and equity. The surveys were distributed to public officials working in various city departments. The departments were chosen to represent the three main policy types (as defined by Lowi): regulatory policies, distributive policies, and redistributive policies. Out of 407 surveys sent, 294 usable and valid responses were received. The data were analyzed using SPSS computer software and included descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson’s simple correlation, t-test, factor analysis, linear regression analysis, dummy regression analysis, and moderator regression. The results showed that organizations with higher levels of structural, relational, and cognitive social capital achieve higher levels of organizational performance. However, the effect of social capital in a public sector organization on organizational performance did not differ across cultures. Rather, within a given culture, the relationship varied by policy type. The findings provide some practical guidelines to government leaders on how to increase social capital to enhance organizational performance. By integrating public organizational theories with social capital literature, this study suggests the determinants of public sector performance.

Despite huge investments in national English language policies, few South Koreans develop communicable English proficiency. Yet, English language proficiency for all secondary and college students continues to be the goal of these policies (Moodie & Nam, 2015; Ahn, 2015). One of the fundamental reasons for the lack of communicable English proficiency was based on the social phenomenon, called 'hakbuljueui', or academic elitism, in Korea (Kim. T.-Y., 2006) whereby students seem to be instrumentally motivated to learn English only to pass the College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT), and gain admission to elite Universities (Kim, T.-Y., 2006; Kim, K., 2016). The current study examines whether current South Korean high school are still motivated only by instrumental motivation (the desire to gain entrance into an elite university) or if other motivation also guides their goals of learning English. In addition, the current study sought to understand the relationship between participant's motivation and their English proficiency. The current study examines whether current South Korean high school are still motivated only by instrumental motivation (the desire to gain entrance into an elite university) or if other motivation also guides their goals of learning English. To accomplish these goals, 42 current high school students in South Korea were asked to complete a motivation survey and rate their ability to speak, read, write, and understand English. Motivation was defined and divided into six orientations: instrumental, knowledge, travel, friendship, sociocultural, and integrative. In addition, 27 of the 42 students also participated in simulated Oral Proficiency Interviews (OPIs). The data revealed that while previous research demonstrated that Korean students show the evidence of instrumental motivation to learn English, the participants in the current study were motivated by both instrumental and other types of motivation. However, their motivation orientation did not predict their self-rated proficiency levels nor their scores on the OPI. The results suggest that students' motivation is expending, and the implication of this study suggests bottom-up policy development that can magnify the various motivations to study English among South Korean students.

Role play is commonly regarded as a useful activity for developing oral skills (Livingstone 1983; Maley 1987; Magos and Politi 2008) however, little research has been conducted on different types of role-play and on its use in EOP contexts, which is what the present study seeks to redress. This study reports on research investigating the effectiveness of two types of role-play, SSRP (Semi-scripted Role-play) and SSRP-NSRP (Semi-scripted Role-play followed by Nonscripted Role-play), in the teaching of Tourism English at a university in Korea. The study used an action research approach (Kemmis and McTaggart 1988) with the aim to improve Tourism English learners' oral skills.- Second -year students from different years participated in-Studies -I and II. In Study I students practised SSRP, while in Study II they engaged in SSRP-NSRP.

This thesis presents three related essays on the dynamic relationship between different types of investment flow and prices in the equity market. These studies attempt to provide greater insight into the evolution of prices by investigating not ???what moves prices??? but ???who moves prices??? by utilising a unique database from the Korean Stock Exchange. The first essay investigates the trading behaviour and performance of online equity investors in comparison to other investors on the Korean stock market. Whilst the usage of online resources for trading is becoming more and more prevalent in financial markets, the literature on the role of online investors and their impact on prices is limited. The main finding arising from this essay supports the claim that online investors are noise traders at an aggregate level. Whereas foreigners show distinct trading patterns as a group in terms of consensus on the direction of market movements, online investors do not show such distinct trading patterns. The essay concludes that online investors do not trade on clear information signals and introduce noise into the market. Direct performance and market timing ability measures further show that online investors are the worst performers and market timers whereas foreign investors consistently show outstanding performance and market timing ability. Domestic mutual funds in Korea have not been extensively researched. The second essay analyses mutual fund activity and relations between stock market returns and mutual fund flows in Korea. Although regulatory authorities have been cautious about introducing competing funds, contractual-type mutual funds have not been cannibalized by the US-style corporate mutual funds that started trading in 1998. Negative feedback trading activity is observed between stock market returns and mutual fund flows, measured as net trading volumes using stock purchases and sales volume. It is predominantly returns that drive flows, although stock purchases contain information about returns, partially supporting the price pressure hypothesis. After controlling for declining markets, the results suggest Korean equity fund managers tend to swing indiscriminately between increasing purchases and increasing sales in times of rising market volatility, possibly viewing volatility as an opportunity to profit and defying the mean-variance framework that predicts investors should retract from the market as volatility increases. Mutual funds respond indifferently to wide dispersions in investor beliefs. The third essay focuses on the conflicting issue of home bias by looking at the impact on domestic prices of foreign trades relative to locals using high frequency data from the Korean Stock Exchange (KSE). This essay extends the work of Choe, Kho and Stulz (2004) (CKS) in three ways. First, it analyses the post-Asian financial crisis period, whereas CKS (2004) analyse the crisis (1996-98) period. Second, this essay adopts a modified version of the CKS method to better capture the aggregate behaviour of each investor-type by utilising the participation ratio in comparison to the CKS method. Third, this essay does not limit investigation to intra-day analysis but extends to daily analysis up to 50 days to observe the effect of intensive trading activity in a longer horizon than the CKS study. In contrast to the CKS findings, this paper finds that foreigners have a short-lived private information advantage over locals and trades by foreigners have a larger impact on prices using intra-day data. However, assuming investors buy-hold for up to 50 days, the local individuals provide a greater impact and more profitable returns than foreigners. Superior performance is documented for buys rather than sells.

There are numerous ways to localize eigenvalues. One of the best known results is that the spectrum of a given matrix ACn,n is a subset of a union of discs centered at diagonal elements whose radii equal to the sum of the absolute values of the off-diagonal elements of a corresponding row in the matrix. This result (Geršgorin's theorem, 1931) is one of the most important and elegant ways of eigenvalues localization ([63]). Among all Geršgorintype sets, the minimal Geršgorin set gives the sharpest and the most precise localization of the spectrum ([39]). In this thesis, new algorithms for computing an efficient and accurate approximation of the minimal Geršgorin set are presented.
Постоје бројни начини за локализацију карактеристичних корена. Један од најчувенијих резултата је да се спектар дате матрице АCn,n налази у скупу који представља унију кругова са центрима у дијагоналним елементима матрице и полупречницима који су једнаки суми модула вандијагоналних елемената одговарајуће врсте у матрици. Овај резултат (Гершгоринова теорема, 1931.), сматра се једним од најзначајнијих и најелегантнијих начина за локализацију карактеристичних корена ([61]). Међу свим локализацијама Гершгориновог типа, минимални Гершгоринов скуп даје најпрецизнију локализацију спектра ([39]). У овој дисертацији, приказани су нови алгоритми за одређивање тачне и поуздане апроксимације минималног Гершгориновог скупа.
Postoje brojni načini za lokalizaciju karakterističnih korena. Jedan od najčuvenijih rezultata je da se spektar date matrice ACn,n nalazi u skupu koji predstavlja uniju krugova sa centrima u dijagonalnim elementima matrice i poluprečnicima koji su jednaki sumi modula vandijagonalnih elemenata odgovarajuće vrste u matrici. Ovaj rezultat (Geršgorinova teorema, 1931.), smatra se jednim od najznačajnijih i najelegantnijih načina za lokalizaciju karakterističnih korena ([61]). Među svim lokalizacijama Geršgorinovog tipa, minimalni Geršgorinov skup daje najprecizniju lokalizaciju spektra ([39]). U ovoj disertaciji, prikazani su novi algoritmi za određivanje tačne i pouzdane aproksimacije minimalnog Geršgorinovog skupa.

The focus of this study was to explore how prosodic position and word type affect the phonetic structure and resulting perceptual identification of Korean stops and fricatives. When there is less contextual information, speakers tend to produce clearer speech. For example, consonants at the beginning of prosodic domains, such as syllables, words or phrases, are known to be more clearly articulated and distinguishable than later-occurring consonants. However, it is not yet clear whether the prosodically conditioned realizations of a segment are perceptually distinctive in continuous speech. In addition, there are few studies examining whether the properties of prosodic domain-initial segments are affected by the information content of words (real vs. nonsense words). The acoustic properties of stops and fricatives were compared across IP, PP and Wd-initial positions both in real and nonsense words. It was found that segments in the higher prosodic domain-initial positions showed enhanced durational properties compared to the lower prosodic domain-initial positions. However, the enhancing strategies were different among phonation types. Relative to lenis and aspirated stops, and lenis fricatives, tense stops and fricatives showed less consistent variation as a function of prosodic position and word type. In the perception study, the identification error rates and reaction time for same-spliced CVs were compared to those for cross-spliced CVs. Korean listeners identified the same-spliced CVs more accurately and faster than cross-spliced CVs. In addition, the distinctive acoustic properties of each prosodic domain-initial position were perceptually distinguished by Korean listeners. Due to relatively shorter duration and less distinctive contrast, the target CVs extracted from lower prosodic domain-initial positions caused more confusion in the identification of target segments. In conclusion, this study provides the evidence that speakers modulate their speech clarity depending on information content. By enhancing phonetic properties and phonological contrast, speakers tend to provide perceptual cues for prosodic positions with less contextual information.
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In this dissertation I provide an account of the distribution of Korean clause-typing markers from the perspective of a formal typological model, the Universal Spine Hypothesis (Wiltschko, 2014, 2017). Although Korean clause-typing markers have both syntactic properties (expressing force/mood, Chomsky 2000, 2001) and pragmatic properties (expressing speech styles, Sohn 1999), my investigation focuses on the morphosyntactic properties of clause-typing markers in single-layered and double-layered CPs. I detail their ability to transmit clause type, their compatibility with TAM elements, and their incompatibility with subordinators and speech act elements. My central claim is that, through an association with the linking spine (i.e., CP in generative grammar), clause-typing markers, including ta and e, construct Korean language-specific categories. Clause-typing markers interact with a syntactic domain encoding the common ground of speech participants, the grounding spine. My dissertation has two major findings. First, the morphophonological realization of C is obligatory in both finite and non-finite clauses. I therefore propose a Clause Complementation Parameter (CCP)—all clauses must have a complementizer, and a C must have a correspondent PF realization. This accounts for the expletive-like dummy complementizers e and ci which can fill the head of the three basic clause types. Second, functional elements selecting clause-typing markers support the existence of syntactic projections above the traditional CP. For instance, iterative ko and hearsay y in reiterated and hearsay utterances, respectively, must be associated with the syntactic domain above CP. I argue that along with polite yo and intonation, they construct Korean language-specific categories through their association with the three universal categorizers k: linking, k: grounding, and k: responding. This is formulated as [RespP [GroundP [LinkingP [AnchoringP …-ssPAST] -taDECL] -yHEARSAY] (-yoPOLITE) -↑]. Investigations of the distributions of periphrastic irrealis clause-typing markers and multifunctional clause-typing markers contribute to our understanding of the multifaceted nature of category C: the periphrastic irrealis markers show that C with T can restrict the person feature on the subject. The interpretations of multifunctional markers in different morphosyntactic contexts show that their properties emerge in two ways: through interaction with local elements in the domain or by virtue of their association with hierarchically distinct domains. Assuming the Universal Spine Hypothesis, I have accounted for the morphosyntactic properties of Korean clause-typing markers by proposing language-specific categories considering the functional layers. This dissertation offers a more complete account of Korean grammar but also will provide an explanation for cross-linguistic differences in encoding of clause-typing—Units of Languages change how C appears.
Graduate

abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease affecting more than ten percent of the U.S. adults. Approximately 50 percent of people with diabetes fail to achieve glycemic targets of A1C levels below seven percent. Poor glycemic control disproportionately affects minority populations such as Korean Americans (KAs). Successful diabetes self-management requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account depression, sleep, and acculturation to achieve good glycemic control. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to: 1) describe the levels of glycemic control, depressive symptoms, sleep quality and duration, and acculturation; 2) examine an association of depressive symptoms with glycemic control; 3) identify mediational roles of sleep quality and sleep duration of less than 6 hours between depressive symptoms and glycemic control; and 4) explore a moderation role of acculturation between depressive symptoms and glycemic control in KAs with T2DM. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive correlational study. A total of 119 first generation KAs with T2DM were recruited from Korean communities in Arizona. A1C levels, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation scale, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the Berlin Questionnaire were measured. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression analyses, path analyses, and the Sobel tests were conducted for data analyses of this study. Poor glycemic control (A1C ≥ 7 %), high depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16), poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5), and short sleep duration (< 6 hours) were prevalent among KAs with T2DM. The mean score of acculturation (2.18) indicated low acculturation to Western culture. Depressive symptoms were revealed as a significant independent predictor of glycemic control. Physical activity was negatively associated with glycemic control, while cultural identity was positively related to glycemic control. Sleep quality and sleep duration of less than 6 hours did not mediate the relationship between depressive symptoms and glycemic control. Acculturation did not moderate the association between depressive symptoms and glycemic control. Diabetes self-management interventions of a comprehensive approach that considers depressive symptoms, sleep problems, and cultural differences in minority populations with T2DM are needed.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Nursing and Healthcare Innovation 2017

碩士
長榮大學
國際企業研究所
96
The objective of this research is mainly take Taiwan and the Korean cosmetics as the research brand, to discuss the affect of brand image and promotion type matching on purchase intension. In the past, the research has only been carried out by aiming at the customer behavior, but Brand image and promotion type are always the very important and thorny problems in the global process. How attract a consumer to purchase its product is the problem that allows of no to ignore, in addition to as for motive that want to attract the nature that the consumer loves of beauty and maintain, promoting type the way should also try hard for to satisfy the need of the consumer, and design suitable brand image to let the customer purchase will to reach the highest. According to the related literatures, this thesis classifies promotion type into monetary and non-monetary promotion, ie “price-off” and “premium”. This survey using purposive sampling is conducted to collect purchase related information of female cosmetics consumers. Statistics analytical methods used in this study include factor analysis, t-test, reliability analysis and regression Analysis etc. The research induces the result as follows: 1. Brand image is positively correlative with purchase intension of consumer. 2. Two promotion type reveal the difference existence to the female cosmetics consumer''s purchase intension, most has the influence by the monetary promotion type. 3. No matter the monetary promotion or non-monetary promotion, all present positively correlative with brand image. 4. The cosmetics in Korea brand affects consumer''s purchase intension aspect has reveals the disturbance effect in the promotion type to the brand image, but Taiwan cosmetics brand aspect then only has the part reveals the disturbance effect. Based on the finding in this research, suggestion for cosmetic enterprises implications and further studies were proposed.

Combination therapy has proven to be a popular treatment strategy for tighter diabetes control. Since the preliminary evidence is suggestive of complementary actions of American (AG) and Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) in improving glycemia, this project was designed to investigate the therapeutic potential of AG and KRG in combination. Following a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel design in a population with diabetes at two centres, the combined use of AG and KRG for 12 weeks was safe, but did not significantly affect glycemic control, blood lipids or blood pressure. However, there was a trend toward lower glycated hemoglobin by 0.7% (p=0.1) and office systolic blood pressure by 5 mm Hg (p=0.052) compared to placebo. These findings encourage further investigation of the mechanism and roles of AG, KRG and their effective components. They also highlight limitations in ginseng research and the need to impose strict regulations to facilitate its standardization.

子宮頸癌是全球女性中第三常見的癌症。人類乳頭瘤狀病毒（HPV）已被證實為引致子宮頸癌的主要因素。目前已發現了150多種HPV。HPV-52在世界上較為少見，但在亞洲，特別是東亞地區，卻相當流行。
本回顧性研究收集了303個HPV-52陽性的子宮頸樣本，其中185個來自香港，118個來自韓國首爾。我們通過對HPV基因組中E6、E7、L1和LCR區域進行擴增和測序，以檢測HPV-52變異株的序列多樣性和致癌風險。
L1-LCR-E6-E7串聯片段佔據了HPV-52基因組全長的41%。由191條該種序列構建的系統發育樹顯示，HPV-52變異株進化成四個世系。原型系A進化系在香港和首爾都很少見，只占全部樣本的3.7%。B進化系（89.5%）則是最普遍的HPV-52病毒系。E6的最大序列差異為1.6%，L1（2.3%），E7（3.4%）和LCR（4.8%）依次增大。因此，E6作為最保守的基因組區域可作為HPV-52通用引物PCR的靶點，而E7更適宜作為特定變異株的PCR靶點。此外，在短片段序列中發現了可識別HPV-52進化系和進化枝的單核苷酸突變。它們可用於擴增斷裂的DNA片段或大規模實驗中。再者，進化壓力分析顯示E6、E7和L1三個編碼區域都經歷了強烈的淨化選擇作用。
HPV-52進化系和常見變異株在香港和首爾的分佈情況沒有顯著差異。但E6中的nt 356G>A、nt 378A>C和nt 467C>A (N122K) 核苷酸突變只出現在香港樣本，而L1的nt 6239G>A以及LCR的nt 7395G>A和nt 7911A>C核苷酸突變只在首爾樣本中發現。HPV-52 E6的N122K突變對子宮頸癌有較高的致癌風險（P-value = 0.002）。E6中的nt 378A>C (P-value = 0.014) 同義突變, 以及LCR中的nt 7665G>A (P-value < 0.001)和nt 94G>A (P-value = 0.007)突變，亦與高致癌風險相關。LCR中的nt 7911A>C (P-value = 0.007)和nt 19T>C (P-value = 0.008) 突變則對子宮頸癌的發展有較低風險。HPV-52 E7或L1中的突變與子宮頸癌的發展無明顯關係。上述結果需要通過進一步研究證實。針對HPV-52序列變異的病毒學和作用機理的深入研究是必要的。
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide. It has been proven that human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary causative agent of cervical cancer. To date, more than 150 HPV types have been characterized. HPV-52 is rare around the world but frequently detected in Asia, especially East Asia.
This retrospective study analyzed 303 cervical samples that 185 were collected from Hong Kong, and 118 were collected from Seoul, Korea. All samples were positive for HPV-52. HPV gene regions of E6, E7, L1 and LCR were amplified and sequenced to determine sequence diversity and risk association of HPV-52 variants between the two cities.
The 191 concatenated L1-LCR-E6-E7 sequences that comprised 41% of the whole HPV-52 genome displayed four distinct clusters. The prototype-like lineage A was rare in both cities, only found in 3.7% of all samples. Lineage B (89.5%) was found to be the most prevalent lineage. The maximum sequence divergence of E6 was 1.6%, followed by L1 (2.3%), E7 (3.4%) and LCR (4.8%). E6 being the most conserved region could be a target for HPV-52 consensus PCR, and E7 could be a target for variant-specific PCR. Besides, several single-nucleotide substitutions diagnostic for HPV-52 lineage and clade classification were identified within a few short fragments. They might be useful when handling fragmented DNA and being a more feasible approach in large-scale studies. Moreover, analysis of evolutionary pressure indicated that all the three encoding regions, E6, E7 and L1, underwent strong purifying selection.
No significant difference in the distribution pattern of HPV-52 lineages and common variants between Hong Kong and Seoul was observed. But nucleotide substitutions nt 356G>A, nt 378A>C and nt 467C>A (N122K) were only found in Hong Kong samples; whereas nt 6239G>A, nt 7395G>A and nt 7911A>C were exclusively found in samples from Seoul. A significantly higher risk for cervical cancer was found for the HPV-52 E6 variant N122K (P-value = 0.002). A synonymous substitution of E6, nt 378A>C (P-value = 0.014), as well as two nucleotide substitutions of LCR, nt 7665G>A (P-value < 0.001) and nt 94G>A (P-value = 0.007), were also associated with a significant increase in risk for cervical cancer. Two substitutions found to confer a lower risk for cervical cancer were nt 7911A>C (P-value = 0.007) and nt 19T>C (P-value = 0.008), both of which located at LCR. No significant associations between HPV-52 E7 or L1 variants and cervical cancer development were observed. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings, and in-depth investigations into the virological and functional implications of HPV-52 sequence variations are warranted.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Zhang, Chuqing.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-137).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.v
Table of contents --- p.vii
List of Figures --- p.ix
List of Tables --- p.x
Abbreviations --- p.xii
Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- History of Human Papillomavirus --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Biology of Human Papillomavirus --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Genome structure --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Protein function --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Latent and lytic life cycle --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Classification --- p.10
Chapter 1.3 --- Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus --- p.14
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Global burden --- p.14
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Transmission --- p.18
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Clinical course --- p.19
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Prevention --- p.23
Chapter 1.4 --- Human Papillomavirus Type 52 --- p.25
Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives --- p.26
Chapter Chapter Two --- Materials and Methods --- p.27
Chapter 2.1 --- Study Design --- p.28
Chapter 2.2 --- Study population --- p.29
Chapter 2.3 --- DNA extraction --- p.31
Chapter 2.4 --- Polymerase chain reaction --- p.32
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Long-fragment PCR approach --- p.33
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Short-fragment PCR approach --- p.40
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.46
Chapter 2.5 --- Nucleotide sequencing --- p.47
Chapter 2.6 --- Data analysis --- p.48
Chapter 2.6.1 --- Phylogenetic analysis --- p.48
Chapter 2.6.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.49
Chapter Chapter Three --- Results --- p.50
Chapter 3.1 --- Phylogeny of HPV-52 --- p.53
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Concatenated sequence of L1-LCR-E6-E7 --- p.53
Chapter 3.1.2 --- E6 gene --- p.56
Chapter 3.1.3 --- E7 gene --- p.59
Chapter 3.1.4 --- L1 gene --- p.62
Chapter 3.1.5 --- Long control region --- p.67
Chapter 3.2 --- Nucleotide sequence variation of HPV-52 --- p.70
Chapter 3.2.1 --- E6 gene --- p.70
Chapter 3.2.2 --- E7 gene --- p.73
Chapter 3.2.3 --- L1 gene --- p.75
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Long control region --- p.81
Chapter 3.3 --- Geographical distribution of HPV-52 variants --- p.86
Chapter 3.4 --- Risk association of HPV-52 variants --- p.96
Chapter Chapter Four --- Discussion --- p.105
Chapter 4.1 --- Strengths and weaknesses --- p.107
Chapter 4.2 --- Phylogeny of HPV-52 variants --- p.109
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Variant lineage classification system of HPV-52 --- p.109
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Sequence variability of HPV-52 --- p.110
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Evolutionary pressure on HPV-52 --- p.111
Chapter 4.3 --- Nucleotide sequence variations of HPV-52 --- p.113
Chapter 4.3.1 --- E6 gene --- p.113
Chapter 4.3.2 --- E7 gene --- p.114
Chapter 4.3.3 --- L1 gene --- p.116
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Long control region --- p.117
Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.121
References --- p.124
Appendices --- p.138

碩士
國立政治大學
韓國語文學系
107
Many mural villages appeared in Taiwan after the Rainbow Village in Taichung went viral in 2008. They brought tourism benefits or improved the home environment, but they also caused many problems, such as the mural theme is incompatible with the local area or the tourists affect the residents' life. This allows everyone to start thinking about whether to follow the fashion, whether the mural village can attract attention or get support from the residents, or lose its own characteristics, and even cause residents to resent. This study believes that the successful case of mural village should be the residents' full participation in community affairs, residents determine the direction and development of the mural village, voluntarily maintain the works of art, and promote the external world to better know the community, the internal should be more cohesive and proud, but still maintain a good quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to derive the “Building Mural Village Process Model” by understanding the construction process of the resident participation type mural village between Taiwan and South Korea, and then insert it into the cases to examine and compare the similarities and differences, and finally give recommendations. The “Resident Participation Type Mural Village” referred to in this study is the mural village that initiated by government project, recruits art groups or artist-in-residence, and residents' active participation. Known as South Korea's Santorini or Machu Picchu, Gamcheon Culture Village has terraced terrain and unique landscapes, as well as a variety of murals and installation arts. From a backward small village, it has become one of the representative sightseeing spots in Busan. Gamcheon-dong is in the ridge of mountain, it is impossible to carry out urban renewal under the restriction of geographical location and terrain. Therefore, with the aim of preservation and regeneration, it participated in Maeulmisul Project sponsored by Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in 2009, and was led by an art group called “Art Factory in dadaepo”. In 2010, it participated in “Contents Fusion Tourism Cooperation Business”, and established a “Comprehensive Cooperative Strategic Relationship” between local governments, artists and residents, and they participate in and make decisions through agreement. The follow-up operation and maintenance are led by the Residents' Association, and formulated the relevant regulations for the establishment of the culture village and the support of the community. In 2012 and 2016, it participated in “Double the Joy Project” of Maeulmisul Project again, and successfully transformed into a cultural village, attracting domestic and foreign tourists, and also being the object of learning for urban regeneration standards around the world of governments. Sishu Community is located in the South District of Tainan City. In 2015, the South District Office received the subsidy from the Environmental Protection Administration for “Building a Friendly Urban and Rural Environmental Project” to assist the Sishu Community to be transformed into a mural village. The cultural and creative team and university stationed into the community and cultivate residents' artistic quality through community courses, co-finishing murals and works of art, arranging community environments with residents. They not only design cultural and creative goods with the characteristics of Sishu, but also regularly hold cultural and creative market, that is why Sishu Community has attracted attention from media reports. Due to the obstacles of road traffic and the change of work structure, Sishu Community has led to the population emigration and the community decline. Therefore, it hoped that the community will be re-created through the EPA's project subsidy. The external groups such as South District Office, Tainan City and the cultural and creative team, Tainan University of Technology guided internal groups including Wu Kuoyu Art Studio, Wan Hwang Palace, Sishu Elementary School, and Xinan Village, during the implementation of the mural village; all groups have dedicated their efforts to the community.

Research investigating the link between attitudes, motivation and second-language (L2) achievement remains inconclusive. Studies have shown the importance of both integrative and instrumental motives in L2 acquisition. Thus, there is considerable evidence pointing to the importance of the educational context in which learning takes place. This study investigates the importance of integrative and instrumental motivation in Japanese as a foreign language (JFL) achievement among South Korean JFL students at the post-secondary level. It also assesses the influence of attitudes towards Japan, Japanese people, Japanese culture and bilateral relations on JFL achievement. In addition, it provides a description of South Korean JFL learners with specific reference to their views of Japan. The rationale for studying Korean JFL learners is based on the growing importance of Japan in global affairs and the subsequent expansion of JFL programs worldwide. The Republic of Korea was chosen for several reasons including: historical relations between Japan and Korea, the popularity of Japanese language programs in the country, and the paucity of English language research concerning this context. Initially, data from interviews with students and the administration of a questionnaire was used to create a profile of learners. Secondly, this data was cross-referenced with JFL achievement using Pearson (r) correlation coefficients. In addition, bivariate and multiple regression tests were done to determine the contribution of motivation type and attitudes to students' marks. Among the major findings of this study, there exists a diversity across students in terms of their motivation type and attitudes towards Japan. In terms of motivational orientation, most students chose to study JFL for a combination of integrative and instrumental reasons. Secondly, students generally expressed both positive and negative attitudes towards modern Japan, Japanese people, Japanese culture and bilateral relations. Typically, attitudinal profiles of students are suggestive of a high degree of ambivalence towards these aspects of Japan. A third major finding of this study concerns the relationship between motivation type and JFL achievement. Both integrative motivation and instrumental motivation have minimal associations with JFL achievement. Attitudes towards modern Japan, Japanese people, and bilateral relations also have neutral relationships with JFL achievement. Conversely, views of Japanese culture have a negative correlation with JFL achievement that is of intermediate value.

碩士
明新科技大學
管理研究所碩士班
106
In order to convey a positive image of a product to consumers & increase willi ngness to buy, businesses often choose the marketing strategy of ads. The most im portant factor for this marketing strategy is arguably the advertising spokesman. Companies believe that since the advertising spokesman is both a source of infor mation & the key factor in advertising effectiveness, choosing the correct spokes man should be approached with caution. This research examines the importance of the spokesperson's image when advertising skin care products. These ad spokesmen can be partitioned into three types: celebrity endorsements, expert spokesmen, & typical consumer spokesmen. This research finds that of the three types of spokesm en for skin care products in South Korea, celebrity endorsers are the most prominent. The most effective spokesmen in Taiwan are celebrities & typical consumer spokes men. This research focused on the survey of people from South Korea & Taiwan, conducted through the use of Google forms. 249 valid questionnaires were collected from South Korea & 99 valid questionnaires were collected from Taiwan. The res earch found that: First, celebrity spokesmen in South Korea & Taiwan have the gr eatest influence on consumers, but if consumers in both countries already have a preferred choice of skin care products, the ads have no effect. Second, in South Kore a & Taiwan, experts have a significant impact on consumers, & if consumers al ready have a preferred choice of skin care products, the advertising still has a signi ficant impact. Third, using typical consumer advocates, the results obtained in Korea & Taiwan were not the same. In the case of South Korea, both the advertising spok esman & the degree of involvement in preferred products have a significant impact on the consumers’ attitude toward advertising, whereas in the case of Taiwan, only the typical consumer spokesperson has a significant influence on attitude toward advertising, & the degree of involvement in preferred products has no relevant effect. Although experts & spokesmen have a significant impact in both countries, the more significant factor is that Korean & Taiwanese consumers respond differe ntly to the type of spokesperson. In the future, with the development of trade in skin care products between Korea & Taiwan & the need for South Korea & Taiwan to promote their skin care products abroad, appropriate spokespersons should be ad opted to make better advertisements by referring to the key findings of this research.

碩士
輔仁大學
織品服裝學系碩士班
102
The men’s suit tailoring training education in Taiwan either is under academic or vocational system both were focused on the aspects of artisanal, technical assistant for years, it had driven the O.E.M. (Original Equipment Manufacturer) industry still dominates the men’s suit market of Taiwan. However, the lower labors cost of manufacture in Southeast Asia countries has strongly impacted the Taiwanese market then forced us to find our own ways to survive. Nevertheless, breaking out through the bafflement by transforming our industry from O.E.M. to O.D.M. type seemed like the possible solution not only to sort out the problem also to empower our competiveness in the world. Therefore, there are three crucial perspectives might be the key factors to assist the men’s suit brands in Taiwan to triumph: The fast fashion phenomena, the unconstructed styles of suit, the new innovation of smart textile. The research mainly to investigate these important factors which influent the sense of beauty and function of suit’s armhole and summarized every countries’ armhole pattern formulas, construction methods, advantages and disadvantages. The research is also focused on the analysis and comparison of selected countries’ standard suit styles setting up the experiment to compare its movability at upper limb when happened to different occasion of daily life. It could be concluded as following points: 1. The front armhole of Japanese type was wider than Korean type, the back armhole of Korean type was wider than Japanese type. 2. The cap height of Italian type is the highest, then it made the well known Italian suit is famed by its energetic silhouette. 3. The Gentlemen Tailors’ (abbreviated as G.T.) type combined the function of wider armhole and higher cap height of Italian type, ideally to achieve the very ultimate yet uneasy goal which is to well balance the sense of aesthetic and functionality.

碩士
元智大學
經營管理碩士班(行銷學程)
107
The emergence of YouTube, the audio-visual website, has enabled many Internet amateurs to upload and share beauty videos. Consumers can search for relevant product videos from the platform as reference information, and consumers will share information with each other. Those amateurs who accumulate fans on the Internet become influential YouTubers are the important roles (SMI) who affect consumers, master and manipulate information. Advertisers sniffed business opportunities, collaborated with SMI, placed the merchandise in the beauty video filmed by SMI, and successfully delivered product information to a wide range of consumers. This cooperation model has gradually become one of SMI's main sources of income. The good benefits have also enabled more and more advertisers to find SMI cooperation and become a new marketing trend. However, SMI's behavior of placing products in the film has caused many consumers to doubt the authenticity of the information transmitted by SMI, gradually creating a sense of distrust and even feeling rejected. Most of the current literature results on product placement are directed at brand attitudes. There are few discussions about the impact of placement methods on the credibility of SMI. Subsequent consumer attitudes are less relevant to the attitude of placement and the knowledge sharing attitude of consumers. This study aims to explore the beauty of YouTuber (SMI) in the films, through 3 different ways (visual, auditory, plot connection) x2 significant degree (Prominent / Subtle) into the Korean beauty, to examine consumer SMI resources credibility, product placement attitude, knowledge sharing intent, purchase intention and actual purchase behavior. The study was divided into three phases: the first phase of the researchers collected network data, recorded 12 beauty films released by SMI, a total of 192 films were analyzed and analyzed in the second phase. Test group (Prominent Placement) and the control group (Subtle Placement), let the two groups of participants watch three different types of placement (visual, auditory, plot connection), collecting a total of 60 valid questionnaires to test the study Assumptions; in the third stage, 10 representive from the second stage were interviewed and conducted in-depth interviews. In the three placement methods and the two significant degrees of experimental results. Consumers have higher recognition of SMI attractiveness and professionalism with SMI uses obvious visual placement. Obvious auditory placement, attractiveness and trustworthiness have higher level of consents for SMI. A clear plot of the story, a higher evaluation of SMI's appeal, trustworthiness and professionalism. Consumers' perception of SMI source credibility will affect product placement attitude. When the credibility of SMI sources is higher, consumers will not object to the emergence of PPL. The more they will promote consumers to learn from PPL and consumer knowledge, the more positive the sharing attitude. Consumers' attitudes toward products will positively affect the intention of knowledge sharing, but have no significant impact on the willingness to purchase. In addition, the attitude of consumer knowledge sharing will positively affect the knowledge sharing intention and purchase intention, and consumers who have the willingness to purchase will have higher actual purchase behavior in the follow-up. In this study, the original SMI architecture was added to the consumer's knowledge sharing attitude and knowledge sharing intentions, and the products were put into the group test. It was found that the film was put into effect better, contrary to the literature of past TV/movie advertisements. The result is that consumer knowledge sharing will also increase the impact of the past, complementing the missing parts of the past literature. Finally, giving practical advices on commercial film marketing and advices on product placement. Through knowledge sharing, YouTubers can increase their social impact.Through prominent placement, consumers can clearly receive information.