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1

Chancellay, Léon. "Contribution à l'étude de la psychose polynévritique thèse pour le doctorat en médecine présentée et soutenue le mercredi 15 mai 1901 /." Paris : BIUM, 2004. http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/cote?TPAR1901x367.

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2

Konishi, Kyoto. "The cognitive profile of elderly Korsakoff's syndrome patients /." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116028.

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Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) is characterized by the acute onset of a severe anterograde memory impairment and a less pronounced retrograde amnesia. In addition to deficits in memory, executive function, visuo-spatial abilities, and visuo-perception are impaired. The main structures involved in the neuropathology of KS are the mammillary bodies and the thalamus. It is generally assumed that KS is a stable amnesic condition, and little research has been done in studying the effects of aging on the syndrome.
A group of elderly KS patients were evaluated on a large battery of neuropsychological tests to examine general cognitive function, memory, attention, visuo-spatial ability, and executive function. Their performance was compared to age-matched Alzheimer's disease patients and healthy controls. Results showed that there is an interaction between age and KS, with exaggerated deficits seen in memory and executive function, as well as new deficits in semantic memory.
To better understand KS, the thesis provides a review focusing on human, English language studies published between the years 1995 and 2008. Updates on the current findings of treatment and prevention, genetics and prevalence, neuropathology, and neuropsychology including memory and frontal function are provided. In addition, comparison studies of KS to other neurological disorders are summarized.
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3

Pitel, Anne-Lise. "Les troubles cognitifs dans l'alcoolisme chronique avec et sans syndrome de Korsakoff : analyse neuropsychologique et remédiation cognitive." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN1494.

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L'objectif de cette thèse était de mieux comprendre les effets de la consommation chronique d’alcool sur la cognition et plus particulièrement sur la mémoire. Les résultats de nos études ont montré, chez les alcooliques non-Korsakoff (AL), une véritable atteinte de la mémoire épisodique, peu liée aux dysfonctionnements exécutifs. Ces troubles neuropsychologiques se normalisaient avec l'abstinence alors que la reprise même limitée de la consommation d’alcool entrainait une dégradation cognitive. Les mêmes composantes de la mémoire épisodique et de la mémoire de travail étaient altérées chez les AL et les patients Korsakoff (SK). Les SK présentaient toutefois des troubles plus sévères de la mémoire épisodique et de certaines fonctions exécutives. Les systèmes esclaves de la mémoire de travail et les autres fonctions exécutives évaluées étaient altérés de manière similaire dans les deux groupes d'alcooliques. Concernant les répercussions de ces troubles cognitifs sur les capacités à acquérir de nouvelles informations complexes, l'apprentissage des catégories et des caractéristiques de nouveaux concepts et de la procédure de résolution de la tour de Toronto était ralenti chez les AL. L'acquisition des noms des concepts, particulièrement difficile, était toutefois possible chez les AL grâce à l'utilisation de l'apprentissage sans erreur. Les capacités d'apprentissage sémantique des SK étaient différemment altérées selon la nature des informations à acquérir. Enfin, le ralentissement de la dynamique d’apprentissage procédural cognitif des SK entrainait l'absence d'automatisation de la procédure, malgré un niveau de performance final équivalent à celui des sujets contrôles
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4

Roland, Jessica Justine. "Hippocampal and striatal acetylcholine efflux during learning in diencephalic-lesioned rats." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.

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5

Alexander-Kaufman, Kimberley Louise. "Proteomics of the human alcoholic brain: Implications for the pathophysiology of alcohol-related brain damage." The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2692.

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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Proteomics is rapidly achieving recognition as a complimentary and perhaps superior approach to examine global changes in protein abundance in complex biological systems and the value of these techniques in neuropsychiatry is beginning to be acknowledged. Characterizing the brain’s regional proteomes provides a foundation for the detection of proteins that may be involved in disease-related processes. Firstly, optimal conditions were achieved for the application of two dimensional-gel electrophoresis (2D-GE)-based proteomics with postmortem human brain tissue. These optimized techniques were then applied to soluble fractions of adjacent grey and white matter of a single cytoarchitecturally defined area (Brodmann area 9; BA9) and of two adjacent regions of frontal white matter (BA9 and CC body) from healthy individuals. These normative proteomic comparisons highlighted the importance of correct tissue sampling, i.e. proper separation of regional white matter, as heterogeneity in the respective proteomes was demonstrated. Furthermore, they stressed the necessity for future molecular brain mapping studies. The main focus of this thesis however, was to examine the proteomes of brain regions specifically vulnerable to alcohol-induced damage underlying cognitive dysfunction. Alcoholic patients commonly experience mild to severe cognitive decline. It is postulated that cognitive dysfunction is caused by an alcohol-induced region selective brain damage, particularly to the prefrontal cortex. The cerebellum is increasingly recognized for its role in various aspects of cognition and alcohol–induced damage to the cerebellar vermis could indirectly affect neurocognitive functions attributed to the frontal lobe. We used a 2D-GE-based proteomics approach to compare protein abundance profiles of BA9 grey and white matter and the cerebellar vermis from human alcoholics (neurologically uncomplicated and alcoholics complicated with liver cirrhosis) and healthy control brains. Among the protein level changes observed are disturbances in the levels of a number of thiamine-dependent enzymes. A derangement in energy metabolism perhaps related to thiamine deficiency seems to be important in all regions analysed, even where there are no clinical or pathological findings of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome. Evidence of oxidative changes was also seen in all regions and effects of liver dysfunction in the vermis found. However, overall, these results highlight the complexity of this disease process in that a number of different proteins from different cellular pathways appear to be affected. By identifying changes in protein abundance levels in the prefrontal grey and white matter and the cerebellar vermis, hypotheses may draw upon more mechanistic explanations as to how chronic ethanol consumption causes the structural and functional alterations associated with alcohol-related brain damage. Furthermore, by comparing these results, we may be able to isolate disturbances in molecular pathways specific to the brain damage caused by alcohol, severe liver dysfunction and thiamine deficiency.
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6

Maillard, Angéline. "Atteintes cognitives et cérébrales dans le trouble de l'usage d'alcool et le syndrome de Korsakoff : valeur pronostique, évolution et prise en charge Prognosis factors of low-risk drinking and relapse in alcohol use disorder : a multimodal analysis Short-term neuropsychological recovery in alcohol use disorder : a retrospective clinical study Is there cognitive and brain changes over time in Korsakoff's syndrome ? Neuropsychological deficits in alcohol use disorder : impact on treatmen The effect of alcohol withdrawal syndrome severity on sleep, brain and cognition." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC017.

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Le trouble de l’usage d’alcool (TUAL) est associé à des atteintes cérébrales et cognitives. Ces altérations empêchent les patients de bénéficier des prises en charges psychosociales et augmentent le risque de rechute. Une réversibilité de ces atteintes est possible avec l’abstinence et a été mise en évidence dans le TUAL. En revanche, les patients présentant un syndrome de Korsakoff (SK) ont une amnésie antérograde sévère qui est considérée comme irréversible, même si l’évolution cognitive et cérébrale de ces patients est peu documentée. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc d’étudier la valeur pronostique, l’évolution ainsi que la prise en charge des atteintes cognitives et cérébrales dans le TUAL et le SK. Nos résultats montrent que l’alexithymie et les altérations des systèmes limbique et fronto-cérébelleux observés post-sevrage sont des facteurs de mauvais pronostic du statut addictologique au cours de l’année post-sevrage. Nous montrons qu’après le sevrage, un court séjour en soins de suite et de réadaptation permet une amélioration, voire même une normalisation des fonctions cognitives. Une prise en charge intensive, incluant des ateliers de stimulation cognitive pendant ce séjour, semble favoriser la récupération. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence que chez les patients SK, les déficits sévères de mémoire épisodique sous-tendus par des altérations du circuit de Papez, persistent avec le temps. Les atteintes des fonctions exécutives et du circuit fronto-cérébelleux peuvent récupérer de manière limitée. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité d’évaluer les atteintes cognitives et cérébrales ayant une valeur pronostique pour la rechute. Ils indiquent également l’importance d’adapter la prise en charge afin de favoriser la récupération cognitive dans le TUAL ou de compenser les troubles mnésiques persistants et invalidants dans le SK
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by brain damage and cognitive deficits. These alterations hinder AUD patients to benefit from psychosocial treatment and increase the risk of relapse. It is now clear that cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities can be reversible with drinking cessation in AUD. However, patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS) are described as exhibiting a severe anterograde amnesia supposed to persist over time, even though longitudinal studies in KS patients are very rare. The objective of this thesis is to examine the prognostic value, changes over time, and rehabilitation of the cognitive impairments and brain alterations in AUD and KS. Our results suggest that alexithymia, as well as alteration of limbic and frontocerebellar systems observed early in abstinence, contribute to a poor prognosis regarding alcohol status within the year following detoxification. We highlight that, after detoxification, a short stay as inpatient in a convalescent home favors cognitive improvement, and even a return to a normal level of performance. During this stay, an intensive care including neuropsychological training seems to favor the recovery. Finally, our results indicate that in KS patients, severe memory impairments, sustained by Papez circuit alterations, persist over time. Executive deficits and damage of the fronto-cerebellar circuit may recover but to a limited extent. These results emphasize the need to assess cognitive and brain alteration that have a prognostic value regarding treatment outcome. Results also encourage adapting treatment to favor recovery in AUD, or to compensate for persisting memory impairments in KS
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7

Roland, Jessica Justine. "Septohippocampal system modulation in an animal model of diencephalic amnesia." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.

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8

Laniepce, Alice. "Modifications du sommeil associées à la consommation chronique et excessive d'alcool : liens avec les altérations cérébrales structurales et les troubles cognitifs Neuropsychological and neuroimaging examinations of self‐reported sleep quality in alcohol use disorder with and without Korsakoff's syndrome Sleep architecture and episodic memory performance in alcohol use disorder with and without Korsakoff syndrome The effect of alcohol withdrawal severity on sleep, brain and cognition Dissociating thalamic alterations in alcohol use disorder defines specificity of Korsakoff's syndrome Cerebellar hypermetabolism in alcohol use disorder: compensatory mechanism or maladaptive plasticity ? Alcohol use disorder : permanent and transient effects on the brain and neuropsychological functions Effects of sleep and age on prospective memory consolidation Troubles cognitifs dans l'alcoolodépendance Repérage des troubles cognitifs liés à l’alcool." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC039.

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En amont du développement de complications neurologiques sévères telles que le syndrome de Korsakoff (SK), les patients présentant un Trouble de l’Usage d’Alcool (TUAL) présentent des altérations cérébrales et cognitives de nature et de sévérité variables, ainsi que des troubles du sommeil. Bien qu’il soit clairement établi que le sommeil contribue au fonctionnement cérébral et cognitif, son implication comme facteur explicatif des atteintes cérébrales et cognitives dans le TUAL reste peu documentée. L’objectif de cette thèse était de préciser les modifications (subjectives et objectives) du sommeil chez les patients TUAL et SK, et leurs liens avec la structure cérébrale et le fonctionnement cognitif. Nos résultats montrent que la plainte de sommeil doit être interprétée au regard de la sévérité des atteintes cérébrales et cognitives chez les patients TUAL et SK. De plus, nous montrons qu’une proportion élevée de patients présentent des apnées du sommeil. Chez les patients SK, une atteinte spécifique du sommeil paradoxal est observée, associée à la sévérité des difficultés mnésiques. Enfin, chez les patients TUAL, nous montrons le rôle particulier de la sévérité du syndrome de sevrage dans l’atteinte du sommeil lent profond, et son impact sur le fonctionnement cérébral et cognitif. Ainsi, il semble exister des similarités et des différences dans l’architecture du sommeil de ces deux formes cliniques (TUAL et SK). Ces modifications de sommeil dépendraient de la sévérité du sevrage et seraient impliquées dans la physiopathologie des atteintes structurales et cognitives liées à l’alcool. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité d’évaluer et de prendre charge à la fois le sevrage et les modifications du sommeil des patients TUAL afin d’améliorer le pronostic des patients à la sortie des services hospitaliers
Well before the development of severe alcohol-related neurological complications such as Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS), patients with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) exhibit variable brain damage and cognitive deficits, as well as sleep disturbances. Although it is well established that sleep contributes to brain and cognitive functioning, its involvement in brain damage and cognitive deficits in AUD remains poorly understood. The objective of this thesis was to investigate subjective and objective sleep quality in AUD and KS patients, and its relationships with brain structure and function. Our results show that sleep complaint must be interpreted with regard to the severity of brain alterations and cognitive impairments in AUD and KS patients. Moreover, we showed a high prevalence of sleep apnea in these patients. REM sleep abnormalities are specifically observed in KS patients and related to the severity of memory deficits. Regarding AUD patients, we highlight the contribution of the severity of withdrawal syndrome in slow wave sleep decrease, and its effects on brain and cognitive functioning. Hence, similarities and differences of sleep architecture have been found in the two clinical forms (AUD and KS). These sleep modifications could depend on the severity of alcohol withdrawal and be involved in the pathophysiology of alcohol-related structural brain damage and cognitive impairment. These results encourage evaluating and managing both alcohol withdrawal and sleep modifications to improve patients’ prognosis at discharge from Addiction department
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9

Kopelman, Michael D. "Psychological studies of the memory deficits in Alzheimer-type dementia and the alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome, and a comparison with the effect of cholinergic blockade in healthy subjects." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265845.

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10

Anzalone, Steven J. "Cholinergic cortical dysfunction in an animal model of diencephalic amnesia." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.

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11

Goodson, Sarah. "Working memory and attention in alcoholic Korsakoff's Syndrome : A pilot study." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6963.

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Two males with a suspected diagnosis of Alcoholic Korsakoff's Syndrome (AKS) were recruited along with two age, education-matched alcoholic controls and two comparable non-alcoholic controls. The AKS subjects were recruited on the basis of a history of alcohol abuse and anecdotal evidence to suggest memory impairment. Psychometric testing (WAIS-R, WMS-R and the NART) provided evidence to suggest that one subject was probably AKS while in the other the diagnosis was unlikely. Divided attention within the context of Baddeley's (1992) model of working memory was investigated with a modified Brown-Peterson task, in which a range of distracters were used. A task that involves sustained attention, Inspection Time, was also employed to assess whether the alcoholic subjects had a global attention impairment. The release from proactive interference task was employed as it is suggested that the Brown-Peterson impairments and failure to release from proactive interference seen in some cognitively impaired alcoholics, particularly AKS patients are due to a common underlying pathology (involving frontal lobe dysfunction). While the sample was too small to make any strong conclusions, it is suggested that cognitive dysfunction as a result of alcohol abuse, and not AKS per se, may be a factor in the impaired performance in the Brown-Peterson task. Overall performance in the release from PI was poor in the two suspected AKS subjects. The present study also highlights problems obtaining "clinically diagnosed" AKS subjects and sufficient numbers to warrant group-based experimental work.
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12

Schulz, Adelheid. "Gedächtnistäuschungen bei Alkoholikern und Patienten mit dem Korsakow-Syndrom." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96734803X.

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13

Walker, Pieter Everard. "A test battery devised to screen alcohol dependent persons for Korsakoff's Syndrome /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsw1772.pdf.

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14

Ebert, Jane Louise. "A neuropsychological study of visual, spatial and verbal memory in Korsakoff's syndrome patients and alcohol dependent drinkers /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpse16.pdf.

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15

Sziklas, Viviane. "Behavioural investigation of the mammillary region in the rat." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70274.

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The experiments reported in the present dissertation investigated the contribution of the mammillary region to several classes of learning and memory: spatial memory, nonspatial memory, and conditioned aversion learning. It was demonstrated that such lesions impair performance on tasks that require memory for spatial information but that the deficit depends on both the amount of damage within the region as well as the degree of difficulty of the task. A dissociation in the effect of such lesions on performance of comparable spatial and nonspatial memory tasks was shown. In contrast to the severe deficits observed on spatial memory tasks, the acquisition and retention of a complex nonspatial memory task was not impaired after extensive damage to the mammillary region. Such lesions also did not impair performance on two conditioned aversion tasks. These experiments suggest that the mammillary region may be selectively involved in spatial learning and memory. The relevance of these findings to Korsakoff's syndrome is discussed.
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16

Beauchesne, Élizabeth. "Stress oxydatif cérébrovasculaire et rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique dans le syndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff expérimental." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4913.

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Le syndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff (SWK) est un désordre neuropsychiatrique causé par la déficience en thiamine (DT). Dans la DT expérimentale comme dans le SWK, on observe une mort neuronale et des hémorragies dans certaines régions précises du diencéphale et du tronc cérébral. Les lésions diencéphaliques du SWK sont particulièrement sévères et entraînent souvent des séquelles amnésiques permanentes. Le lien entre la dysfonction métabolique induite par la DT et la mort neuronale n’est pas connu. Des rapports précédents ont démontré que la perméabilité de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) était altérée et ce, précédant l’apparition du dommage neuronal, suggérant un rôle critique de la dysfonction vasculaire. Les jonctions serrées (JS) interendothéliales, la base anatomique de la BHE, constituent un réseau moléculaire incluant l’occludin et les zonula occludens (ZOs). Cette thèse démontre une perte d’expression et une altération de la morphologie de ces protéines en relation avec la dysfonction de la BHE dans le thalamus de souris déficientes en thiamine, fournissant une explication pour la présence d’hémorragies. Le stress oxydatif peut entraîner des dommages directs aux protéines des JS et interférer avec leurs mécanismes de régulation. De plus, l’oxyde nitrique (NO) peut induire la métalloprotéinase matricielle-9 (MMP-9) impliquée dans la dégradation de ces protéines. L’endothélium vasculaire cérébral (EVC) semble être une source importante de NO dans la DT, l’expression de l’oxyde nitrique synthase endothéliale (eNOS) étant sélectivement induite dans les régions vulnérables. Le NO peut réagir avec les espèces réactives oxygénées et former du peroxynitrite, entraînant un stress oxydatif/nitrosatif endothélial. Les résultats présentés démontrent que la délétion du gène de eNOS prévient le stress oxydatif/nitrosatif cérébrovasculaire, l’extravasation des immunoglobulins G (IgGs) et l’altération de l’occludin et des ZOs dans le thalamus de souris déficientes en thiamine. De plus, cette délétion prévient l’induction de l’expression de MMP-9 dans l’EVC. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus avec l’antioxydant N-acétylcystéine (NAC). Les mécanismes précis par lesquels les espèces réactives altèrent les protéines des JS sont inconnus. Caveolin-1, une composante majeure du caveolæ de l’EVC, est impliquée dans la régulation de l’expression des protéines des JS, et celle-ci est modulée par le stress oxydatif/nitrosatif; l’altération de l’expression de caveolin-1 a été récemment associée à la rupture de la BHE. Les résultats présentés démontrent que l’expression de caveolin-1 est sélectivement altérée dans l’EVC du thalamus de souris déficientes en thiamine, coïcidant avec la rupture de la BHE, et démontrent que la normalisation de l’expression de caveolin-1 par le NAC est associée avec l’atténuation du dommage à la BHE. Pris ensemble, ces résultats démontrent un rôle central du stress oxydatif/nitrosatif cérébrovasculaire, particulièrement celui provenant de eNOS, dans l’altération des JS de la BHE via des dommages directs et via l’induction de MMP-9 et de caveolin-1. Cette rupture de la BHE contribue par conséquent à la mort neuronale dans le thalamus, puisque la prévention des altérations cérébrovasculaires par la délétion du gène de eNOS et le NAC atténue significativement la mort neuronale. L’administration précoce d’antioxydants en combinaison avec la thiamine devrait donc être une considération importante pour le traitement du SWK.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder caused by thiamine deficiency (TD). In experimental TD as in WKS, neuronal cell death and hemorrhages are observed in specific diencephalic and brainstem areas. Diencephalic lesions in WKS are especially severe and often lead to permanent amnesic symptoms. The link between TD-induced metabolic dysfunction and neuronal cell death is unknown. Previous reports have shown that blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was impaired and that this occurred prior to the onset of neuronal damage, suggesting a critical role for vascular dysfunction. Interendothelial tight junctions (TJs), the anatomical basis of the BBB, constitute a molecular network comprising occludin and zonula occludens (ZOs). This thesis shows a loss of expression and alterations in the morphology of these proteins in relation to BBB dysfunction in the thalamus of thiamine-deficient mice, providing an explanation for the presence of hemorrhages. Oxidative stress can lead to direct oxidative damage to TJ proteins and interfere with their regulation mechanisms. Also, nitric oxide (NO) can induce matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) involved in the degradation of these proteins. Cerebral vascular endothelium (CVE) seems to be an important source of NO in TD, since endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression is selectively induced in vulnerable areas. NO can react with reactive oxygen species and form peroxynitrite, leading to endothelial oxidative/nitrosative stress. Results have show that eNOS gene deletion prevents cerebrovascular oxidative/nitrosative stress, immunoglobulins G (IgGs) extravasation and occludin and ZOs alterations in the thalamus of thiamine-deficient mice. Also, eNOS gene deletion prevents the induction of MMP-9 in CVE. Similar results have been obtained with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Precise mechanisms by which reactive species alter TJ proteins are unknown. Caveolin-1, a major component of CVE caveolæ, is involved in the regulation of TJ protein expression, and is modulated by oxidative/nitrosative stress; alteration in caveolin-1 expression has been recently associated with BBB breakdown. The present results show that caveolin-1 expression is selectively altered in CVE of the thalamus of thiamine-deficient mice, and show that normalization of caveolin-1 expression by NAC is associated with the attenuation of BBB damage. Taken together, these results demonstrate a central role for cerebrovascular oxidative/nitrosative stress, especially coming from eNOS, in BBB TJ protein alterations via direct damage and via induction of MMP-9 and caveolin-1. As a result, BBB breakdown contributes to neuronal cell death in the thalamus, since prevention of cerebrovascular alterations by eNOS gene deletion and NAC significantly attenuates neuronal cell death. Early administration of antioxidants combined with thiamine should therefore be an important consideration for the treatment of WKS.
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17

Jhala, Shivraj. "Regulation of excitotoxicity in thiamine deficiency : role of glutamate transporters." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9720.

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L’excitotoxicité est un mécanisme physiopathologique majeur impliqué dans la pathogenèse de la déficience en thiamine (DT). Dans les régions cérébrales vulnérables à la DT, on observe une mort cellulaire induite par excitotoxicité dont l’origine semble être la conséquence d’une perturbation du métabolisme énergétique mitochondrial, d’une dépolarisation membranaire soutenue et d’une diminution de l’absorption du glutamate par les astrocytes suite à la diminution de l’expression des transporteurs EAAT1 et EAAT2. Il est clairement établi que le glutamate joue un rôle central dans l’excitotoxicité lors de la DT. Ainsi, la mise en évidence des mécanismes impliqués dans la diminution de l’expression des transporteurs du glutamate est essentielle à la compréhension de la physiopathologie de la DT. L’objectif de cette thèse consiste en l’étude de la régulation des transporteurs astrocytaires du glutamate et la mise au point de stratégies thérapeutiques ciblant la pathogenèse de l’excitotoxicité lors de l’encéphalopathie consécutive à la DT. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse démontrent des perturbations des transporteurs du glutamate à la fois dans des modèles animaux de DT et dans des astrocytes en culture soumis à une DT. La DT se caractérise par la perte du variant d’épissage GLT-1b codant pour un transporteur du glutamate dans le thalamus et le colliculus inférieur, les régions cérébrales affectées lors d’une DT, en l’absence de modification des niveaux d’ARNm. Ces résultats suggèrent une régulation post-transcriptionnelle de l’expression des transporteurs du glutamate en condition de DT. Les études basées sur l’utilisation d’inhibiteurs spécifiques des facteurs de transcription NFkB et de l’enzyme nucléaire poly(ADP)ribose polymérase-1 (PARP-1) démontrent que la régulation de l’expression du transporteur GLT-1 est sous le contrôle de voies de signalisation NFkB dépendantes de PARP-1. Cette étude démontre une augmentation de l’activation de PARP-1 et de NFkB dans les régions vulnérables chez le rat soumis à une DT et en culture d’astrocytes DT. L’inhibition pharmacologique du facteur de transcription NFkB par le PDTC induit une augmentation des niveaux d’expression de GLT-1, tandis que l’inhibition de PARP-1 par le DPQ conduit à l’inhibition de l’hyperactivation de NFkB observée lors de DT. L’ensemble de ces résultats met en évidence un nouveau mécanisme de régulation des transporteurs du glutamate par l’activation de PARP-1. L’accumulation de lactate est une caractéristique de la DT. Un traitement avec le milieu de culture d’astrocytes en condition de DT sur des cultures d’astrocytes naïfs induit une diminution de l’expression de GLT-1 ainsi qu’une inhibition de la capacité d’absorption du glutamate par les astrocytes naïfs. En revanche, l’administration de lactate exogène ne modifie pas le niveau d’expression protéique de GLT-1. Ainsi, des facteurs solubles autres que le lactate sont sécrétés par des astrocytes en condition de perturbation métabolique et peuvent potentiellement réguler l’activité des transporteurs du glutamate et contribuer à la pathogenèse du syncytium astroglial. En outre, la ceftriaxone, un antibiotique de la famille des β-lactamines, augmente de façon différentielle l’expression du variant-d’épissage GLT-1 dans le colliculus inférieur chez le rat DT et en culture d’astrocytes DT. Ces résultats suggèrent que la ceftriaxone peut constituer une avenue thérapeutique dans la régulation de l’activité des transporteurs du glutamate lors de DT. Pour conclure, la mort cellulaire d’origine excitotoxique lors de DT survient en conséquence d’une dysfonction mitochondriale associée à une perturbation du métabolisme énergétique cérébral. La modification de l’expression des transporteurs du gluatamate est sous le contrôle des voies de signalisation NFkB dépendantes du facteur PARP-1. De plus, l’inhibition métabolique et l’augmentation des sécrétions de lactate observées lors de DT peuvent également constituer un autre mécanisme physiopathologique expliquant la diminution d’expression des transporteurs de glutamate. Enfin, la ceftriaxone pourrait représenter une stratégie thérapeutique potentielle dans le traitement de la régulation de l’expression des transporteurs du glutamate et de la perte neuronale associés à l’excitotoxicité observée lors de DT.
Excitotoxicity has been implicated as a major pathophysiological mechanism in the pathogenesis of thiamine deficiency (TD). Excitotoxic-mediated cell death is localized in areas of focal vulnerability in TD and may occur as a consequence of impairment in mitochondrial energy metabolism, sustained cell membrane depolarization and decreased uptake of glutamate by astrocytes due to the loss of excitatory amino acid transporters, (EAAT1 and EAAT2). Over the years, a number of studies have identified glutamate as being a major contributor to excitotoxicity in the pathophysiology of TD. Thus, downregulation of astrocytic glutamate transporters resulting in excitotoxicity is a key feature of TD and understanding the regulation of these transporters is essential to understanding the pathophysiology of the disorder. The objective of the present thesis project was to examine the underlying basis of astrocytic glutamate transporter regulation during TD encephalopathy. Major findings of the studies presented in this thesis project provide evidence for glutamate transporter abnormalities in TD animal models and astrocyte cultures exposed to TD. TD results in the loss of the glutamate transporter splice variant-1b (GLT-1b) in vulnerable areas of brain, i.e. thalamus and inferior colliculus, with no significant alteration in the mRNA levels of the transporters, suggesting that glutamate transporter regulation under conditions of TD is a posttranscriptional event. Studies using a specific inhibitor of the transcription factor, Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and a nuclear enzyme poly (ADP)ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) provided evidence for the regulation of GLT-1 by PARP-1 dependent NF-κB signalling pathways. The major findings of this study suggested an increase in the activation of PARP-1 and NF-κB molecule in the vulnerable areas of TD rat brain and TD astrocyte cultures. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB showed an increase in the levels of GLT-1, while inhibition of PARP-1 using a specific PARP-1 inhibitor, DPQ inhibited the increased activation of NF-κB that was observed during TD. Overall results of this finding provided evidence for a mechanism involving PARP-1 activation in the regulation of glutamate transporters. Given the increased lactate accumulation as a classical feature of TD, we studied the effect of soluble factors produced by astrocytes on glutamate transporter function. Treatment of naïve astrocyte cultures with TD conditioned media resulted in decreased levels of GLT-1 and inhibition of glutamate uptake capacity concomitant with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Administration of exogenous lactic acid produced a similar reduction in glutamate uptake to that resulting from conditioned media. However, lactic acid treatment did not result in a change in GLT-1 protein levels. In addition, the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was shown to be increased in astrocytes treated with TD along with elevated levels of the phospho-IκB fragment, indicative of increased activation of NFκB. Inhibition of NFκB led to an amelioration of the decrease in GLT-1 that occurs in TD, along with recovery of glutamate uptake. Thus, soluble factors released from astrocytes under conditions of metabolic impairment such as lactate and TNF-α impairment appear to exert a regulatory influence on glutamate transporter function. Ceftriaxone, a β-lactam antibiotic, has the ability to differentially stimulate GLT-1b (splice-variant) expression in the inferior colliculus in TD rats and under in vitro conditions with TD astrocyte cultures. Thus, ceftriaxone may be a potential therapeutic strategy in the regulation of glutamate transporter function during TD. In summary, excitotoxic cell death in TD occurs as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cerebral energy impairment and abnormal glutamate transporter status. A major underlying mechanism for glutamate transporter abnormalities is mediated by PARP-1 dependent NF-κB signaling pathways. In addition, metabolic inhibition with substantial production of lactate and TNF-α may be perhaps another mechanism responsible for glutamate transporter downregulation in TD.
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18

Schulz, Adelheid [Verfasser]. "Gedächtnistäuschungen bei Alkoholikern und Patienten mit dem Korsakow-Syndrom / vorgelegt von Adelheid Schulz." 2003. http://d-nb.info/96734803X/34.

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19

Sugarman, Roy. "A neuropsychological investigation of the role of cortical arousal in the alcohol related brain syndrome." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10109.

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D.Litt. et Phil.
The present work set out to evaluate whether the division on a neuropsychological basis between Korsakoff's amnesia and Kevin Walsh's Adaptive Behavioural Syndrome (ABS) was justified (Walsh, 1989). The research took the approach that the supposed agents responsible for the ABS (neurotoxicity of alcohol) and Korsakoff's syndrome (thiamine avitaminosis) had not been proven to produce site-specific lesions. Using Bowden (1990) as a point of departure, Luria's (1973) classic discussion of the hierarchical nature of brain functioning was used to generate the hypothesis that the two topographical areas of the brain are both subject to stimulation via the arousal mechanisms of the reticular activating system of the brainstem, and that this might well result in cortical arousal deficiencies giving rise to the frontal and axial deficits seen in alcohol related syndromes. Evidence was found, using techniques of analysis developed by the Boston group (Kaplan, 1980), that in fact the frontally-based ABS was less vulnerable to brainstem dysfunction, and that when arousal levels began to increase, as in the arousing neuropsychological evaluation environment, signs of frontal dysfunction waned, whilst signs of axial mnemonic difficulties did not. This discrepancy was explained using Luria's information that the frontal cortical areas are richly supplied with connections to the reticular activating system of the brainstem, whereas the axial structures are not so richly endowed. The conclusion was reached that the ASS and l(orsakoff's dysfunctions are two sides of the same coin, and that the division between the two is both an artifact of research designs in the past that have excluded those with signs of alcohol dementia ('pure' amnesias), and the heretofore invisible moderating influence of the acetaldehyde-damaged noradrenergic pathways of the brainstem. The post-traumatic amnesias seen following closed head injury and acute stress were discussed as contributing to the generalisability of the conclusions, and the role of neuropsychologists in the future within the field was discussed.
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20

Brokate, Barbara [Verfasser]. "Exekutive Funktionen bei Korsakow-Syndrom und Alkoholabhängigkeit : working memory, response inhibition, decision making und object alternation / von Barbara Brokate." 2009. http://d-nb.info/996765972/34.

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