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Journal articles on the topic 'Korsakoff Syndrome'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Jacobson, R. R., C. F. Acker, and W. A. Lishman. "Patterns of neuropsychological deficit in alcoholic Korsakoff's Syndrome." Psychological Medicine 20, no. 2 (May 1990): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700017633.

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SynopsisTwenty-five male and 13 female patients with alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome (AKS) were compared with age- and sex-matched non-Korsakoff chronic alcoholics and healthy volunteers in a neuropsychological study, which included computer-administered tests of cognitive function. The performance of male Korsakoff patients was significantly inferior to that of healthy male controls, not only in tests of memory, but also in visuo-perceptual tasks with a speed or motor component, and on category sorting and verbal fluency measures. Compared with male alcoholics, the performance of male Korsakoff patients was again inferior on similar tests. Female Korsakoff patients showed more extensive deficits compared with female controls, but differed less from matched female alcoholics.The results suggest that, in addition to their amnesia, many Korsakoff patients have sustained widespread cognitive deficits, affecting particularly visuo-perceptual and abstracting functions, which are sensitive to cortical lesions. The range of deficits falls short of what may be regarded as ‘global’ in male, but probably not in female, Korsakoffs. The implications for a dual aetiology of AKS involving thiamine deficiency and other features associated with alcoholism, probably direct alcohol neurotoxicity, are discussed.

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2

Egger, Jos I. M., Arie J. Wester, Hubert R. A. De Mey, and Jan J. L. Derksen. "Korsakoff's syndrome on the MMPI-2." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 14, no. 5 (October 2002): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5215.2002.140506.x.

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Background:This article describes an exploratory study of MMPI-2 administration to 20 patients with Korsakoff's disease, all admitted to the Korsakoff unit of a major psychiatric hospital in the Netherlands.Methods:We compared their MMPI-2 basic profiles with those of an inpatient alcohol-dependent non-Korsakoff group. Attention was also given to content scales and some selected supplementary scales. Furthermore, we explored the differences between MMPI-2 profiles of Korsakoff patients with and without insight into oneself and one's disease.Results:Compared with both the Dutch norms and the scale means of the non-Korsakoff alcoholics, Korsakoff patients showed an extraordinary flat profile. Illness insight appeared to be related to the levels of the various scales.Discussion:The results show the potential usefulness of the MMPI-2 in the differential diagnosis of chronic alcoholism and Korsakoff's disease.

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3

Madeira, N., T. Santos, and J. L. Pio-Abreu. "Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: A Common Yet Elusive Diagnosis." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71095-8.

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In 1897, Murawieff proposed that a common cause was responsible for the two syndromes previously described by Carl Wernicke and Sergei Korsakoff. More than 100 years afterwards, the neuropsychiatric nosological entity known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome remains one of the most significant, yet under-recognized, consequences of long-term alcohol abuse.Prompt recognition and treatment of Wernicke's encephalopathy with parenteral thiamine can prevent permanent cognitive impairment, involving severe short-term memory loss - Korsakoff's amnesic syndrome. Such condition has devastating consequences for patients, not infrequently demanding long-term institutionalization.Based on two clinical vignettes, the authors review some epidemiological, clinical and neuropathological features of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, besides issues concerning differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

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Mushtaq, Raheel, Sheikh Shoib, Tabindah Shah, Mudasir Bhat, Randhir Singh, and Sahil Mushtaq. "Unusual Presentation of Uncommon Disease: Anorexia Nervosa Presenting as Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome—A Case Report from Southeast Asia." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/482136.

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Anorexia nervosa presenting as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is rare. The causes of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome are multiple like alcohol abuse, thyrotoxicosis, haemodialysis, severe malnutrition because of gastric carcinoma and pyloric obstruction, hyperemesis gravidarum, and prolonged parenteral feeding. We report a case of anorexia nervosa, who presented with Wernicke's encephalopathy and progressed to Korsakoff's syndrome. Knowledge, awareness, and early intervention of anorexia nervosa by mental health professionals can prevent development of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

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5

Jacobson, R. R., and W. A. Lishman. "Cortical and diencephalic lesions in Korsakoff's syndrome: a clinical and scan study." Psychological Medicine 20, no. 1 (February 1990): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700013234.

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SYNOPSISTwenty-five male alcoholic Korsakoff patients were compared with age and sex-matched non-Korsakoff chronic alcoholics and healthy volunteers on clinical and CT brain scan parameters. The scans were assessed by planimetry, visual grading procedures and computerized analysis. Reliable measures of third ventricular size were developed.The Korsakoff patients had wider third ventricles, larger lateral ventricles and wider interhemispheric fissures than the comparison groups; but sulcal and Sylvian fissure widths were equivalent in Korsakoff and non-Korsakoff alcoholics.The results suggest that, in addition to their well-established diencephalic lesions, many Korsakoff patients have sustained widespread cerebral damage. Shrinkage in the frontal brain regions appears to be especially pronounced. The implications for a dual aetiology of alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome involving thiamine deficiency and features associated with alcoholism, probably direct alcohol neurotoxicity, are discussed.

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6

Paller, Ken A., Ananth Acharya, Brian C. Richardson, Odile Plaisant, Arthur P. Shimamura, Bruce R. Reed, and William J. Jagust. "Functional Neuroimaging of Cortical Dysfunction in Alcoholic Korsakoff's Syndrome." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 2 (March 1997): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.2.277.

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Many neuropsychological investigations of human memory have focused on the amnesic deficits of alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome. Structural neuroimaging suggests that the syndrome results from midline diencephalic damage, but functional neuroimaging has the potential to reveal additional neuropathology that may be responsible for cognitive dysfunction. Accordingly, high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose utilization in five alcoholic Korsakoff patients and nine alcoholic control subjects. Results from a continuous recognition test administered during the radiotracer uptake period indicated that all subjects performed normally with respect to immediate memory, whereas Korsakoff patients demonstrated a marked memory impairment in delayed recognition. PET results from the Korsakoff group showed a widespread decline in glucose metabolism in frontal, parietal, and cingulate regions, suggesting that these functional abnormalities in the cerebral cortex contribute to the memory impairment. Hippocampal glucose metabolism did not differ between the groups. Thus, the evidence did not support the hypothesis that parallel brain dysfunctions are responsible for the similar amnesic symptomatology after hippocampal and diencephalic damage. We hypothesize that the amnesic dysfunction of Korsakoff's syndrome depends on a disruption of thalamocortical interactions that mediate a function critical for normal memory storage.

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7

Oosterman, Joukje M., Maartje de Goede, Arie J. Wester, Martine J. E. van Zandvoort, and Roy P. C. Kessels. "Perspective taking in Korsakoff's syndrome: the role of executive functioning and task complexity." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 23, no. 6 (December 2011): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00552.x.

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Oosterman JM, de Goede M, Wester AJ, van Zandvoort MJE, Kessels RPC. Perspective taking in Korsakoff's syndrome: the role of executive functioning and task complexity.Objective: The ability to make inferences about knowledge, thoughts and feelings of others, i.e. perspective taking, is a key element of social cognition. Clinical observations indicate that Korsakoff patients may have impairments in social cognition, but studies are scarce. Also, executive dysfunction is present in Korsakoff patients, which may hamper perspective taking directly.Methods: Twenty-three patients with Korsakoff's syndrome and 15 healthy matched controls were examined on a story comprehension task, in which inferences had to be made that either relied on perspective taking or not. The effects of task complexity were taken into account and executive function was assessed using an extensive neuropsychological test battery.Results: The performance of Korsakoff patients declined with increasing complexity, but the pattern of decline for perspective-taking and non-perspective-taking stories was similar compared to that of the control group. Furthermore, the performance decline with increasing task complexity was directly related to the overall decline in executive functioning.Conclusion: Executive dysfunction, not deficits in perspective taking per se, appears to underlie difficulties in story comprehension in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome.

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8

Evers, Kathinka. "Korsakoff Syndrome." International Journal of Applied Philosophy 13, no. 2 (1999): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap199913217.

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9

Zhou, Yongxing, Derrick Fox, Abhishek Anand, Amal Elhaj, Arushi Kapoor, Faranak Najibi, Han Kim, Roger Weir, and Annapurni Jayam-Trouth. "Artery of Percheron Infarction as an Unusual Cause of Korsakoff’s Syndrome." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/927809.

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The Korsakoff syndrome is defined as “an abnormal mental state in which memory and learning are affected out of all proportion to other cognitive functions in an otherwise alert and responsive patient.” Confabulation refers to false or erroneous memories arising, not deliberately, in the context of a neurological amnesia and is often thought of as pathognomonic of the Korsakoff syndrome. Although the exact pathophysiology is unknown, various studies have identified brain lesions in the thalami, mammillary bodies, and frontal cortex. We report a case of a 68-year-old male presenting with acute altered mental status on July 16, 2015. The neuropsychological dysfunctions included prominent Korsakoff’s syndrome, which became apparent when the altered mental status resolved. Amnesia was accompanied by prominent confabulation, disorientation, and lack of insight into his own disability. Neuroradiological data indicated that the intralaminar and dorsomedial nuclei in bilateral thalami were infarcted by occlusion of the artery of Percheron. We believe that ours is one of few reported cases of Korsakoff syndrome in a patient with infarction involving the territory of the artery of Percheron. We conclude that bilateral thalamic lesions could cause Korsakoff’s syndrome and the intralaminar and dorsomedial nuclei might be important structures in the pathogenesis of confabulation.

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10

Oyama, Hirofumi, Toshiko Mabuchi, Masahiro Niwa, Yoshihisa Kida, Takayuki Tanaka, Kazuo Yoshida, Takanori Iwakoshi, Ryuji Kitamura, Satoshi Maezawa, and Tatsuya Kobayashi. "Traumatic Korsakoff syndrome." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 5, no. 4 (October 1998): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-5868(98)90284-3.

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11

Kotov, S. V., A. I. Lobakov, E. V. Isakova, G. A. Stashuk, and T. V. Volchenkova. "Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome." Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 116, no. 7 (2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2016116714-11.

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12

Schaefer, Sandra. "Wernicke?Korsakoff Syndrome." Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 8, no. 9 (September 1996): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.1996.tb00692.x.

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13

Kopelman, Michael D. "The Korsakoff Syndrome." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 2 (February 1995): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.2.154.

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BackgroundInvestigations of the Korsakoff syndrome by researchers from different disciplines have proliferated in recent years, making it apposite to review the various findings.MethodThis review is based on the author's knowledge of reports in the major clinical and neuropsychological journals, supplemented by Medline searches to update particular subtopics.ResultsThe Korsakoff syndrome is defined as a disproportionate impairment in memory, relative to other aspects of cognitive function, resulting from a nutritional (thiamine) depletion. The initial manifestations of the disorder are variable, and a persistent memory impairment can result from a non-alcoholic aetiology, although this seems to happen much less commonly than in the past – presumably because of generally higher standards of nutrition. Although there is agreement on the underlying neuropathology, the critical lesion sites for memory disorder have been debated. Recent evidence suggests that the circuit involving the mammillary bodies, the mammillo-thalamic tract and the anterior thalamus, rather than the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, is particularly critical in the formation of new memories. The relationship of these deficits to thiamine depletion remains a topic of current investigation, as does the purported role of neurotransmitter depletions in the cholinergic, glutamate/GABA and catecholamine and serotonergic systems. Neuro-imaging studies have confirmed autopsy findings of more widespread structural and metabolic abnormalities, particularly involving the frontal lobes.ConclusionsThe relationship of these neuropathological, neurochemical, and metabolic abnormalities to cognitive functioning, with particular reference to specific aspects of memory processing, has been considered in some detail. Whereas structural and/or neurochemical abnormalities within the limbic/diencephalic circuits account for anterograde amnesia, some other factor, such as frontal lobe dysfunction, must underlie the severe retrograde memory loss which is characteristically found in this syndrome.

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14

MCNAMARA, M. EILEEN, JOHN J. CAMPBELL, and PATRICIA RYAN RECUPERO. "Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome." Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 3, no. 2 (May 1991): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/jnp.3.2.232.

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15

Zubaran, C., J. G. Fernandes, and R. Rodnight. "Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome." Postgraduate Medical Journal 73, no. 855 (January 1, 1997): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.73.855.27.

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16

Sivolap, Yu P., and I. V. Damulin. "Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics, no. 4 (December 10, 2014): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2014-4-76-80.

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17

Brockington, I. "Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome." Archives of Women's Mental Health 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2005): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-005-0112-x.

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18

Brigadeiro, D., C. Ferreira, J. Magalhães, J. Nunes, P. Santos, E. Santos, and A. Pissarra. "Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome with psychotic symptoms in a severe case of anorexia nervosa: A case report." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1224.

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IntroductionThe Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome comprises a complex of symptoms including Wernicke's encephalopathy and the Korsakoff's syndrome. While the former is characterized by a classic clinical triad of ataxia, ophtalmoplegia and a global confusional state; the Korsakoff's syndrome is characterized by memory impairment and confabulation. These two entities are now considered as a clinical spectrum of a same disease caused by deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1).ObjectiveTo describe a case of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome with psychotic symptoms in a 13-year-old female patient with anorexia nervosa.MethodThe patient and family were interviewed. Literature relevant to the case was reviewed.ResultsA 13-year-old Caucasian female was admitted to the emergency department with bradycardia (38 bpm) and a two-month history of weight loss totaling 6 kg. This loss of weight was a result of dietary restriction and over-exercise because she “felt too fat”. On admission she has a body mass index of 12.17. She was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and was hospitalized. On day 11 after hospitalization, patient initiated alteration in behavior, fluctuating mental state with periods of lucidity and periods of confusion, memory impairment and psychotic symptoms, with paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations. The classic triad of Wernicke's encephalopathy was not present. The treatment with thiamine was initiated and the symptoms including psychotic symptoms improved.ConclusionWernicke-Korsakoff syndrome should be considered in cases of anorexia nervosa with a confusional state and memory impairment even if the classic symptoms are not present.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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19

Pokale, Yogesh Jagannath, and Sunil G. Gupte. "A Case Report on Wernicke–Korsakoff Syndrome." MVP Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/mvpjms/2014/v1/i1/835.

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<strong>Background:</strong> Alcohol use is one of the most serious problems in public health and the Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is one of the gravest consequences of alcoholism. Post-mortem studies suggest that Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome occurs in 12.5% of dependent drinkers and in 2% of the general population. Korsakoff Syndrome is an amnestic disorder generally followed by untreated Wernicke's Encephalopathy. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is most commonly a post-mortem diagnosis. <strong>Aim and Objective:</strong> To report a case of Korsakoff Syndrome since the clinical presentation is often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. <strong>Case description:</strong> 50 year old male, drinking heavily since 25 years presented with complaints of forgetfulness, talking irrelevantly since last 18 months. Patient developed symptoms of confusion, ataxia, and altered behaviour 2 years back, for which he was treated as a case of encephalitis and not treated with thiamine. He later progressed to show symptoms of amnesia. On examination, patient showed recent memory deficit with anterograde and variable retrograde amnesia with confabulations. Neurological examination revealed absent deep tendon reflexes and signs of peripheral neuropathy. MRI brain showed global cortical atrophy. The sequence of events in this case study demonstrates the possible effects of long term alcohol use, namely Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome. Highlights of the medical model of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome will be subsequently presented. Lastly, suggestions for treatment and prevention of further damage will be discussed.

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20

Ruz, Évelyne. "Le syndrome de Korsakoff." L'Aide-Soignante 27, no. 151 (November 2013): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aidsoi.2013.09.007.

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21

Jacobson, R. R. "Alcoholism, Korsakoff’s Syndrome and the Frontal Lobes." Behavioural Neurology 2, no. 1 (1989): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1989/847937.

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A subset of the diffuse cerebral changes and psychometric deficits found in chronic alcoholics is similar to that seen in the frontal lobe syndrome. Certain features of alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome (AKS) also point to cortical involvement, and this may have a basis in alcohol neurotoxicity. Twenty-five patients with AKS and 24 non-Korsakoff alcoholic controls were compared using an automated CT brain scan program. In addition to evidence of their diencephalic lesions (wide third ventricles), AKS patients revealed widespread cerebral damage with greater Sylvian and interhemispheric fissure (IHF) size than alcoholics. Korsakoffs were also inferior to alcoholics in performance on a category sorting test, in which non-perseverative error scores correlated significantly with IHF size. The principle of distinguishing between selective memory decline and global intellectual decline (GID) was applied to 38 patients with AKS. Indices were developed for each type of deficit and much variation found in their distributions. The degree of GID correlated significantly with IHF size, showing similar trends with other cortical measures. These results suggest a cortical substrate for the degree of GID and a frontal substrate for category sorting deficits; with a probable basis in alcohol neurotoxicity rather than thiamine deficiency, which is not known to impair cortical structure. A new model is proposed of the pathophysiology of alcoholic brain damage and AKS which includes recent work on neurotransmitter sources and thalamo-frontal connections.

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22

Pitel, Anne Lise, Hélène Beaunieux, Edith V. Sullivan, Adolf Pfefferbaum, Fausto Viader, Béatrice Desgranges, and Francis Eustache. "Le syndrome de Korsakoff revisité." Revue de neuropsychologie 1, no. 1 (2009): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rne.011.0084.

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23

Sunitha, D., P. Anusri, and M. Sudhakar. "Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: An Overview." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 2 (2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-5691.2019.00017.0.

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24

El Haj, Mohamad, Ahmed A. Moustafa, and Jean-Louis Nandrino. "Future Thinking in Korsakoff Syndrome." Alcohol and Alcoholism 54, no. 4 (May 2, 2019): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz037.

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Abstract Aims Prior research has been mainly concerned with the ability of patients with Korsakoff syndrome (KS) to project themselves into the past. Little is known about the patients’ ability to project themselves into the future. We therefore compared past and future thinking in patients with KS. Methods We invited patients with KS and control participants to retrieve past events and reconstruct future events. Participants were also invited to rate subjective characteristics (i.e. time travel, emotional feeling, and visual imagery) of the past and future events. Results Patients with KS demonstrated low specificity, time travel, and emotional experience during past and future thinking. However, while lower emotional experience was observed in patients with KS than in the control participants during future thinking, no significant differences were observed between the two populations during past thinking. Regarding within-group comparisons, patients with KS demonstrated no significant differences between past and future thinking in terms of specificity, time travel, and visual imagery; however, they demonstrated higher emotional experience during past than during future thinking. Regarding control participants, they demonstrated no significant differences between past and future thinking in terms of specificity, time travel, emotional experience, and visual imagery. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate a diminished ability to construct specific future scenarios as well as a diminished subjective experience during future thinking in KS.

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Sechi, GianPietro, Lucia Batzu, Luigi Agrò, and Chiara Fois. "Cancer-related Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome." Lancet Oncology 17, no. 6 (June 2016): e221-e222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30109-7.

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26

Smith, Iain David, and Audrey Hillman. "Management of alcohol Korsakoff syndrome." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 5, no. 4 (July 1999): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.5.4.271.

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“Contrary to popular belief, partial recovery from Korsakoff's Psychosis is the rule and 21% recover more or less completely. However the extent to which the patient will recover cannot be predicted with confidence during the acute stages of the illness. Failure to appreciate these facts about the natural history of the mental illness may result in the premature confinement of the patient to a mental hospital” (Victoret al, 1971).

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Kirk Phillips, B., M. Victoria Ingram, and Geoffrey G. Grammer. "Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and Galantamine." Psychosomatics 45, no. 4 (July 2004): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.45.4.366.

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Leyfman, Yan. "CONFABULATIONS IN A CHRONIC ALCOHOLIC- A SUBTLE PRESENTATION OF KORSAKOFF SYNDROME." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 7 (July 31, 2019): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i7.2019.716.

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Wernicke Encephalopathy is an acute neuropsychiatric condition, characterized by confusion, nystagmus, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia, resulting from thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, typically secondary to alcohol abuse. Failure to properly diagnose, which occurs in 80% of the time, can result in gradual progression to irreversible Korsakoff Syndrome, characterized by irreversible personality changes, and anterograde and retrograde amnesia. The present case report seeks to highlight this patient’s chronology to Korsakoff Syndrome and our attempted interventions.

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O'Carroll, R. E., A. Moffoot, K. P. Ebmeier, and G. M. Goodwin. "Estimating pre-morbid intellectual ability in the Alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome." Psychological Medicine 22, no. 4 (November 1992): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700038472.

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SynopsisThe National Adult Reading Test (NART) is widely used in clinical and research settings to estimate pre-morbid intellectual levels. The validity of the NART in estimating pre-morbid ability in Alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome (AKS) is examined in the present study. Twenty AKS subjects were compared with 40 healthy controls. The validity of the NART as a pre-morbid measure in AKS was examined using four methods. AKS subjects made more NART errors than controls, had lower NART predicted IQ than demographically predicted IQ, made more NART errors than predicted by demographic variables and demonstrated NART performance which correlated with degree of memory impairment. It is concluded that NART performance is detrimentally affected by the AKS and that estimating pre-morbid intellectual level in Korsakoff's psychosis using the NART may be invalid. Furthermore, it is postulated that the impaired ability to pronounce correctly irregular words in AKS may reflect a failure in cognitive ‘error checking’ which may represent a consequence of frontal lobe dysfunction.

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Inagaki, Takuji, Yoshiko Shimitzu, Ken Tsubouchi, Isamu Momose, Tsuyoshi Miyaoka, Soichi Mizuno, Toshiro Kishi, Chikako Yamamori, and Jun Horiguchi. "Korsakoff syndrome following chronic subdural hematoma." General Hospital Psychiatry 25, no. 5 (September 2003): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-8343(03)00068-9.

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31

Donnelly, Alexander. "Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: recognition and treatment." Nursing Standard 31, no. 31 (March 29, 2017): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.2017.e10440.

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&NA;. "Alcohol Consumption and Wernike Korsakoff Syndrome." Journal of Addictions Nursing 18, no. 2 (2007): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10884600701334838.

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Sullivan, E. V., and A. Pfefferbaum. "Neuroimaging of the Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome." Alcohol and Alcoholism 44, no. 2 (January 16, 2009): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agn103.

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Fama, Rosemary, Adolf Pfefferbaum, and Edith V. Sullivan. "Visuoperceptual Learning in Alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 30, no. 4 (April 2006): 680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00085.x.

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Angunawela, Indra I., and Andrew Barker. "Anticholinesterase drugs for alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 16, no. 3 (2001): 338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.338.

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Segal, J. Bradley, Marc A. Bouffard, and Gottfried Schlaug. "Characteristic Neuroimaging Abnormalities of Korsakoff Syndrome." JAMA Neurology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1843.

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37

Hunter, Robert. "Frontal metabolic deficits in Korsakoff syndrome." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 3 (September 1990): 454–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.3.454a.

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McEntee, William J., and Robert G. Mair. "The Korsakoff syndrome: a neurochemical perspective." Trends in Neurosciences 13, no. 8 (August 1990): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(90)90146-2.

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39

Fama, Rosemary, Anne-Lise Pitel, and Edith V. Sullivan. "Anterograde Episodic Memory in Korsakoff Syndrome." Neuropsychology Review 22, no. 2 (May 30, 2012): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11065-012-9207-0.

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40

Parkin, Alan J., J. Blunden, J. E. Rees, and Nicola M. Hunkin. "Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome of nonalcoholic origin." Brain and Cognition 15, no. 1 (January 1991): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-2626(91)90016-2.

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41

Mair, R. G., W. J. Mcentee, R. Doty, K. Kelly, and C. Wilson. "Perceptual deficits and the Korsakoff syndrome." Behavioural Brain Research 20, no. 1 (April 1986): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(86)90171-3.

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42

Galvão, Nathalia Dias, Isadora Munaretto Reolon, Marcela Barbosa Hércules, Armando Gabriel Machado Arruda, Maria Eugênia Caires Santos, Mariana Costa Teixeira, Graziely Marques Lima, and Mario de Souza Lima e. Silva. "Síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff associada ao álcool / Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome associated with alcohol." Brazilian Journal of Health Review 3, no. 6 (2020): 18435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv3n6-237.

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43

Galvão, Nathalia Dias, Isadora Munaretto Reolon, Marcela Barbosa Hércules, Armando Gabriel Machado Arruda, Maria Eugênia Caires Santos, Mariana Costa Teixeira, Graziely Marques Lima, and Mario de Souza Lima e. Silva. "Síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff associada ao álcool / Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome associated with alcohol." Brazilian Journal of Health Review 3, no. 6 (2020): 18435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv3n6-237.

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44

Muramatsu, Taro, Haruo Kashima, Motoichiro Kato, and Hideo Hosaki. "A case of the alcoholic korsakoff syndrome with high IQ performance. Heterogeneity of the alcoholic korsakoff syndrome." Higher Brain Function Research 11, no. 1 (1991): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2496/apr.11.11.

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45

Gargot, T., and N. Bouaziz. "Évolution favorable d’un cas de syndrome de Wernicke et Korsakoff en secteur de psychiatrie." European Psychiatry 29, S3 (November 2014): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.386.

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Abstract:

Le syndrome de Wernicke est caractérisé par un syndrome confusionnel, une paralysie oculomotrice, une ataxie cérébelleuse. Il serait secondaire à une carence en vitamine B1 souvent liée à une carence d’origine alcoolique. Le syndrome de Korsakoff est une complication du syndrome de Wernicke auquel s’ajoutent des troubles de la mémoire antérograde, des fabulations, des fausses reconnaissances et une polyneuropathie. Classiquement, le syndrome de Korsakoff est considéré de mauvais pronostic. Qu’apporte une prise en charge bio-psychosociale de ces troubles en secteur de psychiatrie ? Nous rapportons le cas d’un patient hospitalisé pour une tentative de suicide sans alcoolo-dépendance connue. Quelques jours après son admission, il présente un syndrome confusionnel, une paralysie oculomotrice, une ataxie cérébelleuse, une amnésie antérograde, des fabulations, des fausses reconnaissances et une polyneuropathie des membres inférieurs. Un diagnostic de syndrome de Wernicke compliqué de syndrome de Korsakoff a été posé. Par ailleurs, apparaissent une humeur dépressive, une alcoolo-dépendance niée, un délire confuso-onirique, une décompensation d’hypertension artérielle, diabétique et une hyperexcitabilité auriculaire. Des dosages montrent des carences en 25-OH vitamine D et en vitamine B9. Le dosage de la vitamine B1 est normal. Il reçoit des benzodiazépines à l’admission. En phase aiguë, il reçoit des vitamines B1, B6, D et B9. Après amélioration, il est traité par de la fluoxétine et de l’acamprosate. L’imagerie cérébrale après rémission ne montre pas d’atteinte des corps mamillaires. Un suivi psychométrique par mini mental state examination, un test de l’horloge et un test des 5 mots de Dubois a montré une normalisation. Après rémission, nous avons utilisé une approche psychothérapeutique motivationnelle. Une lourde prise en charge sociale axée sur la réinsertion a été nécessaire. Le syndrome de Korsakoff pris à un stade précoce ne serait pas toujours de mauvais pronostic. Une vision bio-psycho-sociale semble pertinente dans ces pathologies.

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Rolland, S., and AS Truswell. "Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome in Sydney hospitals after 6 years of thiamin enrichment of bread." Public Health Nutrition 1, no. 2 (June 1998): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn19980018.

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AbstractObjective:To estimate the incidence of Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) and Korsakoffs psychosis (KP) before and after the introduction of thiamin enrichment of bread in Australia.Design and subjects:Inpatient records were examined in 17 major public general hospitals in greater Sydney for the 4 years 1993–96 (inclusive) with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 diagnoses 265.1 (WE), 291.1 and 294.0 (KP). Relevant clinical data were recorded on a specially designed form so that cases could be classified as confirmed or probable WE, confirmed or probable KP, confirmed or probable Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WE + KP) or not WE or KP. The average number of cases of WE + KP was 38 acute (new) cases and 69 total (acute+chronic) cases per annum for all the hospitals combined.Results:This study used the same methods as our earlier retrospective examination of Wernicke–Korsakoff cases in essentially the same hospitals for 1978–93. Records for 1993 were thus pulled twice and, while individual cases (using hospital index number) did not always coincide, the total numbers for 1993 were 69 and 70.For the 5 years after 1991 the number of acute cases of WE and KP in Sydney hospitals was 61% of the number for the 5 years before 1991 (P<0.01). There is, however, no continuing downward trend.Conclusions:These results are consistent with a 40% reduction of the incidence of acute WE and KP since bread has been enriched with thiamin. The disease complex has, however, not been eliminated. To achieve this, further public health action would be needed, such as addition of thiamin to beer.

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Pokale, Yogesh Jagannath, and Sunil Govind Gupte. "A Case Report on Wernicke–Korsakoff Syndrome." MVP Journal of Medical Science 1, no. 1 (January 5, 2014): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15306/mvpjms/2014/v1i1/46891.

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Motomura, Naoyasu, Hiroyuki Akagi, Yoji Tomoda, and Takashi Seo. "The direct priming in alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome." Higher Brain Function Research 15, no. 3 (1995): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2496/apr.15.230.

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Arts, Nicolaas, Serge Walvoort, and Roy Kessels. "Korsakoff’s syndrome: a critical review." Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment Volume 13 (November 2017): 2875–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s130078.

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50

Yoon, Chang-Kyoon, Moo-Hwan Chang, and Dong-Cho Lee. "Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Associated with Hyperemesis Gravidarum." Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 19, no. 3 (2005): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2005.19.3.239.

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