Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Korslimmat trä'
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Celil, Sinan, and Philip Ahnfeldt. "Konstruktionsutformning av moduler i korslimmat trä." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76685.
Full textA three storey tall building was used as a reference object in this project and dimensioned with a starting point from timber frame modular constructions. Wall and floor dimensions are calculated and drawn. Methods for attachment and lifting of modules are examined through interviews and are, when possible, applied for the CLT modules. The purpose of this project was to design CLT modules intended for residential use. The goal of the design was that it can be used in similar buildings. The calculations showed that the fire requirements were the decisive factor when deciding the thickness of the walls and floors. Attachments between different building parts can be designed similarly in both timber frame modules and CLT modules. The method of using angle irons and nail plates is possible for both timber frame and CLT. The lifting of the modules can to some extent be executed similarly for the two frameworks.
Eriksson, Mattias, and Björn Melin. "Styvhet och hållfasthet hos böjbelastade reglar från korslimmat trä : Elasticitetsmodul och böjhållfasthet hos reglar från korslimmat trä." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85108.
Full textA bottom rail made from cross laminated timber has a considerably higher strength in compression perpendicular to its length direction compared to a traditional bottom rail made from structural timber. The reason for this high strength is the fiber direction of the internal layers in the CLT-jost, every second layher being oriented parallel to the load direction. This creates opportunities to build taller buildings with a wooden frame when using a bottom rail of cross laminated timber in the construction. When prefabricating wall elements, other loads occur than just compression perpendicular to the length direction. For example, when lifting walls, the top and bottom rail is bent edgewise. Thus, stiffness and strength values for the joist sawn from cross laminated timber needs to be determinated for such loads. This bachelor thesis examines the stiffness and bending strength of joists sawn from cross laminated timber. The purpose is to investigate if the CLT-joist has predictable and sufficient mechanical properties to be used as top- and bottom rail in prefabricated walls. A literature review is made for a comparison against existing research. The literature review examines the mechanical properties of wood, Eurocodes, Swedish standards and existing research regarding cross laminated timber and structural timber. Experimental tests are performed with four-point bending in accordance with the harmonised standard 408: 2010 + A1: 2012. The modulus of elasticity and the characteristic bending strength for the CLT-joists are determined. Failure modes that occured are documented and analyzed. The results show predictable mechanical properties in the CLT-joist, and that there are good possibilities for using a joist sawn from cross laminated timber as top- and bottom rail in prefabricated walls with a wooden frame.
Larsson, Beatrice, and Adam Bergman. "Korslimmat trä av sidobrädor : En hållbar framtid." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75939.
Full textAl-Mulla, Tiba. "Jämförelsestudier mellan olika typer av korslimmat träbjälklag: : Undersökning av konsekvenser vid ändring från betong- till korslimmat trä- bjälklag i ett flervåningshus." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27121.
Full textTrä är ett av de vanligaste material som har används sedan länge i byggkonstruktioner. Behovet av nya byggnader kommer att påverka klimatet på ett negativ sätt, därför är det bra att bygga snabbt och hållbart. Korslimmat trä (KL-trä) är en produkt som kom under 1990-talet. Trämaterialet utvecklades där den kan användas i träkonstruktioner i flervåningshus.Materialet anses ha goda egenskaper jämfört med andra typer av trämaterialen, litteraturstudier visade på möjligheten att bygga högt med KL-trämaterialet. Liknande höghus fungerar bäst när KL-träkonstruktioner kombineras med andra material s.k. Hybrida konstruktioner. Fallstudien utfördes teoretisk i Fullriggarenbyggnaden i Alderholmen i Gävle, som består av 14 våningar och är ca 40 m högt. Syftet var att undersöka konsekvenserna som uppstår när betongbjälklaget ersätts med KL-träbjälklag, hänsyn tas till regler och normer när det gäller brandsäkerhet, akustik, svängningar och vibrationer. För att uppnå detta och kunna bestämma lämpligaste alternativ, jämfördes olika typer av KL-träbjälklag. Byggnaden undersöktes beträffande konstruktion och utförande, och en enklare modell skapades i Revit 2018. Utmaningen var att byggnaden har långa spännvidder med max 10 m. Olika typer av KL-bjälklag jämfördes som kassettbjälklag, samverkanbjälklag, plattbjälklag och KL-trä bjälklag i kombination med stålhattbalkar och andra ståltyper. Varje typ av bjälklag har sina fördelar och nackdelar, men resultatet och studierna visade att samverkabjälklag kombinerad med stålhattbalkar är den bästa lösningen för konstruktionen i Fullriggaren, då dess tvärsnitthöjd är den minsta jämfört med andra KL-träbjälklagtyper. Med det valde bjälklaget minskas även problemet med vibrationer och svängningar. Vid användning av detta bjälklag kommer byggnadshöjden att ökas, vilket leder till att en våning måste väljas bort.
Kjellgren, Linda, and Susanna Thurin. "Korslimmat Trä : En guide för byggande med CLT-stomme." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191452.
Full textJohansson, Oskar, and Fredrik Johansson. "Korslimmat trä som ytskikt med avseende på brand i Sverige och Norge : Skillnader i utformning av brandskydd i byggnader med korslimmat trä i Sverige och Norge." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för energi-, miljö- och byggteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-74368.
Full textSweden, as Norway, has a long history with buildings of wooden constructions. After the many city fires in the 19-th century in both countries, wooden buildings over two floors were banned. It was not until the late 20-th century higher buildings were allowed again through new rules from EU, which define the function of a building instead of the material. At the same time as the new rules came into force, the production of cross laminated timber, CLT, was started in Europe. CLT has steadily grown in popularity and is now being used in buildings as never before. CLT has some special properties, it is very strong and stable in terms of weight and the fire properties are good because a char layer is formed during fire exposure. Despite the good fire properties, wood can only be used as internal surface layers to a limited extent. In Norway, the rules are a little more generous and wood may be used to a greater extent. This study will show what the regulations in Sweden and Norway says when the visible interior surface layer consists of untreated wood (CLT) and when and to what extent CLT needs fire protection. Through a literature study, Sweden’s and Norway’s fire protection rules are summarized and compared with each other. A comparison study has also been carried out in which building projects with framework in CLT are analyzed and compared with each other. The buildings that are compared with each other are the kindergarten Lotsen (Cityförskolan) in Karlstad, Södra skolan in Grums and Nordre Ål skole in Lillehammer. The result shows that Sweden’s and Norway’s fire protection standards are structured in a similar way, but there are some major differences in the use of wood as a visible surface layer in the two countries. Many of the similarities are due to the fact that the countries’ rules are based on Eurocodes with, among other things, the same surface layers and dimensioning of the framework must comply with the European requirements for fire resistance (R, E and I). The biggest difference regarding the use of wood as a surface layer is fire compartment sizes. In Norway, wood is a surface approved layer in fire compartments less than 200 m2 in all building classes (Bk) except Bk4, which applies in principle to all buildings up to 16 floors. In Sweden there is no “fire compartment boundary”, but there are surface layers of wood approved in Bk3 and Bk2, which applies to most buildings up to 2 floors. To be able to build higher buildings with surface layers of wood in Sweden, analytical fire design is required. A common way of building higher buildings with surface layers of wood in Sweden is through technical replacement where a passive fire protection is replaced by an active, usually sprinklers, provided that the fire protections does not deteriorate. In this way a lower surface layer class can be approved and used, however, at least class D-s2, d0 must be used, which corresponds to wood and CLT. Another important difference in the wording of the standards is which building class and class of activities a building is placed in. The differences indicates that the lowest approved surface layer class differs. An example of this difference is kindergartens. In Norway, kindergartens are placed in the same activity class as schools. This leads to wood being acceptable as a surface layer. In Sweden, kindergartens are placed in a higher class of activity than schools where wood is not approved as a surface layer.
Ageby, Oskar, and Sher Nardin. "Bjälklagselement i håldäck och korslimmat trä : En jämförelsestudie mellan två bjälklagselement." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301267.
Full textIn society today, the focus is on sustainability, which places high demands on the designer whendesigning the structural frame for apartment buildings. A large part of the CO2 emissions in theconstruction process can be traced to the choice of material, where the combustion of lime in thecement industry and the production of steel from iron ore are among the main factors for theemissions. This report intends to provide answers to the differences and similarities between two frame systemswith different floors slabs; a version in cross-laminated wood, hereinafter referred to as KL-trä (CLTwood),and a version in hollow core slabs. The two objects have been given identical conditions, witha reservation for flooring material, with a steel frame with varying cross-sectional profiles. Data for CO2 equivalents and price of each frame material have been examined and compiled intabular form where the two buildings are evaluated and results are discussed in the analysis part. Theresult provides an answer as to which element performs best for an office building with two floorswith regard to cost and CO2 equivalents for individual profiles compiled for the two buildings. Dimensioning of beams has been carried out with regard to bending moment capacity, columns withrespect to buckling of concentric pressure force and flat bending buckling with elements of wind loadand normal force against columns. Tekla Structures has been used to visualize the frame and FEM-Design20 has been used to verify load counts. The financial part of the report refers to costs of the two buildings, which are reported in tabular formwith cost per steel and floor profile. The lump sum for each case has been compiled and in thediscussion section of this report explanations and conclusions are given to the financial part.
Ageby, Oscar, and Nardin Sher. "Bjälklagselement i håldäck och korslimmat trä : En jämförelsestudie mellan två bjälklagselement." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301267.
Full textIn society today, the focus is on sustainability, which places high demands on the designer when designing the structural frame for apartment buildings. A large part of the CO2 emissions in the construction process can be traced to the choice of material, where the combustion of lime in the cement industry and the production of steel from iron ore are among the main factors for the emissions. This report intends to provide answers to the differences and similarities between two frame systems with different floors slabs; a version in cross-laminated wood, hereinafter referred to as KL-trä (CLTwood), and a version in hollow core slabs. The two objects have been given identical conditions, with a reservation for flooring material, with a steel frame with varying cross-sectional profiles. Data for CO2 equivalents and price of each frame material have been examined and compiled in tabular form where the two buildings are evaluated and results are discussed in the analysis part. The result provides an answer as to which element performs best for an office building with two floors with regard to cost and CO2 equivalents for individual profiles compiled for the two buildings. Dimensioning of beams has been carried out with regard to bending moment capacity, columns with respect to buckling of concentric pressure force and flat bending buckling with elements of wind load and normal force against columns. Tekla Structures has been used to visualize the frame and FEM-Design20 has been used to verify load counts. The financial part of the report refers to costs of the two buildings, which are reported in tabular form with cost per steel and floor profile. The lump sum for each case has been compiled and in the discussion section of this report explanations and conclusions are given to the financial part.
Stenberg, Fredrik, and Carl Hagberg. "Korslimmat trä som förstärkningsåtgärd i limträbalk vid zoner där pelare möter balk." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85613.
Full textInterest in buildings with wood as a load-bearing frame has increased. Everything is built from tall residential buildings to sports arenas where wood is the dominant material. The development has been rapid in wood construction, this has led to the fact that today it is possible to use wooden frame and board material to meet the corresponding safety and fire requirements that were previously only possible for construction with concrete and steel. Higher and larger buildings also carry higher loads where pressure perpendicular to the fibers is something that needs to be considered. This entails certain challenges when designing clean wooden structures where the effective areas will be very large in order to meet the dimensioning requirements that are currently set according to Swedish building regulations. This problem is based on the fact that wood as a material has different properties in different directions and that the material is relatively weak when loaded perpendicular to the fiber direction. The problem is often concentrated in zones where pillars meet beams where the beam is easily deformed. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether cross-laminated timber can function as a reinforcement measure between pillars and beams. To investigate this, 25 glulam timber beams with various modifications were pressure tested and reinforced with one, two or three slats of cross-laminated timber. The result is then compared with the compressive force capacity of an unreinforced beam. The dimensions of the specimens are 86x315 mm where the glulam is of the GL30C type and where the strength class of the cross-glued slats is C24. The idea is to achieve a globally stronger unit. The experimental experiments use a hydraulic press that measures force and displacement and a non-contact measuring system that measures strains. The results show that the compressive force capacity increases with an increased number of cross-laminated timber slats. Comparison between an unreinforced joint and a joint reinforced with 3 KL slats shows an increase in compressive force capacity of 130% at a displacement of 10 mm. The load spreading in the material is difficult to define exactly, but it indicates that some form of load spreading takes place. The effective area at the glulam increases as strains occur during the entire length of the KL slat. The conclusion of the study is that cross-laminated timber as a reinforcing measure can increase the compressive capacity of a joint.
Vall, Andreas, and Asaad Khalaf. "Jämförelse mellan korslimmat trä- och armerat betongbjälklag med avseende på bärande egenskaper." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32993.
Full textKareliusson, Filip, and Thomas Lipecki. "Bjälklag i Betong är billigare än Korslimmat trä : en jämförelse mellan bjälklagskonstruktioner." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-31522.
Full textThe building pace of multi apartment houses in Sweden is at a high leveland is increasing. This induces demands of a quick building process. Onesolution to quicken the building process is the use of prefabricated elements.The authors’ task, in collaboration with WSP Sverige AB, is to develop anaiding tool for engineers who compare different slabs, one cross laminatedwood, two precast concrete components and one construction cast in-place. Thegoal is to produce a table that considers factors that affects the choice ofstructure and presents which of the slabs that is most cost effective. Thepaper was compiled over a period of 10 weeks and limited to slabs inmulti-apartment buildings supported on two sides that meet relevantrequirements for dimensioning, consider hydration time with set conditions,delivery time regarding production time for the precast components andenvironmental effects considering CO2-equivalent emissions in the productionstage. The results of the study are founded on literature and interviews,calculation-aids and computational programs that are common in the industry.The outcome shows that: · woodgenerates the least amount of carbondioxide emissions of the slab alternatives · concrete is, from a fire- and acoustic perspective, the most suitable material · thecross laminated slab renders the highest cross-section and the highest cost persquare meter · hollow core slabs has the shortest delivery time · theconventionally reinforced precast slabs and the in-situ cast floor slabs havethe longest hydration times · thein situ slab is the most cost effective slab of the four that have beencompared.
Betyg 170707, H14.
Nexén, Oliver, and Jonas Jonsson. "Jämförelse mellan väggar av korslimmat trä och armerad betong med finita elementmetoden." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32941.
Full textClimate change has a negative impact on the world. In the year 2015, the Paris agreement was presented to fight the climate crisis, which put greater demands on the construction sector. The construction sector accounts for a large part of both total energy use and energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, which must be reduced to meet the environmental requirements defined in the Paris Agreement. Cross-laminated timber, also known as CLT, is a construction material on the market that promotes sustainable construction compared to the currently dominating material concrete since the climate footprint for wood materials is less. The purpose of this research is to specify the difference between CLT and concrete walls. The study was developed through an experiment where the modeling program StruSoft FEM design was used to model, design, and analyze a reference building located at Gävle strand in Gävle. The focus is on how these structural materials behave as load-carrying elements and their differences. The research does not take energy, moisture, sound, or fire requirements into account. Analysis of both materials shows that concrete has advantages, especially regarding deflection and thickness. The results of CLT show that it is possible to build a multi-story house. However, CLT requires larger dimensions and gives greater deflections compared to concrete. The results show that the external walls need an 80 mm greater thickness than the concrete walls and the translational displacement is in the worst case 4,8 mm for CLT respective 1,8 mm for concrete. The results show that the total weight of the building with walls of CLT is 74 % of the total weight of the building with concrete walls. The weight of a building with CLT walls has great advantages and benefits both the environment and because of the lighter weight easier to work with. Since CLT is the better alternative for the environment, more builders should keep in mind to look at solutions with wood as a skeleton to promote sustainable construction.
Lockner, Emil. "En jämförelse av stämpeltryck på syllar av korslimmat trä och av konstruktionsvirke." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78841.
Full textIn Sweden, there is a long tradition of building timber structures mainly for the small-house market. The multi-dwelling housing market has for long been dominated by building materials such as concrete and steel, but with today's preferences of sustainable construction materials, wood has become increasingly sought after. But there are still some challenges in building tall houses in wood. With increased number of floors, the loads increase and a problem when building high-rise buildings with wooden stud and rails system is the compression perpendicular to the grain in the bottom rail. When the bottom rail is loaded deformation occurs, which can affect the stability and bearing capacity of the structure. The aim with this bachelor thesis is to investigate whether a cross-laminated timber rail can improve the preconditions for building tall buildings with by use of timber frame. Compression perpendicular to two different CLT rails will be compared to a traditional one. The dimensions of the bottom rails are 120 x 45 mm and strength class C24. The idea is to utilize the CLT intersecting fiber directions to achieve a higher compressive strength. In the experiment, compressive force, displacement and elongation of the bottom rails are measured by means of a hydraulic press and a contact-free camera based measuring system. Three different calculation models for the CLT sills have been developed and compared with the results of the experiment. The result shows that a CLT rail has two to three times higher compressive strength compared to a traditional rail. This suggests a solution to the challenge with high compressive stresses in the rail.
Berglund, Martin. "Ekonomisk jämförelse av prefabricerad betong och korslimmat trä-Totalkostnad av materialen i stommarna." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92366.
Full textThe construction industry in Sweden has a goal of achieving zero net emissions of greenhouse gases by2045. At present, larger constructions are mostly built with a concrete frame, which has a high carbondioxide emission during new production. This means that the environmental goals will not be achievedunless other alternative building materials are being used to a greater extent. The material that is the bestalternative to concrete in apartment buildings is cross laminated timber (CLT), due to its durabilitycompared to regular timber. The problem with CLT is that it has such a much more expensive productioncost, that concrete frames continue to be chosen in apartment buildings. If the construction industry is tohave any chance of meeting the requirements set for the year 2045 with zero net emissions of greenhousegases, the cost of CLT must therefore be reduced in order for its use to be accelerated. The purpose of thisstudy is to produce the exact total cost difference between a prefabricated concrete frame and a CLTframe, while at the same time the building area and structure of the frames are as similar as possible. Thegoal was to prove how far the CLT has financially, until it can compete with concrete in apartmentbuildings.To make the comparison, a reference building was developed out of concrete, which is laterredimensioned to CLT for a fair comparison. The dimensioning was done by summarizing all loads byhand. These loads were later used for every part in the frame, in the calculation program Calculatis to getthe dimensions required for the demands on durability. With a new dimensioned wooden frame, twomaterial lists were produced for the different frames and compared in the Bidcon calculation program toobtain a total cost difference. This study has focused on comparing the costs of frame materials for abuilding in CLTand one in prefabricated concrete. Non-load-bearing walls, roof construction and groundstructure do not belong in the frame, and will therefore not be in the comparison.The study gave a result that showed that it is about 42% more expensive to build with a CLT frame than aprefabricated concrete frame in a 7 storey apartment building. The floor is the more expensivecomponent, while for example other parts such as balconies and load-bearing walls still proved to becheaper. According to BBR, special noise and fire requirements must be met in apartment buildings. Toachieve these, some sound insulation needs to be added to the CLT elements that are apartment separatorsand fire plasterboards in the entire frame with CLT. This leads to the CLT frame generally having agreater thickness compared to the concrete frame and also a few extra costs to keep in mind, even whenthe load-bearing material is smaller in the CLT frame. This leads to the living space of the apartments inthe CLT building being slightly smaller than in the concrete building. The conclusion is that CLT is not aneconomical alternative to prefabricated concrete according to Bidcon's databases when this study wascarried out and is 42% more expensive due to the fact that the intermediate floor has such a high cost.
Oregren, Daniel, and Mårten Pettersson. "Momentinspänning av konsolbalkar i limträ och korslimmat trä : En jämförelse mellan två semistyva förband." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för energi-, miljö- och byggteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-72958.
Full textA vital part to take care of in a load-bearing framework in a wooden material is the joints where different types of connections merge two or more elements. Those joints tend to be weaker than the elements that’s being merged, which means that great importance must be attached to the design of these joints. The joints at balconies can be carried out in a number of ways, but the architect usually prefers an attachment where the wooden balcony is clamped in the building frame, this is because the other attachments contribute to obscure views from the balcony. This attachment means that the joint needs to take up torque forces, which can entail challenges in wood constructions, because wood as a material is resilient and has certain material properties that limit the capacity with regards to both rigidity and strength. The alternatives for load-bearing elements in a clamped joint in wood is cross laminated timber and glue laminated timber. Cross laminated timber is currently used as a large planar element. Due to its build up with every other layer crossed, together with that the deformations in torque-loaded joints depends on the direction to the fiber being loaded, a beam of cross laminated timber could be an advantageous alternative to glued laminated timber when designing joints exposed to torque forces. This study was conducted in order to investigate how two beams; one in glue laminated timber and one in cross laminated timber is related to one another in a joint where they are mechanically joined with the building frame. The method for the work has been to measure, by testing, the relative rotation in the joint and the deflection of a beam of cross laminated timber and a beam of glue laminated timber with the same dimensions, joint design and influence of external load to evaluate which of these beams has the highest rotational stiffness and lowest deflection of beam and thus advantageously can be used in torque clamping of load-bearing wooden elements. Calculations according to Eurocode 5 have also been carried out to compare with the experiments in the study and thereby state whether the theoretical calculations correspond with the practical outcome. The present study shows that the beam in cross laminated timber is advantageous since it causes a lower deflection of the relative rotation in the joint, together with a lower deflection of the beam's resilience. The failure of the glue laminated beam was characterized as a brittle failure where cracking suddenly occurred without warning, which is not an advantageous failure at balcony attachments, while the failure in the beam of cross laminated timber was characterized as a tough failure with visible deformations in the joint. This shows that there is potential in perform beams of cross laminated timber as a complement to the larger planar elements of cross laminated timber. Theoretical calculations are, to a large extent, consistent with the practical outcome of the glue laminated beam, however, it shows variations in the comparison of theoretical and practical results for the beam of cross laminated timber. Other studies have shown that the rigidity of a construction can be reliable in some tests and unreliable in others, which means that studies on a larger number of test specimens need to be carried out in order to ensure the use of the formulas in calculating cross laminated timber.
Hellman, Linnéa, and Nils Falck. "Platta på mark av korslimmat trä : En undersökning av bärförmåga med och utan kantförstyvning." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55458.
Full textElgerud, Freja, and Isabel Sandström. "Infästningar för korslimmat trä : Tänkbara infästningar för ett 22-våningshus i KL-trä samt deras styvheters betydelse för de horisontella deformationerna." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213953.
Full textThe interest for multi storey buildings with timber is growing. Timber is a material that is light and ductile, characteristics that make timber a challenging material in terms of horizontal stabilization and horizontal displacements. The purpose was to examine connectors for CLT and the main question was how the horizontal displacement of the frame is affected by the connectors and their stiffness. A parametric study for self-tapping screws and calculation of their slip modulus was carried out. A model of a 22-storey building with a CLT frame was modelled in RFEM. Analyses were run for different values of the slip modulus for comparison of the horizontal displacements connected to each slip modulus. The results show that the deformations were small and that the differences in slip modulus only caused small differences in horizontal deformations even though the variation in slip modulus was wide. The reason for this could be due to the modelling; the model in itself is very stiff, possibly as a result of the façade panels’ vertical adjustment and height. Other factors contributing were the lack of openings for doors and windows in the model, the thickness of the CLT panels as well as the concrete decks on all floors.
Bouveng, Sellin Gabriel, and Torbjörn Rosdahl. "KL-trä eller betong som stommaterial : Hur en lägenhet påverkas när den projekterade betongstommen byts ut till KL-trä." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302424.
Full textCross-laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively new material on the market compared to concreteand has become increasingly interesting to use as a frame material in multi-storey buildings asknowledge of the material increases. CLT consists of slats in wood that are glued in layerswhere each layer is glued in the opposite direction, which means that the entire board has aload-bearing capacity in several directions. CLT as a frame material requires special skills andthe project is designed to use the material at an early stage in the construction process, whichmeans that many players choose a different material. Therefore, it feels relevant to investigatewhether CLT can be adapted and used in a frame that is designed for concrete from thebeginning and then compare how an apartment in the project is affected. The drawings of a reference project with a concrete frame were obtained from JM for use incomparative purposes. The execution was done one step at a time by first conducting aliterature study on CLT to investigate dimensioning methods and design for the new frame.This was done to be able to meet the same requirements as the reference project. Then acalculation of cumulative loads and dimensioning was done with the help of FEM-Design andCalculatis supported by manual calculations. The third and final step was to obtain thematerial cost using Wikell's sektionsdata. The results show that the frame in CLT can be dimensioned without major problems towithstand the same load-bearing capacity as concrete, which it can handle even in smallerdimensions. CLT has certain limitations when it comes to the element’s length of span andlarge dimensions that are difficult to transport. The most problematic part of working withCLT turned out to be dimensioning the frame to meet the fire and sound requirements becauseit required much larger dimensions than the frame in concrete. This was shown in the materialcost, where all the extra material to meet the requirements together with the frame becamemore expensive than the concrete. Furthermore, it also led to less ceiling height and floorspace for the apartment that this study looked at. The conversion of the frame from concrete to CLT proved, in this study, to have its limitations.When using the material in new housing projects that are designed with CLT in mind from thebeginning, there is a good opportunity to utilize the material's advantages while taking intoaccount the disadvantages.
Bano, Fadi, Steve Michael, and Elefro Youssef. "BYGGFUKT I BYGGNADER MED STOMME AV KORSLIMMAT TRÄ : Erfarenheter och mätresultat för tre byggnader uppförda med och utan väderskydd." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55467.
Full textShirvani, Armin, and Max Lin. "En fallstudie av två byggprojekt och två byggsystem : Jämförelse av miljöpåverkan och kostnad för material korslimmat trä kontra betong." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301614.
Full textWith the introduction of the 1874 building code, a prohibation against multi-storey apartment buildings built in wood was implemented, mainly because of the widespread fires throughout the years. Since most of the bigger companies built their apartment complexes in levels higher than two, it meant they had to build in construction material other than wood - thus hampering woods’ development in the field of construction. As of today, concrete is still the dominating material within construction industry, especielly when it comes to building apartment complexes. Theamount of partment buildings built with its framework consisting mostly of concrete has varied between 80 to 91 percent the past 15 years. The building industry and real estate industry represent approximately 21 % of Swedens greenhouse gas emissions, a total figure of about 21-million-ton carbon dioxide equivalents. In recent years, people and companies in Sweden and countries around the globe have become more aware of the environmental issues and its consequences that we’ll soon face and are therefore working on finding solutions on how society can reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The results presented in this thesis, which represents the projects that were provided, shows that the building built with its framing in CLT is the more sustainable material from an environmental perspective and more profitable economically. It should however be mentioned that calculations were only done for the load-bearing inner and outer walls and the floor joist.
Andréasson, Ros-Mari. "Att bygga och bo i ett flerbostadshus av KL-trä med Valla Berså som referensobjekt." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-154922.
Full textHolmberg, Kristian, and Jacob Svensson. "Anslutningar för sammansättning av flera moduler i KL-trä till ett bostadshus." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76556.
Full textThe modules currently manufactured are usually based on traditional wood frameconstruction. On the other hand, it is possible to manufacture modules in CLTinstead. The goal of the work is to design connections subjected to vertical andhorizontal load and design the connections so that a rational assembly of CLTmodulesis possible. Connections intended to be designed are from module tofoundation and from module to module. Literature survey, site visits and interviewsform the basis of the choice of attachment method. The proposal results in joints withsteel sheet and dowels, bevel screw, and single surface spline. In future projects withmodules in CLT, this work can be used as a basis for connection methods.
Alhadi, Mustafa, and Zijad Shehadeh. "Guide för beräkning av förband i korslimmade träkonstruktioner : inkl. några dimensioneringsexempel." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97902.
Full textCross-laminated timber (CLT) is a rather new construction material that has increased its popularity and usage significantly within the building industry in the past years. In timber buildings, the connections are one of the most challenging parts to design. Thus, there are high demands put on structural engineers to make a safe and economic design. Today structural engineers have no specific and clear guideline that they can use as help for design of connections in CLT-buildings. By reviewing the most common CLT-handbooks, comparing them with each other, and picking out the best parts from each of the handbooks, a new guideline for design of connections in CLT-structures was developed in this thesis with complementary design examples. The guidelines main purpose is to act as help for the structural engineer when designing connections in CLT-structures. It is indented that the guideline acts as basis for the development of a future CLT-handbook with a collection of supporting calculation examples.
Nodén, Viktor. "NCC Folkboende i KL-trästomme : Dimensionering av KL-trästomme samt beräkning av koldioxidutsläpp." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68834.
Full textClimate influences from building processes in Sweden is around 10 million tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. In today’s society there is a big interest in to get buildings as energy effective as possible and thru that also less expensive to own. This has also caused that the impact on the environment have become a little smaller. In a while ago it was said that a building had 85 percent of its total carbon dioxide emissions during the operational phase. Now a day’s the impact of carbon dioxide during operational phase and impact of construction phase is pretty much the same. Materials have since a while back been chosen for what impact it has on the personal health. Today there’s also a lot of thought on what impact the material have on the environment thru carbon dioxide during its lifecycle. When choosing material an important difference for the future environment can be done. NCC Folkboende is a concept building that’s grout on site. The concept is popular among its clients and also among NCC to build. Since NCC are building a lot of housings and not rarely Folkboende its interesting to see what effect the change of framework has on carbon dioxide emissions and if it’s possible to keep the popular planning. This report will show how an eight stories high concrete building will be affected if the framework would be of cross-laminated timber instead of reinforced concrete. The building will be sized and proved to be able to keep the same planning on the housing, together with a 20 percent carbon dioxide reduction thanks to the material choice. This report could be used as basis for NCC to convince its clients to choose a framework of CLT without affecting the planning and at the same time make the environment a good favor.
Larsson, Joel. "Förstärkning av träregelstomme med KL-trä : Teoretisk utvärdering av olika ytterväggstyper." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79466.
Full textToday there is an increased interest in building taller buildings with timber. Lindbäcks Bygg is one of companies that uses modular construction with light timber stud frames. However, a problem with light timber frames is that the building height is limited to roughly 6 - 8 stories. A relatively new product in timber engineering is cross laminated timber (CLT) and the use of this product have made it possible to build taller timber buildings. The purpose of this study is to investigate different solutions for how Lindbäcks can strengthen their stud frames by using CLT and thereby build taller buildings. The difference with respect to U-value and cost between the walls strengthened width CLT and the typical stud frame wall, that is used today, is also studied. The study has been limited to exterior walls only. A multi-storey building consisting of several modules/volume elements has been used to estimate reasonable loads on the exterior walls. Different wall types, one with the ordinary stud frame (the reference wall) and five types of stud walls strengthened with different thicknesses of CLT, have been investigated. The maximal number of storeys that can be build, the U-value and the cost were determined by calculations for each of the studied wall types and were compared with the results for the reference wall. Today, Lindbäcks Bygg sometimes uses CLT for stabilizing walls. In their factories, they use a solution in which the CLT-plate is placed between the top and bottom plate together with the studs. According to the calculations it is, with this solution, possible to build up to 2 storeys higher then with the reference wall. The limiting factor for how high it is possible to build, is compression perpendicular to the grain on the bottom plate underneath the CLT-plate. If a solution where the CLT-plate is placed on the outside of the frame (consisting of studs, top and bottom plate) is used instead of between the top and bottom plate does the calculations show that a higher number of storeys is possible. With this solution, the compression perpendicular to the grain underneath the CLT-plate is avoided and the limiting factor is instead the compression strength of the CLT-plate. This means that the CLT can be used more efficiently. Calculations show that it is possible to build up to 8 storeys higher with this solution compared to what is possible with the reference wall. With CLT increases the energy losses through the wall, i.e. increased U-value, since studs with insulation in between is partially replaced with CLT that has worse thermal conductivity. According to the calculations, the U-value is 20 – 40 % higher (depending on the wall type) compared to the reference wall. The increase in U-value can be limited to 0.4 – 14 % by adding an extra layer with 45 mm insulation on the inside of the CLT-plate. The cost for the wall types strengthened with CLT is also higher compared to the estimated cost for the reference wall. The main reason for this is increased cost of materials since the studs with insulation in between is partially replaced with the more expensive CLT, which is an engineered wood product. The increase in cost is estimated to roughly 40 – 50 % of the cost for the reference wall.
Lindberg, Albin. "Dynamisk dimensionering av hög träbyggnad med horisontalstabiliserande kärna av KL-trä och prefabricerade volymelement." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriellt och hållbart byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67898.
Full textThe demand on high-rise buildings grows in the cities and since sustainability is an important matter in today’s society, the interest for high-rise timber buildings has grown the past years. The flexibility and weight of timber buildings makes wind-induced vibrations in serviceability limit state an issue that can be deciding for the design of the building since people can find the vibrations disturbing. In this study, a building which uses a vertically load-bearing and horizontally stabilising CLT core and is built-up with light prefabricated volume elements. The objective of this study is to produce a suitable structure and study its dynamic properties and how changes of the core’s parameters and design may change the dynamic properties of the building. The goal is to find the maximum number of floors that can be built for each alternative structure and to expand the knowledge on how the CLT core impacts the dynamic response of the building. The building is modelled by four different main structures where Structure 1 is the building’s basic and most simple model, within Structure 2 the CLT core’s wall thickness varies, within Structure 3 the CLT core’s size varies and within Structure 4 horizontally stabilising walls are added to the core. In all of the models, the volume elements are assumed not to contribute to the global horizontal stability of the building which is why they are modelled as masses. The different structures are modelled into the FEM software Robot Structural Analysis where a modal analysis is being carried out to find the building’s natural eigenfrequencies and modes of vibrations. Subsequently, the top acceleration of the wind-induced vibrations is calculated on the floor slab of the top floor by hand to be compared to comfort limits in ISO 10137. The results show that the building has low eigenfrequencies in general, which is due to the structure’s relatively high mass and low stiffness. Structure 1 can be built up to 20 floors under the conditions used in the calculations. Changes of the core’s wall thickness stiffen the building which means that Structure 2 should be able to build a couple of floors higher. Changes in the size of the core have a relatively large impact on the rigidity of the building and therefore Structure 3 can be built up to 24 floors when the core is 25 % larger in all directions. For Structure 1, 2 and 3, swaying occurs first in the y-direction, second in the x-direction and third as twist around the z-axis. For Structure 4, the rigidity is greatly influenced when stabilising walls are added to the core. However, the direction of the first and second modes of vibration can change and it should be verified that problems with twisting oscillation does not occur. If stabilising walls are added in the y-direction, x-direction and part of the façade, Structure 4 can be built up to 28 floors with a relatively good margin. As a proposal for further work, a static design should be performed to further investigate whether the structure is suitable for e.g. cross-sectional sizes and connections. It should also be examined if and how the rigidity of the volumes can be used to contribute to the global stability of the structure. As the size of the core has a major impact on the rigidity of the building, it should be investigated if a suitable floor layout can be arranged with larger or even double cores and then perform a dynamic design on the structure. As the floor layout, according to this and other studies, is considered to have great potential when building high, a comparison of different floor plans would be interesting where e.g. the external dimensions and shape of the building, as well as the placement of the CLT core and number of cores can vary.
Andersson, Josefine, and Simon Svensson. "Mätning av fuktkvot i sammansatta KL-träelement." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76632.
Full textMoisture related damage is an occurring problem in wood-based buildings if the material is exposed to rainfall during construction. Measurement of moisture content can be done with various instruments and methods. The purpose of the thesis is to study change in moisture content in cross-laminated-timber, with prolonged exposure to water in laboratory environment. To advance the field, the Linnaeus University has been developing a measurement instrument of their own in collaboration with the company Saab. The instrument measures electrical resistance in wood where the obtained values will be compared to similar measurements from a product named Gigamodule. The self-developed sensor card is still a product under development. In addition to the lab setting measurements the instrument was also installed in a local building in Växjö. To verify the result from the previously mentioned resistance measurers additional instruments and methods have been utilized. Two separate models have been used to represent the detail of the connection between the wall element and the joist. Both models have been submerged under water for an equal amount of time. The experimental setting took place between the 19th of April to the 18th of May 2018. The measurements and calculations have been resulting in values that can be the subject of internal evaluation. Difference in result based on the direction of the grain have been observed in several measurement methods. The CLT-elements demonstrated good drying properties despite periodically high moisture content and the wood indicate a return towards initial levels of moisture.
Askemar, Hanna. "Miljöpåverkansanalys av bärande träbyggnadssystem." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-21637.
Full textIn Sweden, the building sector is responsible for approximately one-fifth of the emissions contributing to climate change. Emissions from the use-stage have decreased the last 30 years and therefore the importance of reducing the emissions from the product and construction stage increases. The structural elements in a building contribute with a significant part of the emissions from the product and construction stage. Within the local administration of the City of Gothenburg’s innovation project “Hoppet” this thesis aims to investigate different wooden constructions impact on climate change and six other environmental impact categories. The wooden constructions that are included in the thesis are load-bearing walls with laminated veneer lumber (LVL), building timber, lightweight beam and cross-laminated wood (CLT). The investigated wooden constructions that are included for the floor construction are LVL and lightweight beam. The method that is used to calculate climate- and environmental impacts is life cycle assessment(LCA). The LCA is performed on cross-sections of the different wooden constructions. The cross-sections have complied with the suppliers of each wood construction supplier to fit the functional unit. The result of the LCA indicates that, for the load-bearing wall, the cross-section with CLT has the lowest environmental impact in most impact categories. The cross-section with CLT also has the lowest impact on climate change. For the floor construction, the cross-section with a lightweight beam has the lowest impact in most impact categories. Although the impact on climate change is very similar between the two cross-sections. The result also indicates that it is mainly the insulation and gypsum that contributes with the majority of the environmental impact in all categories. After a sensitivity analysis, it is clear that the environmental impacts from the cross-sections vary depending on the environmental impact from insulation.
Sundberg, Martin, and David Åsberg. "Husväggar av massivträ: En kostnadsjämförelse." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18579.
Full textWood is and has long been one of Sweden’s most exported commodities. The industry currently employs about 100 000 people in the country. In conjunction with the recent environment discussions the construction of houses should also be discussed. The purpose of this study is to promote housing construction in solid wood, which in recent years has received more publicity not only in the Swedish market but also in central European countries. The questions in this project is about identifying the most common exterior wall constructions and compare their costs for materials and labor costs during assembly. To have a fair comparison, the BBR's energy requirements have been the common denominator of the exterior wall constructions. The questions have been answered through interviews with manufacturers of prefabricated solid wooden walls, wooden stud walls and concrete walls after which energy calculations conducted in connection with the development of various wall constructions to produce three equal energy-efficient walls. These walls have then been compared by their costs. The results show that the most common wall of solid wood consists of three to five layers of cross-laminated planks that make up a CLT-board. On these insulation and façade are applied and thus obtain a wall which is similar to the wooden stud wall or concrete wall. It was found after the investigations were made that the wall of solid wood is marginally more expensive than the wooden stud wall but significantly cheaper than the concrete wall.
Berg, Elis. "Brand i träkonstruktioner : En studie om brandförlopp i olika slags konstruktioner i trä." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekoteknik- och hållbart byggande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42691.
Full textIn Sweden, building with wood have never been so popular as now and to exchange prefabricated elements in concrete and pillars and beams in steel with corresponding elements in either cross-laminated timber and or glued-laminated timber becomes increasingly more popular on a yearly basis. During the timeframe from 2010 through 2019 the share of newly produced flats in multi-storey buildings have risen with 122 %. In part, it can be explained by the introduction of function-based design in Sweden 1994, before that, wooden multi-storey buildings were not allowed. When building with wood, there are several wooden materials to choose from, three of which are dimensional lumber, glued-laminated timber, and cross-laminated timber. Dimensional lumber is sawed parts of logs and glued-laminated timber and cross-laminated timber are engineered wood composed by dimensional lumber in form of laminating stock and adhesives. The difference between glued-laminated timber and cross-laminated timber are that the laminating stock, the layers, are oriented the same way in glued-laminating lumber and as the name suggests, crossed, perpendicular to each other in cross-laminated timber. Glued-laminated timber is used as pillars and beams while cross-laminated timber is used as massive wooden panels. Since wood is an organic material, it will ignite and combust at high temperatures. The purpose of the thesis is to examinate whether the fire course differs in dimensional lumber, glued-laminated timber, and cross-laminated timber. The thesis is qualitative, and therefore analyses already researched information rather than providing new. The information is provided by interviews with people with relevant functions according to the thesis and from literary studies. As all three materials analysed in the thesis are composed of or are dimensional lumber the fire course will broadly be comparable, however, the in glued-laminated timber and cross-laminated timber inherent laminating effect will make these materials fire course more advantageous. The main divergence in fire course will depend on whether the in glued-laminated timber and cross-laminated timber inherent adhesive will delaminate when heated or not. There are several different types of adhesives allowed for the purpose where some types will delaminate and other will not when heated. The conclusion of the thesis is that the earlier mentioned materials broadly experience the same fire course, and that the choice of adhesive will have effect on the fire course due to eventual delamination being disadvantageous for the construction.
Betyg 2021-06-04
Funck, Olle, and Olle Ek. "En första stomresning i KL-trä : En analys av ett entreprenadföretags erfarenheter från sitt första projekt med KL-trästomme." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53742.
Full textPurpose: Sweden’s production of cross laminated timber (CLT) has increased over the recent years which creates a demand of knowledge for contractors. A Swedish contactor implement their first project with a CLT-frame the spring of 2021. This study strives to identify key factors and improvements for a contractors first mounting process with CLT. Through this strives the study to contribute to increased knowledge for future projects with CLT. Method: The study is a case-study with interviews and observations of a reference project. Document studies of existing science provides an explanatory approach for collected empirical data from interviews and observations. Collected empirical data is thematical analyzed based on the explanatory approach and the studies issues. Findings: This study concludes mainly seven key factors and improvements who is considered relevant when implementing a mounting process with CLT. These findings are on-site manufactured indoor walls, experience feedback, fastener, mounting conductor, staff, design, and weather protection. Implications: With this study, contractors who implement their first design and& build contracts with a CLT-frame could learn from the mounting process of the reference project. The aim of this study is that gained experiences provides contractors better prerequisites before future CLT-projects. Complementary studies regarding the subject are recommended for contractors increased knowledge of the mounting process with CLT. Limitations: Conclusions and results from this study mainly concerns design and& build contractors mounting a CLT-frame similar with the reference project. Since the study solely concern one reference project with eight respondents, the result is not considered generalizable. To gain a generalizable result, more studies similar with this and in corporation with other companies could be done.
Buck, Dietrich. "Massivträ : Jämförelse mellan olika principer för sammanfogning av trä till plattelement med avseende på pris, hållfasthet och ekologi." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33487.
Full textThe increasing use of solid wood construction methods can have a positive impact on the sustainability of constructions. The development of computer-controlled processing techniques enables the solid wood timber industry to rationalize the construction of buildings. The solid wood techniques come at time and will be higher valued in the future due to the natural characteristics of this material. The improvement of solid wood methods has resulted in various techniques to join wood into solid prefabricated parts. There is a need for a comparative market study of the different principles of solid wood construction to widen the knowledge and to explain interested builders the viability of these techniques. The key question for this study is: Which techniques of combining solid wood elements to whole boards are the most favorable ones concerning wood construction buildings – leaving apart questions of production costs, durability and ecological considerations? To point out the utility of these construction techniques and give them a broader understanding a general study of solid wood construction has been presented. The comparative study is based as well on studies of literature as on reviews of 27 companies in 6 countries. The following techniques for the production of boards made of solid timber elements are considered in this report: Laminating Nailing Stapling Screwing Stress laminating Doweling: vertically, horizontally, diagonally and with wooden screws Dovetailing techniques Wood welding techniques The study shows that the techniques of solid wood construction are very different in itself. CLT of cross-laminated timber scores highest in terms of cost and durability, but if one considers ecological factors, dovetailing is best. Taking into account both durability and ecological considerations, doweling is best. These alternatives give some freedom of choice regarding the visibility of surfaces and the efficient use of lower qualities of timber and they are therefore suitable for residential construction buildings. CLT is the most cost-effective, not patented and well established option in the market; the development of more health-friendly adhesives is still going on. Current researches demonstrate an alternative: Wood welding joins the parts better together than gluing them. Considered from the ecological viewpoint, boards made exclusively of wood, are preferable since no chemicals or not renewable resources are used. Recent researches show, that solid wood constructions have positive effects on the health of the residents of these buildings in comparison of buildings using non-natural materials.
Ekhagen, Linus. "FE-Modelling of a Joint for Cross-Laminated Timber." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85481.
Full textWoodbe Engineering AB är ett nystartat företag som har utvecklat en ny typ av knutpunkt för korslimmat trä (KLT). Förbandet innefattar inga metalliska förbindare, vilket förbättrar hållbarheten, ergonomin för arbetarna och tidseffektiviteten. Förbandet är konstruerat för att binda samman golv- och väggelement i flervåningsbyggnader, genom att fräsa tappar i golvelementen och motsvarande spår i väggelementen med hjälp av en CNC-maskin. Innan produkten kan användas på marknaden, behöver den verifieras. Verifikationen kan antingen ske genom fysiska tester eller beräkningar, alternativt en kombination av båda. Företaget har gjort experimentella tester i mindre skala där bärförmågan provades. Senare i år ska prover i större skala utföras. Syftet med arbetet är att utveckla en simuleringsmodell som kan förutspå resultaten hos de fysiska proverna. En simuleringsmodell som ger tillförlitliga resultat kan vara ett bra substitut till fysiska prover genom en lägre kostnad, de är mer tidseffektiva och parametrar kan enkelt ändras. KLT är uppbyggt av flera lager av träskivor med olika riktningar. Träet själv är relativt komplext att modellera. Det har olika egenskaper i olika riktningar, samtidiga duktila och spröda brottmoder och har en stor spridning av materialegenskaper. För att fånga upp dessa egenskaper, har en materialmodell som innefattar ortotrop elasticitet och linjär brottmekanik använts. Beteendet hos materialmodellen har utvärderats med tester i både drag och tryck i olika riktningar. Noggrannheten hos materialmodellen har undersökts genom en simulering av redan testade småskaleprover, där bärförmågan och brottmoden undersöktes. En simulering av fullskaleproverna har också gjorts, där en förutsägelse av bärförmågan och den första brottmoden har gjorts. Dessutom har ett beräkningsskript tagits fram som beräknar skjuvspänningen i tappen. Resultaten av simuleringarna visar tydligt förmågan hos materialmodellen. Kraft-förskjutningskurvor visar duktila och spröda beteenden i tryck respektive drag. Hållfastheten är högst i fiberriktningen, med en snabb minskning när vinkeln till fibrerna ökar. Simuleringen av småskaleproverna visade initiering av rullskjuvningsbrott i det undre tvärgående lagret i tappen vid en last av 87 kN. Lasten ökade till den maximala lasten 112 kN, medan det skadade området växte uppåt in i nästa lager. I jämförelse med de fysiska testerna var den maximala medellasten 125 kN, och rullskjuvningssprickor i det övre tvärgående lagret kunde hittas i alla provexemplar. Några av de provade exemplaren visade brottinitiering vid en last av 84 kN. Simuleringen av den större uppställningen visade samma typ av brottinitiering vid en last av 161 kN som ökade till en maximal last av 165 kN. Beräknade värden av skjuvspänning i tappen visade en kritisk skjuvkraft av 26 kN per tapp. Detta värde är 60 och 63 % av de simulerade kritiska skjuvkrafterna. Resultatet av simuleringen stämmer bra överens med referensexperimentet gällande brottinitiering och maxkapacitet. Dock, på grund av en stor spridning av materialegenskaper, approximationer gällande materialriktningar och samverkan mellan individuella lager, är nivån av förutsägbarhet låg gällande brottillväxt och duktilitet i materialet.
Hallqvist, Stefan, and Cherif Berkal. "Branddimensionering av CLT-element i bärande väggkonstruktioner : en komparativ studie mellan gällande normer och senaste forskningen." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230963.
Full textIn recent years, a growing environmental awareness have led to an increase in timber buildings and since the 1994 amendment that made it possible to build tall houses with timber structures the progress in the field have seen an substantial increase. To build an element of perpendicularly placed layers of solid-sawn lumber have proven to be an effective way to obtain a product with good strength-to-weight ratio that is ideal for use in tall timber buildings. These elements go under a lot of different names but are often referred to as cross-laminated timber and will be called CLT in this report. The use of this product have these past decades increased substantially both in Sweden and in Europe and the demand does not seem to stagnate nor decrease in the near future. The report is comprised of relevant theoretical sections that must be taken into account when designing a structures fire protection such as the development of a fire in fire compartment, how to define and determine a structures class of fire resistance and hence required fire protection time for said structure. The basis of design in regards to loads and compressive/flexural strength of the material is thoroughly explained in order to account for the whole fire protection design processes. The lack of information regarding compressive and flexural strength of the residual cross-section was challenging but with the help from Maija Tiainen from Sweco structures Helsinki office the report could be completed. The most important part of the report is the theory and calculation with regards to the charring depth which is calculated by two different methods. The first one is presented in the European standard Eurocode 5: part 1-2 and the other one, that is based on the latest scientific knowledge with regards to timber structures and fire, is found in the technical guide Brandsäkra trähus version 3. The aforementioned method will form the basis for the upcoming update of Eurocode 5. In order to be able to compare the two methods four wall types was chosen and designed based on the same conditions. Namely protected by two layers of gypsum plasterboards as fire protection and exposed to a 90 minutes one-sided standard fire. The result showed differences between the methods where a clear difference was the size of the residual cross-section due to the fact that the zero-strength layer, , was notably larger when calculating with the method presented in Brandsäkra trähus version 3. This does not necessarily affect the elements bearing capacity when calculating with the two different methods due to the elements perpendicularly placed layers where only every other layer is load bearing. Although the method presented in Brandsäkra trähus version 3 are more conservative with regards to bearing capacity and will lead to a smaller residual cross-section the authors of this report recommend the use of said method pending incorporation into the Eurocode. The motivation for this suggestion is that the method is designed to explicitly handle CLT and since safety is the most important aspect in this context it is vital to acknowledge the apparent increased affect from a fire on the material according to the latest scientific knowledge and design the cross-section accordingly.
Finnhult, Johan, and Martin Petersson. "Effektivisering vid montering av KL-element – en pilotstudie av infästningar mellan väggskiva- bjälklagsplatta." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97657.
Full textThe construction sector today tends to choose material with a low environmental impact and build energy- and time-efficient structures. Increasing the use of wood products is part of the solution. Cross laminated timber (CLT) is a building material that has become more and more popular to use in the construction industry. In Sweden, CLT has been used since the late 90 and its use is increasing every year. The material is relatively new and especially for mounting CLT element, there are still potentials for improvement. The purpose of the work is to investigate and analyze how todays attachment of CLT elements is carried out and how these can be made more efficient. The aim is to investigate whether it is possible to shorten the assembly time of CLT elements. The study was carried out through calculations, study visit and experiments. The work investigates the possibility of reducing screwing for the most commonly used wall to floor joints and showed there is a potential time efficiency of about 40% to be gained with pre-drilled floor element from the factory and other quality benefits that pre-drilling can bring, while the study also showed reducing fasteners under construction phase is possible but not an optimal solution.
Karlberg, Victor. "Dynamic analysis of high-rise timber buildings : A factorial experiment." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65559.
Full textIdag är höga trähus mer populära än någonsin och konstruktörer runtom i världen har upptäckt de fördelaktiga materialegenskaperna hos trä. I mitten på 1990-talet utvecklades korslimmat trä (KL-trä) i Österrike. KL-trä består av hyvlade brädor som limmas ihop för att bilda en lätt och stark träskiva. På senare år har KL-trä varit på uppgång och idag anses materialet vara ett bra alternativ till betong och stål i framför allt höga byggnader. Jämfört med betong och stål har trä både lägre massa och styvhet. En hög träbyggnad är därför mer känslig för vibrationer. En vibrerande byggnad kan leda till obehag för de boende och det är därför viktigt att analysera byggnadens dynamiska respons då den utsätts för yttre belastning. Standarden ISO 10137 ger riktlinjer för att kunna utvärdera komfortkravet för byggnader med avseende på människors känslighet för vibrationer orsakade av vind. Komfortkravet i fråga jämför byggnadens första naturliga egenfrekvens med dess acceleration. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att identifiera de viktiga egenskaperna i en dynamisk analys av en hög träbyggnad. Förhoppningsvis leder det här examensarbetet till en ökad förståelse av samspelseffekterna mellan dessa egenskaper. För att undersöka dessa egenskaper och eventuella samspelseffekter genomförs ett så kallat faktorförsök. Ett faktorförsök är ett försök där alla faktorer varieras tillsammans, istället för en och en, vilket gör det möjligt att studera effekterna av faktorerna samt eventuella samspelseffekter. Faktorerna varieras mellan två nivåer: en låg nivå och en hög nivå. Ett faktorförsök använder sig av samtliga kombinationer av faktorernas nivåer. Försöket utförs med hjälp av programmet FEM-Design, vilket är ett modelleringsverktyg för FE-analys. En fiktiv byggnad modelleras med CLT som stomsystem och en dynamisk analys görs. Försöket analyseras ytterligare med hjälp av statistiska metoder och valideras enligt ISO 10137. Dessa steg upprepas enligt faktorförsöket. Den statistiska analysen av försöket visar att höjden på byggnaden, tjockleken på väggarna samt en ökad massa är viktiga i en dynamisk analys. Den visar också på en samspelseffekt mellan höjden på byggnaden och tjockleken på väggarna, samt mellan höjden på byggnaden och en ökad massa. Merparten av modellerna av byggnaden uppfyller inte komfortkravet enligt ISO 10137. Däremot går det att urskönja mönster som bidrar med viktig information om byggnadens dynamiska egenskaper. Avslutningsvis, baserat på byggnadens naturliga egenfrekvens framhåller den här studien byggnadens styvhet framför dess massa då byggnaden i fråga stabiliseras med KL-trä och har upp till 16 våningar.
Samsvik, Jonas, and Adam Norén. "Framtagning av spännviddstabell för ribbdäcksbjälklag." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Byggteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30449.
Full textThe purpose of the degree project is to find a calculation path for ribbed deck joists so that a span width table can be created. A ribbed deck joists consists of standing glulam beams with a lying cross laminated timber slab above which functions as a floor. In this thesis, the cross laminated timber board is 2.4 meters wide and rests on two glulam beams. Full cooperation between the different materials prevails. Today, there are some players in the market that deliver these types of floor but there is no calculation rate specified in Eurocode. The preliminary study for the degree project has shown that the approach to solving the most problematic calculation has been the same for the companies we have looked at. The difficulty is to calculate the effective width of the cross section. There are also different standards that apply to how large the deflection may be for a beam. In the thesis work, calculations are performed to meet the requirements that apply in Sweden and the requirements that apply in Austria. Dimensions must be specified in the table for fulfilling the respective requirements. The Austrian requirements have proved to be harder compared to the Swedish ones and will therefore require a beam of greater dimension in the lower load cases. In case with the larger loads, the beam dimensions between the different loads will not differ because it has been shown that the fire has been dimensional. The table should be a tool for the company Dala massivträ to reach the customer more easily. The calculation path has been made in Mathcad, where unknown parameters has been solved and calculated. Some parameters have been fixed based on Dala massivträ´s wishes, such as the thickness of the cross laminated timber board and the material properties of the component parts. Once the calculations have been made, they have been checked so that torque capacity and transverse power capacity are sufficient in the respective load cases and span. The deflection has been checked as well as the fire dimensioning. The flooring has not fulfilled the dimensioning or the requirements for Swedish standard alt. Austrian standard has a higher dimension selected on the glulam beam. Glulam beam has been selected based on Setra's wood products standard range. The result of the calculations has been entered into a span table which has been built up in order to be able to easily select the beam from outside the intended load case. The calculation example is presented in an annex where a load case and a span are reported. The result is that each span and load fall get two dimensions, one to meet the Swedish standard and one to cope with the Austrian standard. In the discussion, is discussed possible sources of error, the effect of denser placement with glulam beams and the cause of a difference in the comparison between Mathcad and Calculatis. The result in the span table is also discussed.
Hedström, Vilhelm, and Shukrullah Haidari. "Fuktförändring hos korslimmade träelement vid förvaring." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-106186.
Full textBuck, Dietrich. "Mechanics of Cross-Laminated Timber." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Träteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-68729.
Full textExternal cooperation: Martinson Group AB and Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE)
Nilsson, Malmqvist Rebecca, and Lovisa Lagerblad. "Finns det behov av fuktspärr i badrum med korslimmad trästomme?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65034.
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