Journal articles on the topic 'Kosekihō'

Abstract The koseki 戸籍 (family or household registry) has long served as a material representation of the conceptual structure of Japanese family relations. Membership in a family has been stipulated and proved through registration in a koseki document defined through a shared surname and address. Evidence of family membership for purposes of legal transactions and social interactions has rested in the koseki document. However, during the past several decades some women have questioned the social pressure and legal requirement to change their names in marriage, choosing instead to maintain their surname by refusing to register their marriages to their “husbands.” Claiming themselves “married” but not legally registering their marriages, this growing group of name-change resisters defines their nonregistered marriages as jijitsukon 事実婚 (common-law or real marriage). Drawing on ethnographic research with women in jijitsukon marriages in Tokyo who refuse to share a koseki with their “husbands,” this article explores the implications of marital registration resistance in a marriage-centric society and the concurrent critique of the koseki system (the Koseki Law, koseki document, and the broader system of registration) and the legal marriage structure at the core of women's claims to be married when they do not meet Japan's legal criteria for marriage.

SummaryThe effect of migration on the maximum opportunity for selection is analysed using koseki data, the Japanese family registration records, of a village population in a small island. When selection intensity is divided into two components, migration greatly influences the variance of the mortality component of the original formula. The difference in selection intensity, with and without allowance for migration, is conspicuous in the recent cohort; the intensity, with a migration component, shows a consistent increase, whereas it declined in the original formula. The implications of this are discussed in the context of the genetic structure of a population of small size, changing rapidly over time.

Enumeration, even the contemporary census, cannot be characterized as neutral and objective data collection; official categories both shape and are shaped by national cultures. This article examines the forms, laws, and procedures of Japanese household registration (koseki) and national censuses in three cases from the modern period (1868 to post-World War II). Each case isolates a particular time period to show how broad political cultures, such as Westernization, the development of state welfare, and democratization, were codified or reflected discursively in enumerative programs. In each case, categories shifted the substantive and practical meanings of individuals in families and of household heads in relation to the state. In the early Meiji period (1868-1912), an aristocratic, head-centric social order was imposed on all classes through household registration. By the late Meiji and through the Taisho (1912-36) and early Showa periods (1936-89), census categories reflected a new household model based on economic and spatial relations. In the reconstruction period following World War II, the household register embodied the dramatic changes to the civil code that established equality of sexes and the nuclear family as the fundamental social unit. By the 1960s, however, census forms reflected a return of national cultural discourse to hierarchical, extended-stem family households.

The RACTK1 cDNA cloned from rabbit kidney cortical collecting duct cells was associated with inwardly rectifying pH-regulated K+ channel activity (M. Suzuki, K. Takahashi, M. [keda, H Hayakawa, A. Ogawa, Y. Kawaguchi, and O. Sakai. Nature Lond. 367: 642-645, 1994). The deduced amino acid sequence of the encoded novel polypeptide lacked the signature sequence of a K(+)-selective pore region but predicted a topography suggestive of the inward rectifier K+ channel family. In subsequent articles a RACTK1 epitope was immunolocalized to the apical surface of kidney collecting duct and to arteriolar smooth muscle [M. Suzuki, T. Takigawa, K. Kimura, C. Koseki, and M. Imai. Am. J. Physiol. 269 (Cell Physiol, 38): C496-C503, 1995], and apamin-sensitive K+ currents displaying Ca(2+)-dependent and voltage-independent activation accompanied stable heterologous overexpression of RACTK1 [M. Suzuki, M. Murata, M. Ikeda, T. Miyoshi, and M. Imai. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Cell Physiol, 39): C964-C968, 1996]. We now report that the "RACTK1" open reading frame is a frame-shifted translation of the antisense strand of an Escherichia coli gene member of a coenzyme A transferase gene family. "RACTK1" mRNA was absent from tissues free of E. coli contamination, and the "RACTK1" gene was undetectable in Southern blots of human and rabbit genomic DNA. We conclude that the immunostaining patterns and Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel activity heretofore attributed to RACTK1 must be otherwise explained.

ABSTRACT A probabilistic model for predicting Enterobacter sakazakii inactivation in trypticase soy broth (TSB) and infant formula (IF) by high-pressure processing was developed. The modeling procedure is based on a previous model (S. Koseki and K. Yamamoto, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 116:136-143, 2007) that describes the probability of death of bacteria. The model developed in this study consists of a total of 300 combinations of pressure (400, 450, 500, 550, or 600 MPa), pressure-holding time (1, 3, 5, 10, or 20 min), temperature (25 or 40°C), inoculum level (3, 5, or 7 log10 CFU/ml), and medium (TSB or IF), with each combination tested in triplicate. For each replicate response of E. sakazakii, survival and death were scored with values of 0 and 1, respectively. Data were fitted to a logistic regression model in which the medium was treated as a dummy variable. The model predicted that the required pressure-holding times at 500 MPa for a 5-log reduction in IF with 90% achievement probability were 26.3 and 7.9 min at 25 and 40°C, respectively. The probabilities of achieving 5-log reductions in TSB and IF by treatment with 400 MPa at 25°C for 10 min were 92 and 3%, respectively. The model enabled the identification of a minimum processing condition for a required log reduction, regardless of the underlying inactivation kinetics pattern. Simultaneously, the probability of an inactivation effect under the predicted processing condition was also provided by taking into account the environmental factors mentioned above.

Temperature abuse during commercial transport and retail sale of leafy greens negatively impacts both microbial safety and product quality. Consequently, the effect of fluctuating temperatures on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes growth in commercially-bagged salad greens was assessed during transport, retail storage, and display. Over a 16-month period, a series of time-temperature profiles for bagged salads were obtained from five transportation routes covering four geographic regions (432 profiles), as well as during retail storage (4,867 profiles) and display (3,799 profiles). Five different time-temperature profiles collected during 2 to 3 days of transport, 1 and 3 days of retail storage, and 3 days of retail display were then duplicated in a programmable incubator to assess E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes growth in commercial bags of romaine lettuce mix. Microbial growth predictions using the Koseki-Isobe and McKellar-Delaquis models were validated by comparing the root mean square error (RMSE), bias, and the acceptable prediction zone between the laboratory growth data and model predictions. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to calculate the probability distribution of microbial growth from 8,122,127,472 scenarios during transport, cold room storage, and retail display. Using inoculated bags of retail salad, E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes populations increased a maximum of 3.1 and 3.0 log CFU/g at retail storage. Both models yielded acceptable RMSEs and biases within the acceptable prediction zone for E. coli O157:H7. Based on the simulation, both pathogens generally increased <2 log CFU/g during transport, storage, and display. However, retail storage duration can significantly impact pathogen growth. This large-scale U.S. study—the first using commercial time/temperature profiles to assess the microbial risk of leafy greens—should be useful in filling some of the data gaps in current risk assessments for leafy greens.

Both mammals and birds can concentrate urine hyperosmotic to plasma via a countercurrent multiplier mechanism, although evolutionary lines leading to mammals and birds diverged at an early stage of tetrapod evolution. We reported earlier (Nishimura H, Koseki C, and Patel TB. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 271: R1535–R1543, 1996) that arginine vasotocin (AVT; avian antidiuretic hormone) increases diffusional water permeability in the isolated, perfused medullary collecting duct (CD) of the quail kidney. In the present study, we have identified an aquaporin (AQP) 2 homolog water channel in the medullary cones of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix (qAQP2), by RT-PCR-based cloning techniques. A full-length cDNA contains an 822-bp open reading frame that encodes a 274-amino acid sequence with 75.5% identity to rat AQP2. The qAQP2 has six transmembrane domains, two asparagine-proline-alanine (NPA) sequences, and putative N-glycosylation (asparagine-124) and phosphorylation sites (serine-257) for cAMP-dependent protein kinase. qAQP2 is expressed in the membrane of Xenopus laevis oocytes and significantly increased its osmotic water permeability (Pf), inhibitable ( P < 0.01) by mercury chloride. qAQP2 mRNA (RT-PCR) was detected in the kidney; medullary mRNA levels were higher than cortical levels. qAQP2 protein that binds to rabbit anti-rat AQP2 antibody is present in the apical/subapical regions of both cortical and medullary CDs from normally hydrated quail, and the intensity of staining increased only in the medullary CDs after water deprivation or AVT treatment. The relative density of the ∼29-kDa protein band detected by immunoblot from the medullary cones was modestly higher in water-deprived/AVT-treated quail. The results suggest that 1) medullary CDs of quail kidneys express a mercury-sensitive functioning qAQP2 water channel, and 2) qAQP2 is at least partly regulated by an AVT-dependent mechanism. This is the first clear identification of AQP2 homolog in nonmammalian vertebrates.

This lecture presents the authors personal views on the landmark events that have strongly affected the welding of stainless steels over their lifetime. Although 1913 is commonly recognized as the birth of stainless steels with the commercialization of the martensitic alloy of Harry Brearly and the austenitic alloy of Eduard Maurer and Benno Straus, the story can be considered to begin as long ago as 1797 with the discovery of chromium by Klaproth and Vauquelin, and the observation by Vauquelin in 1798 that chromium resists acids surprisingly well. From the 1870s onwards, corrosion resisting properties of iron-chromium alloys were known. One might mark the first iron-chromium-nickel constitution diagram of Maurer and Strauss in 1920 as a major landmark in the science of welding of stainless steels. Their diagram evolved until the outbreak of World War II in Europe in 1939, and nominally austenitic stainless steel weld metals, containing ferrite that provided crack resistance, were extensively employed for armor welding during the war, based on their diagram. Improved diagrams for use in weld filler metal design and dissimilar welding were developed by Schaeffler (1947-1949), DeLong (1956-1973) and the Welding Research Council (1988 and 1992). Until about 1970, there was a major cost difference between low carbon austenitic stainless steels and those austenitic stainless steels of 0.04% carbon and more because the low carbon grades had to be produced using expensive low carbon ferro-chromium. Welding caused heat affected zone sensitization of the higher carbon alloys, which meant that they had to be solution annealed and quenched to obtain good corrosion resistance. In 1955, Krivsky invented the argon-oxygen decarburization process for refining stainless steels, which allowed low carbon alloys to be produced using high carbon ferro-chromium. AOD became widely used by 1970 in the industrialized countries and the cost penalty for low carbon stainless steel grades virtually vanished, as did the need to anneal and quench stainless steel weldments. Widespread use of AOD refining of stainless steels brought with it an unexpected welding problem. Automatic welding procedures for orbital gas tungsten arc welding of stainless steel tubing for power plant construction had been in place for many years and provided 100% penetration welds consistently. However, during the 1970s, inconsistent penetration began to appear in such welds, and numerous researchers sought the cause. The 1982 publication of Heiple and Roper pinpointed the cause as a reversal of the surface tension gradient as a function of temperature on the weld pool surface when weld pool sulfur became very low. The AOD refining process was largely responsible for the very low sulfur base metals that resulted in incomplete penetration. The first duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel was developed in 1933 by Avesta in Sweden. Duplex stainless steels were long considered unweldable unless solution annealed, due to excessive ferrite in the weld heat-affected zone. However, in 1971, Joslyn Steel began introducing nitrogen into the AOD refining of stainless steels, and the duplex stainless steel producers noticed. Ogawa and Koseki in 1989 demonstrated the dramatic effect of nitrogen additions on enhanced weldability of duplex stainless steels, and these are widely welded today without the need to anneal. Although earlier commercial embodiments of small diameter gas-shielded flux cored stainless steel welding electrodes were produced, the 1982 patent of Godai and colleagues became the basis for widespread market acceptance of these electrodes from many producers. The key to the patent was addition of a small amount of bismuth oxide which resulted in very attractive slag detachment. Electrodes based on this patent quickly came to dominate the flux cored stainless steel market. Then a primary steam line, welded with these electrodes, ruptured unexpectedly in a Japanese power plant. Investigations published in 1997 by Nishimoto et al and Toyoda et al, among others, pinpointed the cause as about 200 ppm of bismuth retained in the weld metal which led to reheat cracking along grain boundaries where the Bi segregated. Bismuth-free electrode designs were quickly developed for high temperature service, while the bismuth-containing designs remain popular today for service not involving high temperatures.

Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary hemolytic disease characterized by a complex pathophysiology including inflammation and oxidative stress. Intravascular hemolysis leads to release of heme, an erythrocyte-derived Danger Associated Molecular Pattern (e-DAMP) that augments Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. TLR4 signaling is important in development of acute and chronic complications in SCD. We investigated gene expression profiles of TLR4+ cells (by positive selection of its co-receptor CD14) of patients with SCD and other hemolytic anemias to identify differential regulated pathophysiological pathways. Methods Analyses were performed in 60 adults with hereditary hemolytic anemia and 10 healthy controls included in the ZEbRA cohort (UMC Utrecht, [NL5189]). Patients treated with systemic anti-inflammatory drugs were excluded (n=1). Deferasirox (DFX)-treated SCD patients were analyzed separately as DFX ameliorated pro-inflammatory effects of heme. CD14+ cells were isolated using anti-CD14 microbeads. RNA sequencing was performed on a Nextseq500 platform (Illumina) using a single-end 75bp high-output run. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using DESeq2 v1.24.0 in R. To correct for presence of reticulocytes and lymphocytes, data were corrected for expression of 4 hemoglobin (HBA1, HBB, HBG1, HBG2) and 4 T cell specific genes (CD3E, CD3D, CD3G, CD247). A list was constructed from all genes differentially expressed (adj. p&lt;0.01; absolute log2fold change &gt;1) in both the comparisons of SCD without DFX versus other hemolytic anemias and of SCD without DFX versus healthy controls. Pathway enrichment analysis (ReactomePA v1.28.0 in R) was performed with preselected DEGs (adj. p&lt;0.1; absolute log2fold change &gt;0.5). P-values were adjusted with the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. Results Demographics and hematological values are provided in Table 1. Principal component analysis based on RNA sequencing data separated SCD patients without DFX from hemolytic anemia patients, healthy controls and SCD patients with DFX (Figure 1). Analysis of DEGs discriminating SCD patients from both patients with other hemolytic anemias and healthy controls rendered 29 genes (Figure 2). Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) was one of these genes (versus healthy controls adj. p=5.6E-13; versus other hemolytic anemias adj. p=3.3E-15) and this is in line with the hypothesis that intravascular free heme is an important effector of gene regulation in monocytes. This sets SCD apart from the other studied hemolytic anemias. The other 28 genes included, PPARG, GUCY1A1, KLF5 and CXCR3 signaling (CXCL9 and CXCL11) which are associated with vascular remodeling and development of pulmonary hypertension. The list of 29 DEGs highlights interesting differences in gene expression of two processes related to immune signaling: CXCR3 signaling by CXCL9 and CXCL11, and lipid metabolism (STARD4, DLC1, SQLE, ME1). Pathway enrichment analysis showed enrichment of genes involved in IFN signaling (type I and II) in SCD versus healthy controls (adj. p=4.4E-16). And, in line with the list of 29 genes, enrichment of genes concerning chemokine signaling in SCD versus both healthy controls and other hemolytic anemias (respectively adj. p=0.06 and adj. p=0.01) and cholesterol biosynthesis in SCD versus other hemolytic anemias (adj. p=0.09). Conclusion Our data shows the unique inflammatory profile of SCD monocytes as opposed to other hemolytic anemias. Moreover, it suggests that lipid metabolism and IFN signaling are important differentiating immune signaling pathways. It is known that alterations in plasma lipid levels in SCD relate to hemolytic severity and vasculopathy. Our data suggests an important role for lipid biology in SCD monocytes. We hypothesize on an important contribution of cholesterol accumulation in enhancement of TLR4 signaling, as lipid rafts accelerated Nf-kB activation in macrophages. (Lee et al., Nat. Commun. 2017; Koseki et al., J. Lip. Res. 2007) The importance of type I and II IFN signaling in SCD suggests widespread involvement of the immune system. IFNg-inducible cytokines CXCL9 and CXCL11 are associated with Th1 polarization and activation. In summary, the data support the unique role of monocyte immune signaling in SCD. Furthermore, we identified pathways that seem to be relevant for immune regulation and thereby for development of disease complications. Disclosures van Wijk: Agios Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding; RR Mechatronics: Research Funding. van Beers:Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; RR Mechatronics: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding.

На примере фотоэмульсионных микрокристаллов галогенидов серебра математически описана зависимость коалесценции атомов серебра под действием неоднородного электрического поля от температуры окружающей среды и концентрации содержащихся в микрокристаллах примесей анионов йода. Показана корреляция экспериментальных данных по электрополевой чувствительности на примере промышленно выпускаемых фотоматериалов и специально изготовленных с результатами физико-математического моделирования коалесцентно-электрополевого процесса. Установлено, что при малом изменении температуры в 6 K (относительно стандартной в 298 K) и естественном влагосодержании желатины ~7.5 % происходит быстрый рост поверхностных атомов Ag. Такой же эффект достигается путем замещения в микрокристаллах AgBr доли анионных примесей йода до величины порядка 5 % от доли ионов брома при температуре 298 К REFERENCES Kravcov A. E., Reznikov M. A., Pipa V.I., Fok M. V. 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