Journal articles on the topic 'Kott language'

AbstractThe previously non-discussed ancient east Asian Wanderwort araĵaran ‘interjection; barely, suddenly’ is discussed and presented in great detail, and traced throughout many languages phonologically and semantically. The root has also undergone local secondary semantic developments in places, meanings which have then been borrowed into neighboring languages, some already carrying the same root, some borrowing only the new semantic meaning. Aft er detailed lexical documentation of this root in various languages, a possible semantic map is presented at the end of the study. Language groups and languages involved in this very geographically spread out Wanderwort are the Turkic, Tungusic, Mongolic and Yukaghir languages, as well as Tocharian B, Sel’kup, Kamass, Kott, Russian, Japanese and Iñupiatun.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This article identifies cases where metathesis and reanalysis have left idiosyncratic changes in the morphology of Ket, a critically endangered language of Central Siberia. The analysis reflects ongoing work compiling The Etymological Dictionary of the Yeniseian Languages (Vajda and Werner, in preparation). With fewer than 100 speakers, Ket is the last surviving member of the Yeniseian family and genetically isolated in North Asia. Internal comparative data from three of Ket’s vanished southern relatives, Yugh, Kott, and Assan, along with external comparison with the distantly related Na-Dene family of North America (Vajda 2010), also appear in the article.

The article presents political interpretations of Hamlet in Poland in the turbulent period of politcal changes between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s. The author discusses the relationships between Shakespeare’s tragedy and Polish political context as well as the influence of audience expectations in the specific interpretations. The selected performances are: Hamlet by Roman Zawistowski (at the Old Theatre in Cracow 1956) and Hamlet Study by Jerzy Grotowski (at the Laboratory Theatre of 13 Rows in Opole 1964). They both were hugely influenced by major commentators of Hamlet, i.e. Stanisław Wyspiański and Jan Kott. The author argues that up-to-date readings of Hamlet, which started with Wyspiański’s study in 1905, flourished in the mid-1950s and mid-1960s when concerning specific political events: the Polish Thaw of 1956 and March 1968, when the Jews were expelled from Poland. Thus Hamlet of that time was updated and must be seen through the prism of political events.

В статье анализируется структура и значения форм кетского возвратно-определительного местоимения «сам» в типологическом сравнении с подобными местоимениями в языках разных систем в синхронном и диахронном плане. Вначале рассматривается статус местоимения как части речи, спорные вопросы по этому поводу. Подчёркивается типологическая связь определительного и возвратного значения местоимения «сам» при структурно-семантическом анализе словоформ, их выражающих. Затем излагается описание словоформы “bin’” в кетском языке, начиная с истории её исследования кетологами. Приводятся таблицы склонения рассматриваемого местоимения в сравнении со склонением личных кетских местоимений и существительных. Описываются значения падежных форм местоимения “bin’”, подкреплённые примерами употребления этих форм в речи. Отмечается чёткое деление кетских падежных форм на две группы: группа родительного падежа и группа основного падежа. Формы родительного падежа выражают посессивные отношения со значением «свой собственный». В типологическом плане анализируются, прежде всего, данные енисейского коттского языка по данным А. Кастрена. Далее привлекается материал языков бурушаски, алтайских, санскрита, дагестанских, финно-угорских и других. Отмечено, что типологических примеров местоимённо-дейктического происхождения местоимения «сам» немного, однако они имеются в языках разных генетических групп, таких как: финно-угорский хантыйский, камчатский ительменский, дагестанский лакский язык. Диахронно-типологический анализ приведённых данных позволил автору заключить, что кетское местоимение “bin’” является древнейшим примером словообразования в языке в целом. Если в большинстве представленных в статье языков местоимение «сам» восходит к полнозначному существительному, то структура словоформ местоимения bin‘ не имеет аналогов и состоит из древнейших дейктических частиц с широким значением, т.е. она является свидетелем такого периода в развитии языка, когда каждый строевой элемент имел своё собственное значение. Сложные парадигматические формы рассматриваемого местоимения в современном кетском языке отражают процесс постепенной грамматикализации когда-то самостоятельных дейктических частиц. The article analyzes the structure and meanings of the forms of the Ket reflexive pronoun “self” in typological comparison with similar pronouns in the languages of different systems from synchronic and diachronic point of view. The typological connection of the definitive and reflexive meanings of the pronoun “self” is emphasized in the structural-semantic analysis of word forms expressing them. Then a description of the word form “bin’ ”in the Ket language is given. The declension tables of the considered pronoun are compared with the declension of personal Ket pronouns and nouns. The meanings of the case forms of the pronoun “bin’”, supported by examples of the use of these forms in speech, are described. Forms of the genitive case express a possessive relationship with the meaning of "one’s own". From typological point of view first of all, the data of the Yenisei Kott language are analyzed. Next, material from the languages of Burushaski, Altai, Sanskrit, Dagestan, Finno-Ugric and others is attracted. It is noted that there are few typological examples of the pronoun-deictic origin of the pronoun “self”, however they are available in languages of different genetic groups. Diachronic-typological analysis of the data provided allowed the author to conclude that the Ket pronoun “bin’” is the oldest example of word formation in the language as a whole, it witnesses such a period in the development of the language, when each structure element had its own meaning.

In daily life, human being can never escape from language. There are two types of languages; the standard language and the non-standard languages. In Indonesia, the standard language is Bahasa Indonesia, while the non-standard languages are the languages of vernacular (local languages) and sub-cultural languages (slang, jargon, etc). Nowadays, most of teenagers use the non-standard language to communicate among their friends, which is called slang. There is a newslang in Indonesia which is called Alay language. The Alay language is popular among teenagers since 2008 until now. The purpose of this study were (1) to know the patterns used to modify Alay Language, (2) to know the effect of using Alay language on the standard form of Indonesian language, and (3) to find out the purpose of Alay Language used by teenagers in Makassar. This research uses descriptive analysis method. The research data were taken from the conversations that contained of Alay's words, which were previously made on the internet by Facebook social network users. Other supporting data were the questionnaires. The results of this study indicated that (1) There were no standard rules in modifying Alay Language, but the most common process was Substitution Process with a frequency of 38%. (2) The use of Alay Language had both the positive and negative effects on the existence of standard language, Indonesian language. (3) One of the reasons of using the Alay language was to be called “cool”.

The use of Indonesian in outdoor media is increasingly worrying. This can be seen by the increasing number of Indonesian languages being transferred by foreign languages in public spaces. The Indonesians seem to be powerless in their own country and the substance of the Indonesians seems out of frame. By raising the case of the diversity of language use in outdoor media in the city of Palu, this study aims to describe patterns of diversity in language use, especially the use of foreign languages, regional languages, a mixture of Indonesian and foreign languages, as well as the full use of Indonesian in outdoor media in the city of Palu. The method used in this research is the listening method, the method used to obtain data by listening to the use of language that is in outdoor media in the city of Palu. The analysis shows that the pattern of diversity of language use in external media in the city of Palu is dominated by the use of foreign languages. Of the 280 data captured, 41% of outdoor media use foreign languages, mainly English. Furthermore, 34% of outdoor media use a mixture of Indonesian and foreign languages, 23% use Indonesian in full, and only 2% use local languages.keywords: language diversity, outdoor media

Language is a marker of social change that occurs in society. Prescriptivism, which is more glorifying language that is considered more modern. Linguistic landscape views urban as text. The meaning is, because language is widely used in public spaces in urban areas. Linguistic landscape is the presence of language between space and place. An interdisciplinary study of the presence of various language issues that interact with other languages in the public sphere. This study describes the phenomenon of linguistic landscape in Medan in the categories of onomastics, semiotics and spatial. The method used, namely qualitative research methods. The research threat uses the linguistic landscape theory of the Landry & Bourhis (1997) model. The research findings are the use of foreign languages that dominate the landscape in Medan City. Indonesian is no longer the sole authority in a region. Found onomastical, semiotic, and spatial aspects in the linguistic landscape in the city of Medan.

Salatiga adalah sebuah kota kecil di Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (UKSW) adalah salah satu universitas yang terdapat di Salatiga. Meski berada di kota kecil, UKSW memiliki mahasiswa yang datang untuk menuntut ilmu dari berbagai daerah di luar Salatiga. Tak heran jika daerah sekitar UKSW mudah dijumpai rumah kost. Rumah kost biasanya diidentikkan dengan mahasiswa. Mahasiswa yang memiliki kerabat atau kenalan dari Salatiga tidak mengalami kendala berarti dalam mencari kost strategis sesuai anggaran dan pertimbangan lainnya. Namun, bagi mereka yang berasal dari luar daerah akan sulit menentukan tempat kost mana yang akan menjadi tempat tinggalnya. Oleh karena itu, akan dibangun sistem informasi rumah kost yang mengakomodir pemilik kost di Salatiga untuk mempromosikan kostnya, dan memudahkan mahasiswa dalam menentukan rumah kost yang diinginkan sesuai dengan pertimbangan biaya, lokasi dari kampus, dan fasilitas yang tersedia di rumah kost. Sistem akan dibangun menggunakan metode object oriented dan Unified Modelling Language (UML) sebagai pemodelannya. Sistem ini akan berjalan di platform android.

This study was intended, firstly, to know the foreign language culture at Elementary School of Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Malang in Blitar, and secondly, to analyze the factors that influence the foreign language culture there. This research was qualitative in nature with case study approach. The setting of the study was at Elementary School of Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Malang in Blitar. The objects of the study were the foreign language culture and its determinant factors, while the subjects were the principals, the vice principals, the teachers, and the students. The data were collected by administering in-depth interview, documentation and observation techniques. The validity of data was ensured by credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability checking techniques. The data were then analyzed in interrelated stages of data display, data reduction, conclusion drawing, and data verification. This study concludes that the foreign language culture at SD Laboratorium UM was developed through three stages of planning, implementation, and evaluation. The factors that influence the culture of foreign languages are the institutional management system/software, the English teacher quota, the learning model, and the learning infrastructure.

Language in everyday life has a very important role in communicating. At present there has been a decline in interest in the use of Javanese as a communication tool for the �Z� generation, namely the generation born in 1994-2012. The aim of this study is to find out the intensity of the use of regional languages, especially the Javanese language by the �Z� generation, what is the impact of the loss of regional languages, especially the Javanese language for the identity of the region and how the generation of �Z� language attitudes to local languages are specifically Javanese . From this study it was found that, �Z� generation has the ability that is very lacking in communicating using Javanese. The things that affect their mastery in language include their buccal background originating from the Javanese, the lack of use of the Javanese language as a daily communication tool and the lack of innovation in Javanese language learning methods. From this, innovation in learning is needed as well as increasing the intensity of the use of Javanese as a daily communication tool. Parents and teachers in the school have a role in mastering the Javanese language in communicating.

The focus of the problem in this study is motivated by the phenomenon of the development of the times and the rapid flow of globalization making the Dayak ethnic in Samarinda City specifically, becoming an ethnic minority so language retention needs to be made in multilingual minority language communities. The language that is the focus of research is Dayak Kenyah Language. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors of preservation of Dayak Kenyah Language in Samarinda City. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with a sociolinguistic approach. The research data were written text (conversational transcripts) from the data source of the Dayak Kenyah ethnic community in Samarinda City. Data collection techniques using the stages of observation, Simak Free Engage Involved (SBLC) techniques, and interviews. Research instruments in the form of devices, stationery, notebooks, and indicators of language maintenance. The results of the study found that there were efforts made by the Dayak Kenyah community in Samarinda City as a manifestation of the language of the Dayak Kenyah region. The research findings are: (1) family factors, (2) social factors, (3) communication intensity factors, (4) activity factors, and (5) desire factors in language retention. The conclusion in this study focuses more on the care and contribution of various layers of ethnic Dayak Kenyah communities, especially in Samarinda, towards the regional languages ​​they have.

Abstract Previous research shows that textbooks for learning foreign languages are prone to be written from a national rather than a diverse cultural perspective (Risager, 2018). Few studies have examined this topic for Dutch foreign language (DFL) learning materials. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review (inter)national literature and draw up lessons for the DFL-context. We outline characteristics of national and cultural studies’ perspectives on representations of language and culture in learning materials. Whereas national studies may uncover ‘banal nationalism’, cultural studies can reveal degrees of cultural diversity in textbooks. Future research should examine to what extent banal versus diverse cultural tendencies are represented in DFL-textbooks. We should also investigate how such representations have evolved over time (if at all), whether they differ in books published in the Netherlands, Belgium or elsewhere, and compare how representations in DFL-textbooks relate to the international body of knowledge. Such knowledge will benefit publishers and writers of DFL-materials and the teachers and students who work with them. It will also serve to determine to what degree DFL-materials contribute to educational goals of intercultural dialogue (Council of Europe, 2017; Taalunie, 2018) and inclusive education (UNESCO, 2017), in and outside of Dutch-speaking countries.

Due to the influence of the language of politics, the noun phrase, tłuste koty, has become established in modern Polish language. As the research material proves, the idiom fat cats has a negative connotation in the Polish language. Most often, it refers to rich people associated with business, as well as politicians and people in power, such as legislative, executive and judicial. The analysed texts provide many modifications of the expression under analysis, e.g., wypasione pisowskie tłuste koty, tłuste koty w sutannach, tłuste koty nadziane ośmiorniczkami, tłuste koty na złotych spadochronach, lejące krokodyle łzy podczas ucieczki z pogromu kociego na Wall Street, najtłustszy i wredny kot, okrąglutki, milutki, taki kotek tłuściutki. The most important function of modification is to express a critical opinion about people in the category of fatty cats. Through modifications, it is emphasized that the earnings of fatty cats are indecently high, often unreasonable and undeserved. Sharp social opposition causes financiers and politicians to avoid being responsible for their mistakes, for dishonesty. Fat cats are also accused of greed.

<p>Lampung is one of the provinces in Indonesia which is located strategically. It is located at the Southern of Sumatra Island that makes Lampung as the only gateway for those who want to go to Sumatra Island. The complexity of the society in Lampung, especially in Bandar Lampung city, has an impact on the survival of indigenous people of Lampung itself. One of the effects is the waning of the indigenous languages of Lampung in the city. The aim of this study is to find out the reasons why Lampung is starting to be abandoned, to know how to use Lampung Language, to know what areas still survive in the use of Lampung Language, and to describe what efforts have been made to preserve the Lampung language in the Bandar Lampung city. The qualitative approach is used in this study. The data are obtained by applying the methods of observation, interview and document analysis. This study found that in Bandar Lampung city Lampung language experience a language shift which then will be extinction if not preserved optimally.</p>

The development of information technology is very rapid, resulting in an overflow of data. The amount of data can be used to obtain information needed by the user. The problem is, not all information can be found easily, especially very specific information. Likewise information about tourism. One way to overcome these problems is to utilize Natural Language Processing Technology, especially Question Answering System, which allows Computers to understand the meaning of Questions posed by users in natural languages. This study built a simple Question Answering System application. Application developed with PHP programming language, and MySql database. Preprocessing techniques used are Tokenization, Part-Of-Speech tagging, and Named Entity Recognation. The test result show that the application is able to provide answers to user questions of 82,05%.

AbstrakTulisan ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan keterkendalian penggunaan bahasa Indonesia dan bentuk kesalahan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia pada ruang publik di Kota Gorontalo. Kajian ini bersifat kuantitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara observasi dan dokumentasi serta dianalisis dengan teknik persentase. Kajian ini menemukan keterkendalian penggunaan bahasa ruang publik di Kota Gorontalo berada pada kategori Terkendali C(wilayah yang penggunaan bahasa di ruang publik kurang terkendali: secara fisik kurang didominasi bahasa asing; mulai lebih banyak berbahasa Indonesia dengan penerapan kaidah dan tipografi yang mulai baik). Hal tersebut dapat dilihat pada aspek kebahasaan yang belum sepenuhnya mengutamakan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia karena memiliki masalah pada ejaan, pilihan kata, dan struktur kalimat. Berdasarkan aspek fisik kebahasaan,posisi, ukuran, dan warna huruf pun belum maksimal mendukungpengutamaan bahasa Indonesia.masih terdapat data yang menempatkan bahasa Indonesia sejajar/bersanding dengan posisi di bawah atau di atas bahasa asing atau bahasa daerah.Sementara itu, berdasarkah aspek tipografi kebahasaannya, bahan, desain, dankejelasan hurufnya sudah proporsional.Kata kunci: ruang publik, aspek kebahasaan, aspek fisik kebahasaan, aspek tipografi kebahasaan, terkendali This paper aims to describe the control of the use of Indonesian and the forms of misuse of Indonesian in public spaces in Gorontalo City. This study is quantitative. Data collected by observation and documentation and analyzed by percentage techniques. This study found that the control over the use of public space languages in Gorontalo City was in the Controlled C category (areas where the use of language in public spaces was less controlled: physically less dominated by foreign languages; started to speak more Indonesian with the application of rules and typography that began well). This can be seen in the linguistic aspects that have not fully prioritized the use of Indonesian because they have problems with spelling, choice of words, and sentence structure. Based on the physical aspects of language, position, size, and color of letters are not yet optimally support the priority of the Indonesian language. There are still data that place Indonesian in line with / position below or above a foreign language or regional language. Meanwhile, based on the typographic aspects of the language, the material, design, and clarity of the letters are proportional. Keywords: public space, linguistic aspects, physical aspects of linguistics, typographic aspects of language, controlled

This study aimed to describe: (1) the structure of folklore in local legend Pincuran Tujuah in Nagari Koto Tangah Simalonggang Village Kapalo Koto Kecamatan Payakumbuah Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, (2) social function of Folklore Legend Pincuran Tujuah. The type of research was qualitative research used descriptive method. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and recording of interviews with informants in Nagari Koto Tangah Simalonggang Kapalo Koto Village Payakumbuah Subdistrict, Lima Puluh Kota District. Based on the result of research, it is concluded the following things. First, Folklore Structure Legend Locally Pincuran Tujuah includes: (a) Characterization, consists of four characters, namely the main character and sideline. The main character is emak Gendong known as the person who has a patient and hard heart and while the side character is two children emak Gendong and neighbors who have a sense of jealousy to emak Gendong (b) Plot, the plot of legend Pincuran Tujuah is conventional groove, because a sequential event through regular causal relationships from the introduction of background, the main character, the entry into conflicts, and the ending of the story. (c) Background, this research is carried out in Nagari Koto Tangah Simalonggang Kapalo Koto Village Payakumbuah Subdistrict of Lima Puluh Kota Regency, and also there are also (d) Style of Language and (e) Less point of view is depicted in this legend story. Second, the social function of local folklore Pincuran Tujuah legend is as a function of educating, bequeath, identity, and tradition.Keywords: Folkore, Structure of Folklore, Social Function

This study aims to determine the perceptions of users of transportation modes on language use at airports, stations, terminals, and ports in nine cities in Indonesia and to find out how far the application of language usage rules is applied to transportation modes. The method used in this study is a quantitative and descriptive qualitative approach. The research data is carried out by primary data collection in the field, namely the perception (view) of the users of transportation modes at airports, stations, terminals, and ports. The results of the study show that there are six cities (still dominant) agreeing on the use of Indonesian in the modes of air, sea, land and rail transportation. Then, there are two cities that even strongly agree on the use of Indonesian in the mode of transportation. Furthermore, there is one city that states that it is not agreeable to use Indonesian. Thus, perceptions of language users in transportation modes predominantly have high weight values. So, users of the transportation mode still have the concern to maintain or prioritize the use of Indonesian instead of foreign languages. Meanwhile, regional languages can also be used as a third language in the area rather than in the capital city.

This research is urgent to do considering the use of Indonesian outdoor media which is increasingly complex and uncontrolled. This issue has led to the development of a wide variety of written media in outdoor media whose rules deviate significantly from the Indonesian Spelling General Guidelines. The inconsistency between the rules and the use of various languages ​​will lead to the skepticism of Indonesian people to use Indonesian properly and correctly. Also, the development of the Indonesian language that is not based on good linguistic knowledge will lead to the erosion of the Indonesian language and irregular language growth. Therefore, this research is important to do to see patterns of Indonesian language mistakes in outdoor media. With the hope that the Indonesian Spelling Guidelines are applied in a basic and solid manner in the use of Indonesian outdoor media. This type of research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. This research tries to understand and explain the phenomena of misuse of the Indonesian language in outdoor media in South Tangerang City. This research produces descriptive data in the form of sentences in outdoor media in South Tangerang City. Sources of data in this study were obtained from written sources. Sources of written data were obtained from billboards, billboards, banners, billboards, and neon boxes.

<span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">Understanding</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">image of</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> the center </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">Semarang</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> city </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">can be done</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">by knowing the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">spatial cognition</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> of </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observers. Spatial cognition</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> of </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observer</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">describes how</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observers</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">obtain</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">organize</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">store</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and recall</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">information</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">about</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the location</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">distance</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">arrangement</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">within</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">city</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">environment</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">. Spatial cognition of observers have the basic concepts Imageability and legibility. </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">This research used a</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">descriptive</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">approach</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">is</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">to describe</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">interpret</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the object of observation</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">in accordance</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">with what it is. </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">The objective </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">of this research</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">was to determine</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the level of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">spatial cognition</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">ability of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observers</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">in understanding image of the city. The results of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the research</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">suggests that the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">image of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the center of Semarang city</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">can be understood</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">if</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">city</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">has the clear character</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, clear </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">shape</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, clear </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">pattern</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, clear </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">structure</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and elements of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">clear signs</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, because it is necessary to provide an understanding of the oriented and identification for the observer.</span>

Abstrak Banyak bahasa daerah yang berinteraksi dengan bahasa lain akhirnya mengalami pergeseran, termasuk bahasa Jawa. Pergeseran ini kemudian menimbulkan upaya pemertahanan bahasa. Penelitian ini membahas pergeseran dan pemertahanan bahasa Jawa di daerah transmigrasi di km 38 Kota Palangkaraya. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah menggambarkan keadaan kebahasaan dan mendeskripsikan upaya pemertahanan bahasa Jawa yang dilakukan oleh para responden yang menghuni kawasan transmigrasi di km 38 Kota Palangkaraya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dan kualitatif. Data diambil dengan cara membagikan kuesioner untuk selanjutnya ditanggapi oleh para responden. Responden yang menjadi penanggap kuesioner ini mencapai 78 orang. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan bantuan perangkat lunak statistik. Berdasarkan analisis disimpulkan bahwa ranah memengaruhi pilihan bahasa. Terdapat pula perbedaan rata-rata pilihan bahasa pada ranah dan variabel tertentu. Pilihan bahasa kemudian memunculkan pergeseran bahasa yang kian memprihatinkan. Upaya pemertahanan yang dilakukan oleh para penutur yang tinggal di daerah itu bersifat manasuka dan sukarela, tidak terstruktur, dan tidak formal. Akibatnya regenerasi penutur bahasa Jawa tidak berjalan dengan baik dan tidak berkesinambungan. Kata kunci: pergeseran dan pemertahanan bahasa, sikap dan pilihan bahasa, ekologi bahasa, sosiolinguistik Abstract Many native languages in Indonesia who interact with other codes shift, including Javanese. This shifting lead to massive language maintenance. This interaction leads to language shifting and the shift of language leads to language maintenance. This research is focused on the Javanese shifting and maintenance in transmigration region in Palangkaraya. The goal of the research is to describe the shifting and maintenance of Javanese in the region. This is a descriptive and qualitative research. The data is collected by distributing questionners to some respondents and then to be responded respectively. There are 78 respondents involved in the research. The data is then analyzed by using statistics software. Based on the analysis, domain plays some important roles in the context of language choices. It is also found that there is some average difference in how the respondent’s choice a code in certain contexts. These choices lead to the condition of language shift. How the respondents maintain their language is such kind of unstructural and unformal efforts. Therefore, the language speaker’s regeneration is neither well performed nor sustainably constructed.Keywords: language shift and maintenance, language attitude and preference, ecology of language, sociolinguistics

The discussion sheds light on the conception or understanding of the national language of two prominent personalities of the 16th-century Reformation: the German reformer Martin Luther and the Slovene Protestant and most important reformer Primož Trubar. For both authors, language serves as a basic tool for preaching the gospel in their mother tongues. They accomplish this by translating the Bible, and they each in their own way justify the use of the mother tongue as the means through which the Spirit of God is embodied. Both Luther and Trubar consolidate the biblical text in early modern European languages: Luther in the New High German and Trubar in the Slovene language, which had not appeared in books until the publication of his printed texts. Both authors developed their own language programme that can be compared and from which both Protestants’ view on language can be discerned, which was based on the realization that God used languages when he wanted the gospel to spread among all people.

ABSTRAKSociolinguistics is a study or discussion of language related to the language Sociolinguistics consists of two elements of the word that is socio and linguistics. Linguistics is the study of language, especially the elements of language (speech, word, sentence) and the relationship between speakers who are part of the members of society.Sociolinguistics places the position of language in relation to its use in society. This means that sociolinguistics views language as primarily a social system and communication system, and is part of a particular society and culture. Hence language and use of language are not observed individually but are always associated with their activities in society.Every human being born into the world is elected into two types, women and men. Gender refers to differences in male and female characters based on cultural construction, relating to the nature of their status, position, and role in society as well as socially-culturally constructed gender differences.In sociolinguistics, language and gender have a very close relationship. There is the phrase "why do women talk differently from men?" In other words, we are concerned with several factors that make women prefer to use standard language compared to men. In this regard, it is worth examining the language as a social part, a deed of value, reflecting the complexity of social networks, politics, culture, and age and society relations.language ideology is ideas and beliefs about what a language is, how it works and how it should work, which are widely accepted in particular communities and which can be shown to be consequential for the way languages are both used and judged in the actual social practice of those communities. In the community of western intellectuals, for instance, one key language ideology is inherited from the tradition of ideas whose major exponents include John Locke (in the Essay Concerning Human Understanding) and Ferdinand de Saussure (in the reconstructed and posthumously published work whose English translation is titled A Course in General Linguistics). In this tradition, signs (or words they are usually treated as being the same thing) stand for ideas, language is the means for conveying those ideas from one mind to another, and the process is underwritten by a sort of social contract, whereby speakers of a given language agree to make the same signs stand for the same ideas.

The influence of foreign languages, especially English may erode Indonesian authority. Most people feel more confidence and smarter when using English. It is not wrong but contradict to the slogan echoed by the government, "Prioritizing Indonesian, mastering foreign language, and Preserving the language”. This research was aimed to study about how the forms of improper use of Indonesian in public spaces in Baubau, and what were the factors that influence the occurrence of these errors. The methods used descriptive qualitative. Technique of collecting the data was used observation and technical documentation record. The result showed that the errors found are errors in placing prefixes and prepositions which still confused-exchange as well as the widespread use of English on shop signs, hotels, salons, and other general instructions. Some of the factors triggering the occurrence of these errors is the lack of knowledge about the use of the Indonesian language properly and correctly, lack of socialization that involve direct community of language users, and the absence of real sanctions for violators language. The results showed that the form were errors in placing prefixes and prepositions are still confused-exchange as well as the widespread use of English on shop signs, hotels, salons, and other general instructions. Some of the factors triggering the occurrence of these errors is the lack of knowledge about the use of the Indonesian language properly and correctly, lack of socialization that involve direct community of language users, and the absence of real sanctions for violators language. Based on the research results form errors found are errors in placing prefixes and prepositions are still confused-exchange as well as the widespread use of English on shop signs, hotels, salons, and other general instructions. Some of the factors triggering the occurrence of these errors is the lack of knowledge about the use of the Indonesian language properly and correctly, lack of socialization that involve direct community of language users, and the absence of real sanctions for violators language.

The language shift phenomenon in the Bajau Sama Kota Belud in Sabah is definite. The researchers surveyed the phenomenon in Kampung Taun Gusi 1, Kota Belud, Sabah. Based on the age cross-sectional method, 300 participants of 20-29 years (G20s), 30-39 years (G30s), 40-49 years (G40s), and 50-59 years (G50s) respectively were selected by stratified sampling. The objective of this study is to formulate the dimensionality of language shift. The researchers found that speakers shifted from using the mother tongue to the Malay language after entering school. The Bajau Sama language spoken as the mother tongue has declined from one generation to another. For a better understanding of the Bajau Sama lexical, G20s meet Fishman’s (1991) implication scale negatively. The group achievement of nouns has decreased to 26.9%, verbs (33.9%), and adjectives (32%). Meanwhile, the attitude overtness towards the Bajau Sama language is most evident among G50s with a statistical min of 83.00, declining by 48.20 in G30s and 41.80 in G40s, which eventually and significantly decreased by 23.20 in G20s. In the family domain, G20s prefer using the Malay language over Bajau Sama. In the neighbourhood domain, G20s and G30s use the Malay language frequently. All the groups choose to speak the Malay language in the shop outlet domain. This study’s implications demonstrate G20s and G30s have shifted to use the Malay language in family and neighbourhood domains. This shifting justifies the low vocabulary knowledge in Bajau Sama compared to G40s and G50s. Overall, the language shift from the mother tongue to the Malay language in the Bajau Sama Kota Belud community occurred due to bilingualism, the level of status, and unequal power between the two languages, the impact of political, economic, and social situations on one language group. In conclusion, we suggested that the Bajau Sama standard language curriculum be introduced in primary schools to sustain its vitality as a revitalization program.

This study uses a case study research method with a qualitative study design. The aims of the study were to find out the domains of Acehnese language shifts in Langsa and the reasons why Acehnese teenagers are shifting their language. Five districts in Langsa, one of the cities in Aceh, Indonesia, became the research location. They were Langsa Kota, Langsa Barat, Langsa Timur, Langsa Baroe and Langsa Lama. The respondents were Acehnese young adults within the age range of 18 to 21 years old. There were 10 respondents from each district, making a total of 50 respondents. The instruments used in this study were observations, a questionnaire, and interviews. Simple statistics were used to analyse the questionnaire, meanwhile the data analysis for the observations and interviews followed an interactive model from Miles and Huberman, namely: data reduction, data display, verification of data, and conclusions. The results showed that the domains of education (30 respondents) and of friendship (27 respondents had the largest number of shifters. Meanwhile, the family domain had the least shifts, so it was concluded that shifts rarely occurred in this domain. Finally, there are three fundamental factors that influenced the shift: environment, habitual usage, and choice of language.

This study examines the maintenance of Bugis language in the Wara neighborhood, Ambon City. As a language brought by immigrants from South Sulawesi, the Bugis language is a minority language that is in the midst of the majority language, namely Ambonese Malay. According to experts that the existence of minority languages in an area will melt into the majority language but in fact the Bugis language remains used in daily communication among ethnic groups. The research problem is how is the defense of Bugis language in Ambon and what factors support this achievement. The purpose of this study was to see how far the Bugis language was preserved in Ambon City and what factors supported the defense. This study uses the method of observation and interviews with respondents. The results showed that the Bugis ethnic community in Ambon City, especially Bugis who lived in the Wara environment still used Bugis language in the family realm, the realm of neighboring, the realm of work, the realm of education, and the realm of religion. Factors of loyalty of speakers and Bugis ethnic community organizations are the things that most support the defense of Bugis in Ambon City, especially in the Wara Neighborhood.Kajian ini meneliti tentang pemertahanan bahasa Bugis di Lingkungan Wara, Kota Ambon. Sebagai bahasa yang dibawa oleh pendatang dari Sulawesi Selatan, bahasa Bugis merupakan bahasa minoritas yang berada di tengah-tengah bahasa mayoritas, yakni bahasa Melayu Ambon.menurut para ahli bahwa keberadaan bahasa minoritas di suatu daerah akan lebur ke dalam bahasa mayoritas namun kenyatannya bahasa Bugis tetap digunakan dalam komunikasi sehari-hari di antara sesama etnis. Masalah penelitian adalah bagaimanakah pemertahanan bahasa Bugis di Ambon dan factor-faktor apakah yang mendukung pemerthanan tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat sejauhmana pemertahanan bahasa Bugis di Kota Ambon dan factor-faktor apa yang mendukung pemertahanan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasi dan wawancara terhadap responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa masyarakat etnis Bugis di Kota Ambon, khususnya etnis Bugis yang tinggal di Lingkungan Wara masih menggunakan bahasa Bugis pada ranah keluarga, ranah ketetanggaan, ranah pekerjaan, ranah pendidikan, dan ranah agama. Factor loyalitas penutur dan organisasi masyrakat etnis Bugis merupakan hal yang paling mendukung pemertahanan bahasa Bugis di Kota Ambon, khususnya di Lingkungan Wara.

This study aims at describing the discourse of Friday sermons in the city of Surakarta. This study is a sociolinguistic study with qualitative research method. The language based code shows Indonesian language is used dominantly because the object of study is in Surakarta. Arabic is widely used because the Friday sermons are one kind of worships in Islam. Javanese language is used because of the speech location and cultural backgrounds. English only slightly appears and is influenced by the speakers’ background. The code based on the variations can be divided into the standard and non standard languages. Intra-sentential code switchings take the forms of words, reduplication, word repetitions, and phrases. This is due to attitudinal and linguistic factors. Inter-sentential code switchings are permanent and temporary. The determining factors are speakers, interlocutors, topics or subject matters, special speech functions/ends, and changes in circumstances. The functions of code switching in the Friday sermons are to express gratitude, purify God, glorify God, honor someone, express amazement, prohibit, sound prestigious, express permission, beg for forgiveness, beautify utterances, change the subject, pray for someone, declare an appointment, mention terms, express doubts, and regret something.

The results of this dissertation research show (1) the orientations of the inclusive insightful da’wah materials in Kecamatan Bacukiki are that da'i must be sincere, that da'i becomesa role model, that da'i always learns and upgrades knowledge. Inclusive da'wah should use local languages, straightforward ways, narrative-substantive da’wah without indoctrination, calm and wise da'wah. Da’wah should be suitable to the needs of mad'u, suitable to the development of science and technology, and the level of knowledge of mad'u. Inclusive Da'wah is carried out based on da'wah maps andits relevance to plural societies. It should encourage social transformation, can be applied, and carried out in a dialogical manner; (2) The obstacles of inclusive da'wah are fanatical people, da'wah that does not enlighten and educate, da’wah that is not in accordance with the situation, conditions and ways of thinking of the people, da’wah that does not useBuginese language, preserved Buginese culture, da’i who are not yet competent, not communicative, and generally still low in IT skills; (3) The solutions to the obstacles of inclusive da'wah are that there should be a mapping of da'wah in Kecamatan Bacukiki, the Regional Government and Ministry of Religious Affairs must be synergistic, da’i should master the local language namely Buginese, da’i should be trained. Inclusive da'wah should be comprehensive, affordable access to the society, having syllabus, enlightening da'wah, and da’i who has competence, integrity and exemplary profile. The implications of this research are that (1) the Regional Government of Parepare must take care of the tolerance and harmony of the Bacukiki society, (2) the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Parepare makes a map of da'wah, trains da'i, compensates da'i, etc.; (3) the Indonesian Ulema Council becomes a representative forum for the people and carries out its main duties and functions; (4) Religious Social Organizations train their da'i professionally and responsibly; and (5) Da’wah practitioners always develop their competence and qualifications, master Arabic, Indonesian, and Buginese, master Information and Communication Technology, and protect them selves to have personality integrity.

This research aims at describing the maintenance of Sindang language in Watervang subdistrict Lubuklinggau city which was focused on the maintenance of Sindang language in teenagers and adults domain. The research was a quantitative descriptive research with 59 informants of teenagers and adults. The data collection was conducted through closed questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using percentage calculation. The results showed that the maintenance of Sindang language on teenagers group was 73,01 with 'good'category, and on adults group was 80,57 with 'good' category. Based on the average calculation, it can be concluded that the attitude of the language maintenance on Sindang language among teenagers and adults in Watervang subdistrict Lubuklinggau city is in 'good' criteria. Keywords: Maintenance, Sindang Language, Watervang Subdistrict

Today the use of Indonesian well and properly in sudents' communication declines. The declining spirit of using Indonesian well and properly is currently an important topic to be studied. This study aimed to describe the attitude of using Indonesian language and the factors that causes of students' language attitudes SMA Negeri 1 Metro. The technique of collecting data is by using questionnaire. The data were processed and analyzed by using a qualitative approach. The results showed that students' attitudes in Indonesian language is still quite good. This is evidenced by the answers of all respondents who feel proud to be able to speak Indonesian and 95% of respondents would continue to study the Indonesian although they have already mastered several foreign languages. The dominan factor that causing the attitude of students' language is experience as proved by the responses to questionnaires which mostly have a percentage above 80%.AbstrakDewasa ini penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar dalam komunikasi siswa dirasa semakin berkurang. Menurunnya semangat untuk menggunakan bahasa Indonesia secara baik dan benar saat ini menjadi topik yang penting untuk dikaji. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan sikap berbahasa Indonesia dan faktor penyebab sikap berbahasa siswa SMA Negeri 1 Metro. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara kuisioner. Data diolah dan dianalis menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sikap berbahasa Indonesia siswa masih cukup baik. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan jawaban seluruh responden yang merasa bangga bisa berbahasa Indonesia dan 95% responden akan terus mempelajari bahasa Indonesia walaupun sudah menguasai beberapa bahasa asing. Faktor penyebab sikap berbahasa siswa yang paling dominan adalah faktor pengalaman yang dibuktikan dengan jawaban kuesioner yang sebagian besarnya memiliki persentase di atas 80%.

Translation has an important role especially for people in Indonesia. This is owing to the fact that only little information is available in Bahasa Indonesia. That is, a great deal of information is mostly presented in foreign languages, particularly in English. In this reseach, the writer discusses about translation in school notices school and researchers concent this reseach in one of senior high school in Serang. At this time in various schools the rules for the use of school bulletin boards that are affixed to the walls of the school and the language used in English with varying words have meaning. School notice board is a surface intended for the posting of public messages, for example, to advertise items wanted or for sale, announce events, or provide information. Researchers found that is the existence of writing errors in writing and translating words and also sentences on the school bulletin board because on the basis of a lot of bulletin boards in schools that use English language. In this study the researchers wants to analyze of translation procedures school notices board in senior high school.

ABSTRAK Aspek kebahasaan dan konteks sosial diluar kebahasaan memiliki keterkaitan yang mempengaruhi situasi kebahasaan suatu kelompok masyarakat. Proses pemilihan bahasa khususnya dikalangan remaja sasak sangat dipengaruhi oleh keadaan sosial dan keberagaman masyarakat kota mataram. Remaja sasak sebagai penutur bahasa Sasak belajar bahasa Indonesia ketika mulai mengenyam pendidikan. Pemerolehan bahasa kedua di ranah pendidikan sangat mempengaruhi proses pemilihan bahasa dikalangan remaja Sasak khususnya. Keadaan ini menjadi topik yang menarik untuk dikaji dalam suatu penelitian dengan menggunakan kerangka kajian Sosiolinguistik. Penelitian ini mengindentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan bahasa oleh remaja Sasak kota Mataram dalam suatu peristiwa tutur. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode dan teknik penyediaan data : Metode Survei, wawancara dan observasi. Sampel yang digunakan adalah remaja sasak kota Mataram yang berumur 18 – 20 tahun yang tinggal dikota Mataram dan pelajar. Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan sebagai berikut. Pertama : situasi kebahasaan masyarakat kota Mataram melatarbelakangi terjadinya proses pemilihan Bahasa. Kedua : Penelitian ini melakukan pengamatan di empat ranah penggunaan bahasa yaitu ranah keluarga, ketetanggaan, pendidikan dan agama. Ketiga : Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan empat faktor utama sebagai yang mempengaruhi pemilihan bahasa penutur dalam interkasi sosial, yaitu (1) latar (waktu dan tempat) dan situasi; (2) partisipan dalam interkasi, (3) topik percakapan, dan (4) fungsi interaksi. Kata Kunci : Pemilihan bahasa, faktor, ranah, sosiolinguistik ABSTRACT The language aspects and social context outside of the language which are related effect the linguistic situation of a multilingual society. The process of language choice especially among sasak teens is strongly influenced by the social and diversity of the Mataram city society. Teen's of Sasak as sasak speakers learn Bahasa when they started education. Second language acquisition in education domain influence the language choice among teen’s of Sasak. This situation are very interesting topic to reviewed by using contextual sociolinguistics approach. The research is aimed to identify the language choice factors among teen’s of sasak in speech event. This research is qualitative research used the data were collected using the methods of observation, recording, and interview. The sample used is the teen's of Sasak age 18 - 23 years old who live in Mataram city and a student. This results of the research are as follows. First : The language situation of Mataram city society is the background of the Language selection process. Second : This research do observations in four domains of language, family, neighbors, education and religion. Third : This research findings four major factors as affecting the speaker language in social interactions, (1) the setting (time and place) and the situation; (2) participants in the interaction, (3) the topic of conversation, and (4) the interaction function. Keyword :Language choice, factors, domain and sosiolinguistik

Abstract This study aims to describe and analyze cultural values in increasing social values in the Sorong Kota district with the focus of the study covering: culture, customs and values on the character of the Biak Tribe in Sorong Kota District. This study uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation and data analysis techniques, namely data reduction, data presenter, data presenter and research conclusions using the results of the study show that the social values that occur are not only a benchmark in ethnic culture/customs. breed but has a major role to tie a sibling association and a customary system, the customary system includes regional languages, regional languages are ancestral cultures that are beginning to be eroded by time, regional language culture is the body of ancestral customs so it must be preserved, because culture (language area) is a systematic one that describes the existence of a person in the ethnicity/origin of a person. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis tentang budaya iyakyaker dalam peningkatan nilai sosial di distrik sorong kota dengan fokus kajian mencakup: budaya, adat dan Nilai terhadap karakter masyarakat Suku Biak di Distrik Sorong Kota. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan Tehnik pengumpulan data mengunakan diantaranya Wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi dan Teknik Analisis Data yaitu reduksi data, penyaji data, penyaji data dan kesimpulan penelitian mengunakan Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa nilai sosial yang terjadi tidak hanya sebagai patokan dalam budaya/adat suku biak akan tetapi memiliki peran utama untuk mengikat suatu perkumpulau saudara dan sistem adat, sistem adat tersebut diantaranya bahasa daerah, Bahasa daerah merupakan budaya leluhur yang mulai terkikis oleh jaman, Budaya bahasa daerah merupakan raga dari adat leluhur sehingga harus tetap dilestarikan, karena budaya (bahasa daerah) merupakan salah satu sistematis yang mengambarkan tentang keberdaan seseorang dalam suku/asal-usul seseorang itu berasal. Kata Kunci: Budaya, Adat, Nilai Sosial

The aim of this research is to describe variety of language choices on outdoors advertising in Banjarmasin and various factors causing the emergence of variety of language choices. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Advertisement language is different from language in scientific work. Advertisement language is short and easy to understand. The result shows that there are four varieties of language choices on outdoors advertising in Banjarmasin, namely (a) Indonesian language advertisement; (b) foreign language advertisement; (c) variety of local language adertisement; (d) mixed language advertisement. Meanwhile, there are six causes behind the emergence of variety of language choices on outdoors advertising in Banjarmasin, namely (a) the efforts to build closeness between advertisers and potential customers; (b) the effort to attract potential customers; (c) the effort to build a product image; (d) the use of foreign terms to be considered more concise than their counterparts in Indonesian language; (e) the advertiser selects a particular word to represent the product; and (f) the advertiser does not know or less attention about the indonesianizing foreign terms.

Various features presented in the newspaper will add information to the reader. With increasing insight every day, they will increasingly be critical of the conditions that occur around found in writing in the newspaper. The language errors that occur are indicative of a lack of understanding of Bahasa. The researcher used a qualitative research approach with a type of descriptive study to be more focused and in accordance with the research objectives. The subject of this research is Warta Kota daily newspaper from October-December 2018 with the object of research being a mistake in various features of Warta Kota daily newspaper. Based on the data, errors analysis based on the largest to the smallest were Morphological errors (34.91%); Syntax error (16.04%); Error of Absorption Element (12.26); Word Writing errors (11.32%); Phonological errors (8.49%); Punctuation Writing Error (6.60%); Particle / Word Selection Writing errors and Word Combined Writing errors (3.77%); Front Word Writing errors (1.89%); and Error in the Use of Letters (0.94%).Keyword: Error Analysis, Newspaper

This research is aimed to obtain a descriptive about Analysis of Various Students’ Language of Class X H SMA Negeri 2 Bengkulu City Used in Their Facebook of the this research is about how the theme of students’ sentences status in their Facebook are, what kind of language and non-language characteristic s of their sentences status in Facebook of students class X H are the research. The data that are collected use purposive sampling technic by taking the samples from sentence status of the students’ Facebook accounts which have been collected. The technics used in data analysis are : (1) data collecting, data presenting, (2) conclusion or verification in document. The research findings are guile diverse themes that emerge, but in a sense more positive tone expression (91,6%) consisting of : interaction, special interaction, expression activity, adage, expression of feeling, expression of feelings provoke cancern, the phrase specifically, and information. While the expression of negative feelings (8,3%). Likewise, the original identity (the original name of the account status) consists of 19 students with a percentage (79,1%) and the remaining 5 students with a pseudonym identity (account status pseudonym) by percentage (20,8%). Linguistic traits often arises is the use of regional languages, although there are also English-speaking. Non-linguistic traits characterized by the use of icons/symbols ( stiker’s or emotion) which describes the feeling.

This research investigates teacher talk in SMAN 5 Kota Bengkulu, based on FLINT theory by Moskowitz (1971). This research analyzed teacher talk categories spoken and the high frequency teacher talk used by the teacher to see what the category was often used in classroom. The design of this research was descriptive mixed-method that involved two teachers who taught at the tenth-grade of SMAN 5 Kota Bengkulu academic years 2019-20. The data of this study were taken by video recording the teacher-students interaction in the classroom that contained eleven categories of teacher talk. The data of this research were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The result of this study that all of teacher’s talk categories often used by the teacher who taught at tenth-grade of SMAN 5 Kota Bengkulu during classroom interaction. The high frequency of teacher talk categories was asking question around 55.6%, while the least of teacher talk categories were correcting without rejection and criticizes student behavior. It means that the teachers tended to use indirect influence rather than direct influence.

The priority of the country's language becomes a reflection that the city upholds Indonesian language. This does not rule out the possibility of the Pontianak city government. This paper tries to explain the phenomenon of language in public spaces along the Pontianak city protocol. The aim is to describe the use of language and find out the level of language control in Pontianak city public spaces. This research method uses a combination of quantitative methods and qualitative methods. Quantitative method is used as a method of processing the number of population and corpus of data to determine the number of data samples. The qualitative method is used as a method of analyzing the linguistic features of data samples which include the type of language landscape and language use of data samples. The data source of this research is the primary data source directly collected directly from the area along the Pontianak city protocol streets. Data were classified and analyzed according to the study. Data analysis in this study was presented using descriptive analytic methods. The results of the study are the existence of language shifts that can be seen from the emergence of complete foreign language interference, grammatical interference, the use of foreign terms in the structure of language and code-switching in foreign language. The level of language control along the protocol road in the public sphere has a significant result, B, which means that the state language is still controlled at the level of public space.

This study aims to describe: (1) the pair of adjective synonyms in Minangkabau Language at Kanagarian Kacang, District X Koto Singkarak, Solok Regency, and (2) types for the pair ofadjective synonymsin Minangkabau Language at Kanagarian Kacang, District X Koto Singkarak, Solok Regency. Type of this research is qualitative research with descriptive methods. Data of this research are adjectives in Minangkabau language in variety of oral and writing. The source of this research data are adjective synonyms in Minangkabau language. This research conducted in the community of Kanagarian Kacang, District X Koto Singkarak, Solok Regency. Result of this study concluded: (1) the pair of adjective synonyms in Indonesian language are standard adjectives in high percentage and non-standard adjectives in low percentage, and (2) four types of adjective synonyms in Minangkabau language are absolute synonymy, complete synonymy, descriptive synonymy, and near-synonymy.Keywords: synonyms, adjektive, language Minangkabau

This study aims to gain an understanding of Sundanese language reservation in Kota Cianjur at the compulsory school age. The observations focused on the domains of Sundanese use that included the family and education sphere. The problem in this research is how the reservation of Sundanese language is viewed from the point of choice of language with the domain of its use? In this research used qualitative approach with ethnography method. The ethnographic research procedure in this study is 1) define sub focus, 2) observation and interview, 3) collect data, 4) make notes, 5), analyze data, and 6) make ethnographic reports. The research findings show that the form of speech is a statement, a question, a greeting, a thank-you note, a formula phrase, a solicitation, a request to do something, an apology, an order, and an agreement. Based on the Sundanese language reservation category in Cinajur city at the compulsory education age in the family realm is maintained (85--100%). The participants of Sundanese speech have a positive loyalty and attitude towards the language. Meanwhile, the education sphere is less maintained (51-74%). In the realm of education, there can be a shift in language because it is poorly maintained and the said participants have no balance in lending languages.

The new admissions website at SMP PGRI Pagaralam is still done manually, that is the acceptance of new students have not used the programming language, where the new student acceptance is still recorded in the big books, so the peroses of service on the acceptance of new students become slow and ineffective. Results and this study is a new admissions system that has been asked directly at SMP PGRI Pagaralam City. This system is built using Macromedia Dreamweaver CS3 application, programming languages ​​PHP and MySQL, while the system development method is Web ngineering. From the research it can be concluded that to create a new student admissions website that must be done first is to create a new admissions website. If the new admissions system is built is able to input new student admissions data and generate output in the form of reports then it can be concluded that the new admissions website SMP PGRI Pagaralam Pagaralam successful.

This research is aimed at describing the types of Batak Mandailing language interference towards Indonesian language in the event Parpunguan masyarakat Mandailing Kota Jambi society. This research is qualitative descriptive. The data is taken from the utterances of Indonesian language which comprises Batak Mandailing language interference. The data is collected by using listening and tapping technique, observation, and speaking. The result of data analysis shows that there are grammatical interferences in the event parpunguan in Kota Jambi, namely; there are 8 utterances in the form of morpheme, there 6 utterances in the form of words, there are 28 utterances in the form phrase, there are 9 utterances in the form of clause, and there are 3 utterances in the form of sentence from those 54 data. The result of this research is being recommended to the expert of language, Badan Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Provinsi Jambi, and head of custom to increase a kind of socialization in using Indonesian language to society correctly; Moreover, to the society who live in Kota Jambi especially Bataknese Mandailing to pay more attention to the use of Indonesian language correctly. Keywords: Batak Mandailing Language Interference, Indonesian Language, Parpunguan

<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">Indonesian regions are prone to natural disasters. For this, Law 26/2007 on Spatial Planning orders that disaster mitigation is an important. This paper aims at developing a spatial model for suitability analysis, mainly considering physical and disaster prone conditions. The model is a raster based-GIS weighted scoring model. The model is applied in Semarang City with the consideration has various topographical conditions, from flat in the North and hilly in the South.The application shows that the model is </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">suitable in</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> represent</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">ing</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> land suitability in three categories, i.e. low, medium, and high flexibility of development. The validation, done by comparing the model output and reality, shows that its accuracy is 91</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">,</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">25%. However, to be widely generazed, the model need</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">s</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> to be tested</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> more</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, by applying in other locations having criteria </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">regarding</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the needs of the test.</span>

Фразеологизмы служат действенным средством лаконизации речи и, следовательно, экономии языковых средств. Роль языковой экономии во фразеологии проявляется как на синхроническом уровне (возникновение модификаций фразеологизмов, не нарушающих цельности фразеологизма и норм его использования), так и на диахроническом уровне (закрепляясь в языке, модификации могут превращаться в новые устойчивые выражения, включающиеся во фразеологический фонд). Эти процессы, хорошо изученные в русском языке, недостаточно исследованы в словенском. В статье рассматривается роль языковой экономии в образовании словенских фразеологизмов на фоне русской фразеологии; сопоставляются результаты действия принципа языковой экономии, отмечаются как сходства, так и различия в двух славянских языках.Ключевые слова: словенская фразеология, русская фразеология, происхождение фразеологизмов, языковая экономия, эллипсис, имплицитность....Jelena KonitskayaRole of the economy principle in language in the Composition of Slovenian phraseologisms (compared with those in Russian) Phraseologisms serve as a telling resource of economy of language features. The role of the economy principle in language, in its phraseology, appears at the synchronic level (derivation of modifications of phraseological units) and at the diachronic level (derivation of new stable expressions incorporated into the stock of phraseology). The paper deals with the diachronic aspect of the problem. The results of compression (ellipsis, implication) caused by the economy principle in language (in phraseology) have been studied rather well in the Russian language (e.g., works of V. Mokiyenko and others), however, insufficiently in the Slovenian language. The paper comprises an analysis of the role of the economy principle in the composition of Slovenian phraseologisms against the background of the Russian phraseology; a comparison of the effect of the economy principle in language, both the similarities and differences in these two Slavic languages are pointed out. The similarities appear in the derivation of phraseologisms through elimination of the final part of expression(proverbs or phraseologisms of a broader component structure), e.g., Kovačeva kobila je vedno bosa > kovačeva kobila, in comparison with the Russian кто во что горазд, тот тем и промышляет (тот в то и играет)> кто во что горазд. Different constituents of a stable expression may turn elliptic in both languages, e.g., the collocation posipati si glavo s pepelom > posipati se s pepelom, speljati vodo na svoj mlin > voda na mlin, рус. дорого не по карману > не по карману, разбить в пух и прах > разбить в пух etc. In both languages, elimination (ellipsis) of a constituent may cause fogging of the inner form of phraseologisms; e.g., the collocation gledati kot čuk na palici > gledati kot čuk; ne priplаvati po prežgani juhi > ne priplаvati po juhi. Implication of additions in phraseologisms, leading to the derivation of structures with a broken syntactic relationship, is noted in both languages; e.g., Russian безо всяких, наша взяла, и никаких, прокатить на вороных, etc., the collocation ne reči ne bele ne črne, ne biti pri čisti, huda / tenka / slaba / tesna prede (komu), tristo kosmatih medvedov / hudičev etc. Forward pronominalisation may be consideredas a separate case of the manifestation of the economy principle in a language, noted in expressions such as ima ga pod kapo (‘быть пьяным’, literatim “иметь его под шапкой”), pobrisati jo (‘убежать’, literatim “почистить ее”), dobiti jih (‘быть избитым’, literatim “получить их”). The paper covers the sight of different possibilities of explaining of the derivation of Slavic expressions taking into account the role of the economy principle in language.

Keberagaman etnik dalam komunitas mahasiswa memunculkan suatu nuansa dan fenomena yang khas dan berbeda dalam penggunaan bahasa. Masyarakat multietnik cenderung menggunakan bahasa yang berbeda-beda ketika berkomunikasi dengan etnik satu dan etnik lainnya. Keberagaman etnik dan bahasa tersebut memungkinkan seseorang menjadi mampu menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa. Komunikasi saat ini dapat dilakukan melalui berbagai media, salah satunya adalah media sosial. Banyak sekali media sosial yang dapat digunakan untuk berkomunikasi, seperti facebook, twitter, bbm (blackberry messenger), line, dan whatsapp. Penelitian dengan ancangan sosiolinguistik dan metode kualitatif deskriptif ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bahasa yang digunakan dalam komunitas mahasiswa multietnik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahasa yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa multietnik di Kota Semarang dalam media sosial adalah bahasa Indonesia, bahasa daerah, dan bahasa asing. Kemultietnikan mahasiswa dengan bahasa yang berbeda mengakibatkan penggunaan campur kode. Faktor penyebab penggunaan bahasa tertentu antarmahasiswa multietnik adalah stimulus atau inisiasi yang disampaikan oleh penutur pertama. Selain itu, faktor latar atau situasi bahasa tertentu digunakan, faktor penutur dan petutur yang melakukan percakapan, maksud dan tujuan yang diinginkan oleh penutur dan petutur, bentuk pesan dan isi pesan yang dipilih oleh penutur dan petutur turut memengaruhi bahasa yang digunakan. ABSTRACT The ethnical variety in the university student community has brought a unique phenomena and different nuance in their language use. The students in the multiethnic community tend to use various languages to communicate to each other. Those various ethnics and languages would encourage the member of the community to use more than one language. In the other hand, people could communicate nowadays through all sorts of media. One of them is social media. Some of the social medias such as facebook, tweeter, bbm (blackberry messenger), line, and whatsapp could be used as mean of communication. This research uses approach in sociolinguistics and qualitative-descriptive method. The aim of this research is describing the language use in students’ multiethnic community. The result shows that the language used in multiethnic students in Semarang in social media is Indonesian, local, and foreign languages. The students in different language multiethnic community used the code-mixing. The factor that causes a certain language use in multiethnic students is the stimulus or the initiation uttered by the fi rst speaker. The other factor such as setting or situation where a certain language used, speaker, and hearer that are involved in the conversation, form and contain of the message chosen by the speaker and the hearer, have also infl uence the language used.Â

Abstract.Humans are social creatures humans would therefore need to master the various languages that relate to other human beings or to communicate within the community. Kedwibahasaan term can also be used for the community when the community in the life of a language is to use two or more languages alternately. This can happen if the people that there are two (or more) languages. In such circumstances there is also in Indonesia because in addition to Indonesian as the language of the country, there is also the local language of each tribe were several hundred in number. The research analyzes the habit of using a second language (B2) accessories sellers in Rock Stuff Accessories store this type of qualitative research using descriptive methods. The result is very attractive to researchers because of its being quite challenging discussion is about the habit of using a second language by the seller from Padang in store Rock Stuff Accessories. They always try to cater to buyers who came from Bandung using the language. All that for smooth and familiarity between sellers and buyers.Keywords: communication, bilingual, second languageAbstrak, Manusia adalah makhluk sosial karena itu manusia tentu perlu mengusai berbagai bahasa yang berhubungan dengan manusia lain atau berkomunikasi dalam masyarakat. Istilah kedwibahasaan dapat juga dipakai untuk masyarakat bila suatu masyarakat dalam kehidupan berbahasanya menggunakan dua bahasa atau lebih secara bergantian. Hal ini dapat terjadi jika dalam masyarakat itu ada dua (atau lebih) bahasa. Keadaan seperti itu terdapat pula di Indonesia sebab di samping bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa negara, terdapat juga bahasa daerah dari setiap suku bangsa yang beratus-ratus jumlahnya. Penelitian analisis kebiasaan menggunakan bahasa kedua (B2) para penjual asesoris di toko Rock Stuff Asesoris ini berjenis penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini sangat menarik bagi peneliti karena yang menjadi pembahasannya cukup menantang yaitu tentang kebiasaan menggunakan bahasa kedua oleh penjual yang berasal dari Padang di toko Rock Stuff Asesoris. Hasil penelitian ini adalah adanya kedwibahasaan pada situasi jual beli yang terjadi di kota Bandung. Mereka selalu berusaha melayani pembeli yang berasal dari Bandung dengan menggunakan bahasa Sunda. Semua itu demi kelancaran dan keakraban antara penjual dan pembeli.Kata kunci: komunikasi, dwibahasa, bahasa kedua

The purpose of this study were (1) describe the process of forming reciprocal verbs, and (2) describe the meaning of reciprokal verbs in the Minangkabau language in the village of Koto Panjang Kecamatan Koto District Padang City. This type of research is a qualitative study using descriptive methods. The subject of this research is a speech that was obtained from an informant in the village of Koto Panjang Kecamatan Koto District Padang City which contains reciprocal verbs. Data were analyzed with the following steps: (1) transcribe data obtained from recordings, interviews, and observations into written language, (2) classify data based on the theory used, (3) analyzing and interpreting data based on the theory used, and (4) conclude the data. The results of this study are as follows. First, based on the process of formation, reciprocal verbs in the Minangkabau language used by people in the village of Koto Panjang Kecamatan Koto District Padang City can be classified into two types, (a) the process of forming reciprocal verbs through affixating, and (b) the process of forming reciprocal verbs through reduplicatison. Second, based on the meaning of reciprocal verbs obtained in the village of Koto Panjang Kecamatan Koto District Padang City found two, namely: (1) acts, and (2) conditions.