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Kowalski, Damian. "Neoliberalizm szkoły chicagowskiej a kryzys gospodarczy XXI wieku w Stanach Zjednoczonych." Catallaxy 4, no. 2 (2019): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/cxy.2019.009.
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Motywacja: Krach na amerykańskim rynku finansowym w 2008 roku zapoczątkował kryzys o charakterze globalnym. Rozpoczęła się poważna debata nad jego przyczynami, a w niej pojawiają się głosy o istotnej roli neoliberalnych założeń nurtu chicagowskiego, postrzeganego jako koncepcja ekonomiczna i ideologia dotykająca szeroko rozumianej sfery polityczno-społecznej. Chęć przedstawienia takiej krytycznej oceny stanowiła bezpośrednią przyczynę podjęcia niniejszego tematu.
 Cel: Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie potencjalnego wpływu neoliberalizmu szkoły chicagowskiej oraz polityki gospodarczej państwa, prowadzonej na gruncie tej doktryny na kryzys gospodarczy 2008+ w Stanach Zjednoczonych.
 Materiały i metody: Wykorzystano metodę krytycznej analizy literatury z zakresu teorii kryzysów gospodarczych, neoliberalizmu, neoliberalizmu szkoły chicagowskiej oraz kryzysu XXI wieku.
 Wyniki: Ze względu na rozbieżności, trudno jednoznacznie wskazać, czy i w jakim stopniu neoliberalizm nurtu chicagowskiego i polityka gospodarcza państwa, prowadzona na gruncie tej doktryny przyczyniły się do kryzysu gospodarczego 2008+. Ze względu na wyraźnie przeważające głosy przeciwników tej doktryny i ich refleksje, można stwierdzić istnienie takiego wpływu.
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Battisti, Elisa. "A Noção de Letramento na Teoria Sociolinguística e em Estudos de Variação Fonológica no Português Brasileiro: Contribuições para a Discussão sobre Letramento e Escolarização no Brasil." Revista da Anpoll 1, no. 49 (2019): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18309/anp.v1i49.1301.
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Este artigo discute em que medida a noção de letramento é contemplada em propostas de análise sociolinguística e em estudos de variação fonológica no português brasileiro. Emprega procedimentos metodológicos da pesquisa bibliográfica (ECO, 2002 [1977]) e fundamenta-se tanto na concepção de letramento de Kleiman (1995) quanto na perspectiva sociolinguística variacionista laboviana (LABOV, 1972) para selecionar e apreciar criticamente as propostas de Kroch (1978), Finegan e Biber (2001), Milroy (2001), Preston (2001), Irvine (2001), Eckert (2004, 2012), Coupland (2007), além dos estudos de Vieira (2002) e Link (2018), entre outros. O estudo mostra que o letramento motiva o conservadorismo do dialeto de grupos de maior status social a processos que ocorrem abaixo do nível da consciência social, define um certo tipo de registro passível de variação e compõe certas personae. A escolarização, como o letramento, tem papel na frequência e difusão das variáveis e responde pela valoração social das formas variáveis usadas em práticas estilísticas e na construção de identidades sociais.
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Melo, Elaine Alves Santos, and Giovana Pereira Abranches. "O Tópico-sujeito existencial: sobre as consequências da mudança da ordem do sujeito no Português Brasileiro." LaborHistórico 7, no. 2 (2021): 205–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24206/lh.v7i2.44647.
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Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma análise das construções de tópico sujeito existencial, ou seja, aquelas que envolvem o alçamento de um DP [+locativo] para a posição de sujeito, [SPEC-TP], do verbo ter que expressa existência. Essas construções, prototípicas da gramática do Português Brasileiro, têm sido descritas como mais uma evidência para a mudança no Parâmetro do Sujeito Nulo pela qual passa o PB: tendência ao preenchimento de [Spec-TP]. Os resultados deste trabalho evidenciam que a implementação do tópico sujeito existencial é paulatina ao aumento da frequência de uso do ter existencial e que sua emergência é atrelada a uma leitura ambígua entre posse e existência. (ROBERTS; ROSSOU, 2003). A fim de desenvolver esta pesquisa, foram levantados dados de anúncios, cartas de leitores e cartas de redatores, publicados em jornais cariocas e baianos, nos séculos XIX e XX. Toda a amostra compõem os corpora do PHPB, que está disponível online. Para a análise diacrônica quantitativa utilizamos o Programa Goldvarb-X (SANKOFF; TAGLIAMONTE; SMITH, 2001) e os pressupostos da Teoria de Competição de Gramática (KROCH, 1989, 2001) e da Teoria Gerativa (CHOMSKY, 2000, 2001).
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Fritsche, Wolfgang. "Carl Heinrich Krauch (1931-2004)." Nachrichten aus der Chemie 52, no. 11 (2004): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20040521118.
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Niebert, Marcus, Claire Rogel-Gaillard, Patrick Chardon, and Ralf R. Tönjes. "Characterization of Chromosomally Assigned Replication-Competent Gamma Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses Derived from a Large White Pig and Expression in Human Cells." Journal of Virology 76, no. 6 (2002): 2714–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.6.2714-2720.2002.
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ABSTRACT Vertically transmitted endogenous retroviruses pose an infectious risk in the course of pig-to-human transplantation of cells, tissues, and organs. Two classes of polytropic type C porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) productively infect human cells in vitro. The cloning and characterization of replication-competent PERV-B sequences from infected human cells (F. Czauderna, N. Fischer, K. Boller, R. Kurth, and R. R. Tönjes, J. Virol. 74:4028-4038, 2000) as well as the cloning of functional PERV-A and -B sequences from porcine cell line PK15 (U. Krach, N. Fischer, F. Czauderna, and R. R. Tönjes, J. Virol. 75:5465-5472, 2001) have been previously described. Here we report the isolation of four full-length proviral sequences from a porcine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library that comprises chromosomally assigned PERV. Clones Bac-PERV-A(130A12) and Bac-PERV-A(151B10) map to pig chromosome 1 and demonstrate close homology to PK15-PERV-A(58) in env and to PERV-MSL in long terminal repeat (LTR), gag, and pro/pol sequences. Clone Bac-PERV-A(463H12) is located on pig chromosome 3 and demonstrates close homology to PK15-PERV-A(58) in env and to 293-PERV-B(43) in LTR, gag, and pro/pol (Czauderna et al.; R. R. Tönjes, F. Czauderna, N. Fischer, U. Krach, K. Boller, P. Chardon, C. Rogel-Gailard, M. Niebert, G. Scheef, A. Werner, and R. Kurth, Transplant Proc. 32:1158-1161, 2000). Clone Bac-PERV-B(192B9) is located on pig chromosome 7 in the swine leukocyte antigen region and is highly homologous with but distinct from the previously described functional clone 293-PERV-B(43) and bears the number of repeats initially observed in the LTRs of clone 293-PERV-A(42) (Czauderna et al.; Krach et al.). Clones Bac-PERV-A(130A12), Bac-PERV-A(151B10), and Bac-PERV-A(463H12) were replication competent upon transfection into susceptible 293 and HeLa cells. Bac-PERV-B(192B9), however, bears two stop codons in pro/pol preventing this clone from being replication competent in some individual pigs, but initial screenings indicate that this provirus might be intact in others. The data suggest that the porcine genome harbors a limited number of infectious PERV sequences, allowing for specific screening in different pig breeds.
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Vergoossen, Ruud G. A. "Tien jaar IFRSs in de Europese Unie: tijd voor een mentaliteitsverandering." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 89, no. 11 (2015): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.89.31194.
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Dit jaar is het tien jaar geleden dat de International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) in de Europese Unie kracht van wet kregen. Op basis van een uit 2002 daterende Europese verordening – de zogenoemde IASverordening – moeten beursgenoteerde ondernemingen in de Europese Unie met ingang van boekjaar 2005 hun geconsolideerde jaarrekening verplicht opstellen in overeenstemming met de IFRSs. Het doel van de introductie van de IFRSs was het creeren van een gelijk speelveld in de Europese Unie op het gebied van de externe nanciële verslaggeving om zodoende oneerlijke concurrentie tussen de lidstaten te voorkomen en de efciënte van de Europese kapitaalmarkt te bevorderen.
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Marcotulio, Leonardo Lennertz. "Formas de tratamento na história do português: composicionalidade pronominal e concordância verbal." Revista Diadorim 14 (December 15, 2013): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35520/diadorim.2013.v14n0a4056.
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Na história do português, é possível observar uma série de mudanças no quadro das formas pronominais de tratamento da 2ª pessoa do singular (2 SG) que pode ser correlacionada aos padrões de concordância verbal encontrados nas distintas gramáticas do português. No português arcaico, observa-se, como herança latina, a coexistência de dois pronomes de 2 SG. De um lado, o pronome Tu é encontrado com verbos na 2 SG e, de outro, o pronome de cortesia Vós ocorre com verbos na 2 PL. O português médio conserva as duas formas pronominais do período anterior e acrescenta uma nova forma pronominal de 2 SG, Vossa Mercê, resultante do processo de gramaticalização do sintagma possessivo vossa mercê. Essa nova forma gramaticalizada apresenta distintos padrões de concordância verbal: 2 PL e 3 SG. O estágio seguinte, português europeu (PE), mantém a 2 SG original Tu, que coexiste com a forma Você, apresentando verbos na 2 SG e 3 SG, respectivamente. Por fim, o português brasileiro apresenta a mesma gramática do PE e acrescenta, também, em seu período de formação, outros dois padrões de concordância verbal: Tu com verbos na 3 SG, padrão que se tornará produtivo no PB atual; e Você com verbos que apresentam morfologia de 2 SG. Nesse panorama descrito, o objetivo deste trabalho é discutir, a partir de um quadro teórico formal (CHOMSKY, 1995; 2000; KROCH, 1989; HARLEY; RITTER, 2002; DUARTE et al, 2002; LOPES; RUMEU, 2007; BÉJAR, 2008), como a composicionalidade dos pronomes de 2 SG, ao longo da história do português, pode ser correlacionada aos padrões de concordância verbal encontrados. Levando-se em consideração questões de natureza pragmática, defendo a existência de duas configurações pronominais distintas no português capazes de gerar todos os padrões encontrados. A partir da discussão teórica dos padrões de concordância verbal identificados, a cortesia pode ser codificada como uma categoria gramatical à qual a operação sintática de concordância é sensível.
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Maijoor, S. J., and J. F. M. Pouw. "Accountantstoezicht in toekomstig perspectief." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 82, no. 3 (2008): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.82.15746.
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In het najaar van 2006 is het onafhankelijk extern toezicht van kracht geworden op accountantsorganisaties. Dit toezicht is tot nu toe voornamelijk nationaal georiënteerd en houdt bijvoorbeeld nog geen rekening met de accountantscontroles van buitenlandse ondernemingen genoteerd in Nederland. Wetgeving is aanstaande waarin ook de internationale kant van het toezicht op accountantsorganisaties wordt vormgegeven. Belangrijke onderwerpen daarbij zijn de afbakening van taken tussen toezichthouders, de mate waarin toezichthouders op elkaar kunnen steunen en de onderlinge informatie-uitwisseling. Deze nieuwe wetgeving komt, net zoals de reeds in 2006 van kracht geworden Wta, voort uit de achtste EU-richtlijn die reeds op hoofdlijnen rekening heeft gehouden met de grensoverschrijdende kant van het toezicht. Op wereldwijd niveau is de wederzijdse erkenning van toezicht een belangrijk vraagstuk en vooral de mate waarin de PCAOB zal steunen op EU-toezichthouders en vice versa. Dit artikel geeft in het eerste deel een overzicht van de stand van zaken van het in 2006 van kracht geworden toezicht: het betreft hier zowel het proces van vergunningverlening als het doorlopende toezicht. Het tweede deel van het artikel betreft de internationale kant van het toezicht. Daarbij komt aan de orde hoe dit geregeld zal worden in de Nederlandse wetgeving en op welke wijze nadere regelgeving op Europees niveau tot stand komt. Ook wordt kort stil gestaan bij de relatie tussen Europese toezichthouders en de PCAOB.
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. "Being there. De kern en kracht in zorg en welzijn 2008." Maatwerk 9, no. 2 (2008): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03076810.
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Kalinicheva, Olga V. "Comets of the Marsden and Kracht groups." Open Astronomy 27, no. 1 (2018): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/astro-2018-0032.
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Abstract Perihelion distances of Marsden and Kracht group comets fall into the range 6RS < q < 12RS (the Meyer group comets also share the same perihelion interval). It is by several folds larger than the perihelion distance of the Kreutz group comets (q < 2RS). Average circulation period for comets of the Marsden group is P = 5.5 years and for the Kracht group is P =5.3 years. The Marsden and Kracht group comets share the same origin; as well as 96P (Machholz), object 196256 (2003 EH1), meteor showers the Daytime Arietids, Northern and Southern δ Aquariids, Quandrantids forming the Machholz interplanetary complex. This work offers computational movement simulation for comet-progenitor fragments. It is shown that the orbits of the representatives of the complex can be explained if the decay of the cometprogenitor for objects 96P and 196256 occurred ~9500 years ago. The following evolution direction has been demonstrated for the complex objects: progenitor comet - comet 96P - the Marsden group comets - the Kracht group comets - the Southern δ Aquariids. However, not all the complex objects will necessarily pass through every stage of the above as it can be preceded by the total disintegration of the object.
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Björkman, Börje. "Nytt i institutionens skriftserier." HumaNetten, no. 18 (November 27, 2015): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/hn.20061805.
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Senaste nytt i institutionens skriftserier:
 Kristina Jansson, Saisir l’insaisissable: les formes et les traductions du discours indirect libre dans des romans suédois et français. Acta Wexionensia nr 86/2006.
 Lars Olsson (red), Invandring, invandrare och etniska relationer i Sverige 1945-2005. Årsbok från forskningsmiljön AMER. Acta Wexionensia nr 79/2005.
 Johan Svanberg, Minnen av migrationen. Arbetskraftsinvandring från Jugoslavien till Svenska Fläktfabriken i Växjö kring 1970. Acta Wexionensia nr 80/2006.
 Hägerdal, Hans, Candrasangkala: The Balinese Art of Dating Events. Rapporter från Växjö universitet: Humaniora
 Sofia Ask, Gunilla Byrman, Solveig Hammarbäck, Maria Lindgren, Per Stille (red.), Lekt och lärt. Vänskrift till Jan Einarsson 2006. Rapporter från Växjö universitet: Humaniora, Nr 16/2006. 
 Scripta minora Nr 47: Meike Krüger, Spuren des kollektiven Gedächtnisses im Roman Faserland von Christian Kracht.
 Scripta minora Nr 48: Corina Löwe, ”Eigentlich können wir uns jeden Tag entscheiden, jemand anderer zu sein” Metamorphosen von Geschlechtsanatomie und -identität, dargestellt an den Romanfiguren in Sibylle Bergs Roman Amerika.
 Scripta minora Nr 49: Gunilla Byrman och Jan Einarsson (red.), Två uppsatser i nordiska språk (Lovisa Alvtörn: En människas språkhistoria. I ljuset av ett vidgat lektbegrepp. Astrid Skoglund: ”Om sättet att tillhopa gå”. Jämförelse mellan två sexualvetenskapliga texter från två skilda sekel)
 Scripta minora Nr 50: Arvid Jurjaks, I en bländande verklighet. Om sol och hetta i Albert Camus Främlingen.
 
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Van Offeren, Dick. "Belangwekkende uitbreiding van gesegmenteerde informatieverstrekking." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 74, no. 10 (2000): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.74.11745.
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Met de editie 1999 van de Richtlijnen voor de Jaarverslaggeving (Richtlijnen) zijn de verslagge-vingseisen voor gesegmenteerde informatiever-strekking in overeenstemming gebracht met de eisen zoals die in internationaal verband zijn geformuleerd. De Raad voor de Jaarverslaggeving heeft bepaald dat de Richtlijnen van kracht zijn voor verslagjaren die aanvangen op of na 1 januari van het jaar volgend op het jaar van publicatie van de Richtlijnen. Voor de Richtlijnen die zijn gepu-bliceerd eind 1999 betekent dit dat boekjaren die op of na 1 januari 2000 zijn begonnen aan deze Richtlijnen dienen te voldoen. Voor de onderne-mingen die het boekjaar gelijk hebben aan het kalenderjaar houdt dit dus in dat de Richtlijnen van 1999 worden verwerkt in de jaarrapporten over 2000. Voor de gebruikers van jaarrekeningen wordt de invloed van de Richtlijnen 1999 in het voorjaar van 2001 duidelijk. Opstellers en contro-leurs dienen voor de vastlegging van de gegevens en de controle daarvan voor het boekjaar 2000 zich bewust te zijn van deze nieuwe en vergaande eisen.
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Jørgensen, Fredrik, and Jan Tore Lønning. "A Minimal Recursion Semantic Analysis of Locatives." Computational Linguistics 35, no. 2 (2009): 229–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.06-69-prep5.
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The article describes a pilot implementation of a grammar containing different types of locative PPs. In particular, we investigate the distinction between static and directional locatives, and between different types of directional locatives. Locatives may act as modifiers as well as referring expressions depending on the syntactic context. We handle this with a single lexical entry. The implementation is of Norwegian locatives, but English locatives are both discussed and compared to Norwegian locatives. The semantic analysis is based on a proposal by Markus Kracht (2002), and we show how this analysis can be incorporated into Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS) (Copestake et al. 2005). We discuss how the resulting system may be applied in a transfer-based machine translation system, and how we can map from a shallow MRS representation to a deeper semantic representation.
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Van Oers, M. H. M. "Fiscaliteiten." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 74, no. 11 (2000): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.74.12737.
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In de column van het vorige MAB-nummer schet-ste professor Rijkers drie onderwerpen uit het Ondernemerspakket 2001 dat per 1 januari 2001 kracht van wet moet krijgen. Het ging om het ver-vallen van de commerciële herwaardering, de geruisloze terugkeer uit een BV en het invlechten van het lidmaatschapsrecht van een coöperatie in het aanmerkelijk-belangregime. In deze rubriek zal ik nader ingaan op de eerste twee onderwerpen.
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Thöne, Ph W. H. "D.A.E. Hoijtink (2001). De kracht van groepen. Normen en rollen." Tijdschrift voor Psychotherapie 29, no. 5 (2003): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03062036.
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Witjes, Joop. "Intracomptabele verwerking aangifte vennootschapsbelasting blijkt ook bij ‘samenval’ dé oplossing." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 83, no. 10 (2009): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.83.11859.
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In dit artikel wordt aandacht besteed aan het in mei 2008 van kracht geworden Besluit fi scale waarderingsgrondslagen (verder: het Besluit) in het kader van het Samenvalproject. Hiermee wordt kleine rechtspersonen toegestaan met ingang van boekjaar 2007 hun vennootschappelijke jaarrekening op basis van fi scale waarderingsgrondslagen op te stellen en te publiceren. Ingegaan wordt op de inhoud van het Besluit en de bijbehorende Nota van toelichting; voorts worden knelpunten bij toepassing van het Besluit besproken. Deze zijn deels reeds in de literatuur gesignaleerd. Als oplossing voor deze knelpunten wordt een model gepresenteerd, waarbij de aangifte Vennootschapsbelasting intracomptabel in de vennootschappelijke jaarrekening wordt opgenomen. Naast de oplossing voor de knelpunten in het Besluit blijkt het intracomptabele model ook geschikt voor een meer omvangrijke doelgroep dan beoogd bij het Samenvalproject. Vergeleken met het Samenvalproject kunnen hierdoor grotere besparingen in het vooruitzicht worden gesteld. Nadat is stilgestaan bij de informatiewaarde van de jaarrekening bij Samenval, wordt dit artikel afgesloten met een analyse waaruit de voor- en nadelen van het intracomptabele model blijken.
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Carreão, Victor. "Linguistic evaluation and variation: accent marks in the opinion of Louveirenses / Avaliação linguística e variação: marcas de sotaque na opinião dos louveirenses." REVISTA DE ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM 27, no. 4 (2019): 1649. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.27.4.1649-1670.
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Abstract: Linguistic evaluation is portrayed and explored in sociolinguistic studies in various ways (e.g. LABOV, 2008 [1972]; KROCH, 1995). In this paper, we discuss the ways in which speakers are asked, in sociolinguistic interviews, about their perceptions and evaluations of accent: what the speakers understand by this term and how the opinion about their own accent can be correlated to the production of linguistic variables. Firstly, we compare how these questions are asked in three studies of Brazilian Portuguese (BARBOSA, 2002; OUSHIRO, 2015; CARREÃO, 2018). Secondly, we focus on data about Louveira (a city in the countryside of São Paulo state, but rather close to the state capital, also named São Paulo), which shows a correlation between opinions on accent and the production of two linguistic variables: (i) (t,d) followed by [i] – variably pronounced as dental stops [t, d] or africates [tʃ, dʒ]; and (ii) coda (-r) – variably pronounced as retroflex [ɻ] or tap [ɾ]. Louveira’s less common variants ([t, d] and [ɾ]) correlate in production to accent evaluation by the speakers. Considering that accents tend to be ranked in comparison to one another (see BARBOSA, 2002), we discuss how the opposition “capital vs. countryside” is operationalized in Louveira. The cities that exert the greatest influence on speakers also determine which values (positive or negative/stigmatized) are attributed to certain linguistic variants.Keywords: linguistic evaluation; accent; socioeconomic changes; linguistic variation.Resumo: A avaliação linguística é retratada e explorada de diferentes maneiras em estudos sociolinguísticos (como em LABOV, 2008 [1972]; KROCH, 1995). Neste trabalho, coloca-se em pauta a maneira pela qual é possível perguntar aos falantes sobre suas percepções e avaliações linguísticas em torno da noção de “sotaque”: o que os falantes entendem por esse termo e como a opinião sobre seu próprio sotaque pode se correlacionar à produção de variantes linguísticas. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento verificamos como são feitos esses questionamentos em três trabalhos sociolinguísticos acerca do português brasileiro (BARBOSA, 2002; OUSHIRO, 2015; CARREÃO, 2018). Em um segundo momento, concentramo-nos em dados sobre a cidade de Louveira (no interior do estado de São Paulo, mas próxima à capital), que revelam correlação entre a opinião sobre sotaque e a realização de duas variáveis linguísticas: (i) (t, d) diante da vogal [i] – cujas variantes são dentais (t, d) ou africadas [tʃ, dʒ]; e (ii) a realização de (-r) em coda silábica – cujas variantes são o retroflexo [ɻ] ou o tepe [ɾ]. As variantes menos comuns no município ([t, d] e [ɾ]) estão correlacionadas à opinião dos falantes sobre sotaque. Considerando-se que um sotaque é sempre classificado em comparação a outro (segundo BARBOSA, 2002), interessa verificar como a oposição “capital vs. interior” opera em Louveira. As cidades que exercem maior influência sobre os falantes são aqueles que, aparentemente, ditam o valor e o estigma atribuídos a determinados traços linguísticos.Palavras-chave: avaliação linguística; sotaque; mudanças socioeconômicas; variação linguística.
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SUÁREZ-GÓMEZ, CRISTINA. "On the syntactic differences between OE dialects: evidence from the Gospels." English Language and Linguistics 13, no. 1 (2009): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674308002864.
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Old English has traditionally been considered a period of linguistic homogeneity, since most available recorded texts are generally written in the West Saxon dialect. There are, however, isolated texts which have been ascribed to other varieties, in particular Northumbrian and Mercian. In fact, recent research on syntactic dialectology in early English (Kroch & Taylor 1997; Ogura 1999; Hogg 2004, 2006a; Ingham 2006) shows that linguistic variation has been present in the English language from the earliest times. This study reassesses the existence of variation in the syntax of texts belonging to different dialectal varieties in Old English, in particular in relative constructions. Based on an analysis of relative clauses in three versions of the Gospels from late Old English, representing West Saxon, Northumbrian and Mercian dialects, we will observe differences in the texts, regarding both the paradigm of relativizers and the position adopted by the relative clause within the main clause. I relate these differences to the existence of linguistic differences in northern and southern dialects.
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. "91 Wet Op De Jeugdzorg Op 1 Januari 2005 Van Kracht." Zorg en Financiering 4, no. 1 (2005): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03090209.
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Li, J., G. Vjata, and H. Callesen. "151 COMPARISON OF CELL NUMBERS OF ZONA-INTACT AND ZONA-FREE PARTHENOGENETICALLY ACTIVATED PORCINE EMBRYOS CULTURED IN VITRO." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab151.
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Application of an artificial stimulus to activate oocytes and induce development is essential for the successful animal cloning by nuclear transfer (Zhu et al. 2002 Biol. Reprod. 66, 635-641). The embryo’s developmental competence could be further improved with optimal in vitro culture conditions (Du et al. 2007 Theriogenology 68, 1104-1110). Cell number determination is a commonly used and simple criterion to assess developmental quality of pre-implantation stage mammalian embryos (Lagutina et al. 2007 Theriogenology 67, 90-98). Our aim of the study was to investigate porcine embryos activated and cultured in different ways using total cell numbers as the only quality measure. After 43-44 h of in vitro maturation and cumulus cell removal, zona-intact (PAZI) or zona-free oocytes (PAZF; after pronase treatment) were subjected to parthenogenetic activation (Day 0) with a single 80-μs DC pulse of 1.26 kV cm-1 or 0.86 kV cm-1 (Kragh et al. 2005 Theriogenology 64, 1536-1545), followed by a 4-h treatment with 5 μg mL-1 of cytochalasin B and 10 μg mL-1 of cycloheximide. Subsequently, the well of the well system (Vajta in vitro 2000 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 55, 256-264) was used for culture of all PAZF and half of the PAZI embryos (PAZF-WOW and PAZI-WOW groups, respectively), whereas the remaining PAZI embryos were cultured in groups of 25-30 (PAZI group). All cultures were performed in porcine zygote medium 3 (Yoshioka et al. 2002 Biol. Reprod. 66, 112-119). On Day 6, all these in vitro cultured embryos were fixed and stained with Hoechst 33342 and cell numbers were counted on the microscopic pictures taken using fluorescent light. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA. Four replicates were performed with a total of 462 PAZF-WOW, 484 PAZI-WOW, and 467 PAZI group embryos. Embryos of each group were then divided into 5 groups based on their cell number (<5 cells, 5-8 cells, 9-16 cells, 17-32 cells, >32 cells). Percentages of embryos in each group are shown in Table 1. The average cell numbers of zona-intact embryos from PAZI-WOW and the PAZI group were similar to each other (P > 0.05), whereas the cell numbers of PAZF-WOW embryos were significantly different from both PAZI-WOW and PAZI group embryos (P < 0.05), with more embryos having higher cell numbers.The results demonstrate that zona-free parthenogenetically activated embryos cultured in WOW have higher cell numbers than embryos with intact zona pellucida. Accordingly, the presence of zona pellucida may compromise embryo development under certain in vitro culture situations. Table 1.Distribution (in %) of parthenogenetically activated porcine embryos according to their cell number on Day 6 after activation
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Li, J., J. Adamsen, R. Li, et al. "48 DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE OF CLONED OR PARTHENOGENETICALLY ACTIVATED PORCINE EMBRYOS: EFFECT OF DIAMETER OF PREPUBERTAL GILT OOCYTES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab48.
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One of the primary factors influencing the developmental ability of cloned embryos is the oocyte′s diameter (Hirao et al. 1994 J. Reprod. Fertil. 100, 333–339). However, the oocyte donor's age (i.e. its sexual maturity) is also important to consider, because a high proportion of immature oocytes can be expected (Ikeda and Takahashi 2003 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 15, 215–221). The present study was to investigate the effect of diameter of oocytes collected from prepubertal gilts weighing 100 to 120 kg on the developmental ability of cloned and parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos. Cumulus–oocyte complexes collected from ovaries of prepubertal gilts were in vitro matured for 42 to 44 h as described for sow oocytes (Li et al. 2008 Theriog 70, 800–808). After removal of the cumulus cells, the matured oocytes were sorted into 2 groups based on visual inspection: large (L) and small (S) oocytes, whereas non-sorted oocytes were used as control (C). In addition, 1 batch from each of the 3 groups of oocytes had their mean size measured. Subsequently, all 3 groups were used for handmade cloning (HMC; Li et al. 2009 Reprod. Domest. Anim. 44, 122–127) or parthenogenetic activation (PA; Kragh et al. 2005 Theriogenology 64, 1536–1545). Then a chemical activation with 5 μg mL–1 cytochalasin B and 10 μg mL–1 cycloheximide in PZM-3 medium was applied for 4 h on both HMC and PA embryos. Finally, the activated embryos were washed and cultured in PZM-3 medium using the WOW system. The embryo development was evaluated by cleavage rate (Day 2), blastocyst rate (Day 6), and total cell number in blastocysts. Data were analysed by ANOVA with single factor in Excel (Microsoft Excel 2007, Redmond, WA, USA). The results showed (Table 1) that by simple visual observation, oocytes could be easily sorted into the following groups: L group (mean diameter 110 μm, from 105 to 116 μm), S group (mean diameter 101 μm, from 93 to 106 μm) and C group (mean diameter 107 μm, from 93 to 116 μm). Cleavage rates and total cell number were similar in the 3 groups. However, the blastocyst rate in L group either for HMC or PA was higher than S group. The data confirm that prepubertal gilt oocytes are useful for cloning and PA, but developmental rates can be increased by selection of large oocytes by simple visual observation. Table 1.Data analysis results
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Brepohl, Marion. "Ernesto Kroch e a memória do exílio: entre Uruguai e Alemanha (1934-1984)." Diálogos 23, no. 3 (2019): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v23i3.49980.
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Ernesto Kroch (1917-2012) foi um ativista político judeu-alemão que se exilou no Uruguai a partir de 1938, logo após ter sido preso no campo de concentração de Lichtenburg pelos nazistas. Desde sua chegada, trabalhou como metalúrgico e atuou no Partido Comunista. Em virtude do golpe civil-militar de 1973, Kroch retoma atividades de resistente até 1982, quando se vê obrigado a deixar sua segunda pátria e retornar, ainda que por apenas 4 anos, à Alemanha, onde buscou refúgio político. Em 1985, regressa ao Uruguai e volta a trabalhar como metalúrgico e como tradutor. Em 2004, redige suas memórias, livro publicado primeiramente em Frankfurt (Exil in der Heimat – heim ins Exil) e depois, no Uruguai (Patria em el exilio, exilio em la pátria; recuerdos de Europa y Latinoamérica), tema que inspira o presente artigo. Nosso objetivo é analisar como as duas experiências de exílio conformaram sua identidade a partir de sua autobiografia, que é uma leitura de si, mas também a construção de uma memória e a busca por reconhecimento.
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reviewers, Various. "Book reviews." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 55, no. 3 (2001): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2001.0159.
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Six book reviews in the September 2001 issue of Notes and Records . John Archibald Wheeler and Kenneth Ford, Geons, black holes and quantum foam—a life in physics . Jon Parkin, Science, religion and politics in Restoration England: Richard Cumberland's De Legibus Naturae. Robert A. Hinde, Why gods persist: a scientific approach to religion . John Campbell, Rutherford, scientist supreme . Jean Medawar and David A. Pyke, Hitler's gift. Scientists who fled Nazi Germany . Helge Kragh, The quantum generations: a history of physics in the twentieth century .
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Van Der Wel, Frans. "Verplichting tot voorziening." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 76, no. 10 (2002): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.76.11770.
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Voor de jaarverslaggeving 2001 is de nieuwe Richtlijn 252 van kracht geworden; deze is gebaseerd op IAS 37. Door de nieuwe Richtlijn worden stringentere eisen gesteld aan de vorming van voorzieningen. Uit een beperkt praktijkonderzoek blijken nog geen grote effecten van de nieuwe Richtlijn. Stilgestaan wordt bij de verhouding tussen bijzondere waardeverminderingen van vaste activa en voorzieningen. Van een aantal specifieke voorzieningen worden toepassingskwesties behandeld. Mede gebaseerd op deze kwesties wordt ten slotte een beschouwing gewijd aan het verminderde belang van het matching- beginsel en het voorzichtigheidsbeginsel als gevolg van de nieuwe Richtlijn inzake voorzieningen.
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Namiuti-Temponi, Cristiane. "Diglossia em tempos de mudança?o caso da interpolação em Duarte Galvão, Pero Magalhães de Gandavo, Francisco de Holanda e Diogo do Couto." Alfa : Revista de Linguística (São José do Rio Preto) 55, no. 2 (2011): 545–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1981-57942011000200009.
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De acordo com Castro (1991) e Cardeira (2005), o século XV e a primeira metade do XVI são um período de transição da língua medieval para a clássica, no qual coexistem formas próprias da etapa anterior com formas que já anunciam o português do período clássico. Inspirados nas reflexões de Castro (1991) e Cardeira (2005) e também na ideia de competição de gramáticas delineada por Kroch (1994), argumentamos que um período de transição deverá caracterizar-se pela instabilidade resultante da conjugação dos sinais de renovação que se cruzam com a permanência da gramática antiga. Apresentaremos, neste artigo, alguns indícios provenientes da sintaxe dos clíticos em textos de autores nascidos entre o século XV e XVI que podem corroborar a hipótese de instabilidade gramatical e competição de gramáticas nessa época
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Eimers, P. W. A., and Ralph Daals. "Het Audit Risico Model is springlevend!" Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 80, no. 3 (2006): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.80.15724.
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De afgelopen jaren is er veel kritiek geweest op de toepasbaarheid in de praktijk van het audit risico model. Met de nieuwe controlestandaarden die vanaf 2005 van kracht zijn, is een hernieuwde en diepgaande invulling gegeven aan dit audit risico model. Deze controlestandaarden benadrukken dat de jaarrekeningcontrole een ingewikkeld beslissingsproces is, waarin de accountant telkens zorgvuldig professionele afwegingen moet maken en deze afwegingen ook expliciet moet documenteren. De nieuwe controlestandaarden geven concrete sturing aan de accountant hoe hij het accountantscontrolerisico kan en moet verminderen. In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op recente artikelen in dit tijdschrift en wordt geïllustreerd dat het audit risico model springlevend is.
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Wallage, Philip. "De rol van controlerend accountants bij het ontdekken van fraude." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 77, no. 1 (2003): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.77.10790.
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SAMENVATTING In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op de relatie tussen kunnen hebben op de jaarrekeningcontrole. Daarbij de accountantscontrole van de jaarrekening en het ontdekken van fraude. Geconcludeerd wordt dat de controle van de jaarrekening niet is gericht op het opsporen van alle fraudes. Vervolgens wordt ingegaan op de conclusies van de Parlementaire Enquêtecommissie Bouwfraude. Deze moeten daadwerkelijk consequenties hebben voor het controleplan van de accountant. Ter illustratie wordt een aantal consequenties voor de controle van jaarrekeningen van bouwbedrijven geschetst. Dit in lijn met de nieuwe Richtlijn voor de Accountantscontrole 240 (fraude en onjuistheden), die begin 2003 van kracht wordt. Afsluitend wordt kort ingegaan op enkele implicaties van het rapport van de Enquêtecommissie voor het accountantsberoep.
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Wubs, Ben. "Marijn Molema, Regionale kracht. Economisch beleid in Noord-Nederland en Noord-west Duitsland, 1945-2000." BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review 128, no. 1 (2013): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.8221.
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Li, J., Y. H. Zhang, Y. T. Du, et al. "61 EFFICIENCY OF TWO ENUCLEATION METHODS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC PIG EMBRYOS BY HANDMADE CLONING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv19n1ab61.
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Since the successful production of transgenic pigs by somatic nuclear transfer (Lai et al. 2002 Science 295, 1089–1092), more efficient reproduction technologies for transgenic pigs have been in demand. The purpose of our work was to develop an efficient method for production of transgenic embryos by handmade cloning (HMC; Vajta et al. 2001 Cloning 3, 89–95) connected to oriented enucleation to eliminate potential harm of staining and UV illumination at cytoplast selection. After 41–42 h of in vitro maturation, oocytes were further cultured with or without 0.4 µg mL−1 demecolcine for 45 min (i.e. chemically assisted handmade enucleation (CAHE) vs. oriented handmade enucleation (OHE)). Subsequently, the cumulus cells were removed and zonae pellucidae were partially digested. Oocytes with visible extrusion cones or polar bodies attached to the surface were subjected to oriented bisection. The putative cytoplasts without extrusion cones or polar bodies, containing the major part of cytoplasm, were selected as the recipients. Two cytoplasts were electro-fused with one transgenic fibroblast expressing either amyloid precursor protein (APP) or green fluorescent protein (GFP), while non-transgenic fibroblasts were used as control nuclear donors. After activation (Kragh et al. 2005 Theriogenology 64, 1536–1545; Du et al. 2005 Cloning Stem Cells 7, 199–205), reconstructed embryos were cultured in porcine zygote medium-3 for 7 days. The rates of cleavage and blastocyst cell numbers were recorded on Day 2 and Day 7, respectively. In 5 replicates, the correct bisection efficiency achieved with CAHE was higher compared to that with the OHE method (93 ± 1% vs. 82 ± 2%, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Table 1 shows that blastocyst rates with APP and GFP transgenic fibroblasts as nuclear donors after CAHE were lower (P &lt; 0.05) compared to those with the OHE method; in contrast, cleavage rates of embryos from different fibroblast donors were similar and so were blastocyst rates of non-transgenic donors after either CAHE or OHE. Our results show that embryos reconstructed from APP and GFP transgenic donors have compromised in vitro developmental rates after CAHE rather than after the OHE method; however, a high efficiency with both enucleation methods was observed when using non-transgenic somatic cells. Table 1.Comparison of two enucleation methods for the production of transgenic pig embryos
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Amaral, Luiz, and Tom Roeper. "Multiple Grammars and Second Language Representation." Second Language Research 30, no. 1 (2014): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658313519017.
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This paper presents an extension of the Multiple Grammars Theory (Roeper, 1999) to provide a formal mechanism that can serve as a generative-based alternative to current descriptive models of interlanguage. The theory extends historical work by Kroch and Taylor (1997), and has been taken into a computational direction by Yang (2003). The proposal is based on the idea that any human grammar readily accommodates sets of rules in sub-grammars that can seem (apparently) contradictory. We discuss the rationale behind this proposal and establish a dialogue with recent research in SLA, multilingualism, L3 acquisition, and L2 processing. We compare the Multiple Grammars explanation to optionality in L2 to other current proposals, and provide experimental results that can demonstrate the existence of active sub-grammars in the linguistic representation of L2 speakers.
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Battams, Karl, and Matthew M. Knight. "SOHO comets: 20 years and 3000 objects later." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2097 (2017): 20160257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0257.
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We present a summary of the more than 3000 sungrazing and near-Sun comets discovered in coronagraph images returned by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), since its launch in December 1995. We address each of the four main populations of objects observed by SOHO: Kreutz (sungrazing) group, Meyer group, Marsden and Kracht (96P-family) group and non-group comets. Discussions for each group include basic properties, discovery statistics and morphological appearance. In addition to updating the community on the status of the discoveries by SOHO, we also show that the rate of discovery of Kreutz sungrazers has probably remained static since approximately 2003 and we report on the first likely fragmentation pair observed within the Meyer group. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Cometary science after Rosetta’.
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Astuti, Yuniasih Dwi, and Vid Adrison. "The Audit Board of Republic of Indonesia Opinion and Bribery in Local Governments in Indonesia." Jurnal Tata Kelola & Akuntabilitas Keuangan Negara 5, no. 2 (2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.28986/jtaken.v5i2.379.
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This study is motivated by the trend of corruption cases which increase from year to year, where bribery is the first number in corruption cases. As many as 128 cases of bribery with in kracht status occurred in the local government that received an unqualified opinion from the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (BPK RI). Using the Zero Inflated Poisson (ZIP) Panel Regression, this study examines the correlation between financial statement opinion and the number of bribery corruption cases based on 258 bribery cases that have been handled by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in the period 2008-2017. The estimation result shows that there was no correlation between financial statement opinion and the number of bribery cases. However, the increase in the amount of capital expenditure also goods and services expenditure is related to the increase in the number of bribery cases. This study recommends BPK to consider improving the quality of fraud detection through audit procedures on financial statements, especially in regions that have a relatively high value of capital expenditure and service goods expenditure.
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Navratil, Michael. "Sprach‑ und Weltalternativen: Mehrsprachigkeit als Ideologiekritik in kontrafaktischen Werken von Quentin Tarantino und Christian Kracht." Interlitteraria 25, no. 2 (2020): 522–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.2.20.
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Alternatives of Languages and Worlds: Multilingualism as Critique of Ideology in Contrafactual Fiction by Quentin Tarantino and Christian Kracht. Multilingualism and the alternate history genre have something in common: both phenomena are based on the construction of alternatives, in the case of multilingualism on the alternatives between different languages and communication systems, and in the case of the alternate history genre on the alternatives between real-world facts and the variation thereof within fictional worlds. This article investigates the interconnections between these two forms of thinking in alternatives by looking specifically at Quentin Tarantino’s counterfactual war film Inglourious Basterds (2009) and Christian Kracht’s alternate history novel Ich werde hier sein im Sonnenschein und im Schatten (2008). I argue that the consideration of language alternatives forms part of the meta-reflection of the alternate history genre in these works while at the same time opening up a political perspective: in Tarantino’s film and Kracht’s novel, multilingualism serves as a means for the critique of ideology by rendering palpable the political threats of a worldview based on clear-cut alternatives. In the article’s final section, I plead for the establishment of stronger links between the research on literary multilingualism and the theory of fiction.
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Navratil, Michael. "Sprach‑ und Weltalternativen: Mehrsprachigkeit als Ideologiekritik in kontrafaktischen Werken von Quentin Tarantino und Christian Kracht." Interlitteraria 25, no. 2 (2020): 522–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.2.20.
Full textAbstract:
Alternatives of Languages and Worlds: Multilingualism as Critique of Ideology in Contrafactual Fiction by Quentin Tarantino and Christian Kracht. Multilingualism and the alternate history genre have something in common: both phenomena are based on the construction of alternatives, in the case of multilingualism on the alternatives between different languages and communication systems, and in the case of the alternate history genre on the alternatives between real-world facts and the variation thereof within fictional worlds. This article investigates the interconnections between these two forms of thinking in alternatives by looking specifically at Quentin Tarantino’s counterfactual war film Inglourious Basterds (2009) and Christian Kracht’s alternate history novel Ich werde hier sein im Sonnenschein und im Schatten (2008). I argue that the consideration of language alternatives forms part of the meta-reflection of the alternate history genre in these works while at the same time opening up a political perspective: in Tarantino’s film and Kracht’s novel, multilingualism serves as a means for the critique of ideology by rendering palpable the political threats of a worldview based on clear-cut alternatives. In the article’s final section, I plead for the establishment of stronger links between the research on literary multilingualism and the theory of fiction.
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Pheijffer, Marcel, and Philip Wallage. "Meldplicht witwassen en terrorismefi nanciering." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 83, no. 7/8 (2009): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.83.20854.
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Op 1 augustus 2008 is de Wet ter voorkoming van witwassen en fi nancieren van terrorisme (WWFT) van kracht geworden. De WWFT, de ontwikkelingen in de jurisprudentie inzake witwassen en de invloed hiervan op de accountantspraktijk komen in deze bijdrage aan de orde. De WWFT betreft een samenvoeging en uitbreiding van de Wet identifi catie bij dienstverlening (WID) en de Wet melding ongebruikelijke transacties (Wet MOT). In de WWFT zijn tevens de eisen verwerkt die de derde Europese anti-witwasrichtlijn stelt. Het samenbrengen van relevante bepalingen in één wet is effi ciënt, maar er is meer. Qua inhoudelijke wijzigingen springen er drie aspecten uit: de reikwijdte van de meldplicht, de uitbreiding van het cliëntenonderzoek en de invoering van de risicogeoriënteerde benadering. Naast de WWFT vereist de jurisprudentie inzake witwassen de aandacht. Een recente uitspraak van de Hoge Raad brengt de meldplicht witwassen dichter bij de accountant dan menig beroepsbeoefenaar wellicht denkt. Het jurisprudentieoverzicht laat zien dat accountants ook bij (belasting)fraude te maken kunnen krijgen met de meldplicht die uit de WWFT voortvloeit. Dit alles teneinde de integriteit van het fi nanciële stelsel zo goed mogelijk te borgen.
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Battista, Emiliano. "La falacia del historiador Whig." Linha D'Água 32, no. 1 (2019): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2236-4242.v32i1p59-79.
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Nuestro trabajo tiene un propósito doble. Por un lado, buscamos analizar el “modo de historización” (Auroux, 2006) desplegado por Noam Chomsky en su Lingüística cartesiana (1966), una obra de fuerte motivación propagandística en la que procuró interpretar el devenir de ciertas ideas sobre el lenguaje que, a su criterio, actuaron como antecedentes de la gramática generativa; según observamos, al valorar los hechos del pasado desde la óptica de su tiempo, Chomsky incurrió en la “falacia del historiador whig” (Butterfield, 1931; Kragh, 1987), dando lugar a una representación absolutamente selectiva, anacrónica, auxiliar y deliberadamente funcional a su propuesta teórica. Por el otro, procuramos recuperar el escenario en el que irrumpió la obra, cuya inadecuación metodológica fue tan marcada en términos historiográficos que contribuyó a la apertura de un debate específico (Aarsleff, 1970; Koerner, 1978; Newmeyer, 1980; entre otros) en el que es posible identificar la emergencia y consolidación de los fundamentos epistemológicos de la historiografía de la lingüística.
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McFadden, Thomas. "Preverbal ge- in Old and Middle English." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 58 (January 1, 2015): 15–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.58.2015.427.
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This paper aims to work toward a proper understanding of the role of preverbal ge- in Old English (henceforth OE) and its disappearance in the course of Middle English. This prefix is reminiscent of its cognates in Modern German and Dutch (also written ge-) in its distribution, but even a cursory examination of the details reveals it to be quite distinct, as we will see. The proper characterization of that distribution, and of its diachronic development, has proven to be extremely difficult. I have thus carried out a large-scale corpus study using the York-Toronto-Helsinki parsed corpus of Old English prose (Taylor et al. 2003) and the Penn-Helsinki parsed corpus of Middle English, 2nd ed. (Kroch & Taylor 1999). This paper will report the results of the first phase of the project, involving patterns in the data that could be identified primarily on the basis of automatic searches in the corpora.
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Scheef, Gregor, Nicole Fischer, Egbert Flory, Isabel Schmitt, and Ralf R. Tönjes. "Transcriptional Regulation of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses Released from Porcine and Infected Human Cells by Heterotrimeric Protein Complex NF-Y and Impact of Immunosuppressive Drugs." Journal of Virology 76, no. 24 (2002): 12553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.24.12553-12563.2002.
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ABSTRACT Recent studies revealed a significant promoter activity of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) long terminal repeats (LTRs) in different human and mammalian cell lines, which is mediated by a 39-bp repeat located in the U3 region in different numbers, representing an enhancer (G. Scheef, N. Fischer, U. Krach, and R. R. Tönjes, J. Virol. 75:6933-6940, 2001). A statistical transcription factor analysis revealed putative binding sites for the CCAAT-binding transcription factor NF-Y inside the 39-bp repeat. Specific binding of NF-Y to the repeat sequence was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and supershift assays with specific antibodies directed against the three subunits of NF-Y. To identify further transcription-regulating elements, genetically modified LTRs lacking the repeat box, U3, R, or U5 were investigated. The results indicated a strong inhibitory element in the R region, as the deletion of R caused a significantly increased promoter activity. Since PERV might play a potential role in the application of xenogeneic cell therapy and xenotransplantation techniques, we have investigated whether immunosuppressive drugs that are routinely used in transplantation medicine have an impact on the promoter activity. Neither cyclosporine nor prednisolone had any influence on the promoter strength of the PERV LTRs. By performing a real-time PCR we were able to compare the proviral loads of porcine and infected human cells as well as the amount of released virions, which revealed a direct link between LTR activity and the number of released retroviruses.
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Spijker, Arda, and Madelene De Jong. "Family Conferencing: Responsibility at Grassroots Level – A Comparative Analysis between the Netherlands and South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 24 (April 22, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a9325.
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As family group conferencing is gaining world-wide recognition as an alternative dispute resolution process, this article aims to outline the origin and relevance of this process, which promotes solution-finding to family problems by the family themselves and/or the social network and usually results in a plan or agreement that will be implemented collaboratively by the people involved. Although it was originally used in child protection matters, the process is now used for a wide range of problems pertaining to families and individual family members, including divorce matters, the illness or death of a family member, the care of the elderly, family financial problems, bullying, addiction cases, domestic violence and child justice matters. The process is also suitable for application in problems concerning any group, neighbourhood or school. Next, the application of family group conferencing in both the Netherlands and South Africa is first examined and then briefly compared. It appears that family group conferencing through Eigen Kracht in the Netherlands is an established practice which consists of a relatively simple and quick process and yields positive results for families/communities experiencing problems. Recently the Dutch Youth Act of 2015 (Jeugdwet) made legislative provision inter alia for a family group plan to be drafted by parents, in conjunction with next-of-kin or others who are part of the social environment of a youth/juvenile person. On the other hand, although extensive legislative provision is made for family group conferencing by the Children's Act 38 of 2005 in children's court proceedings and by the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 in the child justice system in South Africa, the process has not yet reached its potential in terms of the implementation of the concept. Lastly, some recommendations are made which mainly aim to contribute to the implementation of the concept in South Africa, in that the model will eventually be fully developed and utilised for the benefit of individuals, children, their families and/or social network.
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Du, Y., Z. Yang, B. Lv, et al. "28 SIMPLIFIED ACTIVATION METHOD TO IMPROVE THE IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF HANDMADE CLONED (HMC) PORCINE EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab28.
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Delayed activation is commonly used in pig somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) where electrical activation is followed by chemical activation. However, chemical incubation of several hours (up to 4 or 6) is logistically not very convenient even though handmade cloning (HMC) could improve the overall efficiency of pig cloning (Du et al. 2007 Theriogenology 68, 1104–1110). It was reported that a brief exposure of cycloheximide (CX) before electrical activation could significantly increase developmental rate and total blastocyst cell number when simultaneous activation was performed in micromanipulator-based pig cloning (Naruse et al. 2007 Theriogenology 68, 709–716). The purpose of our present work is to investigate whether such activation method is also applicable for pig HMC. Data were analyzed by t-test using SPSS (11.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). After 42 h in vitro maturation, cumulus cells were removed. In vitro-cultured porcine fetal fibroblasts were used as donor cells. Cytoplast-fibroblast pairing, electrical fusion and activation of fused cytoplast-fibroblast pairs were performed as described previously (Kragh et al. 2005 Theriogenology 64, 1536–1545; Du et al. 2005 Cloning Stem Cells 7, 199–205). Three groups were compared due to different activation protocol. In Group 1 (control), reconstructed embryos were cultured in porcine zygote medium 3 (PZM3) supplemented with 4 mg mL–1 BSA, 5 μg mL–1 cytochalasin B (CB), and 10 μg mL–1 CX for 4 h. In Group 2 (CX priming), fused pairs and the other halves of cytoplasts were incubated in HEPES-buffered TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% calf serum, 10 μg mL–1 CX for 10 min just before the second fusion or electrical activation. In Group 3 (CB + CX priming), treatment similar to Group 2 was performed except that additional 5 μg mL–1 CB was added for the 10-min incubation. Reconstructed embryos were in vitro cultured in the well of the well (WOW) system for 6 days. Blastocyst rates and total cell numbers of Day 6 blastocysts were evaluated. As illustrated in Table 1, embryos pretreated with both CB and CX gave the best results, with better blastocyst formation (53.8 ± 4.8%; mean ± SEM) and higher cell number (77.2 ± 5.4) compared to the other 2 groups. Our data suggested that CX and CB priming could be used as a solution to the long chemical incubation in porcine SCNT by HMC, making the embryos more receptive to electrical activation. Table 1.In vitro development of HMC reconstructed embryos with different activation protocols
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Bensafta, Kamel Malik, and Gervasio Semedo. "De la transmission de la volatilité à la contagion entre marchés boursiers : l’éclairage d’un modèle VAR non linéaire avec bris structurels en variance." Articles 85, no. 1 (2010): 13–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/039734ar.
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Résumé Nous développons dans cet article une modélisation vectorielle autorégressive non linéaire pour l’étude des interdépendances entre les marchés boursiers. Parmi les innovations de ce travail, nous introduisons un bris structurel dans la matrice des variances-covariances conditionnelle d’un processus GARCH multivarié. Dans cet ordre d’idée, nous considérons une spécification BEKK de cette matrice augmentée avec des régresseurs de transmission des chocs de volatilité entre les marchés. L’objectif de cette modification est de répondre à plusieurs biais importants dans la mesure des volatilités et des corrélations entre les marchés : d’une part, le biais de surestimation de la persistance des chocs de volatilité; d’autre part, les biais d’hétéroscédasticité et de variables omises dans la mesure des corrélations. Nous considérons ici un échantillon de 11 marchés boursiers d’Europe, d’Amérique du Nord et d’Asie avec des données hebdomadaires des indices les plus larges entre 1985 et 2006. Plusieurs résultats intéressants sont obtenus avec cette modélisation : la réduction de la persistance des chocs de volatilité; l’évidence d’une transmission des prix et des incertitudes du marché américain vers les marchés européens et asiatiques; l’existence de phénomène de transmission régionale en Europe et en Asie; mis à part le krach américain d’octobre 1987, toutes les crises ne sont pas systématiquement contagieuses. Au final, il n’est pas évident que la libéralisation financière isole les marchés des crises financières diverses, bien que l’intégration soit un vecteur d’efficience des marchés. Les crises et le phénomène de contagion en période de crise peuvent être considérés comme des processus de rééquilibrage des marchés qui doivent être encadrés, régulés et supervisés.
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Diekman, P. A. M. "Rapporteren over interne controle." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 79, no. 10 (2005): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.79.11810.
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Sinds juli 2002 is de Sarbanes Oxley wet van kracht. De wet heeft tot doel de interne beheersing van fi nanciële verslaggeving te verbeteren en kan worden gezien als een poging van de Amerikaanse wetgever om het tanende publieke vertrouwen in het bedrijfsleven en de beurs een halt toe te roepen. Dit artikel gaat in op de gevolgen van deze wet voor Nederlandse ondernemingen met een beursnotering in Amerika. Meer in het bijzonder wordt ingegaan op de voorbereiding op specifieke artikelen in de wet, met name de artikelen 302, 906 en 404. Het laatste artikel bepaalt dat de voorzitter van de raad van bestuur en de fi nancieel directeur ieder jaarlijks een verklaring omtrent de interne controle op de fi nanciële rapportering moeten afl eggen. Deze verklaring moet door de externe accountant worden geattesteerd. Het artikel beschrijft hoe een onderneming zich kan voorbereiden opdat de beide leden van de raad van bestuur deze verklaring kunnen ondertekenen. Hierbij wordt ingegaan op de definiëring van de belangrijkste processen en internal controls in de onderneming, de rol en verantwoordelijkheid van het management en van de interne accountant alsmede de samenwerking met de externe accountant. Ten slotte wordt kort stilgestaan bij de kosten die zijn verbonden aan de naleving van deze wet.
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Du, Y., Y. Zhang, J. Li, et al. "34 PIGLETS BORN FROM HANDMADE CLONING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv19n1ab34.
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Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is probably the most efficient way to produce pigs with targeted genetic modification. Handmade cloning (HMC) is a new technology for SCNT developed recently (Vajta et al. 2005 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 17, 97–112). However, HMC that resulted in births in cattle was regarded technically difficult in pigs due predominantly to the fragility of MII phase porcine oocytes. The purpose of our present work was to use optimized porcine HMC for production of cloned piglets. Data were analyzed by t-test using SPSS (11.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). After 42 h in vitro maturation, cumulus cells were removed. Oriented handmade enucleation was performed as described elsewhere (Li et al. concomitant abstract). Briefly, oocytes that were partially digested with 3.3 mg mL-1 of pronase for 20 s were removed of polar bodies (PB) and adjacent small volume of cytoplasm by manual bisection in HEPES-buffered TCM-199 medium supplemented with 2% calf serum and 2.5 �g mL-1 of cytochalasin B. Halves without PB were collected as putative cytoplasts. In vitro-cultured porcine fetal fibroblasts were used as donor cells. After cytoplast-fibroblast pairing, fusion and activation of fused cytoplast-fibroblast pairs (Kragh et al. 2005 Theriogenology 64, 1536–1545; Du et al. 2005 Clon Stem Cells 7, 199–205), reconstructed embryos were cultured in a modified well of the well (WOW) culture system (Feltrin et al. 2006 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 18, 126 abst) with porcine zygote medium-3 (PZM3) supplemented with 4 mg mL-1 of BSA. The cumulative effect of the optimization steps has resulted in considerably improved in vitro efficiency, shown as 64 � 2.3 (mean � SEM) reconstructed embryos from 151.3 � 4.8 oocytes could be obtained per day after 3–4 h manual work, including a 1-h pause between fusion and activation. One-half (50.1 � 2.8%) of the reconstructed embryos developed to the blastocyst stage after 7 days, a rate that was significantly higher than that obtained with traditional cloning (TC; 27.7 � 2.2%; P &lt; 0.01). To compare the transfer efficiency between HMC and TC, blastocysts from both HMC and TC produced by using nuclear donor cells of different origin, respectively, to identify the offspring were transferred surgically to synchronized recipients. Of 6 pregnancies produced, 2 are ongoing, 2 were lost, and 2 term litters of 3 and 10 piglets were born. Live birth/transferred embryo efficiencies for HMC and TC are 17% (10/58) and 15% (3/20). According to our knowledge, a litter size of 10 cloned healthy piglets, as achieved in this study, is the highest one that ever has been reported. Our data suggest that porcine HMC is a very promising method for SCNT and may promote its widespread application for various purposes.
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Vermij, Rienk. "Helge Kragh. The Moon That Wasn't: The Saga of Venus' Spurious Satellite. (Science Networks: Historical Studies, 37.) xii + 199 pp., illus., bibl., index. Basel/Boston: Birkhäuser, 2008. €42.69 (cloth)." Isis 101, no. 1 (2010): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/653879.
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Tanja, Erie. "De mobiliserende kracht van het geloof - Annemarie Houkes, Christelijke vaderlanders. Godsdienst, burgerschap en de Nederlandse natie (1850-1900) (Wereldbibliotheek; Amsterdam 2009) 346 p., €19,90 ISBN 9789028422803." Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 124, no. 2 (2011): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2011.2.b20.
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FRENCH, STEVEN. "HELGE KRAGH, Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. xiv+494. ISBN 0-691-09552-3. £13.95 (paperback)." British Journal for the History of Science 37, no. 2 (2004): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087404395816.
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Enebakk, Vidar. "Reinhard Siegmund‐Schultze;, Henrik Kragh Sørensen (Editors). Perspectives on Scandinavian Science in the Early Twentieth Century. 352 pp., figs., tables, indexes. Oslo: Novus Forlag, 2006. €36 (paper)." Isis 99, no. 2 (2008): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/591373.
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Coen, Deborah R. "Elizabeth R. Neswald, Thermodynamik als kultureller Kampfplatz: Zur Faszinationsgeschichte der Entropie, 1850–1915. Freiburg: Rombach Verlag, 2006. Pp. 475. ISBN 978-3-7930-9448-7. €48.00 (paperback). - Helge S. Kragh, Entropic Creation: Religious Contexts of Thermodynamics and Cosmology. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. pp. 272. ISBN 978-0-7546-6414-7. £60.00 (hardback)." British Journal for the History of Science 42, no. 3 (2009): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087409990331.
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Halford, Jacob. "Helge S. Kragh, Peter C. Kjaergaard, Henry Nielsen and Kristian Hvidfelt Nielsen, Science in Denmark: A Thousand Year History. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2008. Pp. 607. ISBN 978-0-87-7934-317-7. £37.95 (hardback)." British Journal for the History of Science 43, no. 1 (2010): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087410000166.
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Kragh, P. M., N. R. Mtango, T. J. Corydon, L. Bolund, H. Callesen, and G. Vajta. "270 COMBINED ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL ACTIVATION OF ZONA-FREE PORCINE OOCYTES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab270.
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Activation is a crucial step in mammalian somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Recently we described the application of the handmade cloning technique for porcine SCNT that uses oocytes without zonaa pellucidae (zona-free) in a micromanipulation-independent procedure (Kragh et al. 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 315–18). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of a combined electrical and chemical activation of zona-free porcine oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were aspirated from ovaries of sows and matured for 41 h. Subsequently, the cumulus cells were removed by the addition of 1 mg/mL hyaluronidase in HEPES-buffered TCM-199. For zonae pellucidae removal, oocytes were incubated in 8 mg/mL pronase in HEPES-buffered TCM-199 supplemented with 20% cattle serum for 10 s. Three independent experiments with four treatments were conducted, and oocytes were activated by a combined electrical and chemical activation. Oocytes were washed once in activation medium (0.3 M mannitol, 0.1 mM MgSO4, 0.1 mM CaCl2, and 0.01% polyvinyl alcohol) and transferred to a chamber with two wires (0.5-mm separation) covered with activation medium. After the electrical pulse, oocytes were incubated in culture medium (NCSU-37 containing 4 mg/mL BSA) supplemented with 5 μg/mL cytochalasin B and 10 μg/mL cycloheximide for 6 h. Activated oocytes were cultured in culture medium using the wells of wells system (Vajta et al. 2000 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 55, 256–64) in the submarine incubation system (Vajta et al. 1997 Theriogenology 48, 1379–85). The rate of development into blastocysts was checked on Day 7 of culture. In treatment 1, zona pellucida-intact oocytes were first activated by a single DC pulse of 1.25 kV/cm for 80 μs, and subsequently cultured in cytochalasin B and cycloheximide for 6 h. In treatments 2 and 3, oocytes without zonae pellucidae were activated by a single DC pulse of 1.25 and 0.85 kV/cm for 80 μs, respectively, and subsequently cultured in cytochalasin B and cycloheximide for 6 h. In treatment 4, oocytes without zonae pellucidae were bisected by hand under a stereomicroscope using a microblade in 5 μg/mL cytochalasin B in TCM-199 supplemented with 15 mg/mL BSA, re-fused/activated by a single DC pulse of 1.25 kV/cm for 80 μs in activation medium, and cultured in cytochalasin B and cycloheximide for 6 h. The rates of blastocyst formation from activated oocytes (mean ± SEM) in treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 55 ± 4%, 40 ± 2%, 49 ± 1%, and 41 ± 8%, respectively. In conclusion, the combined electrical and chemical activation efficiently induced parthenogenetic development of zona-free oocytes. Also, a more authentic control model for activation during SCNT was established by activating and producing blasctocysts from re-fused bisected oocytes.