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Winer, Lise S. "Orthographic Standardization for Trinidad and Tobago." Language Problems and Language Planning 14, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 237–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.14.3.04win.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Rechtschreibnormierung für Trinidad und Tobago: Sprachliche und sozialpolitische Überlegungen in einer englischsprachigen Kreolgesellschaft Die Akzeptanz von Kreolsprachen wächst in immer mehr Anwendungsbereichen und Funktionen. Man hat daher begonnen, Möglichkeiten für die Normierung ihrer Orthografie zu untersuchen. Der Aufsatz schlagt eine Normrechtschreibung für die englische Kreolsprache von Trinidad und Tobago vor. Hiermit werden zwei Ziele verfolgt: den Bedurfnissen der dortigen Gesellschaft zu entsprechen, die immer mehr auf Kreolisch schreibt, und ein normgebendes Wörterbuch der Sprache zu erstellen. Einer knappen Ubersicht über die Kreolsprachen der Karibik folgt ein kurzer Überblick über die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Sprache einschließlich der Rechtschreibung auf Trinidad und Tobago. Drei Rechtschreib-modelle - ein phonemisches, ein historisch-etymologisches und ein modifiziertes englisches -werden erörtert. Es wird ein "Kontinuummodell" vorgeschlagen. RESUMO Ortografia normigo por Trinidado kaj Tobago: Lingvaj kaj socipolitikaj konsideroj en anglalingva kreola komunumo Kreskas la akcepteblo de kreolaj lingvoj en ciam pli da medioj kaj funkcioj. Sekve oni komencas ekzameni vojojn al normigo de iliaj ortografiaj konvencioj. La artikolo proponas normigitan ortografion por la indiĝena angla kreolo de la karibaj insuloj Trinidado kaj Tobago. La motivoj estas du: plenumi la bezonojn de la loka socio, kiu pli kaj pli ofte skribas kreole, kaj pretigi norman vortlibron de la lingvo. Mallongan trarigardon de karibaj indiĝenaj kreoloj sekvas resumo de la historia evoluo de la lingvaĵo de Trinidado kaj Tobago, inkluzive la skribajn konvenciojn. La aiitoro priskribas kaj pritaksas tri ortografiajn modelojn - foneman, historian-etimologian, kaj modifitan anglan - kaj apogas "kontinuan" modelon.
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Sebba, Mark. "Phonology Meets Ideology." Language Problems and Language Planning 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 19–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.22.1.02seb.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Wo Phonologie und Ideologie einander treffen: die Bedeutung onthographischer Konventionen im Britischen Kreol Dieses Artikel behandelt die Orthographie einer unstandardisierten schriftlichen Sprachvarietät, des Kreol, mit primär Englischem Lexikon, das von Britishen Schriftstellern mit karibischen Vorfahren verwendet wird. Die Beispiele stammen von einem Korpus schriftlichen Kreols, der von in Großbritannien lebenden Schriftstellern mit karibischen Erbe produziert wurde. Orthographie wird hier im folgenden Sinn verwendet: eine Anzahl von orthographischen Praktiken die Autoren verwenden, um eine Sprache zu repräsentieren, für die es keine standardisierte Konventionen gibt. Ich argumentiere, daB, obwohl die Rechtschreibung des Kreol stark varieiert, die Schriftsteller/Verfasser der Texte — möglicherweise unbewuBt — wählen, die die Unterschiede zwischen Kreol und Standard Englisch hervorheben. Ich argumentiere daB, man sich Orthographie, wie literacy nach Street (1984), auf zwei Arten nähern kann: auf der Basis eines "autonomen" Modells oder eines "ideologischen". Ich argumentiere weiter, daB man die orthographischen Praktiken zeitgenössischer Britischer Kreolschriftsteller nur unter Annahme des "ideologischen" Modells verstehen kann. RESUMO Fonologio renkontas ideologion: La signifo de ortografiaj praktiko] en la brita kreolajo Tiu ĉi studo traktas la ortografion de nenormigita varianto de skribata lingvo, la anglaleksikona kreolajo uzata en Britio de karibdevenaj homoj. Ekzemploj estas tiritaj de kreola verkaro produktita en Britio de verkistoj el kultura fono kariba. La ortografio estas tie ĉi konsiderata aro de praktiko] farataj de verkistoj dum ili provas reprezenti lingvon por kiu neniu kutima skriba reprezento ekzistas. Mi argumentas ke dum la literumado de la kreolajo multe varias, verkistoj - eble senkonscie — elektas konvenciojn kiuj emfazas la diferencojn inter la kreolajo kaj la laŭnorma angla. Mi argumentas ke ortografio, kiel alfabeteco laŭ Street (1984), povas esti alirata en unu el du manieroj, surbaze de modelo aŭ "aŭtonomia" aŭ "ideologia", kaj ke nur ideologia aliro ebligas komprenon de la ortografiaj praktikoj de nuntempaj verkistoj en la brita kreolajo.
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Papagiannis, Anastasios, Giorgos Saloustros, Giorgos Xanthakis, Giorgos Kalaentzis, Pilar Gonzalez-Ferez, and Angelos Bilas. "Kreon." ACM Transactions on Storage 17, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3418414.
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Persistent key-value stores have emerged as a main component in the data access path of modern data processing systems. However, they exhibit high CPU and I/O overhead. Nowadays, due to power limitations, it is important to reduce CPU overheads for data processing. In this article, we propose Kreon , a key-value store that targets servers with flash-based storage, where CPU overhead and I/O amplification are more significant bottlenecks compared to I/O randomness. We first observe that two significant sources of overhead in key-value stores are: (a) The use of compaction in Log-Structured Merge-Trees (LSM-Tree) that constantly perform merging and sorting of large data segments and (b) the use of an I/O cache to access devices, which incurs overhead even for data that reside in memory. To avoid these, Kreon performs data movement from level to level by using partial reorganization instead of full data reorganization via the use of a full index per-level. Kreon uses memory-mapped I/O via a custom kernel path to avoid a user-space cache. For a large dataset, Kreon reduces CPU cycles/op by up to 5.8×, reduces I/O amplification for inserts by up to 4.61×, and increases insert ops/s by up to 5.3×, compared to RocksDB.
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Carpooran, Arnaud, and Yani Maury. "Lortograf Kreol Repiblik Moris (Kreol Morisien ek Kreol Rodrige): nesans, evolision, inplikasion." Rechèch Etid Kreyòl 1, no. 1 (October 28, 2022): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.57222/kavp3873.
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Abstract Although it is established that Mauritian Creole originated in the 1720s, it was not until 2011 that the Mauritian State finally recognized an official spelling for this language. Another one, no less historical, will follow this historical leap: the introduction of Mauritian Creole as an optional subject in primary schools in the Republic of Mauritius, and, subsequently, in secondary schools in 2018. These significant developments were made possible thanks to the struggles and the continuous work of several social actors, which started in the context of the Independence of Mauritius (in 1968), and which spanned over more than four decades at different levels, whether political, sociological, educational, identity or scientific. It turns out, however, that no one expected that the progress made by Mauritian Creole during the periods mentioned above would have some serious consequences in Rodrigues, an island attached to Mauritius and forming part of the Republic but having an autonomous political administration since 2002. There have been, indeed, in the wake of what happened in 2011 and 2012 (see above), a series of reactions and claims in Rodrigues in relation to the specificities of the Creole used on the Rodriguan territory. These claims and the events that followed had as a corollary the recognition by the Republic of Mauritius, of Rodriguan Creole as a language in its own right, and not as a simple regional variant of Mauritian Creole, to the point that the Rodriguan variety will even end up having its own official spelling, and even its own unilingual Creole dictionary, alongside its Mauritian counterpart (the Diksioner Morisien) which exists since 2009. Key words: Orthographic harmonisation and standardisation, Diksioner Morisien, Diksioner Kreol Rodrige
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Hyeon Kim, Ki, Dongkyun Kim, Yong Hwan Kim, and Joobum Kim. "Performance measurement using dpdk in software-defined local and wide area networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.12 (April 3, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.12.11105.
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Background/Objectives: For data center-based enterprises, the use of data traffic continues to increase. As a result, the increasingly efficient processing of increasing data traffic is becoming a major issue. Effective processing of traffic can be performed through the addition of physical network equipment, but this requires considerable costs.Methods/Statistical analysis: To solve this problem, researches on server virtualization and network virtualization technology are being actively conducted. However, while network virtualization is a cost-effective solution, open-source virtual switches used in network virtualization technologies have the performance penalty because they handle packets at the kernel of server's operating system. As a result, the Intel has developed the Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) technology to address the performance degradation of the operating system.Findings: In this paper, we propose the DPDK performance test environment based on Open Virtual Switch (OVS) to verify the stability and performance of the DPDK-oriented virtualization technology, in association with a new KREONET-S project which aims tothe softwarization of the Korea Research Environment Open Network (KREONET) infrastructure.Improvements/Applications: We perform conducted experiments on Software-Defined Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN) environment using KREONET-S show the result.
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Thornton, E. Nicole. "RACE, NATIVITY, AND MULTICULTURAL EXCLUSION." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 16, no. 2 (2019): 613–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x19000237.
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AbstractThis article examines the exclusion of Afro-Mauritians (or Creoles) in Mauritian multiculturalism. Although Creoles represent nearly thirty percent of the population, they are the only major group not officially recognized in the Mauritian Constitution (unlike Hindus, Muslims, and the Chinese) and they experience uniquely high levels of socioeconomic and political marginalization despite the country’s decades-long policy of official multiculturalism. While scholarship on multiculturalism and nation-building in plural societies might explain the exclusion of Creoles as a breakdown in the forging of political community in postcolonial Mauritius, I build on these theories by focusing on the tension between diaspora and nativity evident in Mauritian public discourse. Using the politics of language policy as a case study, I examine why the Kreol language in Mauritius—the ancestral language of Creoles and mother tongue of the majority of Mauritians—was consistently rejected for inclusion in language policy until recently (unlike Hindi, Urdu, and other ethnic languages). In my analysis of public policy discourse, I map how Creole ethnic activists negotiated Kreol’s inclusion in multiculturalism and highlight their constraints. This analysis shows that through multiculturalism, non-Creole political actors have created ethnic categories of inclusion while reciprocally denoting racially-excluded others defined by their lack of diasporic cultural value. I argue that groups claiming diasporic cultural connections are privileged as “ethnics” deemed worthy of multicultural inclusion, while those with ancestral connections more natively-bound to the local territory (such as Creoles, as a post-slavery population) are deemed problematic, culturally dis-recognized, and racialized as “the Other” because their nativity gives them a platform from which to lay territorial counter-claims to the nation.
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St-Hilaire, Aonghas. "Language Planning and Development in the Caribbean." Language Problems and Language Planning 23, no. 3 (December 31, 1999): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.23.3.02sth.
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RESUMEN Planification y desarrollo lingüísticos en el Caribe: El Suriname multi-étnico Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Suriname, como muchos otros territorios del Caribe, experimenté un movimiento nacionalista y cultural creciente cuyos partidarios abogaban por un mayor papel para el sranan, la lengua franca criolla surinamense, en la vida nacional. Sin embargo, los prejuicios históricos desfavorables y la estigmatización del sranan dificul-taron los esfuerzos de promover y eleva r el idioma. Al contrario del mayor parte del Caribe, Suriname es una nación étnicamente muy diversa. La asociación del sranan como la propiedad de los criollos, una minoría dentro del país, limitaron los éxitos del nacionalismo cultural en la promoción del idioma. También en contraste con el resto del Caribe, el sranan goza de un reconocimiento bastante difundido como una lengua autonoma del neer-landés, el idioma oficial. Este hecho ha facilitado la planificacion lingüística en favor del sranan. El nacionalismo cultural tuvo cierto éxito en elevar la position social del sranan dentro de la población general, pero fracasó en movilizar suficiente apoyo oficial sostenido por el idioma en la administration nacional y en las escuelas. Una política oficial de monolingüismo neerlandés siguió rumbo ininterrumpida y inalterada, produciendo una generation multi-étnica de jovenes cuya lengua materna es el neerlandés. El debate sobre la planificación lingüistica se enfoca actualmente en la estan-dardización lingüistica y en la adopción del neerlandés-surinamense, la variante neerlandesa local fuertemente influída por el sranan, como el idioma oficial de Suriname. RESUMO Lingvoplanado kaj evoluigo en Karibo: Multietna Surinamo Post la Dua Mondmilito, en Surinamo, same kiel en aliaj teritorioj en la kariba regiono, ekkreskis kulturnaciista movado, kies apogantoj pledis por pli granda rolo por Sranano, la surinama kreola interlingvo, en la nacia vivo. Tamen, la delonge ekzistantaj antaŭjuĝoj kaj anatemigo de Sranano malhel-pas klopodojn antaŭenigi la lingvon kaj plialtigi gian prestigon. Malkiel la plejparto de aliaj karibaj teritorioj, Surinamo rolas kiel hejmo al diversaj etnoj. La identigo de Sranano kiel kultura posedajo de la kreoloj limigis la sukceson de la kreola kultura naciismo en la antaŭenigo de la lingvo. Ankaŭ malkiel la plejparto de la kariba regiono, Sranano estas vaste konata en Surinamo kiel sendependa de la officiala lingvo, la nederlanda. Tiu fakto, tamen, faciligis lingvoplanadon favoran al Sranano. Kultura naciismo ja sukcesis levi la statuson de Sranano antaŭ la generala publiko, sed malsuk-cesis rikolti sufican officialan subtenon al la lingvo fare de la nacia registaro aŭ en la lernejoj. Officiala nur-nederlandlingva politiko daüras senŝanĝe, produktante generacion de denaskaj parolantoj de la nederlanda. La lingvo-plana debato nun centrigas je normigi kaj akcepti la surinam-nederlandan, t.e. la lokan nederlandan lingvovarianton forte influatan de Sranano, kiel la officialan lingvon de Surinamo.
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Rajah-Carrim, Aaliya. "Choosing a spelling system for Mauritian Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23, no. 2 (September 17, 2008): 193–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.23.2.02raj.
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Mauritian Creole (Kreol) is a French-lexified creole spoken on post-colonial and multilingual Mauritius. Although it is extensively used, it has not been officially standardised. The choice of a given orthography reflects language beliefs and is therefore ideologically loaded. More specifically, the way creoles are standardised can reflect the bias towards these languages which are seen as inferior to, and dependent on, their lexifiers. In the Mauritian case, this issue is especially significant because there are now efforts to devise an official standard for the language. In 2004, the Government set up a committee to develop a standard orthography for MC. This paper considers use of, and attitudes to, written Kreol. The material presented is based on interviews conducted in Mauritius and participant observation. Although interviewees do not make extensive use of Kreol in written interactions, they tend to support the promotion of literacy in the language. Responses highlight the tension between Kreol and the colonial languages — English and French — and also the role of Kreol as an index of national identity. Our findings confirm that the choice of an orthographic system reflects linguistic and social hierarchies. I conclude that this study has practical social implications for the standardisation of Kreol.
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Hartmann, Sven, Grazyna Rydzewska, and Juan Enrique Domínguez-Muñoz. "Kreon® (Creon®) vs. Lipancrea®: In Vitro Comparison of Two Encapsulated Pancreatin Preparations." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15121570.
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Kreon® (Creon®) and Lipancrea® are pancreatic enzyme supplements indicated in the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. In order to determine their interchangeability, an in vitro comparison of their physical properties and enzymatic activity was carried out. Capsule fill weight and particle size were also determined in order to establish their physical properties. Amylase, lipase and protease activities, lipase release at different pHs and the dissolution time of pellets were assessed for enzymatic analysis. The length range of Kreon® and Lipancrea® pellets was 1.1–2.2 mm and 1.5–2.8 mm, respectively. Protease activity was below the label claim for Lipancrea® and above for Kreon® presentations. Lipase and amylase activity were equal to or higher than the label claim in both preparations. In dissolution experiments simulating the stomach passage, significant release of lipase activity was observed for Lipancrea® (% actual activity: 41% for Lipancrea® 8000; 21% for Lipancrea® 16000) after 60 min at pH 5.0. No release of lipase activity was observed for Kreon® at that particular pH. Enzyme release for Lipancrea® at pH 6.0 was generally slower than for Kreon® and seemed to be influenced by the preceding incubation at lower pH. More than 85% of Kreon® and Lipancrea® dissolved in a pH 6.0 phosphate buffer within 20 min. Despite the similarities of the enzyme content on the respective labels, Kreon® and Lipancrea® differ in pellet size, enzymatic activity and release. This may impact their therapeutic efficacy and, therefore, may limit their interchangeability.
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Budiman, Arif. "PENGARUH BAHASA PORTUGIS DAN MELAYU DALAM TIGA LAGU KERONCONG KREOL TUGU THE INFLUENCE OF PORTUGUESE AND MALAY LANGUAGE IN THREE CREOLE TUGU KERONCONG SONGS." Metahumaniora 10, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/metahumaniora.v10i2.29063.
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PENGARUH BAHASA PORTUGIS DAN MELAYU DALAM TIGA LAGU KERONCONG KREOL TUGU Arif BudimanProgram Studi Prancis, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Universitas Indonesiae-mail: arif.budiman31@ui.ac.id Abstrak Kreol Tugu adalah Bahasa Kreol Portugis yang sudah punah. Bahasa ini dulunya pernah dituturkan oleh Masyarakat Tugu yang sekarang berdiam di Semper, Jakarta Utara. Walaupun sudah dinyatakan punah, ternyata masih terdapat beberapa lagu dan acara budaya yang masih menggunakan Bahasa Kreol, salah satunya adalah lagu keroncong. Di dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas kosakata Bahasa Portugis dan Melayu yang terkandung di tiga lagu keroncong berbahasa Kreol. Temuan yang menarik adalah adanya percampuran unsur bahasa Portugis dan Melayu dalam tiga lagu keroncong Tugu. Selain itu, ditemukan bahwa sebagian besar kosakata Bahasa Kreol Portugis Tugu berasal dari Bahasa Portugis namun memiliki kaidah tata bahasa yang sangat terpengaruh oleh bahasa Melayu. Kata kunci : Bahasa Kreol Tugu, Bahasa Melayu, Keroncong Tugu, Bahasa Portugis, Etimologi THE INFLUENCE OF PORTUGUESE AND MALAY LANGUAGE IN THREE CREOLE TUGU KERONCONG SONGS Arif BudimanFrench Studies , Faculty of Humanities , Universitas Indonesiae-mail: arif.budiman31@ac.id Abstract Tugu Creole is an extinct Portuguese-based Creole. The language was once spoken by Tugu people who now live in Semper, North Jakarta. Despite the fact that Portuguese-based Creole has been declared extinct, several cultural events and songs and still use the language, as in Keroncong Song. This paper will discuss the Portuguese and Malay vocabulary contained in three Keroncong songs in Tugu Portuguese-based Creole. Interesting findings show that the three Keroncong songs incorporate combination of elements from Portuguese and Malay. Furthermore, the study found that most of the vocabulary of Tugu Portuguese-based Creole in the three Keroncong songs are originated from Portuguese but the grammar rules are heavily influenced by Malay. Key words : Creole Tugu, Malay Language, Keroncong Song, Portugu
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Stolz, Thomas. "Kamusella, 2014. The Upper Silesian Creole. Kreol górnośląski. Das oberschlesische Kreol. Le créole haute-silésien. Wiyrchnoślōnski kreol." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 32, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.32.1.10sto.
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JOOBUM KIM, and Dongkyun Kim. "Deployment of KREONET-GENI Future Internet Testbed." International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology 3, no. 7 (August 31, 2011): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/ijact.vol3.issue7.36.
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Owodally, A. Mooznah Auleear. "Adopt and adapt written Kreol." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 62–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00048.owo.
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Abstract Focusing on madrassah1 Islamiyat2 textbooks written in Kreol by two local textbook writers for use in Sunni madrassahs in Mauritius, the present study shows how the writers have adopted Kreol, enriching and adapting it with loanwords from Arabic, to communicate religious information to the children attending the madrassah. The corpus for this study being a sample of locally produced Islamiyat textbooks, document analysis constituted the primary method of data collection and analysis. Interviews with the textbook writers were carried out in order to obtain insiders’ insights into the strategies they used to convey Islamic ideas in Kreol, a language not lexically equipped for this. The analysis reveals that the textbook writers used ‘loanwords by necessity’ – cultural borrowings (Haspelmath 2009) that were adapted through transliteration (Hassan 2016) – for proper names and honorifics, as well as for people, objects, practices and beliefs. A search in the Diksioner Morisien (Carpooran 2011) reveals that a majority of these loanwords do not currently appear in the Dictionary, suggesting the emergence of a new register. I thus argue that at the grassroots level, the Sunni Muslim community is in the process of developing a new religious register of Kreol, which is currently being used and which is also being transmitted to younger generations through the madrassahs. This reflects the Mauritian Sunni Muslims’ strong sense of attachment to Kreol, a language that tends to be associated with the Creole community in Mauritius.
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Seok, Seung-Joon, and Hyeonuk Jeong. "A Study on OpenFlow based Virtual Network Platform for KREONET." Journal of Digital Convergence 12, no. 8 (August 28, 2014): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14400/jdc.2014.12.8.309.
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Vel, Aneesa, and Reuban Lespoir. "Levolisyon lortograf Kreol Seselwa." Rechèch Etid Kreyòl 1, no. 1 (October 28, 2022): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.57222/qmck6434.
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Seychelles creole, a language that was officialized in 1978, is one of the first creole languages to receive the status of language and to become a written language. This fully fledged language with its orthography, grammar, lexicon has gone through some changes since the first written document was published in this language. Since then, much has been done to standardize, modernize and keep track of what is going with and within this language. Furthermore, this French-based creole with a heavy influence of English has evolved as both a spoken and a written language. This evolution is more obvious in writing when it comes to adapting to the orthography and existing phonetic system of the language with the different phenomena brought about by language contact. In this article we take a look at what has been happening with the language across the century since the first written text in creole and also to shed some light on the problems related to the current and standard orthography. Key words: phonemic orthography, Seychellois Creole, linguistic evolution, written language, anglicism.
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Kim, Cheonyong, Joobum Kim, Ki-Hyeon Kim, Sang-Kwon Lee, Kiwook Kim, Syed Asif Raza Shah, and Young-Hoon Goo. "ScienceIoT: Evolution of the Wireless Infrastructure of KREONET." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 5852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175852.
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Here, we introduce the current stage and future directions of the wireless infrastructure of the Korea Research Environment Open NETwork (KREONET), a representative national research and education network in Korea. In 2018, ScienceLoRa, a pioneering wireless network infrastructure for scientific applications based on low-power wide-area network technology, was launched. Existing in-service applications in monitoring regions, research facilities, and universities prove the effectiveness of using wireless infrastructure in scientific areas. Furthermore, to support the more stringent requirements of various scientific scenarios, ScienceLoRa is evolving toward ScienceIoT by employing high-performance wireless technology and distributed computing capability. Specifically, by accommodating a private 5G network and an integrated edge computing platform, ScienceIoT is expected to support cutting-edge scientific applications requiring high-throughput and distributed data processing.
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Kim, Dongkyun, and Yong-Hwan Kim. "A Network Federation Scheme for Inter-Domain SDN Communications." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 4515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19298.
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Recently, a variety of the integrated service platforms demand the innovative network technologies such as software-defined networking (SDN). However, it is problematic and complicated to provide interconnectivity and reachability between inter-domain SDNs. Thus, this paper proposes a scheme for the inter-SDN federation and communication based on the abstracted network information exchange and automated peer network configuration for the integrated network services. The proposed scheme is implemented and verified over the de-facto wide-area SDN infrastructure (KREONET-S) which is deployed on Korea Research Environment Open Network (KREONET), a representative national research network in Korea. The proposed method is implemented and experimented based on the distributed and layer-2 oriented network architecture by using the abstracted message exchanges between local SDN controllers in order to provide low message overheads and high federation scalability. Our research work contributes to more efficient inter-SDN communications by means of the data modeling abstraction of the local SDN network information and the simplified interactions between individual controllers by the automated configurations through the specific application interfaces. The proposed scheme also contributes to the development of the integrated service platforms which are demanded to provide IoT, Big Data, AI, and cloud services in the tightly coupled manner over the inter-SDN domains.
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Kwon, Yoonjoo, and Wontaek Hong. "Design and Prototyping of Scientific Collaboration Platform over KREONET." KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems 4, no. 9 (September 30, 2015): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/ktccs.2015.4.9.297.
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Maitz, Péter, and Siegwalt Lindenfelser. "Unserdeutsch: Ein (A)Typisches Kreol?" Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 85, no. 3 (2018): 307–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2018-0012.
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Comrie, Bernard, and Susanne Michaelis. "Komplexe Syntax im Seychellen-Kreol." Language 71, no. 2 (June 1995): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416199.
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Foley, Joseph A. "What future for Kreol Morisyen?" Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 13, no. 4 (January 1992): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1992.9994502.
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Kobtzeff, Oleg. "Gwenn A. Miller, Kodiak Kreol." Cahiers du monde russe 51, no. 51/4 (November 25, 2010): 827–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.7452.
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Seaford, Richard. "The imprisonment of women in Greek tragedy." Journal of Hellenic Studies 110 (November 1990): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/631733.
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In Kreon's famous edict in Sophokles' Antigone the punishment for attending to the dead Polyneikes is death by public stoning (36). In the event,at the climax of his bitter argument with his son Haimon, who is betrothed to Antigone, Kreon threatens to have Antigone killed in front of Haimon's eyes (760–1). But when Haimon then angrily departs, Kreon orders Antigone to be imprisoned in a deserted place, underground in the rock, with a little food (773–5). Various motives have been suggested for this change of penalty, e.g. that the city may not want to cooperate in the stoning of Antigone. But the main factor must be the aptness of imprisonment underground for the specific case of Antigone. As Kreon himself ironically puts it, ‘there she can ask Hades to save her from death, Hades who is the only god she reveres’ (777–8). Imprisonment underground, in what is described as a tomb, suits the crime of one who has seemed too devoted to Hades, and produces the complementary inversions described by Teiresias (1068–71): the dead Polyneikes is above the earth, while the living Antigone is below, in a tomb.
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Hong, Won-Taek, Jong-Uk Kong, and Jin-Wook Chung. "Deployment and Performance Analysis of Nation-wide OpenFlow Networks over KREONET." KIPS Transactions:PartC 18C, no. 6 (December 31, 2011): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/kipstc.2011.18c.6.423.
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Boodeea, Zaheenah, and Sameerchand Pudaruth. "Kreol Morisien to English and English to Kreol Morisien Translation System using Attention and Transformer Model." International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems 09, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 1143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/0906012.
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Valdman, Albert. "Emploi du créole comme langue d'enseignement et décréolisation en Haïti." Language Problems and Language Planning 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1986): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.10.2.01val.
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SUMMARY The Use of Creole in Education and Decreolization in Haiti This article attempts to show that, as is the case for related French-based creoles coexisting with their lexifier language, Haitian Creole (HC) is subject to decreolization. According to the dynamic model proposed, pidginization, creolization, and decreolization do not constitute clearly demarcated successive states. In fact, decreolization, characterized by the use of forms moving closer to corresponding French forms, appeared from the very moment that HC emerged as a relatively stabilized speech variety. This view is supported by the examination of the earliest written texts for HC, dating from the end of the late colonial period and the early post-independence years. As is the case today, creolization was accelerated by the extension of the use of the vernacular to domains previously reserved to French. But the driving force behind decreolization is the situation of linguistic conflict, marked by a deep ambivalence toward the two coexisting languages on the part of both the bilingual elite and the monolingual HC-speaking masses. While it does lead to a valorization of HC, this ambivalence drives monolingual speakers to select frenchifying forms or those viewed as such. Two opposite trends are observable in standardization. The first, characterizing the leaders of the movement for the valorization of HC and for its use in education and religion, sets as its model rural monolingual speech. The second, appearing in radio and television, favors the frenchifying speech of the urban bilingual elites. In the absence of formal language planning on the part of governmental agencies, the standard form of HC—and, in the long run, the survival of the language as an autonomous speech form—depends on the relative effect of these two currents on the creole-speak-ing masses. In the area of education there is a risk that, should the standard written form of HC diverge excessively from the varieties used by monolingual speakers, the latter would decide that the interests of their children are best served by the use of the dominant language as a classroom language. RESUMO Utiligo de la kreola kiel lingvo de instruado, kaj malkreoligo en Haitio La artikolo celas montri, ke, same kiel ce rilataj francebazitaj kreolaj lingvoj, kiuj kunekzistas kun sia leksikonperanta lingvo, la haitia kreola lingvo (HK) emas al malkreoligo. Laǔ la dinamika modelo tie ci proponita, piginigo, kreoligo kaj malkreoligo ne konsistigas klare apartigitajn stadiojn. Efektive, malkreoliĝo, kiun karakterizas la utiligo de formoj pliproksimiĝantaj al francaj formoj, aperis ekde la momento kiam HK aperis kiel relative stabiligita parolspeco. Tiun vidpunkton subtenas ekzamenado de la plej fruaj skribitaj tekstoj de HK, kiuj datigas de la malfrua kolonia periodo kaj la fruaj jaroj post sendependigo. Kiel hodiaǔ okazas, kreoliĝon plirapidigis la fakto, ke oni plilarĝigis la utiligon de la indigena lingvo en terenojn antafie rezervitajn al la franca lingvo. Sed la impulsa forto malantaǔ malkreoligo estas la situacio de lingva konflikto, kiun karakterizas profunda sanceligo inter la du kunekzistantaj lingvoj flanke de la dulingva elito kaj ankaǔ de la unulingva amaso de parolantoj de HK. Kvankam tio ja altigas la prestigon de HK, la sanceligo igas unulingvulojn elekti francigitajn formojn aǔ formojn, kiujn ili rigardas kiel francajn. Oni povas observi en la normigo du konfliktajn emojn. La unua emo, kiun montras la gvidantoj de la movado por plivalorigo de HK kaj por ĝia utiligo en edukado kaj religio, uzas kiel modelon unu-lingvan kamparan paroladon. La dua emo, kiu montriĝas en radio kaj televido, favoras la francigan parolmanieron de la dulingvaj urbaj elitoj. Dum mankas formala lingvo-planado flanke de registaraj instancoj, la norma formo de HK—kaj, en pli longa daǔro, la pluvivo de la lingvo kiel aǔtonoma parolformo—dependas de la relativa efiko de tiuj du emoj če la kreolparolantaj amasoj. Se temas pri edukado, oni riskas, ke, se la norma skriba formo de HK troe divergus de la parolspecoj uzataj de unulingvuloj, ci-lastaj decidus, ke la interesoj de iliaj infanoj estus plej bone sekvataj se ili utiligus la dominan lingvon kiel lingvon de la klasčambro.
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Kim, Dongkyun, Joobum Kim, Gicheol Wang, Jin-Hyung Park, and Seung-Hae Kim. "K-GENI testbed deployment and federated meta operations experiment over GENI and KREONET." Computer Networks 61 (March 2014): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2013.11.016.
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Hunter, P. W. "Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America." Ethnohistory 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-1435666.
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Kan, S. "Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America." Journal of American History 98, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jar169.
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Winford, Donald. "On The Origins of African American Vernacular English — A Creolist Perspective." Diachronica 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 99–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.15.1.05win.
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SUMMARY In this second part of a two-part study of the origins of African American Vernacular English (AAVE), specific structural features of this dialect are examined and the argument is made that they arose via a process of language shift by Africans toward the white settler dialects of the southern American colonies in the 17th through 19th centuries. Essentially, the author agrees with dialec-tologists that AAVE was never itself a creole, but rather the result of partially successful acquistion of settler dialects by Africans who restructured the target in various ways. On the whole, three kinds of explanation for the structural features of AAVE are offered. First, as dialectologists have argued, certain features of AAVE such as negative copula/perfect ain't, invariant don't, negative concord etc., were simply adopted without much change from settler dialects. The same is true of certain phonological features such as the use of /n/ for /ng/ in participles and gerunds like walking and so on. Second, several features of AAVE appear to have resulted from the effects of imperfect second language learning, resulting in simplification or loss of certain morphological apparatus, for instance in the copula and auxiliary systems and in verbal and nominal inflection. This kind of simplification is quite common in cases of (untutored) second language acquisition, as well as in creole formation. Hence the tendency to view such features as 'creole', when they are not in fact uniquely creole features. Third, despite this caveat, there is strong evidence that several distinctive AÀVE features can be explained as the result of substratum 'transfer' (or retention) of creole structural and/or semantic properties. Features which can be explained in this way include negative preterite ain 't remote perfect BEEN and habitual be. Certain phonological features such as /d/ for /ð/ etc, also appear due to creole and/or African substrate influence. In some cases (e.g., variable copula absence) the effects of simplification and substratum transfer may have reinforced each other. In short, though AAVE was never itself a creole, it was created by Africans, and bears the distinctive marks of that creation. RÉSUMÉ Dans la deuxième moitié de cet article, qui traite des origines de l'anglais vernaculaire afro-américain (AVAA), l'auteur porte son attention sur les traits structuraux qui individualisent ce dialecte. Il soutient qu'ils sont apparus lors de l'assimilation linguistique des africains lorsqu'ils firent l'acquisition des dialectes des colons blancs du sud des États-Unis, du XIIe au XIXe siècle. L'auteur est en accord avec les dialectologues qui ont soutenu que l'AVAA n'a jamais été une langue creole, mais plutôt un parler que les Africains ont modifié de diverses façons en raison du fait qu'ils n'ont que partiellement réussi à s'assimiler l'ensemble du système de la langue des colons blancs. L'auteur a trois genres d'explications à offrir quant à l'origine de chacun des traits structuraux. Premièrement, en accord avec ce qu'ont soutenu les dialectologues, il soutient que certains traits, tels la forme négative/parfaite de la copule, ain't, le don't invariable et l'utilisation obligatoire de plusieurs négations dans une même proposition, proviendraient des dialectes des colons sans subir quelque modification d'importance. Il en irait de même de certains traits phonologiques, tels le remplacement de /n/ par /n/ dans les formes du participe présent et du gérondif, {walking), et ainsi de suite. Deuxièmement, certains traits de l'AVAA sembleraient provenir des effets de l'acquisition imparfaite d'une langue seconde, aboutissant à la simplification ou à la perte de certains systèmes morphologiques, par exemple celui de la copule et des auxiliaires et celui de la flexion nominale et verbale. Ce genre de simplification serait fort fréquent dans des situations d'acquisition 'sur le vif', d'une langue seconde, autant que lors de la formation des langues creoles. D'où selon l'auteur la tendance à y voir des traits 'creoles', alors qu'en fait ces traits se retrouvent également ailleurs que dans les creoles. Malgré cette mise en garde, l'auteur soutient qu'il y a de fortes raisons de croire que plusieurs traits caractéristiques de l'AVAA s'expliqueraient comme étant le résultat d'un 'transfert' (ou d'une préservation) de caractéristiques structurelles et/ou sémantiques creoles. Parmi les traits qui pourraient s'expliquer ainsi, on compte ain't, marque du prétérit négatif, BEEN, marque du parfait lointain et be, marque du fréquentatif. Certains traits phonologiques, comme par exemple le remplacement de /ð/ par /d/, et ainsi de suite, sembleraient s'expliquer par une influence creole et/ou africaine. Dans certains cas (ainsi, la possibilité de laisser tomber la copule) les effets de la simplification et du transfert de traits du substrat africain se seraient peut-être renforcés les uns les autres. En bref, selon l'auteur, bien que l'AVAA n'aurait jamais été une langue creole, c'est une langue qu'auraient créé des Africains, et on y trouverait toujours les marques distinctes de cette création. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In diesem Artikel, dem zweiten Teil einer zweiteiligen Studie über die Ur-sprünge des einheimischen Englisch der Afro-Amerikaner (EEAA), untersucht der Autor spezielle strukturelle Eigenschaften dieser Sprache. Er versucht nachzuweisen, daß sich diese strukturellen Eigenschaften aus einem ProzeB der Sprachverschiebung bei den Afro-Amerikanern in Richtung der Siedlerdialekte des kolonialen Südens der Vereinigten Staaten während des 17. und 19. Jahr-hunderts ableiten lassen. lm wesentlichen stimmt er überein mit dem von den Dialektologen bezogenen Standpunkt, daB das EEAA niemals ein Kreol v/ar, sondern daB es das Ergebnis eines nur teilweise erfolgreichen Erwerbs der Siedlerdialekte durch die Afrikaner ist. Diese partiell erworbenen Siedlerdialekte wurden dann auf verschiedene Weise von den Afrikanern verändert. Ins-gesamt präsentiert er drei Erklärungsansätze für die charakteristischen strukturellen Eigenschaften des EEAA. Erstens, wie schon von den Dialektologen festgestellt, wurden bestimmte Eigenschaften des EEAA, wie die negierte Ko-pula/das negierte Perfekt ain't, das unveränderliche dont, die negative Kon-gruenz, usw, direkt und ohne wesentliche Veränderungen aus den Siedlerdia-lekten übernommen. Das gleiche gilt auch für bestimmte phonologische Eigenschaften, wie der Gebrauch von /ng/ anstelle von /n/ in Partizipien und Gerun-dien wie walking, usw. Zweitens scheinen einige Eigenschaften des EEAA das Resultat eines unvollständigen Erwerbs der Siedlerdialekte zu sein, was zur Vereinfachung oder zum vollstandigen Verlust bestimmter morphologischer Eigenschaften geführt hat, wie zum Beispiel die Veränderungen innerhalb des Kopular- und Auxiliarsystems und in der Verbal- und Nominalflektion. Diese Art Vereinfachung tritt häufig beim ungelenkten Zweitspracherwerb auf, sowie bei der Kreolgenese, was erklärt, warum solche Eigenschaften fälschlich als typisch für Kreole angesehen werden. Drittens gibt es eindeutige Hinweise, daB einige für das EEAA charakteristische Eigenschaften das Ergebnis von Substrattransfer (oder Erhalt) sind. So zum Beispiel das negative Präteritum ain't, das entfernte Perfekt been und das habituelle be. Phonologische Eigenschaften wie der Gebrauch von /d/ anstelle von /ð/ scheinen ebenso von einem Kreol bzw. einem afrikanischm Substrat beeinfluBt. In bestimmten Fallen (so zum Beispiel die variable Abwesenheit der Kopula) scheint es, daB sich die Ergebnisse von Vereinfachung und Transfer aus dem Substrat wechselseitig bestarkt haben. Zusammenfassend läßt sich also feststellen, daB das EEAA nicht von einem Kreol abstammt, sondern von Afrikanern erschaffen worden ist und deutliche Merkmale dieses Kreationsprozesses aufweist.
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Holsoe, Svend E. "Mellem Afrikaner og kreol: ethnisk identitet og social navigation i Dansk Vestindien." Journal of Moravian History 11, no. 1 (2011): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41345596.
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Kunel’skaya, V. Ya, N. L. Kunel’skaya, E. A. Kirasirova, S. G. Romanenko, G. B. Shadrin, D. I. Krasnikova, E. V. Lesogorova, and V. S. Yakovlev. "Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of fungal laryngitis." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 18, no. 1 (2019): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2019-1-70-75.
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The article describes the present-day approaches to the diagnostics and treatment of fungal infections of the larynx. The proportion of laryngomycosis in chronic inflammatory pathology is up to 24%, the main causative agents of laryngomycosis are yeast-like Candida fungi (up to 98%). The specific feature of treatment of patients with laryngomycosis is the combination of antimycotic therapy with complex laryngitis therapy. The optimal fungal laryngitis treatment method is the combined treatment with both systemic and topical antimycotics for 3 weeks using itraconazole (100–200 mg/day) or fluconazole (50–150 mg/day) and inhalations of 0.01% benzyldimethyl-myristoilamine-propylammonium solution or inhalations of amphotericin B. In case of combination of mycosis of larynx and pharynx, the treatment must be supplemented with topical pharyngomycosis therapy. The best results in the treatment of patients with fungal laryngitis are provided by combined antifungal therapy for 3 weeks in combination with endolaryngeal PhDT using 0.01% amethylene blue aqueous solution as a photosensitizer, and 0.3–0.5W laser radiation for 90–120 s under the control of indirect light guide microlaryngoscopy with diffusing tip using the apparatus Kreolka. Such combination of pharmacological and physical treatment methods has provided good results even in the patients in which the previous courses of antifungal therapy were ineffective.
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Seon Park, Jong, Seung Hae Kim, Min Ki Noh, and Bu Seung Cho. "Science DMZ network architecture deployment and performance evaluation to large scaled data transfer efficiency." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.3 (June 8, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.33.13884.
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Background/Objectives: Recently, it has been great issue to transfer large-scale science dada such as scientific field of high energy physic, astronomical space, super-computing simulation. To solve the transfer issue and to increase transfer efficiency, it needs a multi-dimensional approaches.Methods/Statistical analysis: To improve the transfer performance, approaches from the perspective of components such as network equipment, transmission protocol, and transmission application have been suggested. Effort to TCP congestion control algorithm and parallelism of data transfer channel are representative example to improve performance. However, the solution through the each component has a limitation in maximizing the transmission efficiency.Findings: Science DMZ is a new network architecture that can maximize transfer performance. It maximizes transfer efficiency through approach to all components, such as network equipment, dedicated network path, transfer applications, and local institute firewall policies. With these complicated components, science DMZ network architecture can greatly improve the transfer efficiency. In this paper, we design and construct a science DMZ network architecture between two organizations that utilize supercomputing resources based on KREONET and evaluate the performance.Improvements/Applications: After configuring the experiment environment, we measured network performance through iperf and file transfer performance test through SCP. Experiment result showed around 388% Improvement than that of existing method.
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Cognolato, Monica. "Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America by Gwenn A. Miller." Ab Imperio 2013, no. 2 (2013): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/imp.2013.0059.
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Auleear Owodally, Ambarin Mooznah, and Sanju Unjore. "Kreol at school: a case study of Mauritian Muslims' language and literacy ideologies." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 34, no. 3 (May 2013): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2013.763813.
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Silska, Grażyna, and Jan Bocianowski. "Characterisation and evaluation of morphological trials, biological features and seed yield of 23 flax accessions (Linum usitatissimum L.) of different geographical origins." Herba Polonica 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2018-0019.
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Summary Introduction: The Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants (INF&MP) is involved in the protection of the genetic resources of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). In 1998–2000, the INF&MP conducted research titled “Collection and evaluation of flax and hemp cultivars and ecotypes”. Poland participates in the programme, financed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development because our country has signed the Convention on Biological Diversity. Objective: The objective of the research was the evaluation of the genetic resources of 23 accessions of flax. The characteristics data for flax accessions are presented according to traditional methodology and according to the methodology for developing the International Flax Data Base. Methods: Field trials were carried out in 1998–2000 in the experimental station in Wojciechów, located in the Opolskie region. The objective was to evaluate the morphological traits, biological features and seed yield of 23 accessions of flax. The research included the following genotypes of Linum usitatissimum L. according to type of use: 12 linseed varieties, three landraces, one accession of unknown type of use, six fibre varieties and one genotype of both types of use. Results: The total plant length of Linum was short for 12 accessions of flax, medium short (7) and medium (4). The technical length was short (17 accessions), medium short (3) and medium (3). The stem thickness for all accessions was medium, i.e. between 1.2 and 2.0 mm. The panicle length was short (12 accessions), medium (10) and long (1). A number of primary lateral branches of the stems of all flax accessions was medium (4–8 branches). The 1000 seed weight was low for 21 accessions of flax and very low in two genotypes: Currong and UKR 97 104. The size of the corolla (flower) was small (9), medium (12) and large (2) – varieties: Martin and Maxigold. The petal colour of the corolla was blue (11), light blue (8) and white (4) – Crystal, Hella, Kreola, Achay. Conclusions: Morphological characterisation of the stamen showed that accession K-1390 was segregating because the anther colour was bluish and greish. The highest resistance to lodging was observed for Abby, Peak and Olinette. The following accessions of flax were very resistant to Fusarium: Martin, UKR 97269, Kijewskij and Ukraińskij 3; resistant to Fusarium: Abby, Peak, Olinette, Crystal, Gold Merchant, Currong and Ukraińskij 2. The following varieties were very susceptible to Fusarium: Hella, Kreola, Maxigold and Achay. These varieties should not be used for cross breeding. The best average seed yield in 1998–2000 in Wojciechów was found in the following accessions of flax: Abby (191%), Gold Merchant (162%), Currong (161%), Olinette (151%), PEAK (148%), UKR 97269 (148%), Crystal (138%), Ukraiński 3 (132%), Martin (130%), Pacific (110%) and Ukraiński 2 (103%). These varieties are particularly valuable for flax breeders.
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Rosenthal, Cindy. "Antigone's Example: A View of the Living Theatre's Production, Process, and Praxis." Theatre Survey 41, no. 1 (May 2000): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400004397.
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The Living Theatre is a metaphor for the sixties, its very name conjuring up the undulating movement, the pulsing flow, the argumentative spirit that characterized that time.At the center of the Living Theatre's production of Sophocles' Antigone, translator and director Judith Malina presented the verbal battle between the State/Authority/Patriarchal-figure, kreon (played by Living Theatre co-director Julian Beck), and the Individual/Disenfranchised/Woman, Antigone, (played by Malina herself). At performances of Antigone presented throughout Europe during the dynamic years of 1967 and 1968, spectators were meant to see with new eyes the incendiary struggles taking place outside the theatre. Following Antigone's example, they were meant to take on—individually—the political responsibility and the challenge, and to take part in revolutionary actions. Foregrounded onstage was the battle of the sexes, the battle of the generations, the fire in the belly of the cultural/sexual/political Zeitgeist.
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Cahill, Griffin. "Nation-building and state support for creole languages." Working papers in Applied Linguistics and Linguistics at York 2 (November 1, 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2564-2855.16.
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Only two French-lexified creole languages possess de jure official status: Haitian (kreyòl aysisyen) in Haiti, and Seychellois (kreol Seselwa) in the Seychelles. This paper situates the past and contemporary sociolinguistics of Haitian and Seychellois in their respective homelands. The histories and politics of the two states are examined from their times as European colonies to their present-day as independent states. This will be followed by comparing the current state of the languages through three lenses: education, government, and popular discourse. The status of the creoles in each of those roles is discussed in relation to the other official languages of the states (French in both, along with English in the Seychelles.) The relationship between the creole languages and French is highlighted. I conclude with a discussion on the power of governmental support for creole languages generally, and potential lessons to be learned from the Haitian and Seychellois cases.
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Cichy, W., J. Socha, M. Teisseyre, R. U. Folsch, A. Schafmayer, and W. Creutzfeldt. "PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF CCK AND NT IN PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS BEFORE AND AFTER KREON." Pediatric Research 26, no. 3 (September 1989): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198909000-00083.
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Ekiye, Ekiyokere. "Suggesting Creoles as the Media of Instruction in Formal Education." East African Journal of Education Studies 2, no. 1 (June 14, 2020): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.2.1.167.
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Creole and Pidgin languages are spoken by not less than 50 million people around the globe, but literacy is usually acquired in other languages, especially those languages introduced by the former colonial powers. This paper suggests that Pidgin and Creole languages should be elaborated for use as the media of instruction in formal education, particularly in contexts where up to 85 per cent of the population speak them. Pidgins and creoles researchers have labelled pidgin and creole languages as “developing” and they highlight their capacity to perform the same functions as their developed European lexifiers, English and French. The central argument is that pidgin and creole languages have the potential to express complex realities and function officially in formal education despite the negative attitudes towards them by their speakers. The attitudes towards pidgin and creole languages in education, the part of political and linguistic entities in adopting Nigerian Pidgin and Mauritian Kreol as the medium of teaching literacy in their respective countries are the central issues of focus.
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Collins, Cary C. "Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America, by Gwenn A. Miller.Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America, by Gwenn A. Miller. Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 2010. xvii, 248 pp. $55.00 US (cloth)." Canadian Journal of History 47, no. 2 (September 2012): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.47.2.486.
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Auleear Owodally, Ambarin Mooznah. "Language, education and identities in plural Mauritius: a study of the Kreol, Hindi and Urdu Standard 1 textbooks." Language and Education 28, no. 4 (December 11, 2013): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2013.857349.
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Fischer, Magnus. "Kreol servi deor ?1 Vers une description synchronique et idéolinguistique du créole mauricien parlé en situation diasporique au Canada2." Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies, no. 86-1 (June 30, 2019): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/eccs.1760.
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Lipski, John M. "On the Reduction of /S/ in Philippine Creole Spanish." Diachronica 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.3.1.04lip.
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SUMMARY Philippine Creole Spanish ('Chabacano') continues to be spoken in several areas of the Philippines and offers a useful perspective on the development of Spanish during the 17th and 18th centuries. The present study traces the development of syllable-final /s/ in Chabacano, using a variational model. A comparative investigation of the principal Chabacano dialects, those of Manila Bay (the original forms) and the dialect of Zamboanga (a later transplantation, partially decreolized) reveals the continued existence of a process of reduction of implosive /s/. By including additional data on the behavior of /s/ in comptemp-orary dialects of Spain, Mexico, and Latin America, it is possible to arrive at the conclusion that Philippine Creole Spanish is a legitimate tool in historical Hispanic dialectology, and that the reduction of /s/ most probably was well under way at least by the middle of the 17th century, in the Spanish dialects brought to the Philippines via Mexico. RÉSUMÉ Le creole espagnol des Philippines (le 'Chabacano') est encore parlé dans certaines régions de ce pays; il offre une perspective utile sur le développement de l'espagnol pendant les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Le présent travail retrace le développement du /s/ dans la position finale d'une syllabe en Chabacano en se servant d'un modèle 'variation-nel'. Une étude comparative des dialectes principaux du Chabacano, à savoir ceux de la Baie Manila (les formes originales) et celui de Zamboanga (une transplantation ultérieure, partiellement décréolosée), laisse voir l'existence continue d'un procès de réduction de l'implo-ive /s/. En incluant des données additionnelles sur le comportement du /s/ dans les dialectes contemporains de l'Espagne, du Mexique et de l'Amérique latine, il est possible d'arriver à la conclusion que le creole historique hispanique et que la réduction du /s/ fut probablement en cours au moins vers le milieu du XVIIe siècle dans les dialectes espagnols apportés aux Philippines via le Mexique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das spanische Kreol der Philippinen (das sog. 'Chabacano') wird noch heute in verschiedenen Gegenden des Landes gesprochen; es bietet uns eine nützliche Perspektive zur Entwicklung des Spanischen wahrend des 17. und des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die vorliegende Arbeit, auf einem Variationsmodell aufbauend, untersucht die Entwicklung des /s/ in Endsylbenstellung. Eine vergleichende Studie der hauptsachlichen Chabaca-no-Dialekte, vor allem der Bucht von Manila (die die Originalformen vorweisen) und die von Zamboanga (die eine spatere Verpflanzung, die darüberhinaus teilweise entkreolisiert worden sind, darstellen), zeigen das kontinuierliche Vorhandensein eines Reduktionsprozesses des implosiven /s/. Durch Hinzunahme weiterer Daten bezüglich des Verhal tens des /s/ in Dialekten der Gegenwart in Spanien, Mexiko und Lateinameri-ka ist es möglich zum Schluß zu kommen, daß das spanische Kreol der Philippinen ein legitimes Werkzeug der historischen Dialektologie des Hispanischen ist,und ebenfalls, daß die Reduktion des /s/ höchstwahr-scheinlich spatestens in der Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts schon im Gange war, als die spanischen Dialekte iiber Mexiko nach den Philippinen transportiert wurden.
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Sychyova, I. V., S. M. Sychyov, N. S. Shpilev, and S. N. Potsepai. "Features of growing red beet and carrot in the conditions of the south-western part of the Central region of the Russian Federation." Agrarian science, no. 9 (November 14, 2022): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-362-9-161-166.
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Relevance and methodology. The article presents the results of the study of economically valuable signs of red beet and carrot when grown in the conditions of the south-western part of the Central region of the Russian Federation. The aim of scientific researches was to conduct phytosanitary monitoring of crops, study the species composition of harmful organisms and the relative resistance of varieties and hybrids of vegetable root crops to harmful organisms in the Bryansk region. The estimation on level of ecotoxicant accumulation during cultivation was carried out. The researches were carried out in 2018–2020 in the stationary field of the Bryansk State Agrarian University.Results. As a result of the researches, the species composition of harmful organisms on the variety samples of red beet and garden carrot was established. In the conditions of the Bryansk region, according to the signs of "root crop mass" and "commercial yield" on average over the years of research varieties and hybrids of garden carrots Mars F1, Kupar F1, Nadezhda F1, Shantene korolevskaya, Nante, Minor were identified. Insignificant population of willow-carrot aphid — Cavariella aegopodii (Skop.) —was established on plants of varieties Nante, Nantskaya 4, Marlinka, Minor and hybrid Nadezhda F1. The Nante variety with a high content of carotene (185.1 mg/kg), dry matter (13.3%), low accumulation of nitrates (11.0 mg/kg) and relative resistance to pests was selected according to the results of biochemical analysis. The development of red beet cercosporosis (R) was found to be at a level of 1.6 to 11.3%, while the prevalence of the disease ranged from 22.7 to 76.9%. The variety samples Mulatka, Lyubava and Nezhnost(R 2–2.4%) were slightly affected. A high degree of the disease prevalence was noted in the varieties Nesravnennaya, Gospadynya, Bordo 237. The samples Mulatka, Kreolka, Gospadynya, Lyubava, Nesravnennaya were selected according to the mass of the root crop and resistance to harmful organisms.
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Schweda Nicholson, Nancy. "The Provision of Interpretation Services for Lesser-Used Languages in the United States Courts." Language Problems and Language Planning 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.16.1.03sch.
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RÉSUMÉ Les services d'interprétation pour les langues "moins employées" dans les Tribunaux Fédéraux des Etats-Unis: Une perspecive de planification des langues Bien que l'on puisse observer un progrès considérable des services d'interprétation en espagnol/anglais au niveau des Tribunaux Fédéraux depuis une dizaine d'années, il reste nécessaire de s'addresser à la demande d'interprètes compétents pour les langues "moins employées". Le Bureau Administratif des Tribunaux des Etats-Unis d'Amérique est responsable pour le développement et la mise en oeuvre d'un examen de certification en espagnol/anglais et, plus récemment, les examens de certification en créole haïtien/anglais et en navajo/anglais. Sachant que plus de 50 langues sont employées chaque année dans les Tribunaux Fédéraux, cet effort récent de trouver des interprètes qualifiés dans deux autres langues aborde tout juste ce problème. D'un autre côté, le Bureau Administratif est sur la bonne voie, ayant soigneusement planifié le développement, à long terme, d'examens de certification dans plusieurs langues "moins employées" durant les années à venir. RESUMO Interpretadaj servoj por malpli uzataj lingvoj en la usonaj kortumoj: lingvoplanada perspektivo Kvankam oni multe progresis en la pasinta jardeko pri liverado de hispanaj/anglaj interpretadaj servoj je la nivelo de la Federaciaj Kortumoj, oni ankoraŭ ne larĝe frontis la bezonon de interpretistoj por la malpli uzataj lingvoj. La Administra Fako de la Usonaj Kortumoj (AOUSC), kiu respondecas pri evoluigo kaj realigo de la hispana/angla Atesta Ekzameno, lastatempe enplektigis en starigon de atestoekzamenoj pri la haitia kreola kaj la navaha lingvoj. Konsidere ke pli ol kvindek lingvoj estas uzataj ĉiujare en la Federaciaj Kortumoj, la klopodo rajtigi interpretistojn en du pliaj lingvoj apenaŭ tu§as la surfacon de la problemo. Aliflanke, AOUSC iras laŭ la gusta direkto, ĉar ĝi zorge elformulis perspektivajn planojn por starigi atestoekzamenojn por pliaj malpli uzataj lingvoj en tuj venontaj jaroj.
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Vinkovetsky, Ilya. "Gwenn A. Miller . Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America . Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 2010. Pp. xxi, 216. $55.00." American Historical Review 116, no. 3 (June 2011): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.3.794.
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Cera, Agostino. "Pandemic Capital or “The New Gravity”." Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 77, no. 2-3 (September 23, 2021): 579–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rpf/2021_77_2_0579.
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This paper aims to highlight a latent evidence emerging from the pandemic phenomenon: Pandemic Capital. By this formula I mean a process of naturalization in regards to the equivalence between the right of a commercial enterprise to profit from its activity and the right of people to protect their own health, or, better, the right to maximize profit as new aspirant fundamental right. This naturalization becomes particularly clear in relation to the question of vaccine patents. The distinction between just (legitimate) profit and maximum profit equates to an updated version of the classic dilemma between nomos (law) and dike (justice), which in Sophocle’s Antigone takes the form of a clash between Kreon and Antigone. Faced with the risk of a legal nihilism, we need to (re)establish a hierarchy of rights that is up to par with our times, namely we must re-contractualize the social contract. To overcome the challenges of a globalized world/pandemic society, we need the neo-contractualism of a social contract that includes a “natural contract” as well. The latter is strictly related to the question of an Open Access Knowledge as new common good. Knowledge also means power, and as such demands responsibility, particularly from scientists and intellectuals. The idea of a human responsibility – or better, “fraternal responsibility” – could therefore represent the basis for a new alliance between nomos and dike for the sake of the polis.
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Sortkær, Allan. "Louise Sebro, Mellem afrikaner og kreol: etnisk identitet og social navigation i Dansk Vestindien 1730– 1770 (Lund: Historiska Institutionen, 2010). 234 s." Sjuttonhundratal 8 (October 1, 2011): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/4.2493.
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Gavrilina, N. S., L. Yu Ilchenko, G. A. Sedova, I. G. Fedorov, and I. G. Nikitin. "СORRECTION OF MALNUTRITION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS." Russian Archives of Internal Medicine 9, no. 1 (February 13, 2019): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20514/2226-6704-2019-9-1-70-80.
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Aim:To estimate the frequency of occurrence malnutrition and efficacy its correction in chronic pancreatitis (CP).Materials and methods:148 patients were examined. Group I included 71 people with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis (CAP); group II — 77 patients with chronic obstructive pancreatitis (COP). Trophological status (TS) was investigated by criteria of V.M. Luft. Lymphocytes, pancreatic amylase, lipase, total protein, albumin, urine diastase and faecal elastase-1 were investigated before and after treatment. Two treatment options were used: combination therapy (CT, (Mezym-forte 10500 USP/day and pharmaconutrient Ensure 2 200 ml/day)) and high-dose pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy ((HD PERT), Kreon 120000 USP/day) for 10 weeks. 62 patients received HD PERT: 24 patients with CAP and 38 patients with COP; CT — 86 patients: 47 and 39, respectively.Results:The prevalence of malnutrition in patients with CP was 92% (n=136). Lymphopenia was determined in 44%, hypoproteinemia-in 11,5%, hypoalbuminemia-in 54%. 12 (8%) patients did not have malnutrition. In the group CAP: mild malnutrion was established in44, moderate — in 20, severe — 2, eutrophia — 6; in the group COP: mild malnutrion — in 33, moderate — in 37, severe — 0, eutrophia — 6. Aftertreatment in the group CAP: malnutrion moderate — in 7, mild — 58, eutrophia — 7, in the COP: malnutrion moderate — 37, mind — 31, eutrophy — 8.Conclusions:Malnutrition is frequent symptom complex in patients with CP. The severity of malnutrition is more severy in CAP. The most effective treatment malnutrition was CT in patients with CAP. HD PERT is indicated to correct exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.