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Journal articles on the topic 'Kriol language'
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1
Meakins, Felicity. "Which Mix — code-switching or a mixed language? — Gurindji Kriol." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 105–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.27.1.03mea.
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Gurindji Kriol is a contact variety spoken in northern Australia which has been identified as a mixed language. Yet its status as an autonomous language system must be questioned for three reasons — (i) it continues to be spoken alongside its source languages, Gurindji and Kriol, (ii) it has a close diachronic and synchronic relationship to code-switching between Gurindji and Kriol, and (iii) its structure bears a strong resemblance to patterns found in this code-switching. Nonetheless in this paper I present criteria which support the claim of ‘language-hood’ for Gurindji Kriol. I demonstrate that Gurindji Kriol (i) is a stable language variety (it has child language learners and a high degree of inter-speaker consistency), (ii) has developed independent forms and structural subsystems which have not been adopted back into the source languages, and (iii) contains structural features from both languages which is rare in other language contact varieties including Kriol/Gurindji code-switching. I also present a number of structural indicators which can be used to distinguish Gurindji Kriol mixed language clauses from code-switched clauses.
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Ravindranath Abtahian, Maya. "Language shift, endangerment and prestige." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 32, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 339–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.32.2.05rav.
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This paper examines a scenario of possible language shift in the multilingual village of Hopkins, where the two most commonly used languages are both ‘minority’ languages: Garifuna, now endangered in many of the communities where it was once spoken, and Belizean Creole (Kriol), an unofficial national lingua franca in Belize. It offers a qualitative examination of beliefs about the three primary languages spoken in the community (Garifuna, Kriol, and English) with data gathered from sociolinguistic interviews and surveys in four rural Garifuna communities in Belize. It situates these findings on the social evaluation of Garifuna and Kriol socio-historically by examining them alongside the recent history of language planning for Garifuna and Kriol in Belize.
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Ponsonnet, Maïa. "Lexical semantics in language shift." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 33, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 92–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00003.pon.
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Abstract This article analyzes some of the lexical semantic features of Barunga Kriol, an Australian creole language (Northern Territory, Australia), in comparison with Dalabon, one of the Australian Aboriginal languages replaced by Barunga Kriol. Focusing on the semantic domain of emotions, this study offers insights into how creole languages select and organize semantic meanings, and to what extent this results in lexical loss or retention. I spell out the exact nature of the lexical resemblances between the two languages, and highlight major differences as well. The conclusions of the study are two-fold. Firstly, I show that the Barunga Kriol emotion lexicon shares a great many properties with the Dalabon emotion lexicon. As a result, speakers in Barunga Kriol and Dalabon respectively are often able to package meaning in very similar ways: the two languages offer comparable means of describing events in the world. From that point of view, language shift can be considered to have a lesser impact. Secondly, I show that the lexical resemblances between Barunga Kriol and Dalabon are not limited to simple cases where the lexemes in each language share the same forms and/or meanings. Instead, lexical resemblances relate to a number of other properties in semantics and combinatorics, and I devise a preliminary typology of these lexical resemblances. Beyond the comparison between Barunga Kriol and Dalabon, this typology may tentatively serve as a grid to evaluate lexical resemblances between languages more generally.
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Stewart, Jesse, Felicity Meakins, Cassandra Algy, and Angelina Joshua. "The Development of Phonological Stratification: Evidence from Stop Voicing Perception in Gurindji Kriol and Roper Kriol." Journal of Language Contact 11, no. 1 (January 18, 2018): 71–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01101003.
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This study tests the effect of multilingualism and language contact on consonant perception. Here, we explore the emergence of phonological stratification using two alternative forced-choice (2afc) identification task experiments to test listener perception of stop voicing with contrasting minimal pairs modified along a 10-step continuum. We examine a unique language ecology consisting of three languages spoken in Northern Territory, Australia: Roper Kriol (an English-lexifier creole language), Gurindji (Pama-Nyungan), and Gurindji Kriol (a mixed language derived from Gurindji and Kriol). In addition, this study focuses on three distinct age groups: children (group i, 8>), preteens to middle-aged adults (groupii, 10–58), and older adults (groupiii, 65+). Results reveal that both Kriol and Gurindji Kriol listeners in groupiicontrast the labial series [p] and [b]. Contrarily, while alveolar [t] and velar [k] were consistently identifiable by the majority of participants (74%), their voiced counterparts ([d] and [g]) showed random response patterns by 61% of the participants. Responses to the voiced stimuli from the preteen-adult Kriol group were, however, significantly more consistent than in the Gurindji Kriol group, suggesting Kriol listeners may be further along in acquiring the voicing contrast. Significant results regarding listener exposure to Standard English in both language groups also suggests constant exposure to English maybe a catalyst for setting this change in motion. The more varied responses from the Gurindji, Kriol, and Gurindji Kriol listeners in groupsiiandiii, who have little exposure to English, help support these findings.
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Meakins, Felicity, and Carmel O’Shannessy. "Typological constraints on verb integration in two Australian mixed languages,." Journal of Language Contact 5, no. 2 (2012): 216–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-006001001.
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Abstract Gurindji Kriol and Light Warlpiri are two mixed languages spoken in northern Australia by Gurindji and Warlpiri people, respectively. Both languages are the outcome of the fusion of a contact variety of English (Kriol/Aboriginal English) with a traditional Australian Aboriginal language (Gurindji or Warlpiri). The end result is two languages which show remarkable structural similarity. In both mixed languages, pronouns, TMA auxiliaries and word order are derived from Kriol/Aboriginal English, and case-marking and other nominal morphology come from Gurindji or Warlpiri. These structural similarities are not surprising given that the mixed languages are derived from typologically similar languages, Gurindji and Warlpiri (Ngumpin-Yapa, Pama-Nyungan), and share the Kriol/Aboriginal English component. Nonetheless, one of the more striking differences between the languages is the source of verbs. One third of the verbs in Gurindji Kriol is derived from Gurindji, whereas only seven verbs in Light Warlpiri are of Warlpiri origin. Additionally verbs of Gurindji origin in Gurindji Kriol are derived from coverbs, whereas the Warlpiri verbs in Light Warlpiri come from inflecting verbs. In this paper we claim that this difference is due to differences in the complex verb structure of Gurindji and Warlpiri, and the manner in which these complex verbs have interacted with the verb structure of Kriol/English in the formation of the mixed languages.
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Salmon, William, and Jennifer Gómez Menjivar. "Language variation and dimensions of prestige in Belizean Kriol." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 316–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.2.04sal.
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This paper provides a preliminary report on attitudes toward varieties of Belizean Kriol in coastal Belize. We used a verbal-guise test with 141 participants, collecting both quantitative and qualitative data in Belize City and Punta Gorda, and we found that the variety of Kriol spoken in Belize City is rated more highly in general along several dimensions than the variety spoken in Punta Gorda. We also found that BC Kriol was rated more highly by male participants from both test sites. This paper is the first installment of an ongoing project, which investigates the linguistic prestige system(s) in place with respect to Kriol by region and among individual ethnic groups in Belize.
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O'SHANNESSY, CARMEL, and FELICITY MEAKINS. "Comprehension of competing argument marking systems in two Australian mixed languages." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 2 (November 3, 2011): 378–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000307.
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Crosslinguistic influence has been seen in bilingual adult and child learners when compared to monolingual learners. For speakers of Light Warlpiri and Gurindji Kriol there is no monolingual group for comparison, yet crosslinguistic influence can be seen in how the speakers resolve competition between case-marking and word order systems in each language. Light Warlpiri and Gurindji Kriol are two new Australian mixed languages, spoken in similar, yet slightly different, sociolinguistic contexts, and with similar, yet slightly different, argument marking systems. The different sociolinguistic situations and systems of argument marking lead to a difference in how speakers of each language interpret simple transitive sentences in a comprehension task. Light Warlpiri speakers rely on ergative case-marking as an indicator of agents more often than Gurindji Kriol speakers do. Conversely, Gurindji Kriol speakers rely on word order more often than Light Warlpiri speakers do.
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O’Shannessy, Carmel, Amelia Carter, and Siva Kalyan. "Transitivity Marking in Light Warlpiri, an Australian Mixed Language." Languages 7, no. 3 (September 9, 2022): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7030235.
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Light Warlpiri is a newly emerged Australian mixed language that systematically combines nominal structure from Warlpiri (Australian, Pama-Nyungan) with verbal structure from Kriol (an English-lexified Creole) and English, with additional innovations in the verbal auxiliary system. Lexical items are drawn from both Warlpiri and the two English-lexified sources, Kriol and English. The Light Warlpiri verb system is interesting because of questions raised about how it combines elements of its sources. Most verb stems are derived from Kriol or English, but Warlpiri stems also occur, with reanalysis, and stems of either source host Kriol-derived transitive marking (e.g., hit-im ‘hit-TR’). Transitive marking is productive but also variable. In this paper, we examine transitivity and its marking on Light Warlpiri verbs, drawing on narrative data from an extensive corpus of adult speech. The study finds that transitive marking on verbs in Light Warlpiri is conditioned by six of Hopper and Thompson’s semantic components of transitivity, as well as a morphosyntactic constraint.
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van den Bos, Jackie, Felicity Meakins, and Cassandra Algy. "Searching for “Agent Zero”." Language Ecology 1, no. 1 (June 29, 2017): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/le.1.1.02van.
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Abstract Gurindji Kriol, a mixed language spoken in northern Australia, combines a Kriol VP with a Gurindji NP, including case suffixes (Meakins 2011a). The Gurindji-derived case suffixes have undergone a number of changes in Gurindji Kriol, for example the ergative suffix -ngku/-tu now marks nominative case (Meakins 2011b, 2015). This study explores a new innovation in case morphology among Gurindji Kriol-speaking children: the use of -ngku/-tu to mark possessors as well as subjects, i.e. the emergence of a relative case system. Although rare in Australian languages, syncretism between agents and possessors is not uncommon cross-linguistically, reported in Caucasian Eskimo-Aleut, Mixe-Zoquean and Yucatecan-Mayan languages (Allen 1964; Blake 1994; Palancar 2002). In the case of Gurindji Kriol, the relative case system found its origins in allomorphic reduction which led to syncretism between ergative and dative case forms. This syncretism was shaped by the syntactic grouping of subjects and possessors as dependents of verbs and possessums, respectively. Although partial syncretism between ergative and dative case is not unusual in Australian languages historically, it has gone to completion in Gurindji Kriol and can be observed in two other instances of rapid linguistic change in Australia: Ngiyambaa (Donaldson 1980) and Dyirbal (Schmidt 1985). The re-organisation of the case system can be traced back to a small group of second-generation Gurindji Kriol speakers at Nitjpurru (Pigeon Hole) and this change has since been transmitted laterally through familial connections to other children at Daguragu. There are also indications that it has begun propagating to other children at Kalkaringi and is now being acquired by the next generation of Gurindji Kriol speakers.
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Kihm, Alain. "Nasality in Kriol." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.1.1.06kih.
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Quinn Narcisso, Hermin, and Saida Sandino. "Actitudes de los creoles de Bluefields hacia la implementación de su lengua materna kriol en Educación Primaria EIB." Ciencia e Interculturalidad 13, no. 2 (December 18, 2013): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rci.v13i2.1277.
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Este estudio se realizó entre miembros de la comunidad creole de Bluefields para conocer sus actitudes sobre el uso del kriol en el Programa Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (EIB). Se ha aportado información sobre la importancia del uso de la lengua materna kriol como lengua de instrucción y educación para la formación de la identidad étnica, lingüística y cultural de los niños y niñas creoles de la Costa Caribe nicaragüense. Los resultados han revelado la existencia de factores históricos, económicos y sociales que han incidido en la actitud de los creoles hablantes en la implementación de su lengua materna en las aulas de clase. Dichas actitudes son resultado en gran medida a la discriminación que ha sufrido la población creole por el origen de su lengua materna, la falta de oportunidades de empleo y de acceso a la educación para el estudio de su lengua y cultura.Así mismo, en su mayoría, los kriol-hablantes mantienen actitudes positivas hacia la implementación de su lengua materna en las aulas de clase argumentando que, con su uso, los estudiantes aprenden a expresarse con mayor seguridad, logran mejores resultados académicos y fortalecen su autoestima. Paralelamente, el grupo de estudio indicó que aspiran a que sus hijos e hijas aprendan, además del kriol, el idioma Inglés en vista de que el aprendizaje de este idioma les brindará en el futuro mejores oportunidades laborales.Summary This study was conducted among members of the Creole community of Bluefields in order to know their attitudes related to the use of Kriol language in the Intercultural Bilingual Education Program (EIB in Spanish). The research has provided information on the importance of using the Kriol mother tongue as language of instruction and education in the training of ethnic, linguistic and cultural identity of Creole children of the Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast.The results have shown the existence of historical, economic and social factors that have influenced the attitude of Kriol-speaking in the implementation of their mother tongue in the classrooms. Such attitudes are basically a result of the discrimination the Creole people have faced through their mother tongue, the lack of employment opportunities and access to education to study their language and culture.Also, in most cases, the Kriol-speaking maintain positive attitudes towards the implementation of their mother tongue in the classrooms, arguing that by its use, students learn to express themselves with more confidence; they achieve better academic results and strengthen their self-esteem. Parallel to this, the group stated that beside the Kriol, they wish their children could learn the English language, due to the fact that this language in the future would provide them better job opportunities.
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Harris, John. "North Australian kriol – historical perspectives and new directions." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.11.1.01har.
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Abstract The extensive massacre of Aboriginal people in the Roper River region of the Northern Territory resulted in drastic language disruption. The settling of remnants of many language groups at the Roper River mission led to the creation of Kriol. Now, after five generations, it is the primary language of many thousands of people. Bible translation and bilingual education programs have been highly significant in raising the status of Kriol. Its future seems assured, particularly as it increasingly becomes associated with Aboriginal identity and political aspirations.
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Vaughan, Jill. "Enduring and Contemporary Code-Switching Practices in Northern Australia." Languages 6, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020090.
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In Maningrida, northern Australia, code-switching is a commonplace phenomenon within a complex of both longstanding and more recent language practices characterised by high levels of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. Code-switching is observable between local Indigenous languages and is now also widespread between local languages and English and/or Kriol. In this paper, I consider whether general predictions about the nature and functioning of code-switching account for practices in the Maningrida context. I consider: (i) what patterns characterise longstanding code-switching practices between different Australian languages in the region, as opposed to code-switching between an Australian language and Kriol or English? (ii) how do the distinctions observable align with general predictions and constraints from dominant theoretical frameworks? Need we look beyond these factors to explain the patterns? Results indicate that general predictions, including the effects of typological congruence, account for many observable tendencies in the data. However, other factors, such as constraints exerted by local ideologies of multilingualism and linguistic purism, as well as shifting socio-interactional goals, may help account for certain distinct patterns in the Maningrida data.
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O’Shannessy, Carmel, and Connor Brown. "Reflexive and Reciprocal Encoding in the Australian Mixed Language, Light Warlpiri." Languages 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020105.
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Mixed languages combine significant amounts of grammatical and lexical material from more than one source language in systematic ways. The Australian mixed language, Light Warlpiri, combines nominal morphology from Warlpiri with verbal morphology from Kriol (an English-lexified Creole) and English, with innovations. The source languages of Light Warlpiri differ in how they encode reflexives and reciprocals—Warlpiri uses an auxiliary clitic for both reflexive and reciprocal expression, while English and Kriol both use pronominal forms, and largely have separate forms for reflexives and reciprocals. English distinguishes person and number in reflexives, but not in reciprocals; the other source languages do not distinguish person or number. This study draws on naturalistic and elicited production data to examine how reflexive and reciprocal events are encoded in Light Warlpiri. The study finds that Light Warlpiri combines near-maximal distinctions from the source languages, but in a way that is not a mirror of any. It retains the person and number distinctions of English reflexives and extends them to reciprocals, using the same forms for reflexives and reciprocals (like Warlpiri). Reflexives and reciprocals occur within a verbal structure (perhaps under influence from Warlpiri). The results show that a mixed language can have discrete contributions from three languages, that the source languages can influence different subsystems to different extents, and that near-maximal distinctions from the source languages can be maintained.
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Dahmen, Josua. "Bilingual speech in Jaru–Kriol conversations: Codeswitching, codemixing, and grammatical fusion." International Journal of Bilingualism 26, no. 2 (December 8, 2021): 198–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13670069211036925.
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Aims and objectives: Language contact in the Yaruman community of Western Australia has led to prevalent bilingual practices between the endangered language Jaru and the creole language Kriol. This study examines ordinary conversations in the community and investigates whether the observable bilingual practices are interactionally relevant, and whether codemixing has led to the emergence of a conventionalised mixed language. Approach: The research is based on a qualitative analysis of bilingual speech in natural conversation. The approach combines the methodological framework of interactional linguistics with an analysis of the grammatical structures of conversational data. Data and analysis: The analysed data consist of two hours and thirty minutes of transcribed video recordings, comprising 13 casual multi-party conversations involving all generations in the Yaruman community. The recordings were made using lapel microphones and two high-definition cameras. Findings: Bilingual Jaru–Kriol speakers use codeswitching as an interactional resource for a range of conversational activities. In many cases, however, speakers’ code choices are not interactionally relevant. Instead, codemixing is often oriented to as a normative way of speaking and participants exploit their full linguistic repertoire by relatively freely combining elements from both languages. There are also signs of morphological fusion in the mixed speech of younger Jaru speakers, who more frequently combine Kriol verb structure and Jaru nominal morphology. However, this morphological split is not fully conventionalised and variation is still substantial. Originality: The bilingual speech continuum is supported by the analysis of conversational data in a situation of language shift. This article shows that fusion involving core grammatical categories can occur among a subgroup of speakers without developing into a community-wide mixed language. Significance: The study contributes to a better understanding of community bilingualism and bilingual practices in a situation of language shift. It demonstrates how codeswitching, codemixing, and grammatical fusion can co-exist in a bilingual community.
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McConvell, Patrick. "Mixed Languages as Outcomes of Code-Switching: Recent Examples from Australia and Their Implications." Journal of Language Contact 2, no. 1 (2008): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525327.
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AbstractThere has been much debate about whether mixed languages arise from code-switching. This paper presents one clear example of this kind of genesis, Gurindji Kriol, and other probable examples, from recent language contact in Australia between traditional Australian languages and English-based pidgins/creoles. In particular the paper focuses on what has been called the Verbal-Nominal split in the genesis of these languages, which is parallel to other cases elswhete in the world, such as Michif. Here the Verbal-Nominal split is reanalysed as a split between INFL (Tense-Aspect-Mood) dominated elements and the rest of the clause. There are two classes of such INFL mixed languages with contrasting characteristics: those in which the new language takes over the INFL elements and the nominal morphology is still drawn from the old language, like Gurindji Kriol; and those in which the verb and its morphology is retained from the old language but other elements are drawn from the new language. This is explained in terms of the 'arrested turnover' hypothesis of Myers-Scotton. The original 'centre of gravity' hypothesis of McConvell related the two kinds of mixed language outcomes to the grammatical type of the old language: whether it was 'dependent-marking' or 'headmarking'. In this paper this hypothesis is modified by seeing the important causal factor in the second type as incorporation of INFL and pronouns in the verb in head-marking and polysynthetic languages. Finally some other examples of mixed languages of the INFL-split type are mentioned, and a research program outlined aiming to detect where this kind of language-mixing forms part of the history of other languages by looking at the current pattern of composition of elements from different language sources.
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Salmon, William. "Language Ideology, Gender, and Varieties of Belizean Kriol." Journal of Black Studies 46, no. 6 (June 17, 2015): 605–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934715590407.
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Graber, Philip L. "Thematic Participants in a Kriol Story." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 2, no. 2 (January 1, 1987): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.2.2.05gra.
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Working on the assumption that meaningful choices made by a speaker are realized by linguistic devices in a text, this paper proceeds from an interpretation of a Kriol story to a partial explanation of that interpretation. The three parts of the article are divided as follows: part 1 outlines the contents of the story; part 2 examines the introduction of the main characters with the use of the near form of the demonstrative; part 3 looks at how the major participants are staged. The focus is on topicalization and on how the use of this and other devices contributes to the overall structure of the story.
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Baker, Brett, Rikke Bundgaard-Nielsen, and Simone Graetzer. "The Obstruent Inventory of Roper Kriol." Australian Journal of Linguistics 34, no. 3 (May 22, 2014): 307–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2014.898222.
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McConvell, Patrick, and Felicity Meakins. "Gurindji Kriol: A Mixed Language Emerges from Code-switching." Australian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 1 (April 2005): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268600500110456.
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Schneider, Britta, and Konstanze Jungbluth. "Beyond Boundaries: Using Liquid Languages - Interview with Britta Schneider about “Liquid Languages”." Gragoatá 26, no. 54 (February 19, 2021): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.v26i54.48791.
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Data from plurilingual Belize shows that not everyone recognizes stability as an essential feature of aspoken language. Belizeans consider the use of Kriol as a symbol of belonging but foreground its readiness for variation across communities in space and time. Their use of liquid languages is a different form of cultural construction than the one our textbooks show. It questions a good part of linguistics and reveals its possibly Eurocentric point of view.
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Ponsonnet, Maïa. "Expressive values of reduplication in Barunga Kriol (northern Australia)." Morphology and emotions across the world's languages 42, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 226–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.00009.pon.
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Abstract This article describes the semantic values of reduplication in Barunga Kriol – an English-based creole of northern Australia –, with a focus on its expressive functions. Barunga Kriol reduplication has two types of functions. Its most frequent meaning is aspectual atelicity. In addition, it has a number of expressive meanings and connotations: hypocoristic usages; descriptions of children’s games and imitations; and a softening role in imperatives and reprimands. Contrary to the aspectual value of reduplication which is iconically motivated, expressive values are motivated by the pragmatic association of reduplication with children. Expressive uses of reduplication in Borunge are rarer and less regular than the grammaticalized aspectual uses, which are very frequent. Aspectual reduplication is optional most of the time, so that explaining its actual distribution in discourse is a complicated matter. This article shows that this distribution can often be explained in the view of the expressive values of reduplication (some of them also conveyed by affixal evaluative morphology in the Australian languages that have been replaced by this creole). Thus, taking into account the expressive dimension of reduplication contributes significantly to the linguistic analysis of the grammaticalized aspectual function of reduplication.
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Wigglesworth, Gillian, and Rosey Billington. "Teaching creole-speaking children." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 36, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 234–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.36.3.01wig.
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There are now significant numbers of children who speak a language other than English when they enter the formal school system in Australia. Many of these children come from a language background that is entirely different from the school language. Many Indigenous children, however, come from creole-speaking backgrounds where their home language may share features with the school language whilst remaining substantially different in other ways. What often makes this situation more challenging is the tendency to view creole, rather than as a different language, as a kind of deficient version of the standard language. Children entering the school system with a creole thus often encounter considerable difficulties. In addition, teachers who are not trained in teaching creole-speaking children may not recognise these difficulties. This paper explores some of these issues in the Australian context with reference to home languages such as Kriol and Torres Strait Creole (TSC) as well as minority dialects such as Australian Aboriginal English (AAE), and discusses possible resolutions.
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Munro, Jennifer, and Ilana Mushin. "Rethinking Australian Aboriginal English-based speech varieties." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 82–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.1.04mun.
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The colonial history of Australia necessitated contact between nineteenth and twentieth century dialects of English and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island languages. This has resulted in the emergence of contact languages, some of which have been identified as creoles (e.g. Sandefur 1979, Shnukal 1983) while others have been hidden under the label of ‘Aboriginal English’, exacerbated by what Young (1997) described as a gap in our knowledge of historical analyses of individual speech varieties. In this paper we provide detailed sociohistorical data on the emergence of a contact language in Woorabinda, an ex-Government Reserve in Queensland. We propose that the data shows that the label ‘Aboriginal English’ previously applied (Alexander 1968) does not accurately identify the language. Here we compare the sociohistorical data for Woorabinda to similar data for both Kriol, a creole spoken in the Northern Territory of Australia and to Bajan, an ‘intermediate creole’ of Barbados, to argue that the language spoken in Woorabinda is most likely also an intermediate creole.
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Ponsonnet, Maïa. "“Brainwash from English”?: Barunga Kriol Speakers’ Views on Their Own Language." Anthropological Linguistics 52, no. 2 (2010): 160–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anl.2010.0010.
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Allen, Margaret. "Using Literature in an Oral English Program." Aboriginal Child at School 13, no. 1 (March 1985): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200013584.
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Part of my role as a member of a teaching team in the bilingual program at Barunga School (formerly Bamyili) has been to teach English in the early childhood section. These children come from homes where Kriol is the main language. In some cases a traditional Aboriginal language is used at times, mainly by older people.Children have a fair exposure to English via television and videos, and also from contact with people in Katherine. At this age, however, the children have limited competency in English.
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Harris, Stephen. "Parables in Language Maintenance." Aboriginal Child at School 18, no. 4 (September 1990): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1326011100600352.
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The maintenance, or in some cases revival, of Aboriginal languages has become an important issue to Aboriginal people, and should be an important issue in Aboriginal schools if local people show concern about it. There is good reason for this concern. Predictions vary among linguists about how vulnerable Aboriginal languages are. There are about fifty Aboriginal languages spoken today. One informed estimate is that by the year 2000 a dozen of these will still be naturally reproducing themselves, that is, still spoken spontaneously by young children. Another informed estimate is that by that time only about three languages will be vigorous and spoken by children. These three are the related Yolngu languages in North East Arnhem Land, the related Western Desert languages of which Pitjantjatjara is the best known, and Kriol which is a new Aboriginal language and the largest, and growing rapidly.Our assumption that there is a best way to go about language maintenance is not supported by a well established theory that can be applied in all contexts. Even though a good deal is known about language shift there is not agreement among linguists about what causes it in different situations. For example, it is assumed that isolation would help Aboriginal languages to stay strong, and that closeness to a large town would cause an Aboriginal language to weaken under pressure from English. But linguists have pointed out that some really isolated Aboriginal communities seem to be losing their language and that the language of some groups living near towns is staying stronger. It has also been assumed that if a community has one dominant Aboriginal language then it will remain stronger than those languages in a community where there are a number of different languages in use. Again linguists have observed that that is not always the case.
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Koch, Harold. "Language and communication in Aboriginal land claim hearings." Communication and Translation in Aboriginal Contexts 5 (January 1, 1990): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.5.01koc.
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This paper discusses aspects of the intercultural communication processes involved in the quasi-legal presentation of claims to traditional land by Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory before the Aboriginal Land Commissioner. The findings are documented by means of selected extracts from the transcripts of proceedings. Although the proceedings took place predominantly in English, there was some use of interpreters, liberal use of words from Aboriginal languages, and even considerable usage of nonverbal gestures. Most of the Aboriginal witnesses spoke some form of non-standard English influenced by Kriol and traditional Australian languages. The most salient features of their non-standard English are described here. Aboriginal witnesses accommodated their language toward Standard English. Some of their non-standard utterances were clarified by others for the record. The court also accommodated somewhat to Aboriginal styles and forms of speech. Nevertheless there were numerous instances of communication failure, which had various specific causes but were not aided by the culturally alien general legal procedure of question-and-answer elicitation of information.
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Salmon, William. "Irrealis and emphatic." English World-Wide 37, no. 3 (October 14, 2016): 323–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.37.3.04sal.
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This paper presents the first in-depth account of the bee copula form found in Belizean Kriol, which appears to be a copular development not found in other Caribbean English Creoles. Based on approximately 500 tokens of bee from Di Nyoo Testiment (2012), we argue that bee must appear in irrealis contexts. It is frequently used to mark a potential change of state, though this is not a conventional aspect of bee’s meaning. We also show that while bee seems to be emphatic, this aspect of bee’s meaning is best understood as derived via Gricean (1975) reasoning.
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Siegel, Jeff. "The role of substrate transfer in the development of grammatical morphology in language contact varieties." Word Structure 8, no. 2 (October 2015): 160–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2015.0080.
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This article shows how the psycholinguistic process of language transfer accounts for the many features of the grammatical morphology of language contact varieties that differ from those of their lexifiers. These include different grammatical categories, the use of contrasting morphological processes to express grammatical distinctions, lexifier grammatical morphemes with new functions, and new grammatical morphemes not found in the lexifier. After an introductory description of the general notion of language transfer, it presents five more specific types: transfer of morphological strategies, word order and grammatical categories, as well as direct morphological transfer and functional transfer. The article then gives some possible explanations for the distribution among different types of contact varieties of two kinds of functional transfer – functionalisation and refunctionalisation – and for the distribution of particular types of grammatical morphemes – i.e. free versus bound. The examples presented come from contact languages of the Australia-Pacific region: three creoles (Australian Kriol, Hawai‘i Creole and Tayo); an expanded pidgin (Melanesian Pidgin, exemplified by Vanuatu Bislama and Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin); a restricted pidgin (Nauru Pidgin); and an indigenised variety of English (Colloquial Singapore English).
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O'Shannessy, Carmel. "Distributions of case allomorphy by multilingual children." Linguistic Variation 16, no. 1 (October 7, 2016): 68–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.16.1.04osh.
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When a new linguistic code emerges and stabilizes, what are the roles of children and adults in leading and consolidating the changes? This question lies at the intersection of child language acquisition and contact-induced language change. Adults and children have played different roles in the development of a new mixed code, Light Warlpiri, spoken in a Warlpiri community in northern Australia that arose from code-switching practices among bilinguals. Elements from typologically dissimilar languages are combined systematically in the new language, with verbal and nominal structures derived from different sources. Verbal morphology is from English/Kriol (which have fixed nominative-accusative word order patterns), with the addition of some innovations, probably brought in by speakers who were then children. Nominal case morphology is from Warlpiri (with ergative-absolutive case-marking, and flexible word order). But Light Warlpiri shows redistributions of case suffix allomorphy derived from Warlpiri. The paper shows the emerging case-marking patterns in Light Warlpiri, and tracks the roles played by children and adults in the changes.
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Łukaszyk, Ewa A. "Amargas mistidas. O desalento africano em Desesperança no chão de medo e dor de Tony Tcheka." Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 46, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strop.2019.463.001.
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The essay focuses on selected poems from the volume Desesperança no chão de medo e dor published in 2015. Tony Tcheka offers a bitter comment on the reality of his native Guinea-Bissau that, for analytical sake, is confronted with other voices of the country. The topics discussed are: the crisis of collective identity, as well as such values as freedom and solidarity; the deficient status of Kriol as a supposed “national” language; sexuality and gender issues, such as promiscuity and insufficiency of male role models; the status of traditional beliefs and tribal identifications.
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Hudson, Joyce, and Anthea Taylor. "Teaching English to Kriol Speakers – Where on Earth Do I Start?" Aboriginal Child at School 15, no. 4 (September 1987): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200015017.
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Background DiscussionReadiness programmes are of little or no value. The door to reading for any [sic] beginning reader is his own language, used to express his own experiences.(Sloan and Latham, 1981)It is an irrefutable fact that most Aboriginal children are under-achieving scholastically. It is also fairly obvious that a contributing factor in this under achievement is poor literacy skills which can hold children back in most areas of school performance.Many different reading schemes and approaches have been tried, including Bridging and Headstart programs, which have met with very little success in the long term. As a result it is all too easy for educators to fall back on the deficiency model and blame the child and the home. This is neither profitable nor an adequate explanation for the under-achievement of Aboriginal students.
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Hutchison, John P. "Review of Rougé (1988): Petit dictionnaire étymologique du Kriol de Guinée-Bissau et Casamance." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 5, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.5.2.11hut.
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Phillips, Joshua. "A sense of agency." Studies in Language 42, no. 2 (June 6, 2018): 329–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17025.phi.
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Abstract Roper Kriol exhibits variation in the shape of the first-person singular pronoun in subject position. This paper provides an account of the numerous syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors that appear to influence the selection of either ai or mi based predominantly on a study of a corpus of the written language. It is claimed that the synchronic distribution of ai and mi is an innovation primarily motivated by speaker reanalysis of the semantic entailments frequently associated with English subject and object arguments – effectively evidence of the partial grammaticalisation of agentivity in these varieties. This work has implications for our understanding of ‘agentivity’ as a cross-linguistic, cognitive category and for the dynamic relationship between semantic roles and the morphosyntactic encoding of grammatical relations.
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Jones, Caroline, and Felicity Meakins. "Variation in Voice Onset Time in Stops in Gurindji Kriol: Picture Naming and Conversational Speech." Australian Journal of Linguistics 33, no. 2 (May 2013): 196–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2013.814525.
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Salter, Claire. "Conducting communication assessments with school aged aboriginal children in the Kimberley region of Australia." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 36, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 316–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.36.3.06sal.
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Speech pathology assessment within cross-cultural contexts, where the assessor and client differ in their cultural backgrounds, can create many challenges for assessment usage and implementation. With Australia being home to people from many cultures, this isa particular challenge for speech pathologists working in this country. This paper outlines the development of an assessment specifically for Aboriginal children living in a discrete region of the Kimberley in Western Australia. This assessment was developed in collaboration with local language experts as well as speech pathologists experienced in the area of assessment with Indigenous children. Nearly all parts of the assessment were administered by a local co-worker in the children’s first language, Kimberley or Fitzroy Valley Kriol. The paper outlines the specific components of the assessment as well as the approaches taken to ensure fair and accurate assessment of children’s communication skills. It highlights the benefits of collaborating with local co-workers and provides those working with Indigenous children in Australia with practical activities to consider.
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Bundgaard-Nielsen, Rikke L., and Carmel O’Shannessy. "Voice onset time and constriction duration in Warlpiri stops (Australia)." Phonetica 78, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phon-2021-2001.
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Abstract This paper presents a first detailed analysis of the Voice Onset Time (VOT) and Constriction Duration (CD) of stops /p t ʈ c k/ and flap /ɽ/ in the Indigenous Australian language Warlpiri as spoken in Lajamanu Community, in Australia’s Northern Territory. The results show that Warlpiri stops are realised as voiceless, long-lag stops word-initially, as well as word-medially, where /p t k/ are also characterised by CDs in excess of 100 ms. This is similar to what has been reported for Kriol, and for the emerging mixed language Light Warlpiri, also spoken in the community, and by some of the participants. The results indicate that Warlpiri does not obligatorily make a word-medial distinction between stops orthographically represented by ‘rt’ and ‘rd’, which have previously been argued to be realised as /ʈ/ and /ɽ/, respectively, at least in some varieties of Warlpiri. Finally, the results also suggest that the realisation of word-initial Warlpiri flap /ɽ/ is highly variable, potentially resulting in a near-merger with /ɻ/.
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Gardner, Rod, and Ilana Mushin. "Post-start-up overlap and disattentiveness in talk in a Garrwa Community." Language as Action 30, no. 3 (January 1, 2007): 35.1–35.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0735.
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Overlap in conversation is a well-established area of conversation analysis research (e.g. Jefferson 1983; Schegloff 2000) which can reveal how participants orient to transition relevance places. This paper presents an analysis of overlap in the mixed (Garrwa, Kriol and English) language conversations of two indigenous Australian women as part of a larger study of turn-taking practices in indigenous conversations. Walsh (Walsh 1995) made some observations about Aboriginal conversational style, for example that they may enter a conversation without attending to the talk of others. His observational claims are empirically examined here in the context of our data. We find that the overlapping talk in our data follows many patterns similar to English speakers’ talk, including transition space overlap (cf. Jefferson 1983) and simultaneous starts. The most important difference we found was overlap onset occurring shortly after the closure of the transition space, reflecting disattendance by speakers to the content, but not the timing, of each other’s talk. Overall, however, we find that the turn-taking of these two women is overwhelmingly orderly, and deviations from orderliness can mostly be accounted for by their orientation to points of possible completion and rules of turn-taking as described by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974).
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Gardner, Rod, and Ilana Mushin. "Post-start-up overlap and disattentiveness in talk in a Garrwa Community." Language as Action 30, no. 3 (2007): 35.1–35.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.30.3.06gar.
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Overlap in conversation is a well-established area of conversation analysis research (e.g. Jefferson 1983; Schegloff 2000) which can reveal how participants orient to transition relevance places. This paper presents an analysis of overlap in the mixed (Garrwa, Kriol and English) language conversations of two indigenous Australian women as part of a larger study of turn-taking practices in indigenous conversations. Walsh (Walsh 1995) made some observations about Aboriginal conversational style, for example that they may enter a conversation without attending to the talk of others. His observational claims are empirically examined here in the context of our data.We find that the overlapping talk in our data follows many patterns similar to English speakers’ talk, including transition space overlap (cf. Jefferson 1983) and simultaneous starts. The most important difference we found was overlap onset occurring shortly after the closure of the transition space, reflecting disattendance by speakers to the content, but not the timing, of each other’s talk. Overall, however, we find that the turn-taking of these two women is overwhelmingly orderly, and deviations from orderliness can mostly be accounted for by their orientation to points of possible completion and rules of turn-taking as described by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974).
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Balam, Osmer, Ana de Prada Pérez, and Dámaris Mayans. "A congruence approach to the study of bilingual compound verbs in Northern Belize contact Spanish." Spanish in Context 11, no. 2 (September 5, 2014): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.11.2.05bal.
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Attested in a wide variety of contact situations, bilingual compound verbs (BCVs) have baffled linguists, as they are innovative hybrid constructions that appear superfluous. In the current study, we examine BCVs in Northern Belize, where Spanish/English language alternation occurs alongside the pervasive use of Belizean Kriol, Belize’s lingua franca. We analyze Northern Belize code-switchers’ acceptability judgments and use of BCVs in oral production to determine whether stativity and/or verb frequency constrain the incorporation of BCVs as previously contended. The quantitative analysis of acceptability judgments and 553 canonical BCVs from 25 adolescent and 18 post-adolescent speakers revealed that BCVs are not constrained by stativity or verb frequency. We contend that although there are syntactic constraints, bilinguals’/multilinguals’ use of their linguistic resources is largely dependent on social factors (Sebba 1998). In the case of Northern Belize, where speakers do not perceive code-switching as illegitimate but rather embrace it and associate it with their mixed, multiplex identity, positive attitudes to non-standard varieties may have paved the way for the ubiquitous use of BCVs. The availability of a native Spanish/Mayan BCV model may have also catalyzed the process. BCVs in Northern Belize merit further investigation as they are innovative structures with Creoloid features that reflect code-switchers’ creative ability to capitalize on structural parsimony.
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Rajah-Carrim, Aaliya. "Choosing a spelling system for Mauritian Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23, no. 2 (September 17, 2008): 193–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.23.2.02raj.
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Mauritian Creole (Kreol) is a French-lexified creole spoken on post-colonial and multilingual Mauritius. Although it is extensively used, it has not been officially standardised. The choice of a given orthography reflects language beliefs and is therefore ideologically loaded. More specifically, the way creoles are standardised can reflect the bias towards these languages which are seen as inferior to, and dependent on, their lexifiers. In the Mauritian case, this issue is especially significant because there are now efforts to devise an official standard for the language. In 2004, the Government set up a committee to develop a standard orthography for MC. This paper considers use of, and attitudes to, written Kreol. The material presented is based on interviews conducted in Mauritius and participant observation. Although interviewees do not make extensive use of Kreol in written interactions, they tend to support the promotion of literacy in the language. Responses highlight the tension between Kreol and the colonial languages — English and French — and also the role of Kreol as an index of national identity. Our findings confirm that the choice of an orthographic system reflects linguistic and social hierarchies. I conclude that this study has practical social implications for the standardisation of Kreol.
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Салчак, А. Я., Б. Ч. Ооржак, and И. М. Чебочакова. "NATALYA NIKOLAEVNA SHIROBOKOVA: IN MEMORY OF OUR TEACHER." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW OF SAYANO-ALTAI, no. 3(31) (January 17, 2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52782/kril.2021.3.31.012.
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Статья посвящена памяти крупного тюрколога, исследователя сибирских тюркских языков Н. Н. Широбоковой. В ней даны сведения об этапах ее жизненного пути и освещен вклад ученого в тюркологию и в подготовку молодых исследователей. Н. Н. Широбокова разработала концепцию, объясняющую отношение якутского языка к тюркским языкам Южной Сибири, доказав, что ранняя изоляция якутского языка позволила сохранить черты, которые в древнетюркском и древнеуйгурском языках подверглись затемнению из - за смешанного характера этих языков и процессов этнического смешения. Наталья Николаевна выявила, что следующим языком, оказавшим воздействие на южносибирские тюркские языки в виде перестройки их языковых систем, был язык древних кыргызов, с которым связано становление языков кыпчакского типа в Южной Сибири. The article is devoted to the memory of the major turkologist, researcher of the Siberian Turkic languages N. N. Shirobokova. It provides information about the stages of her life path and highlights the contribution of the scientist to Turkology and to the training of young researchers. N. N. Shirobokova developed a concept explaining the relation of the Yakut language to the Turkic languages of South Siberia, proving that the early isolation of the Yakut language made it possible to preserve features that in the Old Turkic and Old Uigur languages were obscured because of the mixed nature of these languages and the processes of ethnic mixing. Natalya Nikolaevna discovered that the next language that had an impact on the South Siberian Turkic languages in the form of restructuring of their language systems was the language of the ancient Kyrgyz, which is associated with the formation of the Kipchak - type languages in South Siberia.
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Салчак, А. Я., Б. Ч. Ооржак, and И. М. Чебочакова. "NATALYA NIKOLAEVNA SHIROBOKOVA: IN MEMORY OF OUR TEACHER." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW OF SAYANO-ALTAI, no. 3(31) (January 17, 2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52782/kril.2021.331.012.
Full textAbstract:
Статья посвящена памяти крупного тюрколога, исследователя сибирских тюркских языков Н. Н. Широбоковой. В ней даны сведения об этапах ее жизненного пути и освещен вклад ученого в тюркологию и в подготовку молодых исследователей. Н. Н. Широбокова разработала концепцию, объясняющую отношение якутского языка к тюркским языкам Южной Сибири, доказав, что ранняя изоляция якутского языка позволила сохранить черты, которые в древнетюркском и древнеуйгурском языках подверглись затемнению из - за смешанного характера этих языков и процессов этнического смешения. Наталья Николаевна выявила, что следующим языком, оказавшим воздействие на южносибирские тюркские языки в виде перестройки их языковых систем, был язык древних кыргызов, с которым связано становление языков кыпчакского типа в Южной Сибири. The article is devoted to the memory of the major turkologist, researcher of the Siberian Turkic languages N. N. Shirobokova. It provides information about the stages of her life path and highlights the contribution of the scientist to Turkology and to the training of young researchers. N. N. Shirobokova developed a concept explaining the relation of the Yakut language to the Turkic languages of South Siberia, proving that the early isolation of the Yakut language made it possible to preserve features that in the Old Turkic and Old Uigur languages were obscured because of the mixed nature of these languages and the processes of ethnic mixing. Natalya Nikolaevna discovered that the next language that had an impact on the South Siberian Turkic languages in the form of restructuring of their language systems was the language of the ancient Kyrgyz, which is associated with the formation of the Kipchak - type languages in South Siberia.
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Vel, Aneesa, and Reuban Lespoir. "Levolisyon lortograf Kreol Seselwa." Rechèch Etid Kreyòl 1, no. 1 (October 28, 2022): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.57222/qmck6434.
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Seychelles creole, a language that was officialized in 1978, is one of the first creole languages to receive the status of language and to become a written language. This fully fledged language with its orthography, grammar, lexicon has gone through some changes since the first written document was published in this language. Since then, much has been done to standardize, modernize and keep track of what is going with and within this language. Furthermore, this French-based creole with a heavy influence of English has evolved as both a spoken and a written language. This evolution is more obvious in writing when it comes to adapting to the orthography and existing phonetic system of the language with the different phenomena brought about by language contact. In this article we take a look at what has been happening with the language across the century since the first written text in creole and also to shed some light on the problems related to the current and standard orthography. Key words: phonemic orthography, Seychellois Creole, linguistic evolution, written language, anglicism.
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DAUDA, JOHN. "Impact of Krio Language on the Use of English as a Foreign Language: A Case Study of Senior Secondary Schools Pupils in Sierra Leone." Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 4, no. 3 (August 5, 2022): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeltal.2022.4.3.9.
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Krio, like other pidgin languages, borrows lexical items from other languages to a greater extent from the English Language. These words “borrowing” and “usage” have resulted in some similarities in the phonological, morphological and syntactic structures of both Languages. These two languages are so linguistically related that the usage differences between them can hardly be realized. As a result, users of both languages unconsciously use Krio lexemes and structures in place of English. This interlanguage phonological, lexical, and syntactic transfer has an enormous impact on the correct use of written and spoken English by senior secondary school pupils. This research is therefore intended to investigate the impact of Krio on the written and spoken English Language of senior secondary school pupils and will also provide recommendations to remedy the situation. This study is of immense relevance to teachers of English, curriculum planners, government, and other education stakeholders as it helps them to identify the extent to which Krio impacts the use of English among pupils. It, therefore, guides them to plan and provide appropriate strategies as solutions to remedy the situation. The study investigates the ways in which Krio impacts the teaching and learning of English in senior secondary school and the extent to which it is being used in schools by pupils and teachers. The study further provides strategies for assessment of the English Language teaching methods used by the teachers of English, and thus gives relevant conclusions and recommendations based on the findings of the study an assessment of the English Language teaching methods used by the teachers of English, and thus gives the relevant conclusion and recommendations based on the findings of the study with the help of well-structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, interviews and personal observations. Forty pupils and eight teachers of English were selected for the study, and the findings showed that pupils’ written and spoken English are marred by incorrect and substandard usage principally as a result of the impact of Krio on the use of the English Language.
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Каксин, А. Д. "EVIDENTIALITY IN THE TURKIC LANGUAGES: THE TYPOLOGICAL VIEW." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW OF SAYANO-ALTAI, no. 3(31) (January 17, 2022): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52782/kril.2021.3.31.004.
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В статье рассматриваются особенности выражения категории эвиденциальности в тюркских языках. Выделены значения достоверности, неочевидности и неожиданного обнаружения. Равномерное рассредоточение средств выражения по всем языковым уровням признано основным формальным признаком эвиденциальной системы тюркских языков. В этом смысле тюркские языки контрастируют с языками, в которых большая функциональная нагрузка ложится на лексические средства (как, например, в русском языке). Приводятся краткие сведения еще об одном типе языков по исследуемому признаку: его представляют языки, имеющие парадигму особого наклонения - эвиденциалиса (некоторые уральские). С типологической точки зрения весь представленный в тюркских языках комплекс искомых значений и средств их выражения признан особым типом эвиденциальной системности. The article deals with the features of the expression of the category of evidentiality in the Turkic languages. The values of confidence, non - obviousness, and unexpected detection are highlighted. The uniform distribution of the means of expression across all language levels is recognized as the main formal feature of the evidential system of the Turkic languages. In this sense, the Turkic languages contrast with languages in which a large functional load falls on lexical means (as, for example, in Russian). Brief information is given about another type of language according to the studied feature: it is represented by languages that have a paradigm of a special mood - evidentialis (some Uralic). From the typological point of view, the whole complex of the desired meanings and means of their expression presented in the Turkic languages is recognized as a special type of the evidential system.
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Л. А., Сафьянов,. "ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL AND TERRITORIAL POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KHAKASSIA IN THE FIELD OF PRESERVATION AND SUPPORT OF THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW OF SAYANO-ALTAI, no. 3(35) (October 26, 2022): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52782/kril.2022.3.35.006.
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Сегодня в Российской Федерации уделяется большое внимание языковой политике. Законодательно признано, что языки народов РФ являются национальным достоянием государства, они находятся под защитой, и Российская Федерация способствует развитию национальных языков, двуязычия и многоязычия. В настоящее время государственными языками в субъекте, согласно статье 69 Конституции Республики Хакасия, являются русский и хакасский языки. Целью статьи является освещение деятельности Министерства национальной и территориальной политики Республики Хакасия в области сохранения и поддержки хакасского языка в регионе. Министерство является исполнительным органом государственной власти, осуществляющим функции по реализации государственной национальной политики Российской Федерации на территории Республики Хакасия. По вопросу использования хакасского языка в работе государственных органов исполнительной власти, органов местного самоуправления организаций и учреждений Республики Хакасия деятельность Миннацполитики Хакасии направлена на создание условий по изучению, использованию, применению хакасского языка, являющегося основой национальной самоидентификации и достоянием наследия хакасского народа. На сегодняшний день все исполнительные органы государственной власти Республики Хакасия обеспечивают использование хакасского языка в официальном делопроизводстве. Ежегодно в адрес органов государственной и муниципальной власти республики Миннацполитики Хакасии направляются рекомендательные письма об актуализации сведений в официальном делопроизводстве, а также об использовании хакасского языка в соответствии с другими положениями, предусмотренными Законом Республики Хакасия. Министерство реализует и другие мероприятия с целью сохранения и поддержки хакасского языка как государственного языка Республики Хакасия. Today, much attention is paid to the language policy in the Russian Federation. It is legally recognized that the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation are the national heritage of the state, they are protected, and the Russian Federation promotes the development of national languages, bilingualism, and multilingualism. Currently, the official languages in the Republic of Khakassia, according to Article 69 of the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia, are Russian and Khakass. The purpose of the article is to highlight the activities of the Ministry of National and Territorial Policy of the Republic of Khakassia in the field of preservation and support of the Khakass language in the region. The Ministry is an executive body of the state power of the Republic of Khakassia, performing functions for the implementation of the state national policy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Khakassia. Regarding the use of the Khakass language in the work of state executive authorities, local self - government organizations and institutions of the Republic of Khakassia, the activities of the Ministry of National Policy of Khakassia are aimed at creating conditions for the study, use, and application of the Khakass language, which is the basis of national identity and heritage of the Khakass people. To date, all executive state authorities of the Republic of Khakassia ensure the use of the Khakass language in official office work. Every year, letters of recommendation are sent to the state and municipal authorities of the Republic of the Ministry of National Policy of Khakassia on updating information in official records management, as well as on the use of the Khakass language in accordance with other provisions provided for by the Law of the Republic of Khakassia. It also implements other measures to preserve and support the Khakass language as the state language of the Republic of Khakassia.
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О. В., Доможакова,, and Сагалаков, Ю. Г. "LANGUAGE POLICY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KHAKASSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL DECADE OF INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW OF SAYANO-ALTAI, no. 3(35) (October 26, 2022): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52782/kril.2022.3.35.013.
Full textAbstract:
Провозглашение Международного десятилетия языков коренных народов актуализировало вопросы реализации государственной языковой политики Российской Федерации в Республике Хакасия. Родной хакасский язык считается национальной самобытностью региона, это основа для осознания подрастающим поколением российской гражданской идентичности на основе региональной (этнокультурной) идентичности. Региональной системой образования обеспечено законодательное, организационное, учебно - методическое, кадровое обеспечение преподавания и изучения хакасского языка. Повышение качества преподавания и изучения хакасского языка, его учебно - методическое обеспечение как государственного языка Республики Хакасия, поддержка обучения на родном языке в начальных классах, принятие стимулирующих мер при поступлении выпускников в вузы, расширение социальных функций, повышение престижа родного языка являются механизмами его развития. Современная языковая ситуация в условиях приоритета экономической целесообразности требует развития инновационных подходов, консолидации ресурсов исполнительных органов государственной власти, педагогического, родительского сообщества, общественных объединений, детей и молодежи не только на региональном, но и межрегиональном уровне. The proclamation of the International Decade of Indigenous Languages actualized the issues of the implementation of the state language policy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Khakassia. The native Khakass language is considered the national identity of the region, the basis for the younger generation's awareness of Russian civic identity based on regional (ethno - cultural) identity. The regional education system provides legislative, organizational, educational, methodological, personnel support for teaching and learning the Khakass language. Improving the quality of teaching and learning of the Khakassia language, its educational and methodological support as the state language of the Republic of Khakassia, support for teaching in the native language in primary grades, the adoption of incentive measures for the admission of graduates to universities, the expansion of social functions, increasing the prestige of the native language are the mechanisms of its development. The modern language situation in the conditions of priority of economic expediency requires.
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Dickson, Greg, and Gautier Durantin. "Variation in the reflexive in Australian Kriol." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 171–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.00005.dic.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract With 20,000 speakers across Northern Australia, Australian Kriol is well known to exhibit geographic variation but this has never been systematically studied. This article stems from the first dialectological study of Kriol, focusing on the eastern portion of the Kriol-speaking area. It analyses variation in forms of the Kriol reflexive, which is derived from the English form ‘myself/meself’ but is invariant for person and number. The analysis utilises random forests modelling to analyse the importance of factors, a new method available to variation studies that is particularly useful when applied to small languages with small datasets. With geography confirmed as the major factor accounting for variation, areal patterns showing variation in lexical form of the reflexive, the medial consonant, the final vowel and the final consonant are considered. This study also documents new variants of the Kriol reflexive and incorporates perceptual dialectology, combining to better inform classifications of Kriol dialects.