Journal articles on the topic 'Krongo language'

The purpose of this study was to determine the phonological and morphological structure of the Java language dialect of Banten. The method used is descriptive-research. The researcher used methods into the field directly with data collection done by recording the written language and spoken language recording data. The study was conducted in the District Kronjo and Mekar Baru subdistrict, Tangerang. Both districts are predominantly speak dialects of Java Banten. The data described are living languages ​​and used in Tangerang. The data is sourced from the spoken language. The sample is done randomly based on the use of languages ​​in order to obtain sorts of the Java language dialect Banten. Informants were used as sources of information and data. This informants used in this study are (1) native speakers who settled in the area, (2) are not physically disabled, especially those associated with the pronunciation, and (3) have a good memory. For the validity of the data is taken at least two informants in every village. In addition to the informant, the informants also who have sufficient knowledge in the field of the realm of life to get certain vocabulary typical area of ​​Tangerang, so as to know the structure of the phonology and morphology of the Java language dialect Banten.

Kronos is a signal-processing programming language based on the principles of semifunctional reactive systems. It is aimed at efficient signal processing at the elementary level, and built to scale towards higher-level tasks by utilizing the powerful programming paradigms of “metaprogramming” and reactive multirate systems. The Kronos language features expressive source code as well as a streamlined, efficient runtime. The programming model presented is adaptable for both sample-stream and event processing, offering a cleanly functional programming paradigm for a wide range of musical signal-processing problems, exemplified herein by a selection and discussion of code examples.

This paper discusses the presence of food-related phraseology in Italian football language and Italian football chronicles and its Polish functional equivalents. The study demonstrates the significance of the relation between contrastive linguistics and applied phraseology as brodino and mozzarella have more than one functional equivalent in Polish. Brodino can be translated as strzał tylko do statystyk, zbyt lekki strzał, zbyt lekki strzał w sam środek bramki and mozzarella as niesatysfakcjonujący remis, niedosyt, ciężkostrawny podział punktów, zwycięstwo potrzebne z uwagi na trudną sytuację w tabeli, trzy cenne punkty. As the author indicates, the presence of food-related phraseological units in Italian football terminology proves that culture-related aspects are crucial to master the target language. Hence, the role of such terminology in transla-tion of specialist and journalistic texts and the role of phraseological competences in the process of foreign language teaching should be highly important in educational processes.

This essay offers an interpretation of Massimo Bontempelli's “novecentista” novel, Gente nel tempo, by examining and expanding upon the implications of the “modernized” classical Greek myth of Kronos. In the light of the author's ideas on artistic creativity, history and time, this myth lies at the very core of the work and suggests that this novel, while pointing to the destructive, devouring pattern of time intended as Kronos, could also hint at a way in which an alternative, more human time (Kairos) might be salvaged and re-experienced. Bontempelli's desired “recovery of the individual” and his related aesthetic project of escape from the negativity of History may derive from an alternative “kairotic” experience in which time is characterized by its qualitative rather that its quantitative nature and artistic creativity reacquires a preeminent, active role. For Bontempelli, I ultimately argue, the category of “play,” in all its ramifications, represents this sort of salvific experience.

Este artículo analiza la presencia de la masculinidad hegemónica en la novela Historias del Kronen (1994), de José Ángel Mañas, para proponer que en ella domina este modelo de masculinidad, manifestado en la violencia de los hombres contra las mujeres, contra otros hombres y contra sí mismos, y en actitudes como el sexismo y la homofobia, que los hombres reproducen en distinto grado para ser aceptados y valorados en su grupo de amigos y en la sociedad. Sin embargo, la novela también revela prácticas de resistencia por parte de algunos varones que encarnan una masculinidad subordinada o no-hegemónica y por parte de algunas mujeres que se posicionan en contra del dominio patriarcal, así como ciertos comportamientos de los hombres poseedores del poder masculino que contradicen el discurso dominante de la masculinidad hegemónica. En última instancia, a pesar de que la masculinidad hegemónica parece resultar triunfante al final de la obra, es también posible interpretar Historias del Kronen como un reflejo de sus consecuencias negativas y dañinas; es decir, no solo puede entenderse como una sublimación de la masculinidad violenta, sexista y homófoba, sino como todo lo contrario, como un revulsivo contra ella.

Selected Dialectal Pronouns from South-Eastern Poland (Outline) The author of this article discusses the structure, origin and functions of dialectal pronouns which occur in the local dialect of Posada Jaśliska near Krosno. Posada Jaśliska is a village of three cultures: Polish, Lemko and Slovakian. The author describes mutual influences of these three languages on shaping the collection of pronouns, with particular emphasis on the pronouns that are typical of this area or known only in this place: definite ones, such as haw ‘here’ and het ‘very far, somewhere, from somewhere, away’, and indefinite pronouns, such as dakto ‘whoever’, dagdzie ‘wherever’.

AbstractYiddish was the everyday language spoken by most Central and East European Jews during the last millennium. As a result of the extreme loss of speakers during the Holocaust, subsequent geographic dispersal, and lack of institutional support, Yiddish is now an endangered language. Yet it continues to be a native and daily language for Haredi (strictly Orthodox) Jews, who live in close-knit communities worldwide. We have conducted the first study of the linguistic characteristics of the Yiddish spoken in the community in London’s Stamford Hill. While Krogh (in: Aptroot, Aptroot et al. (eds.) Leket: Yiddish studies today, Düsseldorf University Press, Düsseldorf, pp 483–506, 2012), Assouline (in: Aptroot, Hansen (eds.) Yiddish language structures, De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, pp 39–62, 2014), and Sadock and Masor (J Jew Lang 6(1):89–110, 2018), investigating other Hasidic Yiddish-speaking communities, observe what they describe as morphological syncretism, in this paper we defend the claim that present-day Stamford Hill Hasidic Yiddish lacks morphological case and gender completely. We demonstrate that loss of morphological case and gender is the result of substantial language change over the course of two generations: while the case and gender system of the spoken medium was already beginning to undergo morphological syncretism and show some variation prior to World War II, case and gender distinctions were clearly present in the mental grammar of both Hasidic and non-Hasidic speakers of the relevant Yiddish dialects at that stage. We conclude the paper by identifying some of the language-internal, sociolinguistic and historical factors that have contributed to such rapid and pervasive language change, and compare the developments in Stamford Hill Hasidic Yiddish to those of minority German dialects in North America.

Mette Krogh Christensen: “When age catches up on you“: A semiologically inspired analysis of qualitative interviews about body and aging Qualitative interviews are being increasingly used in the social sciences and this development challenges certain methodological viewpoints and traditions. This article discusses the ways in which we formulate and interpret verbal expressions about bodily awareness of aging as cultural categories (Bourdieu 1986, 1997; Jensen 1993). It is based on 12 qualitative research interviews carried out as a part of a Ph.D. project about body and aging among physical education teachers. Human beings are speaking bodies, and language is a particularly important condition, which shapes our life-world (Brandt 2003; Kvale 1997). Language is a kind of evaluation, reduction or avowal of experienced phenomena such as the aging body. The spoken word, as it appears as text in qualitative research interviews, can be analysed in many ways. One of the less explored ways is a semiological approach to meaning-interpretation inspired by mapping theory (Fauconnier 1997; Lakoff & Johnson 1980, 1999). The analyses in the article show that this particular approach may provide fruitful inspiration for sociology if the qualitative research interview concerns a relatively non-verbal phenomenon such as body and age. The semiological approach may accentuate the close relationship between language, verbal expressions and the social life of the body when we study it as a cultural category.

Based on continuum damage mechanics, a probabilistic method of predicting high-cycle fatigue life for metallic components is proposed. First, macro-meso two-scale stress-strain equations are established by combining Eshelby-Kroner localization law and classic elastic-plastic constitutive equation. Second, some parameters in Lemaitre's fatigue damage evolution model are randomized. Probabilistic properties of which are obtained by inverse-analysis and optimization. Then, the probabilistic method of predicting high-cycle fatigue life is established by coupling the model with macro-meso two-scale equations. And the proposed algorithm is coded with Fortran language, which is non-intrusive post-program of FEM analysis. Next, constant amplitude fatigue test of Al 2024-T3 coupon is performed to determine probabilistic properties of model parameters. Finally, as the object of study, wallboard is analyzed by FEM. Taking skin-strip component as research object, the fatigue life of hot spot is predicted by proposed method. The corresponding fatigue test of the component is performed, which verifies the effectiveness of proposed method to predict probabilistic life of metallic components.

The article examines the problem of studying the semantics of linguistic units in fiction, in particular, the study of how proper names function in a literary text. In this study, proper names are treated as functional and semantic units of language, speech, and culture. The re-search material is the story by B. K. Zaitsev ‘Priest Kronid’ (1905), and its object is onomas-tic vocabulary and specific constants of Russian Orthodox Christianity. The onomasticon of the story consists of anthroponyms (Kronid, etc.), toponyms (Kostenka, Dmitrovo), hagionyms (Christ, God), eortonyms (Easter, Trinity, Egor’s day, etc.), zoonym (Kashtan), etc. The purpose of the article is to examine how proper names function in B. K. Zaitsev’s text. The study makes a new contribution to as of yet insufficient research of the onomastic space of fiction by B. K. Zaitsev, and its relevance is enhanced by the importance of studying proper names as a component of the writer’s linguistic picture of the world and the need for scientific understanding of the functional role of onomastic units in the literary text in terms of national religious ideas about the world. The paper uses a complex method of studying proper names in fiction, combining various methods and techniques, namely: the method of conceptual analysis, the method of component analysis of fictional text, the method of continuous sampling as well as the semantic and stylistic methods. The author investigates the onomastic field of B. K. Zaitsev’s text and determines the functional role of proper names of different categories. The story reveals associative and semantic connections of individual onyms with certain constants of Russian Orthodox Christianity. The author also makes a number of specific conclusions about the features of B. K. Zaitsev’s poetics, including those about conceptualizing meanings of individual linguistic units and strengthening of the value component in their meaning in the literary text. The linguistic material can be used in special courses on the onomastics of a literary text or issues related to the writer’s linguistic picture of the world, or in courses that include philological analysis of texts.

Abstract This article analyses antisemitic elements in the Austrian print media discourse about the 2008–2010 economic crisis. The relevant discursive statements are examined in the light of a theoretical understanding of antisemitic discursive threads as found in the prevalent modes of presentation of the economic and financial crisis in the media. The first main finding is the broad avoidance of openly antisemitic stereotypes, with the exception of the Neue Kronen Zeitung. The second main finding is that structurally antisemitic discursive elements appear above all where (a) specific groups (“high finance”, “financial sharks”, “speculators”) are singled out as the main culprits, (b) these are opposed to a homogeneously constructed “us” (the “Volk”), and (c) where the formers’ greed is stressed and where they are accused of harming the people. Here we find nationalistic and latent antisemitic discourses, the stereotypical contrasting of finance and production, conspiracy theories and anti-Americanism closely interwoven.

Dialectal Female Names with the Suffix -ula The article discusses female names created with the suffix -ula, taken from the Lexicon of Polish Dialects prepared by the Polish Institute of Sciences (PAN). Despite the possibility of double motivation, it was assumed that most of them were motivated by male names, with only few derived from verbs, adjectives or nouns. Among the formations in question, words with a negative connotation are prevalent, and positive ones (diminutives and terms of endearment) are rare. This is compliant with colloquial Polish in which negative assessment is dominant, too. According to the analysis: 1) the suffix -ula has a feminizing function when it is used to create female names based on common names, and the expressiveness of the name is transferred from the basis to the derivative; 2) the scope of the suffix -ula is limited to Lesser Poland and Silesia; 3) it hardly ever occurs in other dialects.The author of this article discusses the structure, origin and functions of dialectal pronouns which occur in the local dialect of Posada Jaśliska near Krosno. Posada Jaśliska is a village of three cultures: Polish, Lemko and Slovakian. The author describes mutual influences of these three languages on shaping the collection of pronouns, with particular emphasis on the pronouns that are typical of this area or known only in this place: definite ones, such as haw ‘here’ and het ‘very far, somewhere, from somewhere, away’, and indefinite pronouns, such as dakto ‘whoever’, dagdzie ‘wherever’.

Content and methods of education implemented in schools are changing rapidly. One of the reasons fuelling these changes is implementation of such programs like the Lifelong Learning Program (LLP) Erasmus Plus, which motto „Learning for life” is gaining more and more followers. For the purpose of proving this theory, the researcher presents below the profiles of two primary schools (Primary School in Krosno and CEIP Villa Romana in Spain), which participate in this international cultural and educational exchange. The researcher paid special attention to the assumptions of the LLP project, tourism mobility and achievements resulting from the international cooperation between the educational institutions. To present the problem, the researcher used one of the qualitative research methods for case studies. It determined the careful analysis of the individual interviews as well as participating observation of the program coordinators and teachers’ behavior showed how much potential lies in the cooperation of teachers and pupils participating in such educational exchanges. The undertaken research (including interviews with the staff and observation of the projects management) and its analysis confirmed the hypothesis that every type of school, regardless of its location (city or countryside) can benefit from participation in an international exchange. The main limiting factor, noticeable especially in the schools located in rural areas, is the mentality and fear from participation in an international program, challenging the language skills of the staff and resulting in more administrative work. However, the success of the Erasmus Plus program is best measured by the fact that after initial participating, both village schools continued the project in the following years. Key words: case study, Erasmus Plus, international mobility, school education.

AbstractIn De Mysteriis VIII Iamblichus gives two orderings of first principles, one in purely Neoplatonic terms drawn from his own philosophical system, and the other in the form of several Egyptian gods, glossed with Neoplatonic language again taken from his own system. The first ordering or taxis includes the Simple One and the One Existent, two of the elements of Iamblichus' realm of the One. The second taxis includes the Egyptian (H)eikton, which has now been identified with the god of magic, Heka, glossed as the One Existent. The Egyptian god Kmeph is also a member of this taxis, and is the Egyptian Kematef, a god of creation associated with the solar Amun-Re. Iamblichus refers to this god also as the Hegemon of the celestial gods, which should be equated to Helios, specifically the noeric Helios as described by Julian in his Hymn to Helios. Iamblichus describes Kmeph as an “intellect knowing himself”, and so the noeric Kmeph/Helios should also be seen as the Paternal Demiurgic Zeus, explicitly described also by Proclus as an intellect knowing himself. This notion of a self-thinking intellect may offer a solution to the problematic formulation by Proclus in his Timaeus commentary of Iamblichus' view of the Demiurgy encompassing all the noeric realm. The identification of Kmeph as the noeric Helios now also allows the first direct parallels to de Mysteriis to be found in extant Hermetica. In addition it can be inferred from the specific Neoplatonic terminology employed that the noetic Father of Demiurges, Kronos, appears, as well as the secondary Demiurgic triad of Zeus, Poseidon, and Pluto, in the forms of the Egyptian Amun, Ptah, and Osiris, thus raising the question that much of the theology documented only in Proclus might appear already to have been established by Iamblichus.

Alzheimer merupakan penyakit neurogeneratif kronis progresif. Penyakit ini ditandai dengan gangguan fungsi luhur seperti bahasa, kalkulasi, kapasitas belajar dan sulit mengambil keputusan. ‘Pikun’ merupakan istilah yang digunakan masyarakat untuk menggambarkan penyakit ini. Kehilangan memori jangka pendek merupakan kekhasan dari penyakit ini yang menyebabkan penurunkan produktivitas. Alzheimer sering terjadi pada usia > 65 tahun dan juga ditemukan pada sekitar usia 40 tahun. Kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) merupakan tanaman yang berfungsi sebagai neuroprotektor karena dapat menghambat Protein Tau, akivitas asetilkolinesterase dan berfungsi sebagai anti agregasi Aβ dan β secretase inhibitor. Literature review ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan gambaran efek neuroprotektor pada kunyit terhadap pasien Alzheimer yang sudah dilakukan oleh peneliti sebelumnya. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah penelusuran artikel melalui database NCBI dan Google Scholar. Tahun penerbitan sumber pustaka adalah dari tahun 2001 sampai 2019 dengan 32 sumber pustaka.Tema dalam artikel yang dikumpulkan yaitu terkait gambaran efek neuroprotektor kunyit terhadap pasien Alzheimer. Hasil dari sintesa artikel yang telah ditemukan yaitu kunyit dapat mencegah penurunan kognitif pada pasien Alzheimer. Kata kunci : Alzheimer, Kunyit, Neuroprotektor EFFECT OF NEUROPROTECTOR TURMERIC ON ALZHEIMER’S PATIENTS ABSTRACT Alzheimer's is a chronic progressive neurogenerative disease. This disease is characterized by impaired noble functions such as language, calculations, learning capacity and difficulty making decisions. ‘Pikun’ is a word used by the community to describe this disease. Short-term memory loss is a spesific sign in the patient, this disease causes decrease in productivity. Alzheimer's often occurs at age> 65 years and is also found at around the age of 40 years. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a plant that functions as a neuroprotector because it can inhibit Tau Proteins, acetylcholinesterase activity and function as anti-aggregation Aβ and β secretase inhibitors. This literature review aims to explain the description of the effects of neuroprotector on turmeric on Alzheimer's patients that have been done by previous researchers. The method used in this article is the search of articles through the NCBI and Google Scholar databases. The themes in the articles collected are related to the description of the effects of turmeric neuroprotector on Alzheimer's patients. The year of publication of library sources is from 2001 to 2019 with 32 library sources. The results of various articles included in this article are turmeric can prevent cognitive decline in Alzheimer's patients. Keywords: Alzheimer's,Turmeric, neuroprotector

Pemberian psikoterapi telah terbukti berhasil untuk pasien depresi yang menderita penyakit medis kronik. Psikoterapi kognitif perilaku didasarkan atas konsep bahwa perubahan dalam struktur kognitif akan mengubah kondisi emosi serta perilaku pasien. Sehingga diharapkan dengan membaiknya depresi maka akan memperbaiki perilaku pasien dalam hal ini aktivitas perawatan diri diabetesnya. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui keefektifan Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) dalam menurunkan derajat depresi dan meningkatkan aktivitas perawatan diri pada pasien Diabetes Mellitus tipe-2 di Rumah Sakit Dr. Moewardi Surakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan rancangan randomized controlled trial pre and post design. Jumlah subjek 34 pasien, dibagi dua kelompok yaitu perlakuan dan kontrol. Subjek adalah pasien 34 pasien Diabetes Mellitus tipe-2 di Poli Penyakit Dalam Rumah Sakit Dr. Moewardi Surakarta dengan kadar GDP ≥ 100 mg/dL, GD2PP ≥ 140 mg/dL, umur 18 – 60 tahun, pendidikan minimal SMP, skor BDI ≥ 10, dan kriteria eksklusi apabila mengalami komplikasi dan atau menderita penyakit fisik medis yang berat, gangguan mental berat (psikotik), retardasi mental, atau demensia, gangguan berat dalam berkomunikasi (kesulitan bahasa, tuli), gangguan kognitif yang berat atau ketidakmampuan intelektual, yang ditunjukkan dari penilaian MMSE < 25, dan skor L-MMPI ≤ 1. Depresi dievaluasi menggunakan Beck Depression Inventory, aktivitas perawatan diri diabetes menggunakan The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities. Uji statistik menggunakan uji t tidak berpasangan dan uji Mann Whitney, dipakai untuk signifikansi perbedaan variabel dengan tingkat kemaknaan 5%. Subjek yang mendapat CBT secara signifikan (p<0,05) didapatkan penurunan skor depresi (5,76 ± 3,58) dibandingkan kelompok yang tidak mendapat CBT (2,76 ± 1,56) sedangkan subjek yang mendapat CBT secara sangat signifikan (p<0,01) mengalami peningkatan aktivitas perawatan diri diabetes (15,35±7,78) dibandingkan kelompok yang tidak mendapat CBT (3,00±2,78), sehingga disimpulkan CBT efektif menurunkan derajat depresi dan meningkatkan aktivitas perawatan diri pada pasien diabetes mellitus tipe-2. Cognitive behavior therapy had sucesfully referred as an effective method for reducing depression, particularly in individual with a chronic disease. Cognitive behavior psychotherapy is based on the concept that changes in cognitive structure will change patient's emotional state and behavior. The decreasing depression in patient with diabetes will improve diabetes self-care activities. The aim was to determine the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) adjuvant therapy in decreasing and improving the degree of diabetes self-care activities of patients with type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta. This study was an experimental design of randomized controlled trial with pre and post-test design. In total, 34 patients were enrolled in the mg/dl, Blood sugar level test post pandrial 140 mg/dL aged between 18-60 years old with junior high school as minimum education, BDI score > 10, the exclusion criteria is when experiencing complication with or suffering from physical illness, psychotic, mental retardation or dementia , severe interference in communication ( language difficulties and deafness), severe cognitive impairment, intellectual impairment, MMSE score < 25, L MMPI score < 1, The total 34 subjects devided into two groups, treatment and control. Statistical test using unpaired T-test and Mann Whitney, with level of 5%. Depression was evaluated by using the Beck Depression Inventory and diabetes self-care activities using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities. Subjects who received CBT significantly decrease (p <0,05) scores of depression compared with that of the group without CBT and increase in diabetes self-care activities (p<0,01). It is concluded that CBT is effective to decrease degree of depression and improve diabetes self-care activities of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

STEAM-based learning is a global issue in early-childhood education practice. STEAM content becomes an integrative thematic approach as the main pillar of learning in kindergarten. This study aims to develop a conceptual and practical approach in the implementation of children's education by applying a modification from STEAM Learning to R-SLAMET. The research used a qualitative case study method with data collection through focus group discussions (FGD), involving early-childhood educator's research participants (n = 35), interviews, observation, document analysis such as videos, photos and portfolios. The study found several ideal categories through the use of narrative data analysis techniques. The findings show that educators gain an understanding of the change in learning orientation from competency indicators to play-based learning. Developing thematic play activities into continuum playing scenarios. 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BPJS Kesehatan merupakan penyelenggara program jaminan sosial di bidang kesehatan. BPJS Kesehatan telah menerapkan aplikasi apotek online, Pada era JKN apotek dapat berperan sebagai apotek program rujuk balik (PRB) atau apotek jejaring dan apotek klinik pertama. Aplikasi Apotek Online adalah salah satu program unggulan guna meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan serta memudahkan akses pelayanan kesehatan kepada pasien yang memakai JKN-KIS. Pelayanan Obat Rujuk Balik adalah pemberian obat-obatan untuk penyakit kronis di Faskes Tingkat Pertama sebagai bagian dari program pelayanan rujuk balik. Proses penagihan biaya obat di apotek online yaitu obat apotek program rujuk balik diklaim langsung ke BPJS Kesehatan. Dalam menganalisa sistem yang berjalan digunakan metode analisa dan penggambaran sistem menggunakan UML (Unified Modelling Language) dan dalam pengumpulan data digunakan metode wawancara dan observasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sebuah hasil analisis berupa masukan-masukan tentang aplikasi sistem informasi yang nantinya bisa digunakan untuk memudahkan proses pengembangan sistem informasi berbasis web yang sudah ada. Kata Kunci: BPJS Kesehatan, Apotek Online, Program Rujuk Balik, UML

CHRONIC DISEASES AND LIFESTYLE IMPACT TO CATEGORY VERBAL FLUENCY PERFORMANCE IN ELDERLYABSTRACTIntroduction: In recent studies, chronic illness and sedentary lifestyle were found to bea risk factors for cognitive impairment. Verbal fluency (VF) is one of the most used instruments.Aim: To determine cognitive impairment using VF and its correlation with risk factors (chronic illness and lifestyle) in elderly.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted toward 121 elderly respondents in August–September 2017 at Pusaka, West Jakarta. Cognitive impariment was assessesed using VF. VF otherwise disturbed if the value <16.03. Heart disease and stroke were determined by anamnesis. Blood pressure was determined using Riester tensimeter. that has been calibrated. Cholesterol and blood sugar were determined using laboratory result by CHOD-PAP method. Smoking was determined by asking the history of smoking. Physical activity was determined by 24-hour activity recall. Nutrition Intake was determined by food record.Results: There were 63.6% subjects wno had VF impairment. Most respondent were over 65 years old (71.9%), female (66.1%) and education level more than 6 years (72.7%). VF had a significant assosiation with education level (p=0.020; OR=3.792), and without cardiovascular disease (p=0.023; OR=0.111).Discussion: The mayority of respondents had VF impairment, lower education was consistenly as a risk factors while no history of cardiovascular disease as a protective factors of language impairment.Keywords: Chronic diseases, cognitive impairment, lifestyle, verbal fluencyABSTRAKPendahuluan: Pada beberapa penelitian terbaru ditemukan bahwa faktor risiko seperti penyakit kronis dan gaya hidup buruk meningkatkan risiko terkena gangguan fungsi kognitif. Salah satu instrumen yang sering digunakan adalah verbal fluency (VF).Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran fungsi kognitif dengan instrumen VF dan hubungannya dengan faktor risiko (penyakit kronis dan gaya hidup) pada lansia.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang ini dilaksanakan pada 121 responden lansia pada bulan Agustus-September 2017 di Pusaka Jakarta Barat. Gangguan fungsi kognitif dinilai menggunakan instrumen VF. Verbal fluency dikatakan terganggu dengan nilai <16,03. Penyakit jantung dan stroke didapatkan dari anamnesis. Tekanan darah dari hasil pengukuran menggunakan tensimeter yang telah dikalibrasi sebelumnya. Pengukuran kolesterol dan gula darah didapatkan dari hasil laboratorium dengan metode CHOD-PAP. Merokok didapat dari anamnesis. Aktivitas fisik dinilai dari 24-hour activity recall. Asupan nutrisi dinilai dari kuisioner food record.Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan subjek dengan gangguan VF sebanyak 63,6%. Mayoritas responden berusia diatas 65 tahun (71,9%), dengan jenis kelamin wanita (66,1%) dan tingkat pendidikan diatas 6 tahun (72,7%). Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa instrumen VF memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan tingkat pendidikan rendah (p=0,020; RO=3,792), dan tidak berpenyakit jantung (p=0,023; RO=0,111).Diskusi: Mayoritas responden memiliki gangguan bahasa, pendidikan rendah diketahui secara konsisten sebagai faktor risiko sementara tidak ada riwayat penyakit jantung sebagai faktor protektif untuk gangguan fungsi bahasa.Kata kunci: Gangguan fungsi kognitif, gaya hidup, penyakit kronis, verbal fluency

<p>Down syndrome is a genetic disease caused by a chromosomal disorder. It is the most common chromosomal abnormality occurs in live births (1/900 ). The characteristics or clinical sign of Down Syndrome is mental retardation, usually have short stature and has a crease of the eye like Mongolian race,nose wide and flat,rounded face, mouth always open, both nostrils wide apart. Down syndrom often also have medical problems<br />such as the congenital heart disease, growth hormone deficiency, thyroid disease, obesity, oral disease, leukemia, hearing impairment, chronic tonsilitis, developmental disorder of speech, language,intelligibility etc. There are two kinds of chromosomal abnormalities mechanism in Down Syndrome. The first is the change in chromosome structure/translocation, the second is nondisjunction or failed to split on chromosome 21 upon the formation of gamete cells parents. Down Syndrome is associated with maternal age occurs because of nondisjunction. Some of the research data reveal an association between the age of mother during pregnancy with the risk of Down Syndrome births.</p><p>Sindroma Down adalah penyakit genetik yang disebabkan karena gangguan kromosom. Merupakan abnormalitas kromosom yang paling sering terjadi pada kelahiran hidup ( 1/900 kelahiran). Ciri-ciri atau tanda klinis sindroma Down adalah keterbelakangan mental, biasanya memiliki tubuh yang pendek, hidung lebar dan datar, wajah membulat, mulutselalu terbuka,kedua lubang hidung lebar, memiliki lipatan mata seperti yang dimiliki oleh ras Mongolia. Sindroma Down seringkali juga memiliki masalah-masalah kesehatan seperti penyakit jantung kongenital, defisiensi hormon pertumbuhan, penyakit tiroid, kegemukan, gangguan kesehatan mulut, leukemia,gangguan pendengaran, tonsilitis kronik, gangguanperkembangan bahasa,bicara, kecerdasan dan lain-lain. Terdapat dua macam mekanisme terjadinya kelainan kromosom pada sindroma Down, pertama yaitu karena adanya perubahan struktur kromosom/ translokasi, kedua yaitu terjadi karena nondisjunction atau gagal berpisah kromosom21 pada saat pembentukan sel gamet pada orangtuanya. Sindroma Down yang dihubungkan dengan faktor usia ibu hamil adalah sindroma Down yang terjadi karena nondisjunction. Beberapa data penelitian mengungkapkan adanya keterkaitan antara usia ibu saat hamil dengan resiko terjadinya kelahiran sindroma Down.<br /><br /><br /></p>