Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Krympning'
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Cwiek, Aleksandra. "Hållfasthet och krympning utifrån olika modelleringsvätskor till porslin." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19808.
Full textPurpose The present study aims to investigate the flexural strength and shrinkage of two types of porcelain mixed with the manufacturer's modelling liquid as well as distilled water and universal liquids.Hypothesis The liquid with lowest density will result in higher strength values, lower shrinkage and porosity due to the liquids content that contributes to higher wetting of the powder, thus providing better sealing.Method Two different porcelain were mixed with four different liquids, the manufacturer’s liquid, two universal liquids and distilled water. Ten specimens were prepared per respective group, giving a total of 80. All specimens underwent measuring, flexural strength test and one specimen per group was selected for surface analysis with a microscope inspection. Finally, there was a statistical comparison of the flexural strength between the groups, as well as documentation with photographs of the microstructure of the selected specimens.Results The specimens mixed with distilled water show significantly higher flexural strength values compared to one specimen group mixed with universal modelling liquid. Specimen mixed with distilled water showed significant higher shrinkage, whereas the specimens with the manufacturer's liquid showed least shrinkage.Conclusion Distillated water showed to be most reliable in terms of high flexural strength. The manufacturer’s liquid (GC Initial MC) showed least significant shrinkage. On the other hand, there is insufficient evidence that proves the connection between the density in modeling liquid and its influence on flexural strength values as well as shrinkage
Bodin, Gustav, and Christopher Hoff. "Sprickminimering hos industrigolv utsatta för krympning : Ett förslag till åtgärdsprogram." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-36510.
Full textRoughly estimated 1,5–2,0 million m2 of industrial concrete floors are produced in Sweden every year [1]. The results vary and the most common matter/failure among these floors is cracks [2]. Water finds its way down in the cracks and in some cases chlorides, which causes corrosion of the reinforcement. The reinforcement expands due to the corrosion and makes the concrete burst. The floor is no longer esthetically appealing. At the same time the lifetime is shortened substantially and the floor surface becomes uneven which complicates any truck traffic. Cracks arise due to restraint forces that develop because of concrete shrinkage. The width of the cracks is determined by the concretes tendency to shrink, reinforcement content and the extent of restraint forces. DynaMate builds and maintains Scania service centers and industrial facilities. They are experiencing major problems with cracking in industrial floors. The cracks bring large costs in terms of downtime, demolition, repair and any new production. The present report is based mainly on literature research from reports, articles and handbooks but also norms. Interviews were performed with qualified persons to share their experiences and opinions. To receive even more knowledge the authors attended two different castings of industrial floors. A reduction of cracking in concrete floors caused by the free shrinkage requires a concrete composition which minimizes the free shrinkage, reinforcement content in excess of minimum reinforcement, a slow drying and joints that allow movements. It was believed that the problem with cracks in concrete floors is due to ignorance, different wills and carelessness among the involved actors. Consequently it is also important to have clear objectives and good communication between all actors. On behalf of DynaMate a proposal for actions to reduce cracking was prepared. That proposal can form the basis for future flooring projects and ultimately reduce the significant costs due to maintenance and repairs.
Johansson, Malin. "Utveckling av metod för studier av sprickrisker i betong : Effekter av krympning och temperaturrörelser." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70620.
Full textNyström, Vaara Tobias. "Effektivare sprickbreddsberäkning för böjda och dragna betongtvärsnitt." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-269943.
Full textThis thesis describes how the crack widths of concrete structures is calculated, according to current standards. Special focus has been placed on how the cross-sectional analysis of bent cross- sections, with respect to the concrete's long-term effects, affects crack widths. Although the standard guide to the minimum amount reinforcement for crack control required for concrete structures with tensile stress are reported. The result is a calculation document drawn up in Excel that calculates crack widths for bent and drawn cross- section, which follows the requirements of the current standard.
Johansson, Erika. "Krympning och krypning av STT/F-bjälklagselement : en jämförelse mellan verkliga effekter och beräkning enligt Eurocode 2." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-11876.
Full textAsres, Bersabeh Zemedagegnehu. "Viskostygs inverkan på plagg efter tvätt. : Hur krympning av viskos påverkar plaggets passform, mått och konstruktion för en klänning." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-24381.
Full textThis study is developed in collaboration with a small company that works with women's clothing. The company has had recurring problems with the fit of their viscose dress. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effect of the viscose material shrinkage after laundering on the fit of the garment such as balance, ease, length and the garment dimension. Viscose is one of the finest textile materials for dresses sewing because of its properties such as it’s fine shine, drapes well and it have high absorbent. In contrast, viscose material tends to lose strength when wet, which affects garment fit due to viscoses shrinkage after laundering. The study is performed through comparing of three production processes of a dress to get the best fit and dimensions. For sample A and B, the same pattern construction is used, except for sample B, the viscose fabric was pre-washed in advance. While for sample C fabric samples was washed and the number of shrinkage is calculated . Pattern construction was adjusted by adding the results of shrinkage . The three sample dresses were sewn with the same viscose fabric, and the fit were tasted by one person in size Medium .The dress samples were measured both before and after laundering. The result of prototype C showed that the dress has shrunk to the best fit and meets the desired garment sizes in comparison with prototypes A and B. The study showed that garments that are sewn in viscose material change both in fit and size after washing. Washing viscose material before cutting will not ensure that the sewn garment will not shrink or that the garments will retain its dimension after washing. The change in pattern design gives better results.
Aletto, Angela, and Sofia Engström. "Differentialsättningar i höga byggnader mellan vertikalt bärande element av stål och betong : Tidsberoende deformationer i element av betong på grund av lasthistorik, krypning, krympning och elastisk deformation samt elastisk deformation i stålpelare." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174073.
Full textWhen high buildings are built with steel and concrete collaborating, some problems may occur because the materials deform differently. The differences in the final deformations make horizontally casted floors start to lean over time. In this study a program has been developed in Mathcad to calculate the final deformations and differences. The differences can then be compensated by casting the floor with a slope. The program is supposed to be used by WSP to project high buildings. The program has been used for some parametric studies to show how different parameters can decrease the differences. If this makes the differences small enough it will not even be necessary to cast floors with a slope.
Stening, Eric, and Erik Wall. "Utmaningar med att projektera höga trähus." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-61913.
Full textThis thesis have been executed to address the challenges that may emerge when tall timber buildings are to be designed. Tall timber buildings can be an important part for sustainable construction from several aspects. In this thesis, tall buildings have been defined as buildings with at least eight floors. In collaboration with WSP Örebro, the Head of Department on Construction Engineering has assisted with support and tips, and provided contact information to relevant actors in the subject, and has also been contacting several actors by own hand. In order to obtain the information, literature has been studied and interviews conducted with experienced actors in construction design. Most actors were oriented in timber buildings. During the interview, it has been found that the challenges for tall timber buildings are usually based on 5 areas. • Moisture • Shrinkage • Acoustics • Wind • Fire Under results, each area is summarized to the part that answers the question. The main challenge is how wind can affect tall timber buildings since wood is a lightweight material. In the conclusion, it is shown that a tall timber building should stand for many years in order to show what a good quality of a structure the tall timber building is.
Kauppi, Cajsa. "”Alla vet att viskos krymper” : En studie i hur dimensionsstabilitet av fyra olika viskostyger påverkar passformen på en byxmodell." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26547.
Full textKaas, Ishøy Nicklas, and Emelie Seignér. "Betong med krossad betongballast." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23644.
Full textThe purpose of this work is mainly to investigate six different concrete recipes and aggregates for its freezing properties, together with their shrinkage. The goal is to make a description of how concrete and aggregates, of recycled aggregates, consists with its antifreeze and shrinkage in comparison with the recipe of natural stone aggregates. The specimens are exposed to various strains in laboratory environment according to SIS-CEN / TS 12390–9: 2016, SS-EN 1367–1: 2007 and SS 13 72 15. The project is a collaboration between the University of Borås where this experimental study is conducted and local companies. The companies in this degree project are Ulricehamn Betong and Hedared Sand och Betong. Two reference recipes from these companies have been used and from these, two new recipes have been prepared with new concrete mixes. One with replacement of natural ballast to 50 % RCA (recycled concrete aggregates) and one with 100 % RCA. The water-cement ratio for these recipes are the same as the reference recipes. The intention is that the environmental impact of cement does not increase when the natural gravel is replaced because the natural gravel is a finite product. Aggregates is classified as frost resistant if it has a water absorption lower than 1 % or meet the requirement F1 according to the standard SS 137003:2015, which means having a lower mass reduction than 1 % after freeze-thaw test. The aggregates used in the experiments consisted of mixed fractions and their sieve curve is compared with before and after freeze-thaw test. NAC (Natural Aggregates Concrete) show slight differences before and after tests, while recipes with RCA differ from the sight curves. According to this study only recept 1 REF and recept 1 M50 of the fractions 8-16 mm meets the requirement of F1. The results on the frost resistance of the different concrete recipes show that the recipes with air pore-forming agents have significantly higher resistance against frost attack. According to the standard SIS-CEN / TS 12390–9: 2016, the recipes must meet the requirement of 1.0 kg/m2 flaking after 56 cycles. In this study, the concrete was exposed to 28 freeze-thaw cycles. After 28 cycles, recept 1 had a flaking of 0.35 kg/m2 and recept 1 M100 a flaking of 0.51 kg/m2, while the remaining recipes were above the maximum flaking. The shrinkage of normal concrete is 0,5 ‰ at RF 50 %, which for our test bodies of 200 mm is 0,1 mm. Recept 2 M50 has according to our experiments a bigger shrinkage than this after 7 days, which means that all other recipes meet the requirements except this one. The recipes behave different in terms of both shrinkage and swelling is because they contain different kinds of aggregates, these aggregates can affect the concrete. RCA has higher water absorption than original aggregates, which results in it having a greater drying shrinkage.
Hällin, Felicia, and Johannes Olsson. "Deformationsvariationer och materialskillnader för höghus stomsystem - med avseende på vertikal belastning." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20660.
Full textGustafsson, Ludwig, and Robin Johansson. "Vertikalförskjutningar i ett flerbostadshus med lastbärande trästomme." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-68013.
Full textWood is a recyclable building material and a natural supply. Building in wood is environmentally friendly and is becoming increasingly demanding. But building high structures in wood has its difficulties. That wood becomes deformed by both loadstrain and moisture variation is one of these difficulties. This report is a basis for the experiments that Linnaeus University is going to perform to study these deformations, so called vertical displacements. At Torparängen in Växjö, Derome will build a number of multi-story residential buildings of modules with load-bearing wooden frames. At the highest of these houses, data for temperature, relative humidity, moisture content and vertical displacements in and around the house's body will be collected using sensors. The sensors will be placed in the construction during the erection of the building. Based on previous experiments in the field, preparations for placement of the sensors have been made and motivated. A theoretical calculation of vertical displacement was also made. This in order to later compare the theory with reality. The main conclusion of the work was to minimize the proportion of wood loaded perpendicular to the fibers. Because it is the weakest part in the construction for vertical displacements. Furthermore, it was concluded that moisture content variation in the wood is the main reason for the total vertical deformations.
Stolt, Jens. "Renovering av Gamla Årstabron med injekteringsbetong." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169587.
Full textAccording to an investigation conducted in 2006 by the former Carl Bro AB commissioned by the former Swedish railway authority (Banverket), the old Årsta bridge in Stockholm, Sweden, was after 80 years in operation showing signs of extensive damage on the load-bearing concrete structures. It was pointed out that the concrete vaults of the bridge needed to be repaired and reinforced in order to keep the bridge in an operational state. After further investigation it was decided that the first three vaults on the north side of the bridge were to be renovated by using pre-placed aggregate concrete. The renovation of the three vaults on the north side served as a full-scale test to find the best possible methodology for the continued renovation of the concrete structures that consists of another seventeen concrete vaults. This thesis aims to evaluate the method of using pre-placed aggregate concrete regarding its properties and materials as well as the construction technology. The reason for this thesis is that there is a great need to follow up the renovation method using pre-placed aggregate concrete since it hasn’t been used in any great extent in Sweden since late 1970’s.The evaluation of the concrete’s properties has been done by analyzing the results of the testing that has been performed on the concrete. Test specimens consisting of concrete cores and fabricated cubes have been tested for compressive and tensile (bond) strength. The evaluation of materials and construction technology has been done by practical observations on the work site where the author worked as an intern for the contractor NCC during June and August 2008. Apart from my internship I also attended and documented many of the grouting occasions during the first year of the project. The main intention of using pre-placed aggregate concrete was to produce a concrete with high compressive strength, certain tensile strength and a free shrinkage of at most 0,2 ‰. The testing of the concrete was unfortunately not extensive enough to draw any unambiguous conclusions concerning the properties of the concrete. The results of the tests performed as well as information from key persons from the current Swedish traffic administration (Trafikverket) do however tend to confirm what was found during the pilot studies conducted before the renovation of the bridge started, namely that the pre-placed aggregate concrete has a much lower shrinkage than conventional concrete normally used in bridges. As for compressive and tensile strength, the pre-placed aggregate concrete meets the quality requirements. The mix of included materials, aggregate and cement-based grout, as well as the properties of the materials themselves turned out to be critical for the result, which the literature in the field confirms. The purity of the aggregate is essential for the result. Moreover, it’s very important that the cement-based grout is of high quality and stable. When comparing with traditional concreting, the method imposes higher requirements on the workforce, management and subcontractors, in some aspects. Two other key factors, apart from the competence of each group, are the coordination and the logistics on the worksite. Using pre-placed aggregate concrete also implies that clients and specialists must have knowledge and understanding concerning the differences compared to traditional concreting, especially since the method hasn’t been used in any greater extent in Sweden the last 40 years. Based on the result of renovation, tests conducted and reviews from key persons at the Swedish transport administration the decision to use pre-placed aggregate concrete was the right one.
Bergström, Anton, and Emelie Bredhe. "Krympstudie inom additiv tillverkning : En fallstudie med elektronstrålesmältning av Ti6Al4V." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för kvalitets- och maskinteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-34776.
Full textThis project is a about studying and anylazing shrinkage during the use of a EBM-machine in the material Ti6A14V. The study is done to anaylze how prints of diffrent size and printing direction are affected by the shrinkage. The project is done by two students at Mid Sweden University in Östersund and the project is requested by the research department of the university. Research has been made before the start of the project to give the students a solid understanding in the matter. During the research for information it was found that the shrink could be minimized by using supportmaterial in the print. The design for the parts that was going to be printed have been chosen through earlier studies of the matter where stairs was recommended to easy be able to see what goes on in the different parts of a print. Some details was also created so that measurements considering sharp edges and round details could be checked for deformations if there was enough time. Those were never measured since all the time of this project was focused around the stairs. The stairs were printed in three different sizes. They were also printed with and without supportmaterial and both standing up and lying down in the printer EBM Arcam S12. When the parts had been printed they were measured with a microscope called “Dino-Light edge Digital Microscope”. The information gotten from these measurements were put into a Microsoft Excel document where tables and graphs were created to make it easy to spot the tendencies of the prints. The tendencies that were noticeable was that the first and third step of every print had more shrink than the others. This occurred no matter the size the stairs were but did not occur in the parts printed with supportmaterial. No tendencies were noticed in the prints with supportmaterial and the shrinkage that was noted in these prints might also be because of the human factor. The trends are clearly visible in the parts printed without supportmaterial. This might be because of the different material in the printing plate that is stainless steel instead of Ti6Al4V. This might cause problem for the layers that are printed closest to the plate. The reason for shrinking in the details is also because of the fact that the powder that is being printed gets melted and therefor shrinks. This results in a thicker layer of powder everytime the powder is applied to the printing surface. This is a problem that goes on throughout the whole print no matter if supportmaterial is used or not. The work completed is considered to be well done.
Betyg: 180809
Brattström, Niels, and Oliver Hagman. "Reinforced Concrete Subjected To Restraint Forces : A comparison with non-linear numerical analyses." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209122.
Full textI Sverige är det Eurokod 2 som används som basis för dimensionering av betongkonstruktioner, i vilken metoder som beskriver sprickkontroll i bruksgränsstadiet för betong utsatt för tvångskrafter återfinns. Både detaljerade handberäkningsmetoder och förenklade metoder beskrivs. I olika koder och rapporter återfinns ett flertal förslag till hur detta problem ska hanteras. Vissa påstår att metoderna som anges i Eurokod 2 är på osäkra sidan då dessa förlitar sig på stabiliserad sprickbildning, medan andra menar att Eurokod 2 är för konservativ då inspänningen kommer förhindra att sprickorna öppnar sig. Då metoderna analyseras noggrannare och testas framgår det att alla genererar olika resultat under samma antaganden. De flesta ligger inom samma spann och skillnaderna uppkommer då de olika metoderna beaktar olika aspekter. En metod genererar dock ett resultat som är högre än alla andra, som i denna rapport benämns som Chalmersmetoden. Då denna metod lärs ut på Göteborgs tekniska universitet (Chalmers) så har de utstickande resultatet skapat en viss förvirring bland konstruktörer i Sverige. Då metoderna jämförs med numeriska analyser framgår det att Eurokod 2 förutspår en rimlig sprickvidd för låga töjningsgrader, medan den verkar vara överkonservativ för höga töjningsgrader. Chalmersmetoden verkar underestimera antalet sprickor som uppkommer i konstruktionen, vilket resulterar i de utstickande resultaten. Fortsättningsvis fastslås det att i relation till en mer detaljerad handberäkning så är den förenklade metoden i Eurokod 2 inte alltid på säkra sidan. Metoden är endast giltig inom ett visst spann, vilket kan överskridas beroende på den egentliga töjningens storlek och valet av dimensioneringsparametrar. Krypningens effekt på fastinspända betongkonstruktioner då de utsätts för långtidslaster så som krympning har också diskuterats och analyserats numeriskt. Olika handberäkningsmetoder antyder att krypningen har en positiv effekt på så sätt att sprickvidden minskar. Även de numeriska resultaten indikeratar att så är fallet, dock anses osäkerheten i dessa analyser vara stor i förhållande till analyser av korttidslaster.
Björnberg, Maja, and Victor Johansson. "Numeriska simuleringar av betongkonstruktioner med minimiarmering för sprickbreddsbegränsning." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131428.
Full textAfter the introduction of the Eurocodes, the minimum amount of reinforcement for crack control in concrete structures has increased. This is due to differences in themethods for calculating the minimum amount of reinforcement used in the Eurocodes and in BKR, a standard which was used in Sweden before the Eurocodes. Minimum reinforcement for crack control is used in concrete structures to redistribute the tensile stresses caused by restraint during the shrinkage. This thesis examines if the amount of minimum reinforcement can be reduced without compromising the main functions of the reinforcement. In this thesis a number of methods for calculating the minimum reinforcement has been compared to see how large the differences in the amount of reinforcement are, why they occur and what are the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods. The different methods revised in this thesis are the method in Eurocode 2, the changes made in the German National Annex to the Eurocode 2 method and a method proposed by Hallgren in a preliminary work. The results are based on simulations performed in the FEM-application Atena where different scenarios were examined. In the investigated scenarios, the strength classes of the concrete, the cross-sectional dimensions, the size of the reinforcement bars, the size of the concrete cover and the bond strength has been varied. The amount of reinforcement in each case has been varied to correspond to the required minimum amount according to the different methods for calculating minimum reinforcement. In all investigated cases, the cross section is assumed to be exposed to pure tensile load, which is the case for shrinkage. The results of the simulations showed that a larger amount of reinforcement reduces the width of the cracks, that a larger amount of small cracks are formed, and that new cracks are formed earlier at a lower shrinkage value. The differences are however in most cases small compared to when a lower amount of reinforcement is used. In other words, a lower amount of reinforcement could be used without compromising the main functions of the minimum reinforcement. The results from the simulations have also been used to obtain an alternative method for calculating the minimum reinforcement that gives a lower amount of reinforcement without compromising the main functions. The proposed change in Eurocode is a modification in the value of the coefficient k. By changing the value of the coefficient k, the amount of required minimum reinforcement is decreased significantly, especially for large crosssection heights. More numerical simulations were performed to ensure that the reinforcement amount according to the proposed change works for all scenarios considered in this thesis. The results showed that the reinforcement were capable of redistributing the tensile stresses caused by restraint. Only a small increase in the crack widths could be observed. An investigation was conducted to find an explanation to why cracks occur during the first weeks after casting of the concrete. The results show that the problem with cracks occurring during this period is neither due to the autogenous shrinkage nor the drying shrinkage. Only a small share of those types of shrinkage are achieved during the first weeks, and at the same time the concrete strength growth is relatively fast. Instead, the problems with cracks seem to be caused by other factors, such as a large heat development in the concrete during the first day, uneven drying shrinkage or an uneven temperature distribution over the cross section in combination with restraint. Cracks can develop during the first days after casting of the concrete due to the shrinkage that occur when the concrete cools off after the large heat development the first day. These cracks remain when the drying shrinkage continues. A comparison was also made between hand calculations of the characteristic crack widths according to “Betongföreningens handbok till Eurokod 2” and the crack widths read out of the results from the numerical simulations. The results showed that the method generally works well, but some minor adjustments could be made to adapt the method to smaller values of concrete shrinkage.
Hassan, Husseen, and Abdifatah Sahal. "Experimental Tests of Pre - placed Aggregate Concrete for Concrete Repairs." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278540.
Full textDå en stor del av vattenkraftsdammarna i Sverige byggdes på 1950 och 1960-talet börjar många av dessa sakta men säkert brytas ner. Vattenkraftföretagen står inför stora utmaningar och investerar följaktligen i effektiva reparationsmetoder då dammbrott skulle kunna få allvarliga konsekvenser för människor, den omgivande miljön och för samhället. Flertalet konstruktioner inom vattenkraften är gjorda av betong och kraven på den nya kompletterande betongen är höga. En betong med potentialen att möta och uppfylla dessa höga krav är injekteringsbetongen som i tidigare studier uppvisat lovande resultat beträffande dess mekaniska egenskaper. Med anledning av detta är injekteringsbetongen av intresse att undersöka. Fokus har inte varit på att optimera injekteringsbetongen i syfte att genomföra fullskaliga försök. Istället har huvudsyftet med detta examensarbete varit att studera och analysera injekteringsbetongens mekaniska egenskaper såsom krympning, tryckhållfasthet, spräckhållfasthet, frostbeständighet samt undersöka viktiga parametrar i skapandet av ett homogent och lättflytande cementbruk som med god framgång kunde fylla ut hålrummen mellan grova ballasten. Undersökningarna utfördes genom laboratorieförsök på Vattenfalls betonglaboratorium i Älvkarleby. Vidare har skapandet och utvecklandet av bruket utförts i enlighet med metoder och krav angivna i American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM standards, samt i Svenska institutet för Standarder, SiS. Totalt gjordes 15 bruksblandningar, dock användes enbart de sista fem till gjutning av provkroppar då lufthalten visade sig vara för låg i dem första tio. Resultaten indikerade på att det är nödvändigt att ersätta luftporbildare med mikrosfärer för att erhålla en lufthalt som uppfyller kraven för betong i exponeringsklass XF3 samt XC4. Injekteringbetongens avflagning efter 56 dygn var mindre än 0.1 kg/m2 och frostbeständigheten kunde därmed klassas som mycket god. Användningen av slagg minskade cementbrukets vattenseparation avsevärt och bidrog även till förbättrade gjutresultat. Dock bidrog det å andra sidan till en ökad krympning hos injekteringsbetongen. En effektivitetsfaktor på 0.6 visade sig vara för låg då injekteringsbetongen med slagg hade en cirka 50 % högre tryckhållfasthet än dem utan. Dessutom visade sig injekteringsbetongens krympning vara mindre än den konventionella betongens efter 63 dagar. Tryckhållfastheten hos injekteringsbetongen utan slagg uppvisade även en cirka 15 % lägre tryckhållfasthet än den konventionella betongens. Vibrering under gjutning visade sig höja tryckhållfastheten hos injekteringsbetongen samt förbättra gjutresultaten. En låg vattenseparation i kombination med en flödestid på cirka 45 sekunder för 1.7 liter bruk visade sig ge bästa gjutresultaten. Resultaten från laboratorieförsöken har visat på att injekteringsbetongen besitter stor potential. Dock bör ytterligare undersökningar genomföras för att bedöma huruvida en mindre ballastfraktion för sanden påverkar brukets förmåga att penetrera den grova ballasten. Vidare bör bruket pumpas in istället för att hällas över den grova ballasten, detta för att se huruvida gjutresultaten samt de mekaniska egenskaperna hos injekteringsbetongen skulle förbättras.
Kuivamäki, Daniel, and Mohammad Mohseni. "Värme- och massflöde i precisionsgjuteri : Optimering och undersökning av simuleringsparametrar för precisionsgjutning." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44121.
Full textSimulation of investment casting play a big role for prediction of problems in the process. TPC Components AB need their simulations to be optimised against the practical process in order to get results as close as possible to the results from real practice. This thesis is mapping the parameters sensitivity against TPC’s earlier standards to put forward what parameters the result is depending on. The optimization of the parameters is towards measurement of heat and time and practical trial in order to get a scientific ground. The heat transfer for complicated structure needs to be simulated in order to get a reasonable value to work with. Results shows that TPC’s earlier model of simulation have lack of measurement and important parameters are based on assumptions. The work done gave TPC a model closer to the real practice which can both mean faster decisions of how to cast new products and less costly practical trials.
Akbar, Sidra, and Mathias Carlie. "Long-term deformation of balanced cantilever bridges due to non-uniform creep and shrinkage." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300449.
Full textFreivorbau broar har historiskt sett haft problem med kraftiga deformationer. Tidigare forskning föreslår att detta har orsakats av tjockleksskillnader i lådtvärsnitt och underskattning av krypning och krympning. Denna studie har undersökteffektenav ojämn krypningoch krympning på freivorbau broars långtidsdeformationer.Den ojämna krypningen och krympningen orsakas av skillnader i uttorkningshastigheterför lådtvärsnittets olika delar. En finitaelementmodell definieradesi programmet Abaqus som en fallstudie på Alviksbron.Modellen användes för att utvärdera skillnaden mellan ojämn och jämn krypning och krympning med Eurokod 2. En jämförelsemellan Eurokod 2 och Bažant’s B4 modellgenomfördes med hänsyn till ojämn krypningoch krympning.Syftet med jämförelsen var att utvärdera skillnadermellan byggnormeroch forskningmodeller med hänsyn till deformationer orsakade av ojämnkrypningoch krympning.Vidare genomfördes enparameterstudie för att urskilja effekten av parametrarna: ballast last, vatten-cement-tal och förhållanden relaterade till betongensuttorkning(relativ fuktighet och omkrets utsatt för luft).Deformationerna från finita elementmodellen jämfördes med uppmätta deformationer av Alviksbron.Resultaten visade att det fanns en signifikant skillnad i beräknad deformationunder de första tio årenmellan ojämn och jämn krypning och krympning.Ojämn krypning och krympning gav större deformationer.Mindre deformationsskillnad gavs dock i slutgiltig deformationefter 120 år. Den främsta anledningentill skillnaderna i deformation under de första tio årenär orsakat av skillnaderi krympningens hastighet mellan övre-och undre fläns.I analyserna antogs det att övre flänsen inte torkade ut från dess övre del.Därmed varkrympningens hastighetlikartad för övre flänsen som torkade ut åt ett håll, och undre flänsen som torkade ut åttvå håll.B4 modellen gav större deformationerjämfört med Eurokod 2.En möjlig förklaring för detta är definieringen av omkrets gentemot ytans area.Eurokod 2 definierar en omkrets utsatt för luft. B4 modellen definierar i stället arean av en yta, utan att ta hänsyn till om den är utsatt för luft.Även om B4 modellen och Eurokod 2 ger likartade deformationer, ger B4 modellen oftare deformationer som stämmer bättre överens med deformationsmätningarna av Alviksbron.Lägre relativ fuktighet gav mindre deformationer, eftersom betong krymper fortare i torrt klimat. Ändring av vattencementtal gav inte någon märkbar ändring i deformationer.Högre ballasthöjd gav betydligt större deformationer. Höjden på ballast var en osäker faktorpå grund av varierandehöjder i Alviksbrons konstruktionsritningar.Noggrann höjdbestämmelse av ballasten är därför viktigt.