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Journal articles on the topic 'Kudoidae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

BURGER, MIEKE A. A., and ROBERT D. ADLARD. "Phenotypic variation in a significant spore character in Kudoa (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) species infecting brain tissue." Parasitology 137, no. 12 (2010): 1759–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010000673.

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SUMMARYSome Kudoa species display variations in the number of polar capsules in spores within an individual pseudocyst. Nonetheless, there is usually a dominant morphotype which forms a significant element of diagnosis. In 2007, a Kudoa isolate from whiting (spores with 5 (dominant) or 6 (minor) polar capsules) was characterized by Burger et al. (2007) as being 100% identical in SSU rDNA to Kudoa yasunagai (spores with 7 polar capsules) from a halibut, despite its obvious morphological differences. The authors hypothesized that either SSU rDNA had reached its level of resolution or that the genetic identity revealed conspecificity. To further investigate these hypotheses, SSU and LSU rDNA sequence data were coupled with principal components, correlation, and regression analyses of morphometric data from different kudoid isolates that infect brain tissue to determine the relationships between spore morphotypes and different kudoid isolates. The trends in morphometrics between the spores of particular isolates were so similar that it was concluded that the molecular results did indicate conspecificity rather than SSU reaching its level of resolution. This phenotypic influence on a significant diagnostic character within the Kudoidae has a major impact on the diagnosis of this, and potentially other, pathogenic species.

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Kristmundsson, Árni, and Mark Andrew Freeman. "Negative effects of Kudoa islandica n. sp. (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) on aquaculture and wild fisheries in Iceland." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 3, no. 2 (2014): 135–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.06.001.

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Kristmundsson, Árni, Freeman, Mark Andrew (2014): Negative effects of Kudoa islandica n. sp. (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) on aquaculture and wild fisheries in Iceland. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 3 (2): 135-146, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.06.001, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.06.001

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3

Neto, José Pompeu Araújo, Joyce Cardim, Silva Diehgo T. Da, Igor Hamoy, Edilson Matos, and Fernando Abrunhosa. "Kudoa ajurutellus n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae), a parasite of the skeletal musculature of the Bressou sea catfish, Aspistor quadriscutis, in northeastern of the State of Pará." Zootaxa 4718, no. 3 (2020): 371–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.5.

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Neto, José Pompeu Araújo, Cardim, Joyce, Da Silva, Diehgo T., Hamoy, Igor, Matos, Edilson, Abrunhosa, Fernando (2020): Kudoa ajurutellus n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae), a parasite of the skeletal musculature of the Bressou sea catfish, Aspistor quadriscutis, in northeastern of the State of Pará. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 371-380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.5

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Shin, Sang Phil, Chang Nam Jin, Han Chang Sohn, and Jehee Lee. "Kudoa ogawai (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) Infection in Cultured Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus." Korean Journal of Parasitology 57, no. 4 (2019): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.439.

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5

NETO, JOSÉ POMPEU ARAÚJO, JOYCE CARDIM, DIEHGO T. DA SILVA, IGOR HAMOY, EDILSON MATOS, and FERNANDO ABRUNHOSA. "Kudoa ajurutellus n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae), a parasite of the skeletal musculature of the Bressou sea catfish, Aspistor quadriscutis, in northeastern of the State of Pará." Zootaxa 4718, no. 3 (2020): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.5.

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Kudoa ajurutellus n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae) is described as a parasite of the Bressou catfish, Aspistor quadriscutis (Siluriformes) collected at Ajuruteua beach, northeastern Pará, Brazil. The new species is described based on the morphology of the spores and the sequence of the 18S rDNA. This parasite was found only in the skeletal muscular tissue of fish hosts. In the apical view, the spores were pseudo-quadrangular in shape, with rounded borders, and four symmetrical capsules. The spores are 6.63±0.53 μm in length and 8.16±0.75 μm in width. The polar capsules are piriform, 3.45±0.30 μm in length and 1.87±0.15 μm in width. The phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of the 18S rDNA gene indicated that the new species is clearly distinct from all other Kudoa species, and that the degree of differentiation is constant with the existence of a new species of the genus Kudoa. This is the first marine Kudoa species recorded in northeastern of the State of Pará.

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Miller, Terrence L., and Robert D. Adlard. "Brain infecting kudoids of Australia's coral reefs, including a description of Kudoa lemniscati n. sp. (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) from Lutjanus lemniscatus (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Parasitology International 61, no. 2 (2012): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2012.01.002.

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7

BURGER, M. A. A., and R. D. ADLARD. "Four new species of KudoaMeglitsch, (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from Australia with recommendations for species descriptions in the Kudoidae." Parasitology 137, no. 5 (2009): 793–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991557.

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SUMMARYKudoid parasites are significant pathogens of marine fish. In the past, specific identification has been difficult due to a paucity of detailed morphological and biological information provided in the original description of some species. However, the introduction of DNA analysis has dramatically improved diagnosis. For morphological characterization, this paper proposes a new set of schematics including additional measurements to give a more thorough description of spore morphology, and provides evidence for uniqueness of 4 new species: Kudoa gunterae n. sp. (from 10 pomacentrid species and 1 apogonid species), K. kenti n. sp. (from 4 pomacentrid species), K. paraquadricornis n. sp. (from 4 carangid species), and K. whippsi n. sp. (from 8 pomacentrid species and 1 apogonid species). Subtle morphological differences found between closely related species were reflected in their genetics, with increased resolution provided by the large subunit, compared with that of the small subunit, of the ribosomal DNA gene region. This article proposes comprehensive requirements for species descriptions within the Kudoidae that incorporate biology, morphology, and genetic sequence.

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8

Kristmundsson, Árni, and Mark Andrew Freeman. "Negative effects of Kudoa islandica n. sp. (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) on aquaculture and wild fisheries in Iceland." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 3, no. 2 (2014): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.06.001.

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9

Burger, Mieke A. A., and Robert D. Adlard. "Low host specificity in the Kudoidae (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) including seventeen new host records for Kudoa thalassomi." Folia Parasitologica 58, no. 1 (2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2011.001.

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10

Yurakhno, V. M. "Myxosporeans of Kudoa genus (Myxosporea, Kudoidae) of the world fish fauna and their importance for fishery and mariculture: review." Marine Biological Journal 2, no. 4 (2017): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2017.02.4.02.

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All available literature and perennial the author’s own fees of Kudoa genus myxosporeans of the world fauna fish have been analyzed. The specificity of these parasites, their site of infection in the body of the host, distribution in various reservoirs of our planet have been considered. Pathogenic species of myxosporeans of the genus Kudoa, parasitizing in valuable food species of fish in the World Ocean and damaging to the fisheries and mariculture have been listed. The negative influence of these parasites on the host organism at the organismic, tissue and biochemical level has been considered. Infection rates and seasonal changes for some fish species and the dependence of infection on their sex have been given. The symptoms of kudoosis in wild nature and mariculture have been described. Activities aimed at reducing the damage caused by Multivalvulida myxosporeans have been considered.

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11

Yurakhno, V. M., M. O. Ovcharenko, A. S. Holzer, V. L. Sarabeev, and J. A. Balbuena. "Kudoa unicapsula n. sp. (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) a parasite of the Mediterranean mullets Liza ramada and L. aurata (Teleostei: Mugilidae)." Parasitology Research 101, no. 6 (2007): 1671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0711-8.

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12

BURGER, M. A. A., T. H. CRIBB, and R. D. ADLARD. "Patterns of relatedness in the Kudoidae with descriptions of Kudoa chaetodoni n. sp. and K. lethrini n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida)." Parasitology 134, no. 5 (2006): 669–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006001995.

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SUMMARYTwo morphologically novel Kudoa species are characterized from brain tissue of fish, Kudoa chaetodoni n. sp. from Chaetodon unimaculatus (Chaetodontidae) and Kudoa lethrini n. sp. from Gymnocranius audleyi and Lethrinus harak (Lethrinidae). Additionally we characterized a 5-spore valve (SV) Kudoa species from the brain of Sillago ciliata (Sillaginidae). Intriguingly, its 18S rDNA sequence was identical to that of the 7 SV Kudoa yasunagai extracted from the brain of a paralichthyid halibut in Japan. These 2 species may either prove to be con-specific, even though morphology and distribution differ, or demonstrate the limit of specific resolution in the small subunit rDNA gene region. Small subunit rDNA sequences from these new species were used in molecular phylogenetic analyses of kudoids to examine congruence of phylogeny with tissue tropism, geographical distribution, and host specificity. There was significant correlation between tissue tropism in the form of well-supported brain and heart-infecting clades. Host specificity and geographical distribution showed some correlations with genotype.

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13

Cardim, Joyce, José Araújo-Neto, Diehgo T. da Silva, Igor Hamoy, Edilson Matos, and Fernando Abrunhosa. "Kudoa yasai n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae) from the skeletal muscle of Macrodon ancylodon (Sciaenidae) on the northern Atlantic coast, Brazil." Parasitology Research 119, no. 6 (2020): 1743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-020-06679-3.

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14

Monteiro, Elideth Pacheco, Silva Diehgo Tuloza Da, Osimar Sanches, Igor Hamoy, and Edilson Rodrigues Matos. "Morphological and Molecular Characteristics of Kudoa viseuensis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), Found in the Muscle of Batrachoides surinamensis (Teleostei: Batrachoididae) in the Brazilian Amazon Region." Acta Protozoologica 58, no. 1 (2019): 7–16. https://doi.org/10.4467/16890027AP.19.002.10833.

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Monteiro, Elideth Pacheco, Da Silva, Diehgo Tuloza, Sanches, Osimar, Hamoy, Igor, Matos, Edilson Rodrigues (2019): Morphological and Molecular Characteristics of Kudoa viseuensis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), Found in the Muscle of Batrachoides surinamensis (Teleostei: Batrachoididae) in the Brazilian Amazon Region. Acta Protozoologica 58 (1): 7-16, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.19.002.10833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16890027ap.19.002.10833

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15

Blaylock, Reginald B., Stephen A. Bullard, and Christopher M. Whipps. "KUDOA HYPOEPICARDIALIS N. SP. (MYXOZOA: KUDOIDAE) AND ASSOCIATED LESIONS FROM THE HEART OF SEVEN PERCIFORM FISHES IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO." Journal of Parasitology 90, no. 3 (2004): 584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-161r.

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16

Chinh, Nguyen Ngoc, Ha Duy Ngo, Nguyen Huu Duc, Nguyen Thuy Linh, and Pham Ngoc Doanh. "Morphological and molecular characteristics of Kudoa scomberomori (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) firstly foundfrom the muscles of info-pacific king mackerel Scomberomorus guttatus in Quang Binh province, Vietnam." TAP CHI SINH HOC 40, no. 1 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v40n1.10671.

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The genus Kudoa includes about 100 described species. In Vietnam, so far, only one species, Kudoa monodactyli, has been reported. During servey for parasites of marine fish in Quang Binh province, Vietnam in 2017, we found Myxozoan samples in 8 out of 15 Indo-Pacific king mackerel (Scomberomorus guttatus). They are identified as K. scomberomori based on the results of morphological and molecular analyses. A great number of individual spores form white pseudocysts with thin membrane within the muscle fibre. The pseudocysts were 0.1-0.3 × 0.4-0.7 mm. The shape of fresh spore like a flower petal. The spore of K. scomberomori was 6.65 ± 0.09 (6.53-6.76) µm in length, 7.42 ± 0.13 (7.29-7.58) µm in width and 6.55 ± 0.11 (6.40-6.65) µm in thickness. Each spore has six shell valves with same size. Each shell valve contained one polar capsule measuring 3.42 ± 0.09 (3.32-3.48) µm in length and 1.30 ± 0.14 (1.14-1.46) µm in width. This is the first report of K. scomberomori in Vietnam and Indo-Pacific king mackerel is recorded as a new host for this species. Citation: Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Ha Duy Ngo, Nguyen Huu Duc, Nguyen Thuy Linh, Pham Ngoc Doanh, 2017. Morphological and molecular characteristics of Kudoa scomberomori (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) firstly foundfrom the muscles of info-pacific king mackerel Scomberomorus guttatus in Quang Binh province, Vietnam. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 40(1): x-xx. DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v40n1.10671. *Corresponding author: chinhnn89@gmail.com Received 13 September 2017, accepted 2 December 2017

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17

Abdel-Ghaffar, Fathy, Kareem Morsy, Heinz Mehlhorn, et al. "First report of Kudoa species (Myxozoa: Kudoidae) infecting the spotted coral grouper Plectropomus maculates from the Red Sea. A light and ultrastructural study." Parasitology Research 111, no. 4 (2012): 1579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3011-x.

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18

Giulietti, Lucilla, Egil Karlsbakk, Paolo Cipriani, Salome Daniel Shayo, Julia E. Storesund, and Arne Levsen. "Molecular Characterization of the Myoliquefactive Fish Parasite Kudoa mirabilis (Cnidaria, Kudoidae) from SW Indian Ocean and Its Phylogenetic Relationship with the Kudoa thyrsites Species Complex." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (2020): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091352.

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Myxosporean parasites of the genus Kudoa are fish parasites of great economic importance, as some species can affect the fish fillet quality by producing macroscopic cysts or generating post mortem myoliquefaction, commonly referred to as ‘soft flesh’. Kudoa mirabilis is a ‘soft flesh’-inducing species originally described based on morphology in the musculature of Trichiurus lepturus from the Indian Ocean. An integrative morphological and genetic characterization of K. mirabilis from the type host caught off the coast of Tanzania is here provided. The spores were stellate with four unequal polar capsules, showing similarities to Kudoa thyrsites. For comparative and validation purpose, K. mirabilis was compared morphologically and genetically with K. thyrsites reference isolates, including new obtained samples from the type host Thyrsites atun caught in the SE Atlantic Ocean. Morphological analyses of spores revealed key diagnostic characters clearly distinguishing the two Kudoa species. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU and LSU rRNA genes demonstrated that K. mirabilis is a distinct and valid species, representing a sister group to a K. thyrsites subclade that comprises several isolates from Japan and one single isolate from South Africa. This finding raises questions about the true diversity likely hidden in the K. thyrsites complex.

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GLEESON, R. J., M. B. BENNETT, and R. D. ADLARD. "First taxonomic description of multivalvulidan myxosporean parasites from elasmobranchs: Kudoa hemiscylli n.sp. and Kudoa carcharhini n.sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulidae)." Parasitology 137, no. 13 (2010): 1885–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010000855.

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SUMMARYMyxosporean parasites are significant parasites of fishes not only for their apparent high diversity but also for their potential impact on fish health and/or marketability. Regardless, our knowledge of most myxosporeans, especially those found in elasmobranch hosts, is superficial. A study of multivalvulidan diversity in a range of elasmobranchs from Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory (Australia) was conducted to address this knowledge gap. Specimens were collected from a total of 3 orders, 9 families and 31 species of elasmobranchs. Myxosporean infections referable to the genus Kudoa were discovered in host muscle and characterized morphologically and genetically. Both small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences were used in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Kudoa spp. infected 27 of the 31 species of elasmobranchs examined, representing new records of this parasite genus in 26, of the 27, host species. Kudoids were observed in all 3 orders, and 7 out of the 9 families of elasmobranchs investigated. This paper reports the first 2 multivalvulidan species to be formally described from elasmobranchs, Kudoa hemiscylli n.sp. characterized from Hemiscyllium ocellatum (and 8 other host species) and Kudoa carcharhini n. sp. characterized from Carcharhinus cautus (and 2 other host species). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that kudoids from elasmobranchs form a separate lineage to those of teleosts, but are anchored within the overall kudoid clade.

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Yurakhno, V. M., E. E. Slynko, and Yu V. Slynko. "Finding of Parasites Kudoa nova and Kudoa niluferi (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) in the Muscles of Alien Gobies Tridentiger trigonocephalus and Gobius cruentatus (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) in the Black Sea." Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 13, no. 3 (2022): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s207511172203016x.

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21

da Silva, Diehgo Tuloza, Marcelo Francisco da Silva, Aline Medeiros Lima, et al. "Utrastructure and molecular phylogeny of the myxozoan Kudoa ocellatus n. sp. (Myxozoa: Kudoidae), a parasite of the Oscar, Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831; Teleostei: Cichlidae), a fish from northern Brazil." Parasitology International 86 (February 2022): 102472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2021.102472.

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22

Heiniger, Holly, and Robert D. Adlard. "Host specificity and local infection dynamics of Kudoa leptacanthae n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae) from the pericardial cavity of two Zoramia spp. (Perciformes: Apogonidae) at Lizard Island lagoon, Queensland, Australia." Parasitology International 61, no. 4 (2012): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2012.08.001.

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23

Woodyard, ET, AE Bierman, JJ Edwards, et al. "Kudoa hypoepicardialis (Myxosporea: Multivalvida: Kudoidae) and associated cardiac lesions in lionfish Pterois volitans in Grenada, West Indies." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03663.

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Gonzales Fernández, Julio Gregorio, and Pedro José Rodenas Seytuque. "Plasmodios juveniles y adultos de <i>Kudoa peruvianus</i> (Myxosporidio: Kudoidae) en el tejido muscular de la merluza, (<i>Merluccius gayi peruanus </i>, Ginsburg, 1954) – Paita." Revista Científica Pakamuros 11, no. 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.37787/zn3c6n07.

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El objetivo del estudio fue determinar mediante un diagnóstico tisular la presencia de plasmodios juveniles y adultos de Kudoa peruvianus (Myxosporidio: Kudoidae) que producen alteraciones a nivel del tejido muscular de la merluza, (Merluccius gayi peruanus, Ginsburg, 1954) – Paita. Se analizaron 14 ejemplares de merluza procedentes del puerto de Paita. Se empleó 3 láminas por muestra, con cinco cortes por lámina, de ambos lados; se analizó mediante la observación al microscopio y a través de microfotografías, los análisis se desarrollaron en el laboratorio de la Universidad Nacional La Molina (UNALM) e instalaciones del Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE). Se observó que el tejido epidérmico es el medio por donde ingresan los primeros estadios del parásito K. peruvianos y la respuesta inmunológica es por la presencia de los centros melano macrofagicos (CMM), además, se evidenció que los plasmodios juveniles causan mayor daño a las hembras (57, 15%) mientras que a los machos el daño llega a (42, 85%) a nivel del tejido esquelético de la merluza. Se concluye que los plasmodios juveniles son los que causan una mayor alteración provocando necrosis, histólisis, e hipertrofia y algunos casos hiperplasia, principalmente en las hembras de merluza.

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Shamsi, Shokoofeh, and Diane P. Barton. "Exploring the Potential Role of the Genus Kudoa (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) as an Emerging Seafood-Borne Parasite in Humans." Current Clinical Microbiology Reports, March 4, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40588-024-00220-1.

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Abstract Purpose of Review This article reviews and summarises the recent findings on emerging seafood-borne parasites, Kudoa spp., that have received comparatively little attention in the literature. Recent Findings Currently, two species, namely, K. hexapunctata and K. septempunctata, have been identified as causing infections in humans. However, it is worth noting that the existing nomenclature and methods for identifying Kudoa spp. may undergo substantial changes as more effective identification techniques are developed. This implies the possibility of additional species capable of infecting humans. The symptoms induced by these parasites in humans, such as vomiting and diarrhoea, can easily be confused with similar symptoms caused by other pathogens like viruses or bacteria. Consequently, misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis is quite common. Moreover, new hosts and expanded distribution patterns are being discovered on a regular basis. Summary This review sheds light on the potential of Kudoa spp. to cause diseases in humans, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive seafood safety measures to ensure responsible seafood consumption. Further investigation into these lesser-known parasites is warranted to better understand their prevalence, distribution, and pathogenicity in seafood-related infections.

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Chero, Jhon, Celso Cruces, José Iannacone, Gloria Sáez, Lorena Alvariño, and Alicia Diestro. "PREVALENCIA DE INFECCIÓN POR KUDOA PERUVIANA (MATEO, 1972) (MYXOSPOREA: KUDOIDAE) EN LA MUSCULATURA SOMÁTICA DE LA MERLUZA PERUANA MERLUCCIUS GAYI PERUANUS (GINSBURG, 1954) (PERCIFORMES: MERLUCCIIDAE) DE LA COSTA CENTRAL DEL PERÚ." Neotropical Helminthology 9, no. 1 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.24039/rnh201591781.

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El género Kudoa presenta parásitos de peces marinos que producen una intensa histólisis muscular, que consiste en el ablandamiento y licuefacción de los tejidos musculares. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia de infección de Kudoa peruviana en la musculatura somática de la “Merluza peruana” Merluccius gayi peruanus de la costa central del Perú. 62 especímenes de M. gayi peruanus fueron adquiridos durante los meses de enero y febrero del 2014 en el Terminal Pesquero de Ventanilla, Callao, Perú. El examen en cada pez hospedero consistió en la búsqueda exhaustiva, contabilización y registro de quistes de K. peruviana en la musculatura somática. La prevalencia, intensidad media y abundancia media de K. peruviana fue de 59,67%, 241,62 y 144,19, respectivamente. Las hembras presentaron mayores valores de prevalencia que los machos. Se encontró correlación entre la talla del hospedero versus la prevalencia y abundancia de K. peruviana. No se observó diferencias entre los valores del factor de condición relativo (k ) entre parasitados y no parasitados, entre machos y n hembras, y entre los rangos de tallas de M. gayi peruanus. La comparación entre los valores de prevalencia de K. peruviana en M. gayi peruanus en 1971-1972 versus 2014 en la zona costera del Callao, nos muestra diferencias significativas para el total de hospederos, para las hembras y para las tallas de hospederos (talla ≤ 33 cm y talla ≥ 33,1 cm). Sin embargo, para la prevalencia en 1977-1978 versus 2014 nos muestran diferencias significativas solamente en las hembras y en el rango de talla ≤ 33 cm. Se comparan los valores de prevalencia de Kudoa en 16 hospederos teleósteos sudamericanos, observándose que la familia Merlucciidae y M. gayi peruanus presentan la mayor cantidad de estudios realizados.

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Abe, Niichiro, and Tomofumi Maehara. "Molecular characterization of kudoid parasites (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) from somatic muscles of Pacific bluefin (Thunnus orientalis) and yellowfin (T. albacores) tuna." Acta Parasitologica 58, no. 2 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-013-0130-1.

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AbstractThe public health importance of Kudoa infection in fish remains unclear. Recently in Japan a Kudoa species, K. septempunctata, was newly implicated as a causative agent of unidentified food poisoning related to the consumption of raw olive flounder. Other marine fishery products are also suspected as causative raw foods of unidentified food poisoning. For this study, we detected kudoid parasites from sliced raw muscle tissues of a young Pacific bluefin and an adult yellowfin tuna. No cyst or pseudocyst was evident in muscles macroscopically, but pseudocysts were detected in both samples histologically. One substitution (within 1100 bp overlap) and ten substitutions (within 753 bp overlap) were found respectively between the partial sequences of 18S and 28S rDNAs from both isolates. Nucleotide sequence similarity searching of 18S and 28S rDNAs from both isolates showed the highest identity with those of K. neothunni from tuna. Based on the spore morphology, the mode of parasitism, and the nucleotide sequence similarity, these isolates from a Pacific bluefin and a yellowfin tuna were identified as K. neothunni. Phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rDNA sequence revealed that K. neothunni is classifiable into two genotypes: one from Pacific bluefin and the other from yellowfin tuna. Recently, an unidentified kudoid parasite morphologically and genetically similar K. neothunni were detected from stocked tuna samples in unidentified food poisoning cases in Japan. The possibility exists that K. neothunni, especially from the Pacific bluefin tuna, causes food poisoning, as does K. septempunctata.

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Iglesias, Raúl, Luís Filipe Rangel, Fabio Fernández-Vázquez, Maria João Santos, and José M. García-Estévez. "Morphometric and molecular characterization of Kudoa encrasicoli n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) from the European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus (L.) (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae)." Systematic Parasitology, July 1, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-022-10051-7.

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AbstractThe European anchovy represents the main fisheries for countries in the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. The skeletal muscle of 13 of 48 (27.1%) Engraulis encrasicolus (L.) specimens from North East Atlantic waters (FAO 27.8.c) was found infected with interfibrillar elongated plasmodia (130-980 µm in length) containing mature myxospores belonging to the genus Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947. No flesh softening was found associated with infection. Fresh myxospores were 10.8 ± 0.7 (9.1-12.3) µm in width 1, 11.3 ± 0.9 (9.5-13.4) µm in width 2, 6.7 ± 0.4 (5.8-7.4) µm in thickness, and 6.9 ± 0.5 (5.8-7.5) µm in length. They were almost stellate in apical view having three pointed-edged shell valves bearing three small polar capsules equal in size 5.0 ± 0.3 (4.4-5.4) μm long and 2.4 ± 0.2 (2.0-3.0) μm wide, and one rounded- to rarely bluntly pointed-edged shell valve bearing a large and particularly wide polar capsule 6.8 ± 0.4 (5.9-7.6) μm long and 4.1 ± 0.2 (3.6-4.4) μm wide. Morphological and morphometrical comparisons between these myxospores and those of Kudoa thyrsites (Gilchrist, 1923) from the clupeid Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum) (North East Atlantic waters, FAO 27.9.a), with which exhibited a similarity of 98.9% and 96.2% using SSU and LSU rDNA sequences, respectively, support the creation of Kudoa encrasicolin. sp. Morphometrical analysis of the polar capsules of flattened myxospores is suggested as a useful approach to differentiate phylogenetically related kudoids with stellate or almost stellate myxospores bearing four polar capsules.

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Inoue, Ken, Akihiro Kasai, Ying-Chun Li, Jin-Yong Zhang, and Hiroshi Sato. "Kudoa tanakai n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), a new kudoid species with spheroid myxospores from the scalpel sawtail (Actinopterygii: Prionurus scalparum) from western Japan." Systematic Parasitology 101, no. 2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-023-10137-w.

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